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Durham E-Theses A commentary on the so-called Opus historicum of Hilary and Poitiers Fleming, John How to cite: Fleming, John (1951) A commentary on the so-called Opus historicum of Hilary and Poitiers, Durham theses, Durham University. Available at Durham E-Theses Online: http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/8443/ Use policy The full-text may be used and/or reproduced, and given to third parties in any format or medium, without prior permission or charge, for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-prot purposes provided that: • a full bibliographic reference is made to the original source • a link is made to the metadata record in Durham E-Theses • the full-text is not changed in any way The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. Please consult the full Durham E-Theses policy for further details. Academic Support Oce, Durham University, University Oce, Old Elvet, Durham DH1 3HP e-mail: [email protected] Tel: +44 0191 334 6107 http://etheses.dur.ac.uk A co...,.::;;-Aia OK TIT: SO-C^L'^ "OPUS iiisTOiiica-.;" OF i-iiLAuY oi'"' rorrir^s. Presentea for the Ph. D. Decree by Rev. John Fle.ain.;;, »;.A.,B.D. The copyright of this thesis rests with the author. No quotation from it should be published without his prior written consent and information derived from it should be acknowledged. Contents: i Abstract of Thesis P&ge 1 ii Chronological Table " 3 iii Introduction " '5 iv. Hilary of Toitiers ana the Arian Coit oversy " 20 v. Coi.taentary 11 • 57 vi . Appendix A.• Oratio.Synodi Sardicensis.... " 485 vi L. Appendix B. The Liberius Letters " 505 viii .Conclusion " 53b ix. Bibliography..... " 548. - 1 - Abstract of Thesis. The thesis consists of a commentary on the so-called "Opus historicum" of Hilary of Poitiers, together v/ith relevant intro• ductory sections, appendices end conclusion. This work of Hilary has been recovered only within comparative• ly roc ont times, and, in its present mutilated form, contains 17 <J^cu:acnt6 covering the period from tho synod of Sard.i.ca. to the dt.-cth of the bishop of Poitiers. It represents the first attempt IV o. V.'estern historian to combat the Arian heresy not only by the r:<-D>:en v/ord but also ,by..written testimony and authentic documents of the period. The thesis opens with an Introduction dealing v/ith the historical background and authenticity of the work, the motives and .nothod of its author, and its editors. ^ This is followed by a ruction on Hilary and the Arian Controversy where short sketches nre given of the early history of the Church in Gaul, the life of 'iilery, and the course of Arianism to c.367. Then comes the actual Commentary in which every document is "treated as a separate unit and provided in most cases v/ith an introduction and conclusion. Two appendices have been attached, one on the so-called Ad. Coast. I, which is now recognised to be a constituent part of B II, and the other on the warmly debated Liberius letters. Finally, there is the Conclusion which contains the various theories pro- and pounded on the original form of the collection!in which a verdict is passed on Hilary as a historian. ' 2 - So far as is ".aiovm, this i.: the first co.nmentai'y on the v/oi'-c in ^n^'lish anu it is presented in the hope that it may aispel much of the uncertainty, which sjrrojnds the v;oricr by assem^linj fro.a ,.iony sources the material necessary to its unaerstanuinj ana use and by resolving many difficult problems of detail; ana L-O may ^nin for it moper acknowledgment as the ri-imcry source for the ;:Lstory of Arienisui in the 'Vest. 3 - Drief ChrDnologic_aJ^Table 321; (early) Synod of Antioch Su.-nmer Council of Nicaee. 32V7 Council of Antioch against Eustathius. • Council at Palestinian Caesarea. 