DOCSLIB.ORG

Digital Technology and Libraries: a Copyright Law Approach

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Digital Technology and Libraries: a Copyright Law Approach Annals of Library and Information Studies 52, 1; 2005; 1-7 ~.!q)t~ . ..& . ., ., . ..(. DIGITAL TECHNOLOGY AND LIBRARIES: A COPYRIGHT LAW APPROACH . ,.' ..A..-. ,,_, T. C. James .. J. - ' Deputy Secretary ... - Department of Industrial Policy and Promotion - - Udyog Bhavan New Delhi - 110 011 Email: tcj 8 ub.nic.in Digital technology gives libraries an excellent opportunity to collections are digitised and the members/users are improve their services. It also provides new ways of connected through an lntranet or Internet. preservation and dissemination of library collections. But the different stages of digitisation of the materials in a library involve many copyright issues. There are legal problems and purely This transformation of a library from a building to practical ones such as locating the owner of copyright. an electronic portal is attended with many copyright Librarians need to take note of these problems and explore issues. This paper is an attempt to look at some of possible solutions. This paper attempts to focus attention on the major copyright law issues connected with the major copyright problems involved in digitisation of library automation of library services and digitisation of its collections. collection INTRODUCTION - 9' The metamorphosis of a traditional library into an The advent of digital technology has altered the electronic one starts with automation of its concepts and methods of storage and dissemination cataloguing services. The index card boxes are of data. This has naturally affected library services. replaced with computers c~ntainingelectronic Libraries, being storehouses of data and information catalogue, making the search easier and faster. In expressed in a fixed form such as books, have the second phase the collections are digitised and always availed of the advantages provided by made available at the premises. In the third phase technological innovations in storing and the digitised works are uploaded and made available disseminationof knowledge. The digital technology, through the Net. Copyright issues emerge in the unlike the past ones, directly affects the working of second and .third phases. a library. COPYRIGHT LAW OF INDIA Over the centuries, library was a place where books In order to make the issues comprehensible, it is and other records were preserved and made necessary to give a brief introduction to the copyright available to patrons at the premises itself. With the law of India. advent of printing technology which made possible prodaction of multiple copies of a book with the Copyright is one of the important intellectual possibility of easy replacement of a lost copy, property rights and Lik~therintellectual property lending of books to patrons so that they can take rights, protects camtents and not containers. The them out of the premises came into existence. The properties protmtedby copyright amreferred to as digital technology has now made it possible for a works. These include literary, dramatic, musical and library to break the shackles of space and time. It artistic works, cinematograph films and .sound can reach out to the user at his home. It can now recordings. The definitions of the works are such issue any number of copies of a work to any number that most of original expressions in the above.fields, of users spread over the globe simultaneously irrespective of their literary, artistic or aesthetic provided the library is fully automated and its quaiities, are covered by copyright provided they 2 Vot 52 No 1 March 2005 James T C are original. Although originality of expression is a certain special rights m,generally referred to as criterion for copyright protection, the degree of moral rights. These are the rights over authorship originality demanded is not very high. Ordinarily it and integrity. Acts prejudicial or detrimental to the means that the work should not have been a copied personality of the author are considered an one and should be the result of the labour and skill infringement of his special rights. These special of the person who claims to be the author. Thus a rights are inalienable. ,~oliticaltract or a memorandum issued by a local lxithority can claim copyright even 'if 'they do not Like other intellectual property rights, copyrights are have any literary merit. Computer programmes are also for a limited period. In the cases of literary, considered as literary works. dramatic, musical and artistic works published during the life time of the author, the rights last until The person who creates the work is considered the expiry of sixty years following the death of the author, author and the copyright ownership generally rests the count down starting from the calendar year with the creator, i.e., author of the literary work, following the death of the author [8].In other cases composer of the musical work, dramatist of the it is sixty years from the year of publication [9]. After dramatic work and artist of the artistic work [I]. In expiry of the copyright, the works can be freely used. the case of a cinematograph film and a sound Even when copyright exists in a work there are recording, the owner is the producer [2].There are certain uses which are permitted. These, inter alia, exceptions to this like when the person created the include a fair dealing with a literary, dramatic, work as part of his employment, in which case the musical or artistic work for the purpose of private ownership passes on to the employer [3].In the use, including research, criticism, or review, case of a government