DOCSLIB.ORG

Review Antimalarial Compounds Isolated from Plants Used In

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Review Antimalarial Compounds Isolated from Plants Used In Review JPP 2009, 61: 1401–1433 ß 2009 The Authors Received April 7, 2009 Antimalarial compounds isolated from plants used in Accepted June 9, 2009 traditional medicine DOI 10.1211/jpp/61.11.0001 ISSN 0022-3573 Joanne Beroa, Michel Fre´ de´ richb and Joe¨ lle Quetin-Leclercqa aUniversite´ catholique de Louvain, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Analytical Chemistry, Drug Analysis and Pharmacognosy Unit, Brussels and bUniversity of Lie` ge, Natural and Synthetic Drugs Research Center, Laboratory of Pharmacognosy, Lie` ge, Belgium Abstract Objectives This review covers the compounds with antiplasmodial activity isolated from plants published from 2005 to the end of 2008, organized according to their phytochemical classes. Details are given for substances with IC50 values £ 11 mM. Key findings Malaria is a major parasitic disease in many tropical and subtropical regions and is responsible for more than 1 million deaths each year in Africa. The rapid spread of resistance encourages the search for new active compounds. Nature and particularly plants used in traditional medicine are a potential source of new antimalarial drugs as they contain molecules with a great variety of structures and pharmacological activities. Summary A large number of antimalarial compounds with a wide variety of structures have been isolated from plants and can play a role in the development of new antimalarial drugs. Ethnopharmacological approaches appear to be a promising way to find plant metabolites that could be used as templates for designing new derivatives with improved properties. Keywords antiplasmodial; malaria; plant compounds; Plasmodium falciparum; traditional medicine Introduction Malaria is a parasitic disease caused by Plasmodium species transmitted from the blood of an infected person and passed to a healthy human by a female Anopheles mosquito. There are four types of human malaria and Plasmodium falciparum is responsible for the most severe cases, and so most studies have evaluated the activity of compounds on this species. Malaria affects 350–500 million people per year worldwide and is responsible for 1.1 million deaths per year. In many parts of the world the parasites have developed resistance to a number of antimalarials such as chloroquine and derivatives, the most widely used treatment for malaria, and so there is an urgent need to discover new compounds with an original mode of action. Plants commonly used in traditional medicine are a source of active new compounds. For example, artemisinin isolated from Artemisia annua and used in China to treat malaria is a sesquiterpene lactone prescribed in combination therapies to fight chloroquino-resistant P. falciparum. In this review, all new active metabolites isolated from plants used in traditional medicine to treat malaria are described and organised according to their phytochemical classes. All the activities described were determined in vitro on P. falciparum strains, unless otherwise specified, and bio-guided fractionation was also based on this antimalarial test. Activities were assessed on different strains, among which are chloroquine sensitive (NF54, NF54/64, 3D7, D6, F32, D10, HB3, FCC1-HN, Ghana), chloroquine resistant (FcB1, W2, FCM29, BHz26/86, Dd2, EN36, ENT30, FCR3, FCR-3/A2) and/or multidrug resistant (K1, TM91C235) strains, to find effective compounds against resistant malaria. We considered that those having an Correspondence: J. Bero, IC50 £ 11 mM may have some interest for further development, while those with lower Catholic University of Louvain, activity were less interesting. We only give structures for promising compounds, the others Analytical Chemistry, Drug are cited in tables. As reviews already exist for compounds published before 2005,[1–7] Analysis and Pharmacognosy we focused on those published from 2005 to the end of 2008. Some examples of recent Unit, Avenue E. Mounier, [8] 72, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium. natural antiplasmodial compounds are also cited in Mambu and Grellier and, more [9] E-mail: [email protected] recently, in Kaur et al. Author Copy: This article was published by the Pharmaceutical Press, which has granted the author permission to distribute this material for personal or professional (non-commercial) use only, subject to the terms and conditions of the Pharmaceutical Press Licence to Publish. Any substantial or systematic reproduction, re-distribution, re-selling, 1401 sub-licensing or modification of the whole or part of the article in any form is expressly forbidden. 1402 Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology 2009; 61: 1401–1433 Phenolic derivatives stricta Roxb. (Leguminosae) roots and Erythrina subum- Flavonoid derivatives brans Merr. (Leguminosae) stems led to the isolation of two 24 25 Bioassay-guided fractionation of the ethyl acetate extract of pterocarpans, erybraedin A ( ) and erystagallin A ( ), and 26 the leaves of Piptadenia pervillei Vatke (Leguminosae) led one flavanone, 5-hydroxysophoranone ( ). All of them exhibited reasonable antiplasmodial activity against K1 with to the isolation of two phenolic compounds: (+)-catechin 5- [18] IC50 = 8.7, 9.0 and 5.3 mM, respectively. Vogelin C (27) gallate (1) and (+)-catechin 3-gallate (2). Compounds 1 and 2 and lespedezaflavanone B (28) were isolated from the bark of displayed high activity, with IC50 values of 1.2 mM and Erythrina subumbrans Merr. (Leguminosae) and possessed 1.0 mM (FcB1), respectively, and no significant cytotoxi- [10] antiplasmodial activity against K1 with IC50 values of 6.6 city. New secondary metabolites were isolated from the [19] and 9.1 mM, respectively. A known compound, 6-pre- root extract of Bauhinia purpurea L. (Leguminosae). Among nylapigenin (29), was isolated from Cannabis sativa L. the isolated metabolites, a flavanone exhibited moderate (Cannabaceae) and displayed notable antimalarial activity antimalarial activity, demethoxymatteucinol (3) (IC50 = against D6 and W2 with IC50 values of 6.7 and 4.8 mM, m [11] 9.5 M against K1). Phytochemical investigation of the respectively.[20] The 80% ethanol extract from the outer bark stem bark and root bark of Friesodielsia obovata (Benth.) of Ochna integerrima Lour. (Merr.) (Ochnaceae) led to Verdc. (Annonaceae) also afforded demethoxymatteucinol isolation of a biflavanone (30) that had not been found 3 ( ), which possessed weak antiplasmodial activity, with previously from a natural plant source and is a potent m IC50 = 34.1 and 29.9 M against K1 and NF54, respec- antimalarial ingredient against K1 (IC50 = 157 nM). The [12] tively. Investigation of the chemical constituents of the stereoisomer of 30 (31) was also isolated from this plant but root bark of Artocarpus rigidus Blume subsp. rigidus its activity was significantly lower than that of 30 (IC50 = [21] (Moraceae) led to the isolation of two known flavonoids, 10.2 mM). The antiplasmodial activity of five natural artonin F (4) and cycloartobiloxanthone (5), which exhibited biflavonoids was estimated on K1. Lanaroflavone (32) antiplasmodial activity against K1 (4.8 mM and 8.5 mM, isolated from the aerial parts of Campnosperma panamensis respectively).[13] Two new prenylated flavones, artocarpones Standl. (Anacardiaceae) showed the highest antiplasmodial A(6) and B (7) (IC50 = 0.12 and 0.18 mM, respectively), and activity (IC50 = 0.48 mM) and exhibited a high selectivity seven known prenylated flavonoids, including artonin A (8) index value (SI = 159), indicating selective antiplasmodial (IC50 = 0.55 mM), cycloheterophyllin (9) (IC50 = 0.02 mM), activity. Ginkgetin (33), isoginkgetin (34), bilobetin (35) artoindonesianin R (10) (IC50 = 0.66 mM), heterophyllin and sciadopitysin (36) isolated from the leaves of Ginkgo (11) (IC50 = 1.04 mM), heteroflavanone C (12) and artoin- biloba L. (Ginkgoaceae) showed antiplasmodial activity donesianin A-2 (13) (IC50 = 1.31 mM) were isolated from the (IC50 = 2.0, 3.5, 6.7 and 1.4 mM with SI = 4.1, 3.2, 4.0 and 49, respectively).[22,23] A new biflavanone, ent-naringeninyl- stem bark of Artocarpus champeden Spreng. (Moraceae). 