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Herpetofauna Di Pulau Waigeo

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Herpetofauna Di Pulau Waigeo HERPETOFAUNA DI PULAU WAIGEO Oleh : Amir Hamidy dan Mulyadi Museum Zoologicum Bogoriense Bidang Zoologi, Pusat Penelitian Biologi Lembaga Ilmu Penetahuan Indonesia 2007 HERPETOFAUNA DI PULAU WAIGEO Oleh : Amir Hamidy dan Mulyadi LATAR BELAKANG Herpetofauna pulau Waigeo Studi keanekaragaman jenis herpetofauna di Pulau Waigeo ini, merupakan bagian dari Tim Terestrial dalam “Ekspedisi Widya Nusantara LIPI 2007”. Pulau Waigeo berarti pulau air, yang juga merupakan bagian dari kepuluan Raja Ampat, wilayah kepuluan ini terletak di sekitar kawasan Wallacea dan Papua yang memiliki potensi biodiversitas sangat menarik, mengingat proses geologi yang terjadi telah menentukan pola biogeografinya. Keanekaragaman jenis herpetofauna di wilayah Wallacea dan Papua masih kurang diketahui dibandingkan wilayah Indonesia lainnya. Sejarah informasi herpetofauna di pulau Waigeo pertama kalinya adalah van Kampen (1923) mencatat 4 jenis katak, sedangkan de Roiij (1915 dan 1917) mencatat 25 jenis reptil. Survei herpetofauna lanjutan baru dilakukan oleh oleh Richards et al. pada tahun 2005, yang meliputi kepulauan Raja Ampat, telah mencatat 12 jenis katak dan 23 jenis reptil di pulau Waigeo (unpublished data). Jumlah ini sangat berbeda dibandingkan checklist terdahulu, sehingga cheklist herpetofauna dari pulau ini sampai saat ini belum terdokumentasikan dan terpublikasikan kembali. Dari sejarah catatan ilmiah spesimen Museum, masih sangat sedikit dan belum mewakili jenis-jenis dari pulau Waigeo. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengungkap keanekaragaman jenis herpetofauna di pulua Waigeo. Inventarisasi jenis herpetofauna akan dilaksanakan selama 21 hari selama bulan Mei-Juni 2007. Metode yang digunakan adalah sampling aktif (eksploratif jelajah ke seluruh wilayah pulau) dan sampling pasif (penangkapan dengan perangkap) di habitat herpetofauna yang sesuai. Dari hasil penelitian ini diharapkan akan menambah koleksi spesimen Museum, catatan ilmiah dan data potensi keanekaragaman hayati di pulau Waigeo sehingga akan sangat mendukung pengembangan wilayah tersebut dan kawasan Indonesia timur secara umum. Biogeografi Pulau Waigeo (Halmahera vs Papua) Pulau Waigeo termasuk dalam jajaran kepuluan Kepulaun Raja Ampat yang terletak antara pulau Halmahera dan Papua. Pulau-pulau tersebut sangat menarik untuk dikaji biogeografinya, mengingat kawasan ini merupakan pulau-pulau yang berbatasan dengan kawasan Wallacea. Daerah peralihan yang merupakan pertemuan dua asal biogeografi yang sangat berbeda, yaitu Asia dan Australia. Setiadi & Hamidy (unpublished data) telah mencatat 9 jenis amfibi dan 33 jenis reptil dari pulau Halmahera, dibandingkan dengan data komposisi jenis amfibi dan reptil di pulau Waigeo (de Rooij, 1915 & 1917; Richards et al. (unpublished data); van Kampen, 1923), maka terdapat 3 jenis amfibi dan 11 jenis yang ditemukan di kedua pulau tersebut dan Papua. Hal ini cukup menarik karena keberadaan pulau-pulau tersebut sangat mungkin menjadi “stepping stone” penyebaran jenis-jenis fauna Australia ke kawasan Wallacea. Hipotesis ini harus didukung dengan data fauna yang lebih