work, the first owner is the reporting current events, certain uses by legislature government, and that of the work of a public and judiciary and so on. The Copyright Act permits undertaking or an international organisation it is that reproduction of the following works [I 01: undertaking or the organisation as the case may be €41. In.the case of a painting done or a (i) Matters publjshed in any Official Gazette cinematograph film made or a photograph taken except an Act of a Legislature; for valuable consideration the ownership goes to (ii) Any Act of a Legislature subject to the the person who has paid for the valuable condition that such Act is reproduced or consideration. publishedtogether with any commentary thereon or any other original matter; Copyright is not a single right but a bundle of rights. (iii) Report of any committee, commission, It, inter alia, includes the rights of reproduction, council, board or other like body issuing of copies, communication to the public, appointed by the government if such adaptation, and translation. These are transferable report has been laid on the Table of the rights. The owner can transfer the rights through Legislature, unless the reproduction or assignments or testamentary dispositions or publication of such report is prohibited through inheritance [5]. The assignments can be by the government; in respect of one right or more than one right or (iv) Any judgement or order of a court, even all the rights. The owner can also licence a Tribunal or other judicial authority, unless person to do any specific act which is his exclusive the reproduction or publication of such right without transferring the right. The Indian judgement or order is prohibited by the Copyright Act also enables an author to relinquish court, the Tribunal or other judicial his copyright [6]. Therefore, if an author has authority, as the case may be. relinquished his copyright in a work, that work would be o t of copyright regime. Libraries are given certain specific rights in this Y regard. These include the following: Apart from the above-mentioned rights, which are (a) The making of not more than three copies of referred to as economic rights, the author has a book (including a pamphlet, sheet of music, Ann Lib Inf Stu DIGITAL TECHNOLOGY & LIBRARIES: A COPYRIGHT LAW APPROACH map, chart or plan) by or under the direction which are the exclusive right of the owner. Otherwise of the person in charge of a public library for it would be an infringement with attendant penalties the use of the library if such book is not [15], which range from imprisonment for periods available for sale in lndia [II]. between six months and three years with or without fine. The ownership of copyright being a (b) The reproduction, for the purpose of research transferable one it& necessary to ascertain who is or private study or with a view to publication, the current owner of copyright before taking of an unpublished literary, dramatic or measures to obtain permission. musical work kept in a library, museum or other institution to which the public has DIGITISATION AND COPYRIGHT access The rights that come into play in the ordinary course Provided that where the identity of the in the digitisation of a work by a library are the rights author of any such work or, in the case of of reproduction and adaptation. Reproduction a work of joint authorship, of any of the includes the storing of a work in any medium by authors is known to the library, museum electronic means [I61. Adaptation includes or other institution, as the case may be, rearrangement or alteration in a work [17]. During the provisions of this clause shall apply digitisation, sometimes rearrangements may have only if such reproduction is made at a time to be made in a work which would attract the right more than sixty years from the date of of adaptation. the death of the author or, in the case of a work of joint authorship, from the death Digitisation is the process of converting a work into of the author whose identity is known or, a binary language that can be read by a computer.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Banaras Law Journal 2014 Vol 43 No. 2
    2014 1 THE BANARAS LAW JOURNAL 2 THE BANARAS LAW JOURNAL [Vol. 43] Cite This Issue as Vol. 43 No. 2 Ban.L.J. (2014) The Banaras Law Journal is published bi-annually by the Faculty of Law, Banaras Hindu University since 1965.Articles and other contributions for possible publication are welcomed and these as well as books for review should be addressed to the Editor-in-Chief, Banaras Law Journal, Faculty of Law, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi - 221005, India, or e-mailed to <[email protected]>. Views expressed in the Articles, Notes & Comments, Book Reviews and all other contributions published in this Journal are those of the respective authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Board of Editors of the Banaras Law Journal. In spite of our best care and caution, errors and omissions may creep in, for which our patrons will please bear with us and any discrepancy noticed may kindly be brought to our knowlede which will improve our Journal. Further it is to be noted that the Journal is published with the understanding that Authors, Editors, Printers and Publishers are not responsible for any damages or loss accruing to any body. In exchange for Banaras Law Journal, the Law School, Banaras Hindu University would appreciate receiving Journals, Books and monographs, etc. which can be of interest to Indian specialists and readers. c Law School, B.H.U., Varanasi- 221005 Composed and Printed by Raj Kumar Jaiswal, Dee Gee Printers, Khojwan Bazar, Varanasi-221010, U.P., (India). 2014 EDITORIAL COMMITTEE 3 Prof.