0 The isolated compounds were tested for their inhibitory (I-3a,II-8)-4 -O-methylnaringenin (37) was isolated from the activity against 3D7. All possessed interesting activity with root bark of Garcinia livingstonei T.Anderson (Clusiaceae) inhibitory concentrations from 0.001 to 1.31 mM. Compound collected in Tanzania. This compound showed reasonable m [24] 12 was the most potent with an IC50 of 1 nM. The inhibitory activity against Ghana strain (IC50 = 6.7 M). Phyto- activity of these flavonoid derivatives supports the traditional chemical re-examination of the aerial exudates of Polygonum use of the dried stem bark of A. campeden as an antimalarial senegalense Meisn. (Polygonaceae) forma senegalense 38 39 drug.[14] Antitubercular and antimalarial activity-guided resulted in the isolation of two chalcones ( and ) active, respectively, with an IC50 of 3.1 mM on D6 and 2.4 mM on study of the dichloromethane extract of the roots of m m [25] Artocarpus altilis (Parkinson) Fosberg (Moraceae) led to W2, and 14.0 M on D6 and 9.5 M on W2. The bioassay- guided purification of an n-hexane extract from the leaves of the isolation of nine prenylated flavones, including cycloar- Piper hostmannianum C.DC. var. berbicense (Piperaceae) tocarpin (14), artocarpin (15), chaplashin (16), morusin (17), led to the isolation of four monoterpenes or prenyl- cudraflavone B (18), artonin E (19) and artobiloxanthone substituted dihydrochalcones as well as known compounds. (20). All compounds exhibited antiplasmodial activity (–)-Methyllinderatin (40) and linderatone (41) exhibited against K1 with IC50 values of 9.9, 6.9, 7.7, 4.5, 5.2, 6.4 [15] moderate antiplasmodial activity with IC50 values of 5.6 and 6.9 mM, respectively. Ethyl acetate extract from the and 5.3 mM (40) and 10.3 and 15.1 mM (41), respectively, stem bark of Erythrina fusca Lour. (Leguminosae) showed against F32 and FcB1. The activity of 40 was confirmed in 21 antimalarial activity against K1, and lonchocarpol A ( ) vivo against Plasmodium vinckei petteri in mice (80% isolated from that extract showed notable antimalarial reduction of parasitemia) at a dose of 20 mg/kg per day m activity (IC50 = 3.9 M).
Load more

Recommended publications
  • University of Nairobi College of Physical and Biological Sciences Department of Chemistry
    UNIVERSITY OF NAIROBI COLLEGE OF PHYSICAL AND BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY PHYTOCHEMICAL INVESTIGATION OF THE STEM BARK AND THE LEAVES OF TECLEA SIMPLICIFOLIA FOR ANALGESIC ACTIVITY BY DAISY NYAWIRA NJERU I56/63228/10 A THESIS SUBMITED FOR EXAMINATION IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF MASTERS OF SCIENCE IN CHEMISTRY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF NAIROBI 2015 ii DEDICATION This thesis is dedicated to: My parents Mr and Mrs. Charles Mugane, My husband, Moses Karani and my daughter, Valerie Ikol. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I acknowledge the support and continued guidance accorded to me by my supervisors; Prof Abiy Yenesew and Dr. Solomon Derese, making this work achievable. I’m grateful for their tireless efforts, professional advice and encouragement. I would also wish to extend my gratitude to Dr. Albert Ndakala and Dr. John Onyatta who kept me up-to-date with the departmental, school and Board of postgraduate Studies requirements. Furthermore, I appreciate the support I received from Dr. Matthias Hydenreich of Institute of Chemistry, University of Potsdam, Germany for high resolution NMR analyses. In addition, I acknowledge the support received from Mr. Solomon Cheboi of National Museums of Kenya in the analysis of the analgesic data, and the entire Phytochemistry staff, National Museums of Kenya for their support. The support received from the technical and academic staff of the Department of Chemistry, University of Nairobi is highly appreciated. I further extend my appreciation for the assistance received from my fellow MSc. and PhD students in the Department especially Mr Yoseph Atilaw, Dr. Negera Abdissa, Ms Martha Induli, Ms Caroline Chepkirui and Mr Tsegaye Deyou.
