NPNF2-02. Socrates and Sozomenus Ecclesiastical Histories by Socrates Scholasticus
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Exiling Bishops: the Policy of Constantius II
University of Richmond UR Scholarship Repository Classical Studies Faculty Publications Classical Studies 2014 Exiling Bishops: The olicP y of Constantius II Walter Stevenson University of Richmond, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarship.richmond.edu/classicalstudies-faculty- publications Part of the History of Christianity Commons Recommended Citation Stevenson, Walt. "Exiling Bishops: The oP licy of Canstantius II." Dumbarton Oaks Papers 68 (2014): 7-27. This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Classical Studies at UR Scholarship Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Classical Studies Faculty Publications by an authorized administrator of UR Scholarship Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Exiling Bishops: The Policy of Constantius II Walt Stevenson onstantius II was forced by circumstances to all instances in which Constantius II exiled bishops Cmake innovations in the policy that his father and focus on a sympathetic reading of his strategy.2 Constantine had followed in exiling bishops. While Though the sources for this period are muddled and ancient tradition has made the father into a sagacious require extensive sorting, a panoramic view of exile saint and the son into a fanatical demon, recent schol- incidents reveals a pattern in which Constantius moved arship has tended to stress continuity between the two past his father’s precedents to mold a new, intelligent regimes.1 This article will attempt to gather -
ABSTRACT the Apostolic Tradition in the Ecclesiastical Histories Of
ABSTRACT The Apostolic Tradition in the Ecclesiastical Histories of Socrates, Sozomen, and Theodoret Scott A. Rushing, Ph.D. Mentor: Daniel H. Williams, Ph.D. This dissertation analyzes the transposition of the apostolic tradition in the fifth-century ecclesiastical histories of Socrates, Sozomen, and Theodoret. In the early patristic era, the apostolic tradition was defined as the transmission of the apostles’ teachings through the forms of Scripture, the rule of faith, and episcopal succession. Early Christians, e.g., Irenaeus, Tertullian, and Origen, believed that these channels preserved the original apostolic doctrines, and that the Church had faithfully handed them to successive generations. The Greek historians located the quintessence of the apostolic tradition through these traditional channels. However, the content of the tradition became transposed as a result of three historical movements during the fourth century: (1) Constantine inaugurated an era of Christian emperors, (2) the Council of Nicaea promulgated a creed in 325 A.D., and (3) monasticism emerged as a counter-cultural movement. Due to the confluence of these sweeping historical developments, the historians assumed the Nicene creed, the monastics, and Christian emperors into their taxonomy of the apostolic tradition. For reasons that crystallize long after Nicaea, the historians concluded that pro-Nicene theology epitomized the apostolic message. They accepted the introduction of new vocabulary, e.g. homoousios, as the standard of orthodoxy. In addition, the historians commended the pro- Nicene monastics and emperors as orthodox exemplars responsible for defending the apostolic tradition against the attacks of heretical enemies. The second chapter of this dissertation surveys the development of the apostolic tradition. -
Durham E-Theses
