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Southern Cameroon View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Repositori Institucional de la Universitat Jaume I MASTER’S DEGREE FINAL DISSERTATION Forced Migration: A Consequence of Human Rights Violation. Case Study: Southern Cameroon Student: Ndeffor Bryan Tanjong Supervisor: Dr Eva Espinar Ruiz Castellón, October, 2014 Keywords; Torture as a weapon Abstract; Torture in particular is a complex trauma that often occurs within the context of widespread persecution and human rights violations. Modern welfare shows that whole populations are at risk of suffering extensive trauma, injustice loss and resultantly emigration- forced to migrate. Such has being the faith of Southern Cameroonians forced to exit themselves from their homeland. - Dialogue could be an option. The lack of political freedom, press censorship, freedom of the press, freedom of Assembly, repression and Corruption further complicates the lives of the peoples of the entire nation Dedication This thesis is dedicated to my Sister Meseh Enice Tanjong who passed away in the course of my research. You will ever remain in my heart. To my special friend and Sister Carole Vicent for her strong words of encouragement and support you gave me at the time I mostly needed, you have been there for me from the beginning of the struggle to this very last moments, I want to thank you for the love care and concern throughout this period. To Julia Kaffarek yours words inspired me and your love and care made me grew stronger and stronger. I would have never achieved my dreams and been where I am now without you. Thank you so much. To my Son Bill Bryan I love you so much. To Bernice i Acknowledgements A thesis is never the work of one person for this reason. I am particularly grateful to those who directed me directly or indirectly to the accomplishment of this work. My most special thanks go to my thesis supervisor Dr Eva Espinar Ruiz from the University of Alicante, Department of Sociology II for her invaluable supervision and patience which has been very vital in my research. I would like to thank the UNESCO chair of Philosophy for Peace at the Universitat Jaume I for giving me the opportunity to do this master and be part of it. My sincere gratitude goes to the Director and Staff of the UNESCO chair at the Universitat Jaume I especially to Irena Comins Mingol, Sonia Paris Albert, Sophia Herrero Adela Almela Escrig, Alesandra and Alexandro. I would also like to thank in particular the persons with who i could share and debate my ideas and views. These people are my fellow students, friends and relatives and family members who helped broaden my vision. ii Abbreviations and Acronyms AAC - All Anglophone Conference ACHPR - African Commission on Human and People’s Rights. CAM - Cameroon Anglophone Movement DIDR - Development Induced Displacement and Resettlement FMO - Forced Migration organisation IASFM - International Association for the Study of Forced Migration ICCPR - International Convention on Civil and Political Rights ICESCR - International Convention on Economic Social and Cultural Rights MFCVT - Medical Foundation for the Care of Victims of Torture OHCHR - Office of the High Commissioner of Human Rights PHW - Political Handbook of the World SCAPO - Southern Cameroon People Organization SCARM - Southern Cameroon Restoration Movement SCNC - Southern Cameroon National Council SCYL - Southern Cameroon Youth League UNDR - United Nations Development Report UDHR - Universal Declaration of Human Rights UNPO - Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organisation WBED - World Bank Environmental Department iii Table of Contents Dedication ..................................................................................................................... i Acknowledgements ....................................................................................................... ii Abbreviations and Acronyms ....................................................................................... iii Chapter 1: General Introduction. .............................................................................. 1 1.1 Author’s Perspective. (Motivation) .......................................................................... 6 1.2 Objectives. ............................................................................................................ 10 1.3 Hypothesis. ........................................................................................................... 10 1.4 Theoretical Framework. ........................................................................................ 11 1.5 Literature Review .................................................................................................. 12 1.6 Relevance.............................................................................................................. 14 1.7 Methods ................................................................................................................ 15 1.8 Structure ............................................................................................................... 16 Chapter 2: What is Forced Migration? .................................................................... 18 2.1 Introduction........................................................................................................... 18 2.2 Types of Forced Migration. ................................................................................... 19 2.2.1 Conflict Induced Migration: ........................................................................... 19 2.2.2 Development Induced Migration: ................................................................... 20 2.2.3 Disaster Induced Migration: ........................................................................... 21 2.3 Types of Forced Migrants...................................................................................... 23 2.3.1 Refugees: ....................................................................................................... 23 2.3.2 Asylum Seekers: ............................................................................................. 25 2.3.3 Internally Displaced Persons ........................................................................... 27 2.3.4 Development Displacees: ............................................................................... 28 2.3.5 Environmental and Disaster Displacees: ......................................................... 29 2.3.6 Smuggled Persons: ......................................................................................... 30 2.3.7 Trafficked people ........................................................................................... 31 2.4 Conclusion. ........................................................................................................... 32 Chapter 3: Non-Violent Resistance Movement in Southern Cameroon. ................ 33 3.1 Introduction........................................................................................................... 33 3.2 Southern Cameroon National Council (SCNC) ...................................................... 37 3.2.1 Origin and Creation: ....................................................................................... 37 3.2.2 Activities: ....................................................................................................... 41 3.2.3 Objectives: ..................................................................................................... 44 3.2.4 Successes and Failure: .................................................................................... 45 3.3 Other Liberation Movements in Southern Cameroon. ............................................ 48 3.3.1 Southern Cameroon Youth League (SCYL) .................................................... 48 3.3.2 SCAPO .......................................................................................................... 51 3.3.3 Ambazonia and SCARM ................................................................................ 52 3.3.4 Southern Cameroons’ Claims. (Way Forward)................................................ 53 3.4 Conclusion ............................................................................................................ 55 Chapter 4: Human Rights in Southern Cameroon .................................................. 56 4.1 Introduction........................................................................................................... 56 4.2 Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) .................................................. 58 iv 4.2.1 International Convention on Economic Social and Cultural Right (ICESCR) .. 64 4.2.2 International Convention on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) ..................... 67 4.2.3 Importance of the UDHR, ICESCR and ICCPR. ............................................. 73 4.3 Human Rights Violations in Southern Cameroon .................................................. 73 4.4 Impacts / Consequences of Human Rights Violations on Southern Cameroon ....... 87 Chapter 5: Forced Migrants from Southern Cameroon ......................................... 91 5.1 Introduction........................................................................................................... 91 5.2 Forced Migrants .................................................................................................... 94 5.2.1 Ebenezer Derek Mbongo Akwanga Jr (SCYL) ............................................... 94 5.2.2 Retired
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