    [Show full text]
  • Freeze Response of Citrus and Citrus- Speeds (Nisbitt Et Al., 2000)
    HORTSCIENCE 49(8):1010–1016. 2014. and tree and grove size (Bourgeois et al., 1990; Ebel et al., 2005). Protection using microsprinklers is compromised by high wind Freeze Response of Citrus and Citrus- speeds (Nisbitt et al., 2000). Developing more cold-tolerant citrus varieties through breeding related Genotypes in a Florida Field and selection has long been considered the most effective long-term solution (Grosser Planting et al., 2000; Yelenosky, 1985). Citrus and Citrus relatives are members Sharon Inch, Ed Stover1, and Randall Driggers of the family Rutaceae. The subtribe Citrinae U.S. Horticultural Research Laboratory, U.S. Department of Agriculture, is composed of Citrus (mandarins, oranges, Agricultural Research Service, 2001 South Rock Road, Fort Pierce, FL pummelos, grapefruits, papedas, limes, lem- ons, citrons, and sour oranges); Poncirus 34945 (deciduous trifoliate oranges); Fortunella Richard F. Lee (kumquats); Microcitrus and Eremocitrus (both Australian natives); and Clymenia National Clonal Germplasm Repository for Citrus and Dates, U.S. (Penjor et al., 2013). There is considerable Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, 1060 Martin morphological and ecological variation within Luther King Boulevard, Riverside, CA 92521 this group. With Citrus, cold-hardiness ranges from cold-tolerant to cold-sensitive (Soost and Additional index words. Aurantioideae, citrus breeding, cold-sensitive, defoliation, dieback, Roose, 1996). Poncirus and Fortunella are frost damage, Rutaceae, Toddalioideae considered the most cold-tolerant genera that Abstract. A test population consisting of progenies of 92 seed-source genotypes (hereafter are cross-compatible with Citrus. Poncirus called ‘‘parent genotypes’’) of Citrus and Citrus relatives in the field in east–central trifoliata reportedly can withstand tempera- Florida was assessed after natural freeze events in the winters of 2010 and 2011.
    [Show full text]
  • Phylogenetic Relationships of Ruteae (Rutaceae): New Evidence from the Chloroplast Genome and Comparisons with Non-Molecular Data
    ARTICLE IN PRESS Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution xxx (2008) xxx–xxx Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/ympev Phylogenetic relationships of Ruteae (Rutaceae): New evidence from the chloroplast genome and comparisons with non-molecular data Gabriele Salvo a,*, Gianluigi Bacchetta b, Farrokh Ghahremaninejad c, Elena Conti a a Institute of Systematic Botany, University of Zürich, Zollikerstrasse 107, CH-8008 Zürich, Switzerland b Center for Conservation of Biodiversity (CCB), Department of Botany, University of Cagliari, Viale S. Ignazio da Laconi 13, 09123 Cagliari, Italy c Department of Biology, Tarbiat Moallem University, 49 Dr. Mofatteh Avenue, 15614 Tehran, Iran article info abstract Article history: Phylogenetic analyses of three cpDNA markers (matK, rpl16, and trnL–trnF) were performed to evaluate Received 12 December 2007 previous treatments of Ruteae based on morphology and phytochemistry that contradicted each other, Revised 14 July 2008 especially regarding the taxonomic status of Haplophyllum and Dictamnus. Trees derived from morpho- Accepted 9 September 2008 logical, phytochemical, and molecular datasets of Ruteae were then compared to look for possible pat- Available online xxxx terns of agreement among them. Furthermore, non-molecular characters were mapped on the molecular phylogeny to identify uniquely derived states and patterns of homoplasy in the morphological Keywords: and phytochemical datasets. The phylogenetic analyses determined that Haplophyllum and Ruta form Ruta reciprocally exclusive monophyletic groups and that Dictamnus is not closely related to the other genera Citrus family Morphology of Ruteae. The different types of datasets were partly incongruent with each other. The discordant phy- Phytochemistry logenetic patterns between the phytochemical and molecular trees might be best explained in terms of Congruence convergence in secondary chemical compounds.