Durham E-Theses The Meletian schism at antioch Barker, Celia B. How to cite: Barker, Celia B. (1974) The Meletian schism at antioch, Durham theses, Durham University. Available at Durham E-Theses Online: http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/9969/ Use policy The full-text may be used and/or reproduced, and given to third parties in any format or medium, without prior permission or charge, for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-prot purposes provided that: • a full bibliographic reference is made to the original source • a link is made to the metadata record in Durham E-Theses • the full-text is not changed in any way The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. Please consult the full Durham E-Theses policy for further details. Academic Support Oce, Durham University, University Oce, Old Elvet, Durham DH1 3HP e-mail: [email protected] Tel: +44 0191 334 6107 http://etheses.dur.ac.uk THE MSLETIAN SCHISM AT ANTIOCH THE MELETIAN SCHISM AT ANTIOCH THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE UNIVERSITY OF DURHAM BY CELIA B. BARKER, B.A. (Dunelm) FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS Department of Theology, Date: April,1974. University of Durham. (1) The object of this thesis is to examine the schism in the Church of Antioch during the Arian Controversy of the Fourth century, with a view to establishing what coherent order, if any, can be found in the course of events, and to show how the interaction of theological emphases and personal prejudices exacerbated and prolonged the Antiochene divisions. -
Arianism and Political Power in the Vandal and Ostrogothic Kingdoms
Western Washington University Western CEDAR WWU Graduate School Collection WWU Graduate and Undergraduate Scholarship 2012 Reign of heretics: Arianism and political power in the Vandal and Ostrogothic kingdoms Christopher J. (Christopher James) Nofziger Western Washington University Follow this and additional works at: https://cedar.wwu.edu/wwuet Part of the History Commons Recommended Citation Nofziger, Christopher J. (Christopher James), "Reign of heretics: Arianism and political power in the Vandal and Ostrogothic kingdoms" (2012). WWU Graduate School Collection. 244. https://cedar.wwu.edu/wwuet/244 This Masters Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the WWU Graduate and Undergraduate Scholarship at Western CEDAR. It has been accepted for inclusion in WWU Graduate School Collection by an authorized administrator of Western CEDAR. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Reign of Heretics: Arianism and Political Power in the Vandal and Ostrogothic Kingdoms By Christopher James Nofziger Accepted in Partial Completion Of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Arts Kathleen L. Kitto, Dean of the Graduate School Advisory Committee Chair, Dr. Peter Diehl Dr. Amanda Eurich Dr. Sean Murphy MASTER’S THESIS In presenting this thesis in partial fulfillment of the requirements for a master’s degree at Western Washington University, I grant to Western Washington University the non- exclusive royalty-free right to archive, reproduce, and display the thesis in any and all forms, including electronic format, via any digital library mechanisms maintained by WWU. I represent and warrant this is my original work, and does not infringe or violate any rights of others. I warrant that I have obtained written permissions from the owner of any third party copyrighted material included in these files. -
Creeds the History of the Creeds
THE HISTORY OF THE- CREEDS THE HISTORY OF THE CREEDS by F. J. BADCOCK, D.D. Fellow of St Augustine's College, Canterbury Author of R.eviews and Studies, Biblical and Doctrinal The Pauline Epistles and the Epistle to the Hebrews in their Historical Setting SECOND EDITION Published far the Church Historical Society LONDON SOCIETY FOR PROMOTING CHRISTIAN KNOWLEDGE NEW YORK: THE MACMILLAN CO. First Edition 1930 Second Edition, largely rewritten 1938 PRINTED IN GREAT BRITAIN CONTENTS PART I THE APOSTLES' CREED Chap. I. INTRODUCTORY page 1 I. A Fictitious Pedigree I II. Outstanding Problems . 12 Chap. II. CREEDS AND THEIR CLASSIFICATION 14 I. Types of Creeds . 14 II. The Simple Formula 15 III. The Triple Formula 17 IV. The Rule of Faith 21 Chap. III. EARLY EASTERN CREEDS 24 I. The Epistola Apostolorum 25 II. The Old Creed of Alexandria 25 III. The Shorter Creed of the Egyptian Church Order 27 IV. The Marcosian Creed . 28 V. The Early Creed of Africa 30 VI. The Profession of the "Presbyters" at Smyrna 34 NOTES A. Texts of the Dair Balaizah Papyrus, the Marcosian Creed, the Profession of the "Presbyters" at Smyrna 35 B. The Early Creeds of Africa and of Rome 36 Chap. IV. EASTERN BAPTISMAL CREEDS OF THE FouRTH CENTURY . 38 I. Introduction 38 II. Alexandria: Arius and Euzoius, Macarius 38 III. Palestine: Eusebius of Caesarea, Cyril of Jerusalem 41 vi CONTENTS IV. Antiochene Creeds: Introduction, (a) Antioch; (b) Cappadocia; (c) Philadelphia; (d) The Creed of the Didascalia. Note; (e) Marcellus of Ancyra; (f) The Psalter of Aethelstan and the Codex Laudianus page 43 Chap. -