lengkap dari setiap pulau-pulau perbatasan di sekitar kawasan Wallacea dan Papua. Barir lautan yang memisahkan daratan Papua dengan pulau-pulau sekitarnya menjadikan isolasi bagi fauna-faunanya, amfibi merupakan takson yang tidak memiliki kemampuan untuk menyeberang lautan, maka takson ini sangat terisolasi dengan adanya barir tersebut. Isolasi yang terjadi pada pulau-pulau ini menghadirnya jenis-jenis endemik. Hal ini memberikan harapan ditemukannya karakter biodiversitas yang khas pada setiap pulau. Sejarah Eksplorasi Walaupun Pemerintah Hindia Belanda telah berada di Indonesia sejak tahun 1600 sampai 1949, tetapi sejarah koleksi herpetofauna untuk tujuan ilmiah baru dimulai pada abad ke-19 oleh Komisi Natural Histori, Hindia Belanda. Hal ini telah menjadi pondasi penting pengetahuan herpetologi di Indonesia. Publikasi ilmiah yang komprehensif dan relatif lengkap telah dimulai oleh de Rooij (1915 dan 1917) untuk studi reptil dan Van Kampen (1923) untuk studi Amfibi. Karya monumental de Rooij dan van Kampen telah menjadi dasar bagi studi herpetofauna selanjutnya. Pulau Waigeo sebenarnya telah memiliki sejarah koleksi herpetofauna yang paling tua di kawasan Papua-New Guinea. Jenis katak yang pertama kalinya dideskripsi dari New Guinea adalah Rana papua oleh Lesson pada tahun 1830, berdasarkan spesimen yang dikoleksi dari pulau Waigeo. Beberapa penemuan jenis baru Biawak, yakni Varanus macraei (dari Batanta) oleh Bőhme & Jacobs pada tahun 2001; kemudian Varanus bohmei (dari Waigeo) oleh Jacobs pada tahun 2003 serta Varanus reisingeri oleh Eidenmuller & Wicker pada tahun 2005, merupakan bukti bahwa herpetofauna dari beberapa pulau tersebut masih belum terdokumentasikan dan mungkin saja memiliki tingkat endemisitas yang penting untuk beberapa takson tertentu (Richards et al., 2000). Pentingnya koleksi spesimen van Kampen (1923) telah mencatat 4 jenis katak, sedangkan de Roiij (1915 dan 1917) telah mencatat 25 jenis reptile dari pulau Waigeo. Survei herpetofauna lanjutan yang dilakukan oleh oleh Richards et al. (unpublished data) di pulau Waigeo, telah mencatat 12 jenis katak dan 23 jenis reptil. Dalam jumlah jenis katak, hal ini sangat luar biasa, karena terjadi peningkatan jumlah jenis sebanyak 3 kali, sedangkan untuk reptil terdapat penurunan jenis sebanyak 2. Hal tersebut di atas umum terjadi pada sebuah eksplorasi lanjutan di suatu wilayah, misalnya Iskandar dan Tjan (1996) telah menemukan keanekaragaman amfibi di Sulawesi yang jauh dari perkiraan; van kampen (1923) dan Inger & Stuebing (1997), mengkaji jumlah jenis amfibi di Borneo, meningkat dari 85 menjadi 140 jenis. Pada periode yang sama jumlah jenis amfibi di Philiphina meningkat juga dari 50 (Inger, 1954) menjadi 90-110, hal ini kemungkian akan terus meningkat (Brown et al.,1999, 2000). Dalam studi sistematik, koleksi spesimen merupakan hal yang mutlak dilakukan untuk mengakaji keanekaragaman jenis suatu wilayah. Bukti photo tidaklah cukup untuk mengungkap biodiversitas di suatu kawasan. Ada beberapa hal yang menyebabkan koleksi spesimen herpetofauna menjadi hal paling penting ; 1) Identifikasi pada tahap jenis harus dilakukan dengan sangat hati-hati dan akurat, perbedaan jenis dalam kelas reptilia terletak pada beberapa karakter diagnostik penting, seperti pola