335 April Death of Arius. July Council at Tyre. Aug-Sept. Ivlareotic Commission in Egypt. Sept. Council at Jerusalem Oct -Nov. Athanasius receives formal audience at Constantinople. 336 Feb. Council at Constantinople. Athanasius exiled to Treves. 337 May 22 Death of Const&ntine Sent. 9 Kis. three sons -proclaimed Augusti. Nov. 23 Return of Athanasius to Alexandria. 338 Summer Meeting of three Emperors at Viminacium to a-n-nortion the Empire. >- 339 Jan. Council at Antioch appoints Gregory bishop of Alexandria. 1 3^1 -Spring Synod of Rome Summer Synod of the Dedication at Antioch. 3*2 Sept. Synod of Sardica. Letters of this synod A IV, B II, 1, B II, 2 'and Or. Syn. Sard. 343/4 Macrostich Antioch. 344/5 Council at Milan re-Photinus. 34£ Oct. 21 Return of Athanasius to Alexandria. 34V7 Council at Milan re-Photinus, Valens and Ursacius Valens' and Ursacius1 lettexs to Julius and Ath. ( B II, 4, 8) 350 Jan. 18 Rising of Magnentius. Death of Constans. 351. Sent. 28 Battle 6f Mursa. Winter Council at Sinnium re-Photinus. 4 353 Aug. 13 Death of Magnentius. Winter Council of Aries. Paulinas of Treves exiled. Fall of Vincent of Capua. 353/4 Letters of Liberius to Caecilianus ( B VII, 4), to Ossius (D VII, 6) and to Constantius (-A VII). Council at Milan . Exile of Lucifer, Eusebius and Dionysius. Liberius1 letter to the exiles (B VII, 2). Exile of Ossius and Liborijs. 35^ Spring Council at Biterrae. Sentence of exile passea on Hilary. Composition of 3 I and publication of his work. 357 Fall of Liberius. Composition of B III, B VII, 6, 10, 11. Summer Sirmian manifesto issued. 3^8 Lent Council at Ancyra. August Return of Liberius to Rome. j59 May 22 Conference at Sirmium. Dated Creed. May-Dec Councils at Ariininun, Ni-ce' and Scleucia. Dec.31 Acceptance of Creed jf - Nike'. Composition of A V, A VI, A VIII, A IX, and-B VIII, 1 also in this period. 360 Jan. Council at Constantinople. Komoean victory*. Spring Revolt of Julian. Autumn Synod of Peris. Letter of same (A I). c.360 Letter of Eusebius to Gregory (A II), 361 Nov. 3 Death of Constantius. Accession of Julian. 3^2 Summer Council of Alexandria. c.362 Letter of Liberius to Italian bishops (B IV, 1). 363 June 26 Death of Julian. Election of Jovian. Letter of Italian bishons to Illyricans (B IV, 2)c 364 Feb. 16' Death of Jovian. Valentihian and Valens E.aperors. Autumn Council of Lampsecus. Controversy of Hilar-' with Auxentius at Milan. V'A Feb. Final restoration of Athanasius. 36 V7 The Germinius affair B V, B VI, and Am. 3^7 (early) Death of Hilary. IM Til ODUC TI Ou According to Jerome-1-, Hilary of Poitiers was the author of a "Liber aaversum Valentem et Ursaciurn historiam Ari.ninentis et Seleuciensis synodi continens". As full authority can not always bo given to the re.narks which he maxes on the titles of u^oks in his catalogue ana as this particular one savours of a cursory acquaintance rather than of any detailed knowledge, it is^uite rx'obable that Jerome himself, and not Hilary, has thus designated it.| Rufinus , too, mentions a oook written by Hilary for the instruction of those who ?iad subscribed the perfidy of Ariminum. This book, he continues, had fallen into the hands of Hilary's enemies and been corrupted by thera without Hilary's knowledge; then, on the basis of these corruptions Hilary had been accused in council and excommunicated. Jerome3 doubts the authenticity of Rufinus1 assertions co ncex-ning. this excommunication, and asks him to cive ,the council at which the incident occurred, to name the bishops who were -present, also the consuls ana Emperor at the time of the-council. Modem writers, such as Chapman4-, have attempted, f not very successfully it must be confessed, to perform this task • L' for Kufinus. But his account sounds very improbable and in this • case at least Jerome seems to be the more trustv/orthy. It is true that/. ' ' j. ii'otes. ! 