NPNF2-02. Socrates and Sozomenus Ecclesiastical Histories by Socrates Scholasticus About NPNF2-02
NPNF2-02. Socrates and Sozomenus Ecclesiastical Histories by Socrates Scholasticus About NPNF2-02. Socrates and Sozomenus Ecclesiastical Histories by Socrates Scholasticus Title: NPNF2-02. Socrates and Sozomenus Ecclesiastical Histories URL: http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/npnf202.html Author(s): Socrates Scholasticus Schaff, Philip (1819-1893) (Editor) Publisher: Grand Rapids, MI: Christian Classics Ethereal Library Print Basis: New York: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1886 Source: Logos Inc. Rights: Public Domain Status: This volume has been carefully proofread and corrected. CCEL Subjects: All; Proofed; Early Church; LC Call no: BR60 LC Subjects: Christianity Early Christian Literature. Fathers of the Church, etc. NPNF2-02. Socrates and Sozomenus Ecclesiastical Histories Socrates Scholasticus Table of Contents About This Book. p. ii Title Page.. p. 1 The Ecclesiastical History of Socrates Scholasticus.. p. 2 Title Page.. p. 2 Prefatory Note.. p. 2 Introduction.. p. 3 Sources and Literature.. p. 3 Life of Socrates.. p. 4 Socrates© Ecclesiastical History.. p. 9 History of Socrates© Work.. p. 14 Book I. p. 16 Introduction to the Work.. p. 16 By what Means the Emperor Constantine became a Christian.. p. 17 While Constantine favors the Christians, Licinius, his Colleague, persecutes them.. p. 19 War arises between Constantine and Licinius on Account of the Christians.. p. 19 The Dispute of Arius with Alexander, his Bishop.. p. 20 Division begins in the Church from this Controversy; and Alexander Bishop of Alexandria excommunicates Arius and his Adherents.. p. 20 The Emperor Constantine being grieved at the Disturbance of the Churches, sends Hosius the Spaniard to Alexandria, exhorting the Bishop and Arius to Reconciliation and Unity. -
The Attitude of the Pro-Arian Bishops Towards the Emperor in the Period of Reception of the Nicene Christology (325-381)
VOX PATRUM 34 (2014) t. 61 Oleksandr KASHCHUK* THE ATTITUDE OF THE PRO-ARIAN BISHOPS TOWARDS THE EMPEROR IN THE PERIOD OF RECEPTION OF THE NICENE CHRISTOLOGY (325-381) The Nicene Council did not put an end to the Arian polemic. After the Council there came a long period of the struggle for reception of the Nicene Christology. Half a century after Nicaea was a period necessary for the whole reception of a new rational language in theology1. In this period the episcopacy of the Eastern Church was divided into different groups2. As a result, such a division caused the groups’ fight with each other. Soon, the controversy became a subject of interest for the Emperor since it was perceived as a threat for the imperial unity. For this reason, the custom of the Emperor to intervene in the ecclesiastical affairs, which arose as a result of legalization of the Christianity, began to increase even in the area of doctrine3. Such situation evoked a reaction of bishops and became an opportunity for defining the role of the Emperor in the Church. There are two main standpoints in this regard in the fourth century: one of the pro-Arian bishops and the other of the anti-Arian bishops4. We use terms “pro-Arian” and “anti-Arian” so as not to apply the terms “Arian” and “Orthodox”. Following Timothy D. Barnes, we accept that the term “Arians” is a term of abuse. In the early fourth century the crucial ecclesiastical division lay between those who considered Arius to be a heretic and those who thought that his views lay within the limits allowed by the traditional teaching of the Church, although he framed some extreme formulations5. -
Holy Spirit Seminary Library