    [Show full text]
  • Professional Skills Needed at the Workplace-Ii
    MCS-214 Indira Gandhi National Open PROFESSIONAL SKILLS University AND ETHICS Block 2 PROFESSIONAL SKILLS NEEDED AT THE WORKPLACE-II UNIT 6 Meetings 105 UNIT 7 Presentation Skills-I 134 UNIT 8 Presentation Skills-II 148 UNIT 9 Developing Interpersonal Skills for a Successful Life at the Workplace 163 UNIT 10 Work Ethics and Social Media Etiquette 180 UNIT 11 Copyright and Plagiarism 196 103 Professional Skills Needed at the Workplace-II 104 BLOCK INTRODUCTION In the previous Block we introduced you to basic Communicative and Business English skills that are essential whenever you are doing business. In this Block these skills will be further practiced and expanded in different business contexts. In fact, in this Block we have provided you with a wide range of business settings and situations in which you can practice and improve your communication skills in English, so that you can become more confident, more fluent and more accurate. The units in this Block are as follows: Unit 6: Meetings Unit 7: Presentation Skills 1 Unit 8: Presentation Skills II Unit 9: Developing Interpersonal Skills for a Successful Life at Work Place Unit 10: Work Ethics and Social Media Etiquette Unit 11: Copyright and Plagiarism Each unit consists of integrated activities which include reading, writing, speaking and listening tasks, as well as study skills and grammar activities to inculcate accuracy. Please listen to the tape wherever indicated and practice the correct pronunciation, intonation and stress patterns. We have given you a detailed Answer Key. Some of the answers are suggestive in nature – this means that variations are possible which are equally correct.
    [Show full text]
  • Intellectual Property Rights
    MAHATMA GANDHI UNIVERSITY School of Indian Legal Thought OBE Syllabus for One Year LLM 2020 FACULTY OF LAW BRANCH - INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS 1 MAHATMA GANDHI UNIVERSITY School of Indian Legal Thought Syllabus for One Year LLM FACULTY OF LAW BRANCH – INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS VISION Vision of Mahatma Gandhi University “Mahatma Gandhi University envisions excelling in the field of higher education and catering to the scholastic and developmental needs of the individual, through continuous creation of critical knowledge base for the society’s sustained and inclusive growth a sense of social justice” . MISSION M1 • To conduct and support undergraduate, postgraduate and Commented [A1]: Shall we include UG here? research-level programmes of quality in different disciplines of legal studies M2 • To foster teaching, research and extension activities for the creation of new knowledge for the development of law and society M3 • To help in the creation and development of humanpower that would provide intellectual leadership to the community specifically marginalised section in the society. M4 • To provide skilled humanpower to the professional, industrial, administrative, hospital management and service sectors in the country so as to meet global demands and standards. M5 • To help promote the diverse cultural heritage of the nation and preserve the environmental sustainability, plurality and quality of life M6 • To cater to the holistic and comprehensive development of the region through legal interventions and academic leadership 2 GRADUATE ATTRIBUTES OF MAHATMA GANDHI UNIVERSITY Graduate Attribute 1: Interdisciplinary Knowledge, Skills and Attitude MGU graduates should be able to acquire interdisciplinary and cross disciplinary knowledge base, skills and attitudes as a consequence of the learning they engage with their programme of study.