1. De Vir. 111. 100. i 2. De adulteratione librorum- Origenis (erist.ad Macarium) F.G.XVTI. 3« arologla•adv. lib. Ruf.II, 19. 4. in Rev. Ben. 1910 p.332sq. - 4 - that literary forgeries v/ere not rare^, but there see..is to have bee), neither the time nor the• opportunity before Hilary's death to transform and disfigure his bo ok so that he COUIG hardly recognise it, ana coula not prove its falsity. To no council, win ere Hilary was present, can we attach such an attempt. The councils of Cois tantinople and Paris must be ruled out as being too- early for 6iv interpolations to have been made. The synod of Milan, where Hilary opposed Auxentius, must also be excluded because the sole aim of any Arian interpolations in his work would be to make him support, instead of denounce, the proceedings at Ariminumj and this being so, Auxentius could scarcely have accused him of heresy'. Again, if the interpolations had been made in a Luciferian interest, • ss Chapman .suggests, it is difficult to . see how Auxentius could have made use of them for,by consenting to the Luciferian attitude, lie would tlius have betrayed the tactics and part played b„ his own party at Ariminum. However this may be, the important point is that both Jerome aid Rufinus g|ve evidence for a book of • Hilary on the Arian controversy. Mow it was for long asserted that this work of Hilary had been lost. But in the fifteenth century, P.
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  • Renaissance Medals by G· F· Hill and G· Pollard Renaissance Medals from the Samuel H· Kress Collection at the National Gallery of Art

    Renaissance Medals by G· F· Hill and G· Pollard Renaissance Medals from the Samuel H· Kress Collection at the National Gallery of Art

    COMPLETE CATALOGUE OF THE SAMUEL H· KRESS COLLECTION RENAISSANCE MEDALS BY G· F· HILL AND G· POLLARD RENAISSANCE MEDALS FROM THE SAMUEL H· KRESS COLLECTION AT THE NATIONAL GALLERY OF ART BASED ON THE CATALOGUE OF RENAISSANCE MEDALS IN THE GUSTAVE DREYFUS COLLECTION BY G·F·HILL REVISED AND ENLARGED BY GRAHAM POLLARD PUBLISHED BY THE PHAIDON PRESS FOR THE SAMUEL H·KRESS FOUNDATION THE REPRODUCTIONS IN THIS VOLUME ARE FROM NBW PHOTOGRAPHS TAKEN BY BULLATY-LOMBO PHOTOGRAPHERS' NBW YORK CITY ALL RIGHTS RESERVED BY PHAIDON PRESS LTD' LONDON SW 7 PRINTED IN GREAT BRITAIN I967 BY ROBERT MACLEIIOSE & CO. LTD A GLASGOW CONTENTS PREFACE page V11 INTRODUCTORY NOTE page IX CATALOGUE page 3 ILLUSTRATIONS page 133 CONCORDANCES page 273 INDEX OF INSCRIPTIONS page 278 GENERAL INDEX page 293 . INDEX OF PERSONS page 300 INDEX OF ARTISTS page 306 PREFACE HE first and only catalogue of the collection of medals formed by Gustave Dreyfus appeared in I93 I. Its author was Sir George Hill, who had studied the collection in depth when it was still T in Dreyfus' hands in the Boulevard Malesherbes in Paris. In a prefatory note, Hill observed that 'keenly as Gustave Dreyfus appreciated all his beautiful things, he had a particularly soft place in his heart for the Italian medals, and ... he would have agreed with the German critic who declared that the medallic art was par excellence the art of the Renaissance, the expression of the quintessence of the spirit of that age.' The preface continues with the tribute: 'His was perhaps the finest collection that has ever been in the hands of a private collector - the "perhaps" might be omitted, but that it is difficult to range the great collections in a true perspective.' Thanks to the Kress Foundation, the Dreyfus collection of medals was not dispersed, like so many other medallic collections, but is preserved intact in the National Gallery of Art in Washington, where it bears out Hill's claim to be regarded as the finest private collection of medals ever to have been formed.