Theology Annual 39 (2018) The Council of Nicaea and Subsequent Arian-Themed Councils up to 360 A.D. Julia Cheung 摘要：本文闡述了由325年第一次尼西亞大公會議到 360年君士坦丁堡會議之間的教會會議歷史。文章對 圍繞這些會議所發生的事情及頒佈的信經作出介紹， 用以凸顯尼西亞大公會議的教導並非如一般所想，立 刻被廣為接納。反之，尼西亞的神學思想在往後幾十 年卻不斷地受到不同亞略異端派別的挑戰。在君士坦 丁大帝的召喚下，眾主教們於325年尼西亞大公會議 確認了此會議所制訂的信經，達致教會團結。教會團 結於360年元旦再現；不一樣的是，參與會議的主教 們是在亞略派皇帝君士坦提烏斯催迫下，確認了「相 似派」的教義，而非正統信仰。縱然後來正統獲得了 最後勝利，這篇文章旨在強調的，是這兩個年份中 間，教會所經歷的混亂局面，為要使讀者們對尼西亞 信經是怎樣成為今天正統信仰準則的背景加深了解。 Holy Spirit Seminary Library | viii | | 1 | Theology Annual 39 (2018) Julia Cheung / The Council of Nicaea and Subsequent Arian-Themed Councils up to 360 A.D. Abstract: This paper explores the history of the councils Arianism was the main Christological heresy that plagued the of the Church between the first ecumenical Council of Christian world of the first few centuries. Those less theologically Nicaea (325) and the Council of Constantinople (360). It versed would presume simplistically that this archetypal heresy had discusses the happenings at these councils and the various been settled once and for all by the Council of Nicaea (325) through creeds promulgated by them, to highlight that—contrary to its promulgation of the Nicene Creed, which anathematizes Arian popular belief—the reception of the Council of Nicaea was teachings. But this is in fact very far from the truth. There had been not immediate nor were its teachings well-received. In fact, more than two dozen Arian-themed councils from the incipiency of Nicene theology had to face many serious challenges posed by Arianism in 318 to its being outlawed by Emperor Theodosius in 389. various Arian groups in the period that followed. The Church While it was the orthodox that held the upper-hand at the Council of was united under Emperor Constantine, who made the bishops Nicaea (325), at many of the councils that followed, it was the voice of append their signatures to the Nicene Creed in 325. -
APPENDICES to in the Beginning Was the Logos
APPENDICES TO In the Beginning Was the Logos by Paul Pavao Copyright 2009, 2014. Paul Pavao. The original texts and the English translations of these letters are all in the public do- main, free of copyright. However, I have updated the English translations for better reada- bility, and so my update is not in the public domain. I own the copyright. I want to keep the copyright on these appendices, but I give permission for anyone to use the translations, and even the definitions and timeline included in these appendices, as you see fit. Abuse them for nefarious uses, and it is not an earthly court that you must fear. CLICKABLE TABLE OF CONTENTS A. Glossary B. Timeline C. Bishops and Elders D. Arius' letters E. Constantine's letter to Alexander and Arius F. Constantine's opening speech to the Council of Nicea G. The Nicene and Constantinopolitan Creeds H. Letter of the Council to Alexandria and Egypt I. Eusebius' letter explaining the phrases of the Nicene Creed J. Constantine's letter to the churches K. Rule of faith of the church in Caesarea L. Lists of books of the Bible written before Nicea Appendix A: Glossary Acacian A sect of Arians begun by Acacius, the bishop who replaced Eusebius the historian in Caesarea. They espoused the term homoian, "similar," until they embraced the Nicene Creed under the reign of Jovian in 363. Acolyte In general, this word means a "devoted follower or attendant,"1 but it's usually used of someone who assists a clergyman with religious services. By the time of the Council of Nicea, Christian gatherings were quite formal,2 and there would have been numerous minor religious offices, such as reader at church services. -
The Transformation of Episcopal Conflict Across the Long Fourth Century
FROM PRIVILEGE TO PROSCRIPTION: THE TRANSFORMATION OF EPISCOPAL CONFLICT ACROSS THE LONG FOURTH CENTURY A thesis submitted to The University of Manchester for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Faculty of Humanities 2015 MELISSA MARKAUSKAS SCHOOL OF ARTS, LANGUAGES AND CULTURES Contents Abbreviations ....................................................................................................................... 6 Abstract ............................................................................................................................. 10 Declaration ........................................................................................................................ 