    [Show full text]
  • Phylogenetic Placement of Ivodea and Biogeographic Affinities Of
    Plant Systematics and Evolution (2020) 306:7 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00606-020-01633-3 ORIGINAL ARTICLE Phylogenetic placement of Ivodea and biogeographic afnities of Malagasy Rutaceae Marc S. Appelhans1,2 · Jun Wen2 Received: 6 December 2018 / Accepted: 8 January 2020 / Published online: 1 February 2020 © The Author(s) 2020 Abstract The genus Ivodea is endemic to Madagascar and the Comoros and consists of 30 species. This study is the frst to include the genus in a molecular phylogenetic analysis. We sequenced the plastid trnL–trnF and the nuclear ITS regions for three Ivodea species and revealed that the genus is monophyletic and most closely related to the African and Malagasy Vepris, refuting earlier suggestions of a close relationship between Ivodea and the Asian, Malesian, Australasian and Pacifc genera Euodia and Melicope. Ivodea and Vepris provide another example of closely related pairs of Rutaceous groups that have drupaceous and capsular/follicular fruits, respectively, thus further confrming that fruit types are not suited to delimit sub- families in Rutaceae, as has often been done in the past. Ivodea was the last of the seven Malagasy genera to be included in the Rutaceae phylogeny, making it possible to conduct an assessment of biogeographic afnities of the genera that occur on the island. Our assessments based on sister-group relationships suggest that the eight lineages (representing seven genera) of Malagasy Rutaceae either have African or have Asian afnities. Two lineages have an African origin, and one lineage has an Asian origin. Taxon sampling is insufcient to interpret the directionality of dispersal events in the remaining lineages.
    [Show full text]
  • Appelhans Et Al Zanthoxylum
    Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 126 (2018) 31–44 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/ympev Phylogeny and biogeography of the pantropical genus Zanthoxylum and its T closest relatives in the proto-Rutaceae group (Rutaceae) ⁎ Marc S. Appelhansa,b, , Niklas Reichelta, Milton Groppoc, Claudia Paetzolda, Jun Wenb a Department of Systematics, Biodiversity and Evolution of Plants, Albrecht-von-Haller Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Goettingen, Untere Karspuele 2, 37073 Goettingen, Germany b Department of Botany, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, P.O. Box 37012, MRC 166, Washington, DC 20013-7012, USA c Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Keywords: Zanthoxylum L. (prickly ash) is the only genus in the Citrus L. family (Rutaceae) with a pantropical distribution. Bering Land Bridge We present the first detailed phylogenetic and biogeographic study of the genus and its close relatives in the Fagara proto-Rutaceae group. Our phylogenetic analyses based on two plastid and two nuclear markers show that the North Atlantic Land Bridge genus Toddalia Juss. is nested within Zanthoxylum, that earlier generic and intrageneric classifications need Toddalia revision, and that the homochlamydeous flowers of the temperate species of Zanthoxylum are the result of a Transatlantic Disjunction reduction from heterochlamydeous flowers. The biogeographic analyses reveal a Eurasian origin of Zanthoxylum in the Paleocene or Eocene with successive intercontinental or long-range migrations. Zanthoxylum likely crossed the North Atlantic Land Bridges to colonize the Americas in the Eocene, and migrated back to the Old World probably via the Bering Land Bridge in the Oligocene or Miocene.