    [Show full text]
  • Copyright Law of India and the Academic Community†
    Journal of Intellectual Property Rights Vol. 9, May 2004, pp 207-225 Copyright Law of India and the Academic Community† T C James* Department of Industrial Policy and Promotion, Ministry of Commerce and Industry, Udyog Bhavan New Delhi 110011 Received 3 March 2004 Copyright plays a crucial role in academic institutions. Although, copyright protection has been in existence in India for more than 150 years, copyright issues in academic institutions have not received enough attention. This paper attempts to look at the issues in the background of the philosophical justification for copyright protection. After a bird’s eye view of the basics of copyright, the paper looks at the traditional issues relating to scope, ownership and use of copyrighted works in educational institutions, in the light of case laws. Then the possible issues that Indian educational institutions may have to face in the context of the emergence of digital technologies and widespread use of information technology are examined. The paper concludes with certain suggestions for the consideration of the educational institutions. Keywords: Copyright law, Moral rights, Economic rights, Legal rights, Exclusive rights, Copyright ownership, Copyright regime, Digital technologies, Educational institutions India has one of the oldest academic tra- and institutional structures emerged. ditions with formal education finding a Western style universities and schools place in its ancient history. The universi- came into existence2. Approach to prod- ties of Taksila and Nalanda were great ucts of mind that formed the content of centres of learning in the ancient world,1 educational institutions also got changed brimming with students and teachers over the centuries.
    [Show full text]
  • Copyright Is a Legal Right, Existing in Many Countries, That Grants The
    Copyright is a legal right, existing in many countries, that grants the creator of an original work exclusive rights to determine whether, and under what conditions, this original work may 1 be used by others. Copyright laws protects variety of works such paintings, literary works, live performance, photographs, movies and software These are fixed in tangible forms whether published or unpublished. Important thing to understand here is that copyright law covers “material forms of expression” i.e. the ideas, concepts, techniques of the creators work should be presented in tangible form. For example stories in newspaper or a painting on canvas. Copyright are, however, confined to a particular territory as they do not extend beyond specific jurisdiction, in this case of inconsistency, many countries or large group of countries come into an agreement for the applicability of procedures, that’s why they are called “territorial rights”. Generally, duration of copyright expires within 50-100 years when the creator dies depending on the jurisdiction. Copyright laws are enforced as civil matter but some countries can count it under criminal sanction jurisdiction too. In 1996 two treaties were negotiated to provide protection of the rights of copyright holders, performers and producers of phonograms in the internet and digital era, under the protection of World Intellectual property rights (WIPO) called “WIPO copyrights treaty (WCT)” and “WIPO Performances and Phonograms Treaty (WPPT)” Copyright law of India is governed by the act of 1957; the act got amended five times since then i.e. in 1983, 1984, 1992, 1994, 1999 and 2012. Prior to this act Copyright law in India was governed by 1914 copyright act which was an extension of British Copyrights Act 1911 and also India had borrowed extensively from United Kingdom Copyright act 1956.
    [Show full text]
  • New Property Paradigm in the Information Age?
    “LESS IS MORE”: NEW PROPERTY PARADIGM IN THE INFORMATION AGE? † AARTHI S. ANAND ABSTRACT Before striking down laws increasing copyright’s domain, judges and legislators are asking for evidence that information products will be created even if copyright protection is not provided. The future of Internet technology depends on locating this evidence in time to limit expansive copyright. United States law, however, already protects information products under copyright. Hence, this counterfactual evidence that judges request cannot be generated in the United States. In response to the demand for data, American legal scholars have attempted to mine evidence from open software and other non-commercial endeavors on the Internet. However, these endeavors have been dismissed as exceptions or “cults,” unrelated to mainstream industry needs. This Article, for the first time, provides evidence of growth in the commercial software industry without intellectual property protection. Between 1993 and 2010, the software industry in India emerged as the fastest growing in the world, accounting for $76 billion in revenues by 2010. In the same time period, the software industry in India remained unaffected by changes in intellectual property protection for software. By demonstrating industry growth without strong intellectual property protections, the Indian data fills the critical gap in American literature. † Associate Research Scholar, Columbia Law School & Project Director, Clean Energy Investment at the Center for Climate Change Law. I extend special appreciation to Professor Frank Upham, whose encouragement and insights were indispensable in bringing this Article to completion. I am indebted to Kevin Davis, Rochelle Dreyfuss, Katherine Franke, Michael Gerrard, Ronald Mann, Jason Parsont, Daniel Richman, Irene Ten Cate, the various Associates at Columbia Law School for their valuable comments on earlier drafts, as well as Harold Edgar, Ronald Gilson, Scott Hemphill, Jody Kraus, Thomas Merrill, and Joseph Raz for helpful discussions.