11 Copyright Statement .......................................................................................................... 11 Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................ 12 The Author ......................................................................................................................... 13 From Privilege to Proscription: The Transformation of Episcopal Conflict Across the Long Fourth Century ................................................................................................................... 14 0.0 Introduction: From Privilege to Proscription ............................................................. 14 0.1 Episcopal Conflict in a Period of Transition: Historical Background ........................... 17 0.1.1 Scriptural Solutions -
Athanasius – De Synodis Arimini in Italia Et Seleuciae in Isauria
0295-0373 – Athanasius – De synodis Arimini in Italia et Seleuciae in Isauria Councils of Ariminum and Seleucia this file has been downloaded from http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/npnf204.html NPNF (V2-04) Athanasius Introduction to de Synodis. 448 ———————————— (Written 359, Added to After 361.) The de Synodis is the last of the great and important group of writings of the third exile. With the exception of §§30, 31, which were inserted at a later recension after the death of Constantius (cf. Hist. Ar. 32 end), the work was all written in 359, the year of the ‘dated’ creed (§4 ἀπὸ τῆς νῦν ὑπατείας) and of the fateful assemblies of Rimini and Seleucia. It was written moreover after the latter council had broken up (Oct. 1), but before the news had reached Athanasius of the Emperor’s chilling reception of the Ariminian deputies, and of the protest of the bishops against their long detention at that place. The documents connected with the last named episode reached him only in time for his postscript (§55). Still less had he heard of the melancholy surrender of the deputies of Ariminum at Niké on Oct. 10, or of the final catastrophe (cf. the allusion in the inserted §30, also Prolegg. ch. ii. §8 (2) fin.). The first part only (see Table infra) of the letter is devoted to the history3446 of the twin councils. Athanasius is probably mistaken in ascribing the movement for a great council to the Acacian or Homœan anxiety to eclipse and finally set aside the Council of Nicæa. -
Hilary of Poitiers and the Concept of Divine Personhood Ann Thorp A
Hilary of Poitiers and the Concept of Divine Personhood Ann Thorp A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy University of Otago Dunedin, New Zealand September 2018 In loving memory of my mother Abstract The primary focus of this dissertation is the development of the notion of divine personhood in the writings of Hilary of Poitiers, doctor and bishop of the Church. The impetus for this study was my Licence thesis, where I first discovered Hilary and began exploring his profound contribution to the understanding of the Trinity in the early Church.1 This initial thesis has served as an important foundation for my further understanding of Hilary’s doctrine, which is expressed in this doctorate. Although Hilary never set out to present a systematic understanding of the divine persons, in his efforts to combat Arianism, and Sabellianism, this is what he effectively did, primarily in relation to the Father and the Son.2 I have chosen to approach his Trinitarian theology through this lens in order to bring out the fundamental insights and contributions, which he made to the development of doctrine. The significance of these, as I show, can be seen in the manner in which they were taken up and developed by important theologians such as Augustine and Aquinas. In chapter 1, I give an account of the milieu in which Hilary flourished, focusing on the reasons behind the theological crisis which characterised this period, and the significance of the council of Nicaea. In this chapter, I also provide an overview of Hilary’s life, which was greatly impacted by the Arian crisis; and in chapter 2, I summarize his most important doctrinal work, De Trinitate, which he wrote in response to this crisis.