    [Show full text]
  • Download Full Article in PDF Format
    Neoschmidia, a new genus of Rutaceae from New Caledonia Thomas G. HARTLEY Australian National Herbarium, Division of Plant Industry, CSIRO, G.P.O. Box 1600, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia. [email protected] KEY WORDS ABSTRACT Rutaceae, The new genus Neoschmidia is described and placed next to Halfordia in tribe Neoschmidia, new genus, Zanthoxyleae, a new name (N. pallida) is established, and a new species New Caledonia. (N. calycina) is described. RÉSUMÉ MOTS CLÉS Neoschmidia, un nouveau genre de Rutaceae de Nouvelle-Calédonie. Rutaceae, Le nouveau genre Neoschmidia est décrit et placé à côté de Halfordia dans la Neoschmidia, nouveau genre, tribu des Zanthoxyleae, un nouveau nom (N. pallida) est établi et une Nouvelle-Calédonie. nouvelle espèce (N. calycina) est décrite. During studies on Rutaceae for the Flore de la usque attenuatis, in ramulis decurrentibus, margine inte- Nouvelle-Calédonie it has become evident that the gris, revolutis; inflorescentiis cymosis vel ad flores solitarios redactis, bracteatis, axillaribus, saepe inter folia occultis; New Caledonian Eriostemon pallidus Schltr. (an floribus actinomorphis, bisexualibus, in alabastro pen- illegitimate name, being a later homonym of tagone ovoideis; sepalis 5, basi vel usque 1/2 longitudine E. pallidus (Benth.) F. Muell.) and a closely connatis, in alabastro valvatis, in fructu persistentibus; related undescribed species constitute a morpho- petalis 5, distinctis, in alabastro anguste imbricatis vel logically isolated taxon that has never been for- valvatis, crassis et carnosis, 1-nervibus, carinatis, ovato- mally recognized. The purpose of this paper is to ellipticis usque lanceolatis, 4-6 mm longis, apice adaxi- give a taxonomic account of these plants, which aliter aduncis, in fructu deciduis; staminibus 10, alternatim inaequalibus, staminibus antisepalis longitu- are described as a new genus.
    [Show full text]
  • Anatomía Del Fruto De Casimiroa Edulis (Rutaceae), "Zapote Blanco", Durante Su Desarrollo
    Boletín de la Sociedad Botánica de México 51: 53-65, 1991 DOI: 10.17129/botsci.1397 Bol. Soc. BoL México 51:53-65 (1991) Anatomía del fruto de Casimiroa edulis (Rutaceae), "zapote blanco", durante su desarrollo 2 1 HILDA ARACELI ZAV ALETA-MANCERA l, y E. MARK ENGLEMAN RESUMEN. El zapote blanco es un fruto mexicano apreciado por su pulpa dulce comestible y por sus semillas medicinales. Tomando en cuenta la importancia de esta especie para México y la escasa información sobre la anatomía del fruto, se propuso estudiar el desarrollo del fruto desde antesis hasta madurez comestible. Se hicieron cortes y disociaciones. Se aplicaron tinciones generales con safranina y verde fijo, y particulares para almidón, lípidos, fenoles (taninos) y lignina. El crecimiento en diámetro del fruto presenta una curva simple sigmoide. La estructura fibrosa que cubre la semilla es un endocarpo que se origina de a) la epidermis interna pluriestratificada, b) estratos subepidérmicos de tejido fundamental y c) una red de tejido vascular que rodea el lóculo. Las paredes de este tejido se engruesan y lignifican poco antes de la madurez. El pericarpo no acumula almidón durante el desarrollo; en la madurez es dulce y con abundantes esferosomas (gotitas de lípidos); contiene numerosas glándulas de aceite de origen lisígeno, de formas y tamaños (0.1-5.0 mm) variables, cuyos ejes se disponen radialmente en el fruto. En el material estudiado no observamos la hipodermis externa descrita por Schroeder. ABSfRACT. White sapote is a Mexican fruit valued for its edible swect pulp and medicinal seeds. In view of the importance that this species has for Mexico, and considering the scarcity of information on the anatomy of its fruit, a study of its dcvelopment from flowcring to maturitywas undcrtakcn.
    [Show full text]
  • A Molecular Phylogeny of Acronychia, Euodia, Melicope and Relatives (Rutaceae) Reveals Polyphyletic Genera and Key Innovations for Species Richness ⇑ Marc S
    Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 79 (2014) 54–68 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/ympev A molecular phylogeny of Acronychia, Euodia, Melicope and relatives (Rutaceae) reveals polyphyletic genera and key innovations for species richness ⇑ Marc S. Appelhans a,b, , Jun Wen a, Warren L. Wagner a a Department of Botany, Smithsonian Institution, PO Box 37012, Washington, DC 20013-7012, USA b Department of Systematic Botany, Albrecht-von-Haller Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Göttingen, Untere Karspüle 2, 37073 Göttingen, Germany article info abstract Article history: We present the first detailed phylogenetic study of the genus Melicope, the largest genus of the Citrus Received 12 November 2013 family (Rutaceae). The phylogenetic analysis sampled about 50% of the 235 accepted species of Melicope Revised 2 June 2014 as well as representatives of 26 related genera, most notably Acronychia and Euodia. The results based on Accepted 16 June 2014 five plastid and nuclear markers have revealed that Acronychia, Euodia and Melicope are each not mono- Available online 24 June 2014 phyletic in their current circumscriptions and that several small genera mainly from Australia and New Caledonia need to be merged with one of the three genera to ensure monophyly at the generic level. The Keywords: phylogenetic position of the drupaceous Acronychia in relation to Melicope, which has capsular or follic- Acronychia ular fruits, remains unclear and Acronychia might be a separate genus or a part of Melicope. The seed coats Euodia Fruit types of Melicope, Acronychia and related genera show adaptations to bird-dispersal, which might be regarded Melicope as key innovations for species radiations.