    [Show full text]
  • Intellectual Property Systems in Asian Countries
    Intellectual Property Systems in Asian Countries Japan Patent Office Asia-Pacific Industrial Property Center, JIII CONTENTS Page Introduction ····················································································· 1 1. China ·························································································· 2 1.1 Outline ····················································································· 2 1.2 International treaties ································································· 2 1.3 Current status of intellectual property laws ································ 3 1.3.1 Patent Law ········································································· 3 1.3.2 Trademark Law ·································································· 4 1.3.3 Copyright Law ··································································· 5 1.3.4 Unfair Competition Prevention Law ···································· 5 1.3.5 Other intellectual property-related laws ······························ 6 2. Republic of Korea ········································································ 7 2.1 Outline ····················································································· 7 2.2 International treaties ································································· 7 2.3 Current status of intellectual property laws ································ 8 2.3.1 Patent Law ········································································· 8 2.3.2 Utility Model Law ······························································
    [Show full text]
  • Experts' Study on Exclusions from Patentable Subject Matter and Exceptions and Limitations to the Rights )
    COMMENTS MADE BY MEMBERS AND OBSERVERS OF THE SCP ON DOCUMENT SCP/15 /3 ( EXPERTS' STUDY ON EXCLUSIONS FROM PATENTABLE SUBJECT MATTER AND EXCEPTIONS AND LIMITATIONS TO THE RIGHTS ) 15 th session of the SCP, October 11 -15, 2010 [Excerpt s from the Report (doc ument SCP/15/6)] 1. Professor Lionel Bently, Center for Intellectual Property and Information Law, Cambridge University, United Kingdom, who was the coordinator of the experts’ study on exclusions, exceptions and limitations, made a presentation on the study. 2. The Delegation of Venezuela expressed the view that the issues regarding exclusions, exceptions and limitations had a philosophical, ethical or moral dimension, and that exclusions from patentable subject matter, for example, were set on a moral or an ethical basis. The Delegation noted that the only legally binding decisions in relation to exclusions, exceptions and limitations for its country had to be made by courts in Venezuela . On the issue of exclusions and exceptions, the Delegation considered that the way in which they could be applied need ed to be look ed at from the perspectives of human beings and human life. The Delegation considered that, in some countries, the standards of patentability set by the TRIPS Agreemen t had been a problem, and that private interest had been given priority over national interest. In its view, the philosophy of the patent system was the issue to be addressed. 3. In response to the question raised by the Delegation of the Plu rinational State of Bolivia, the Chair stated that there would be no presentation on other Annexes of the study.
    [Show full text]
  • Introduction to Intellectual Property Rights (Ipr)
    INTRODUCTION TO INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS (IPR) WARVATE SADASHIV BALASAHEB Librarian Mahatma Phule Mahavidyalaya, Kingaon (MS) INDIA Intellectual property rights are like any other property rights – they allow the creator, or owner, of a patent, trademark, or copyright to benefit from his or her own work or investment. These rights are outlined in Article 27 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, which sets forth the right to benefit from the protection of moral and material interests resulting from authorship of any scientific, literary, or artistic production. The importance of intellectual property was first recognized in the Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property in 1883 and the Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works in 1886. Both treaties are administered by the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO).Intellectual property refers tocreations of the mind: inventions, literary and artistic works, and symbols, names, and images used in commerce. Intellectual property is divided into two categories: Industrial Property includes patents for inventions, trademarks, industrial designs and geographical indications. Copyright includes literary works such as novels, poems and plays, films, musical works, artistic works such as drawings, paintings, photographs and sculptures, and architectural designs. Rights related to copyright include those of performing artists in their performances, producers of phonograms, and those of broadcasters in their radio and television programs. Keywords: Intellectual Property Rights, Patents, Copyright, trademark etc. INTRODUCTION Intellectual Property Rights is the recent branch of law and with the growth of ICT in recent days, IPR and library study have gained more importance. Knowing the basics of intellectual property rights before discussing on the implications of intellectual property rights on library services is felt necessary.