sisik di kepala, jumlah sisik di beberapa bagian tubuh, karakter sisik-sisiknya, karater ruas jari-jari kaki dan tangannya, sisik pada ekor dan anus, sedangkan pada amfibi meliputi pola karakter telapak pada jari-jari kaki dan tangan, selaput, proporsi ukuran, kehadiran gigi vomerine dan lain sebagainya. Karakter warna sangat bervariasi, sehingga tidak direkomendasikan untuk menjadi diagnostik karakter, untuk identifikasi. Kesemua hal ini hanya bisa dilakukan pada spesimen yang telah mati dan terawetkan; 2) Dalam penentuan jenis, tidak hanya dilakukan dengan pengkajian karakter morfologi, hadirnya fenomena “sibling species” (dua jenis berbeda yang tidak bisa dibedakan secara morfologi) menuntut pemecahan kajian lebih mendalam karakter molekulernya, melalui analisis DNA; 3) Bukti koleksi spesimen yang disimpan di Museum akan menjadi bukti otentik ilmiah keberadaan suatu jenis dalam suatu wilayah; 4) Spesimen yang terawetkan dan tersimpan baik di Museum akan menjadi bahan studi lanjutan dan acuan bagi masyarakat nasional maupun internasional dalam mengkaji fauna Indonesia, walaupun untuk ratusan tahun mendatang bahkan sampai waktu yang tidak terbatas. TUJUAN 1. Memperoleh data keanekaragaman jenis herpetofauna di pulau Waigeo. 2. Menemukan jenis-jenis herpetofauna baru dan yang belum terecord di pulau Waigeo. 3. Mengumpulkan spesimen untuk dijadikan koleksi MZB yang mewakili kawasan pulau Waigeo. METODE Koleksi spesimen Koleksi spesimen dilakukan dengan dua metode sampling; yaitu : 1. Puposive sampling Metode ini adalah penelusuran secara acak sejauh mungkin aktif koleksi mencari herpetofauna pada semua lingkungan yang representative dijadikan habitat, meliputi bawah seresah, bawah kayu lapuk, tumpukan bebetauan, lubang-lubang di tanah dan pohon, semak-semak, sumber-sumber air, genangan air dan aliarn sungai (rocky stream), pencarian aktif dilakukan pada malam hari (19.00-22.00) di sepanjang aliran sungai. 2. Passive sampling Metode ini adalah koleksi herpetofauna dengan menggunakan perangkap. Perangkap yang digunakan berupa “glue trap”(perangkap lem), total perangkap yang digunakan adalah 40 buah, perangkap-perangkap ini diletakkan di setiap 10 meter sebelah kanan dan kiri line transect yang telah ditentukan sebelumnya, jarak perangkap dengan line transect adalah 5 meter. Perangkap mulai diletakkan pada pukul 08.00, merupakan waktu saat reptilia berjemur untuk mulai aktif. Perangkap ini akan dicek kembali setiap 3 jam berikutnya. Gambar 1. “Glue trap” untuk koleksi kadal (Scincidae) foto oleh R. T. Purnanugraha Selain glue trap juga digunakan perangkap tali jerat yang didesain untuk untuk koleksi biawak, menggunakan senar pancing dan umpan berupa daging yang telah membusuk. Gambar 2. “Trap jerat” untuk koleksi Biawak foto oleh A.Hamidy Setiap spesimen yang tertangkap akan disimpan di kantong plastik beroksigen, yang selanjutnya didokumentasikan, difiksasi, diambil materi DNA, serta diawetkan sebagai spesimen museum. Pengawetan spesimen dilakukan sesuai dengan Standar Pengawetan Museum Zoologicum Bogoriense. Gambar 3. Pengawetan spesimen sesuai standar MZB foto oleh A.Hamidy Proses identifikasi : Morfologi Spesimen yang telah terpreservasi diidentifikasi sampai tingkat jenis.
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