    [Show full text]
  • Chilean Pitavia More Closely Related to Oceania and Old World Rutaceae
    A peer-reviewed open-access journal PhytoKeys 19: 9–29Chilean (2012) Pitavia more closely related to Oceania and Old World Rutaceae... 9 doi: 10.3897/phytokeys.19.3912 RESEARCH ARTICLE www.phytokeys.com Launched to accelerate biodiversity research Chilean Pitavia more closely related to Oceania and Old World Rutaceae than to Neotropical groups: evidence from two cpDNA non-coding regions, with a new subfamilial classification of the family Milton Groppo1, Jacquelyn A. Kallunki2, José Rubens Pirani3, Alexandre Antonelli4 1 Departamento de Biologia, FFCLRP, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes 3900, 14040-901 – Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil 2 The New York Botanical Garden, Bronx, NY, 10458-5126, USA 3 Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, Rua do Matão 277, 05508-090, São Paulo, SP, Brazil 4 Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Carl Skottsbergs gata 22B, PO Box 461, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden Corresponding author: Milton Groppo ([email protected]) Academic editor: P. Acevedo-Rodríguez | Received 29 August 2012 | Accepted 5 December 2012 | Published 18 December 2012 Citation: Groppo M, Kallunki JA, Pirani JR, Antonelli A (2012) Chilean Pitavia more closely related to Oceania and Old World Rutaceae than to Neotropical groups: evidence from two cpDNA non-coding regions, with a new subfamilial classification of the family. PhytoKeys 19: 9–29. doi: 10.3897/phytokeys.19.3912 Abstract The position of the plant genus Pitavia within an infrafamilial phylogeny of Rutaceae (rue, or orange family) was investigated with the use of two non-coding regions from cpDNA, the trnL-trnF region and the rps16 intron. The only species of the genus, Pitavia punctata Molina, is restricted to the temperate forests of the Coastal Cordillera of Central-Southern Chile and threatened by loss of habitat.
    [Show full text]
  • Asian Citrus Psyllid, Diaphorina Citri, Vector of Citrus Huanglongbing Disease David G
    DOI: 10.1111/eea.12025 MINI REVIEW Asian citrus psyllid, Diaphorina citri, vector of citrus huanglongbing disease David G. Hall1*, Matthew L. Richardson1, El-Desouky Ammar1 & Susan E. Halbert2 1United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, US Horticultural Research Laboratory, 2001 South Rock Road, Fort Pierce, FL 34945, USA, and 2Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, Division of Plant Industry, 1911 SW 34th Street, Gainesville, FL 32614, USA Accepted: 29 October 2012 Key words: biological control, host plant resistance, vector interactions, citrus greening, Liberibacter, Hemiptera, Psyllidae, integrated pest management, IPM Abstract The Asian citrus psyllid (ACP), Diaphorina citri Kuwayama (Hemiptera: Psyllidae), is an important pest of citrus because it transmits phloem-limited bacteria [Candidatus Liberibacter spp., notably Ca. L. asiaticus (LAS)] associated with huanglongbing (HLB; citrus greening disease), currently consid- ered the world’s most serious disease of citrus. Asian citrus psyllid transmits LAS in a persistent man- ner and, although the rate of LAS transmission by ACP individuals usually is low, HLB can spread rapidly in a citrus grove and the geographic range of the disease is expanding, threatening citrus industries in new areas. Intensive chemical control of ACP is the primary management strategy cur- rently advocated for HLB, but this strategy is costly, unsustainable, and generally ineffective. The sci- entific community is searching aggressively for solutions to HLB on many fronts, but it could still be years before solutions are found and implemented. Plant resistance to LAS is one area of research being pursued, whereby traits that confer resistance are identified and incorporated into citrus germ- plasm through conventional or transgenic methods.