    [Show full text]
  • The Uncoordinated Public Domain
    University of Tulsa College of Law TU Law Digital Commons Articles, Chapters in Books and Other Contributions to Scholarly Works 2016 The ncoU ordinated Public Domain Robert Spoo Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.law.utulsa.edu/fac_pub Part of the Intellectual Property Law Commons Recommended Citation The ncU oordinated Public Domain, 35 Cardozo Arts and Entertainment Law Journal 107 (2016). This Article is brought to you for free and open access by TU Law Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Articles, Chapters in Books and Other Contributions to Scholarly Works by an authorized administrator of TU Law Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. SPOO ARTICLE (Do Not Delete) 1/18/2017 12:55 PM THE UNCOORDINATED PUBLIC DOMAIN ROBERT SPOO* When nations amend their copyright laws in response to calls for international harmonization, they usually expand authors’ rights without also seeking to harmonize national public domains. Divergent national copyright laws have resulted in an uncoordinated global public domain that renders authors’ works freely available for use in some countries while subjecting them to copyright or moral-rights protection in others. While the fragmented global commons thwarts many valuable uses of cultural resources, it has especially deleterious effects on the ability of researchers to access, copy, and disseminate historical and literary materials, many of which remain unpublished. These effects are mirrored and exacerbated by the inconsistent policies of cultural repositories that control access to millions of documents and images. The uncoordinated public domain shares certain features—notably, fragmented ownership and resource underuse—with an anticommons.
    [Show full text]
  • Ipr for Digital Content in India: Status, Strategies and Challenges
    International Journal of Innovative Social Science & Humanities Research ISSN: 2349-1876 (Print) | ISSN : 2454-1826 (Online) IPR FOR DIGITAL CONTENT IN INDIA: STATUS, STRATEGIES AND CHALLENGES Satish Kumar, Information Scientist ARIES, Nainital, UK ABSTRACT Copyright infringement is a problem closely tied to technology. In most ways this is quite obvious. Since much of the copyright law was written with pre-digital technology in mind, artifacts of these assumptions continue in the law despite attempts to modernize it. This paper looks particularly at the relationship between technology and copyright enforcement and begins with the three key technology factors that matter to rights holders who want to earn money from their creative works: copying technology, distribution technology, and sales technology. This paper covers the traditional intellectual property rights (IPR) laws and associated concepts from printed to digital works, and discusses how the characteristics of digital replication pose problems for traditional IPR systems. It provides some insight into the Indian software industry by discussing the scope of Indian copyright law, the rights of owner, infringement, penalties etc. Also the paper discuses the distinction between “public” infringers who make works available to others, either for free or for profit, and “private” infringers who are making a personal copy. The copyright law in most countries allows copying for private use, which makes most private infringement legal. Keywords: Intellectual Property Right, Copyright, Digital content, IPR law, Copyright law. INTRODUCTION economic dominance. The objective of this paper is to analyze an emerging digital IPR regime with respect to copyright protection. Intellectual property is an area of law that has evolved with development of technology.
    [Show full text]
  • E Jairipa Complete Journal
    ISSN NUMBER- XXXX XXXX E-JAIRIPA E- JOURNAL OF ACADEMIC INNOVATION AND RESEARCH IN INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY ASSETS (E- JAIRIPA) Peer Reviewed Journal | VOLUME I | | ISSUE I | | DECEMBER 2020 | Disclaimer The June-December 2020 issue of E-JAIRIPA is a journal of academic research in IPR having scholarly articles contributed by the authors listed in the contents. The views expressed in the Articles and all other contributions to the “E-JAIRIPA” belong to the individual authors/co-authors. The views expressed in the articles do not belong to the Editorial Board or the Centre for Innovation, Research and Facilitation in Intellectual Property for Humanity and Development (CIRF in IPHD) of Chanakya National Law University, Patna. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form by any means or stored in any system of any nature without prior permission of the publisher. The publisher and the Chief Editor of the journal has taken every care to avoid errors or omissions and similarities/plagiarism, which has been checked through Urkund’s software. All the articles have been peer- reviewed by the experts and modified as per the suggestions made. This E- Journal is open access to world-wide without making any conversion addition or deletion etc. All Copyright Reserved© CNLU (CIRF in IPHD). Publisher: Registrar CNLU Patna ISSN No. XXXX XXXX (to be obtained) Acknowledgment I express my deep gratitude to Hon’ble Vice Chancellor Justice Mrs. Mridula Mishra, Hon’ble Registrar Shri Manoranjan Prasad Srivastava, for their free hand generous support in bringing this journal release. I also express my profound sense of gratitude to all the contributors of research papers, peer reviewers, all the Hon’ble members of the Editorial Board, my colleagues at CNLU.
    [Show full text]