    [Show full text]
  • Rutaceae) Based on Rbcl and Atpb Sequences
    Major Clades of Australasian Rutoideae (Rutaceae) Based on rbcL and atpB Sequences Michael J. Bayly1*, Gareth D. Holmes1, Paul I. Forster2, David J. Cantrill3, Pauline Y. Ladiges1 1 School of Botany, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia, 2 Queensland Herbarium, Department of Science, Information Technology, Innovation and the Arts, Brisbane Botanic Gardens, Toowong, Queensland, Australia, 3 National Herbarium of Victoria, Royal Botanic Gardens Melbourne, South Yarra, Victoria, Australia Abstract Background: Rutaceae subfamily Rutoideae (46 genera, c. 660 species) is diverse in both rainforests and sclerophyll vegetation of Australasia. Australia and New Caledonia are centres of endemism with a number of genera and species distributed disjunctly between the two regions. Our aim was to generate a high-level molecular phylogeny for the Australasian Rutoideae and identify major clades as a framework for assessing morphological and biogeographic patterns and taxonomy. Methodology/Principal Findings: Phylogenetic analyses were based on chloroplast genes, rbcL and atpB, for 108 samples (78 new here), including 38 of 46 Australasian genera. Results were integrated with those from other molecular studies to produce a supertree for Rutaceae worldwide, including 115 of 154 genera. Australasian clades are poorly matched with existing tribal classifications, and genera Philotheca and Boronia are not monophyletic. Major sclerophyll lineages in Australia belong to two separate clades, each with an early divergence between rainforest and sclerophyll taxa. Dehiscent fruits with seeds ejected at maturity (often associated with myrmecochory) are inferred as ancestral; derived states include woody capsules with winged seeds, samaras, fleshy drupes, and retention and display of seeds in dehisced fruits (the last two states adaptations to bird dispersal, with multiple origins among rainforest genera).
    [Show full text]
  • A Review of the Citrus Greening Research and Development Efforts Supported by the Citrus Research and Development Foundation: Fighting a Ravaging Disease
    THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS This PDF is available at http://nap.edu/25026 SHARE A Review of the Citrus Greening Research and Development Efforts Supported by the Citrus Research and Development Foundation: Fighting a Ravaging Disease DETAILS 184 pages | 6 x 9 | PAPERBACK ISBN 978-0-309-47214-2 | DOI 10.17226/25026 CONTRIBUTORS GET THIS BOOK Committee on a Review of the Citrus Greening Research and Development Efforts Supported by the Citrus Research and Development Foundation: Fighting a Ravaging Disease; Board on Agriculture and Natural Resources; Division on Earth FIND RELATED TITLES and Life Studies; National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine Visit the National Academies Press at NAP.edu and login or register to get: – Access to free PDF downloads of thousands of scientific reports – 10% off the price of print titles – Email or social media notifications of new titles related to your interests – Special offers and discounts Distribution, posting, or copying of this PDF is strictly prohibited without written permission of the National Academies Press. (Request Permission) Unless otherwise indicated, all materials in this PDF are copyrighted by the National Academy of Sciences. Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. A Review of the Citrus Greening Research and Development Efforts Supported by the Citrus Research and Development Foundation: Fighting a Ravaging ... PREPUBLICATION COPY A Review of the Citrus Greening Research and Development Efforts Supported by the Citrus Research and Development Foundation: Fighting a Ravaging Disease Committee on a Review of the Citrus Greening Research and Development Efforts Supported by the Citrus Research and Development Foundation: Fighting a Ravaging Disease Board on Agriculture and Natural Resources Division on Earth and Life Studies A Consensus Study Report of Copyright National Academy of Sciences.
    [Show full text]