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PSYCHOLOGY Know More PAPER No.14: NEUROPSYCHOLOGY

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PSYCHOLOGY Know More PAPER No.14: NEUROPSYCHOLOGY Weblinks http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peripheral_nervous_system http://www.masterbs.univ-montp2.fr/images/FMBS106/2012- 2013/Cours_Patrick_Carroll_2012.pdf https://www.us.elsevierhealth.com/media/us/samplechapters/9781416031659/9781416031659 .pdf https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4M82WwFACLg https://highered.mcgraw- hill.com/sites/0072495855/student_view0/chapter14/animation__transmission_across_a_syna pse.html https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ma8KkwN4_X8 http://www.innerbody.com/image/nervov.html Suggested Readings Carlson, N. R. (2005). Foundations of Physiological Psychology. New Delhi: Dorling Kindersley. Levinthal, C. F. (1990). Introduction to Physiological Psychology (3rd Ed.). NJ: Prentice Hall. Morgan, C. T. (1965). Physiological Psychology (3rd Ed.). NY: McGraw Hill. Pinel, J. P. (1993). Biopsychology (2nd Ed.). London: Allyn and Bacon. Rosenzweig, M. R., Leiman, A. L. & Breedlove, S. M. (1996). Biological Psychology. Massachusetts: Sinauer. Schwartz, M. (1978). Physiological Psychology (2nd Ed.). New Jersey: Prentice Hall. Weller, H. & Wiley, R. (1985). Basic Human Physiology (2nd Ed.). Boston: Prindle, Weber & Schmidt. PSYCHOLOGY PAPER No.14: NEUROPSYCHOLOGY Know_more MODULE No. 01: Organization of the Nervous System; The Peripheral Nervous System Biographic sketches Description Image Luigi Galvani was an Italian physician, physicist and philosopher who had also studied medicine. In 1771, he discovered that the muscles of a dead frog’s legs twitched when struck by a spark. This was one of the first forays into the study of bioelectricity, a field that still today studies the electrical patterns and signals of the nervous system. Galvani was slowly skinning a frog at a table where he had been conducting experiments with static electricity by rubbing frog skin. Galvani's assistant touched an exposed sciatic nerve of the frog with a metal scalpel, which had picked up a charge. At that moment, they saw sparks and the dead frog's leg kicked as if in life. The observation made Galvani the first investigator to appreciate the relationship between electricity and animation or life. Galvani coined the term animal electricity to describe the force that activated the muscles of his specimens. He regarded their activation as being generated by an electrical fluid that is carried to the muscles by the nerves. The phenomenon was dubbed galvanism, after his name. Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luigi_Galvani PSYCHOLOGY PAPER No.14: NEUROPSYCHOLOGY Know_more MODULE No. 01: Organization of the Nervous System; The Peripheral Nervous System Description Image Heinrich Wilhelm Gottfried von Waldeyer-Hartz was a German anatomist, famous for consolidating the neuron theory of organization of the nervous system and for naming the chromosome. for popularizing the term "neuron" to describe the basic structural unit of the nervous system. Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Wilhelm_Gottfried_von_Waldeyer-Hartz Description Image Santiago Ramón y Cajal was a Spanish pathologist, histologist, neuroscientist and Nobel laureate. His original pioneering investigations of the microscopic structure of the brain have led him to be designated by many as the father of modern neuroscience. His medical artistry was legendary, and hundreds of his drawings illustrating the delicate arborizations of brain cells are still in use for educational and training purposes. It was in 1887 that he learned Camillo Golgi's silver nitrate preparation and turned his attention to the central nervous system. During this period he made extensive studies of neural material covering many species and most major regions of the brain. Cajal made several major contributions to neuroanatomy. He discovered the axonal growth cone, and experimentally demonstrated that the relationship between nerve cells was not continuous but contiguous. This provided definitive evidence for what would later be known as "neuron doctrine", now widely considered the foundation of modern neuroscience. He was an advocate of the existence of dendritic spines, although he did not recognize them as the site of contact from presynaptic cells. Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santiago_Ram%C3%B3n_y_Cajal PSYCHOLOGY PAPER No.14: NEUROPSYCHOLOGY Know_more MODULE No. 01: Organization of the Nervous System; The Peripheral Nervous System Description Image Sir Charles Scott Sherrington was an English neurophysiologist, histologist, bacteriologist, and a pathologist. He received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with Edgar Adrian, 1st Baron Adrian, in 1932 for their work on the functions of neurons. Prior to the work of Sherrington and Adrian, it was widely accepted that reflexes occurred as isolated activity within a reflex arc. Sherrington received the prize for showing that reflexes require integrated activation and demonstrated reciprocal innervation of muscles (Sherrington's Law). Sherrington worked on segmental distribution of the spinal dorsal and ventral roots, he mapped the sensory dermatomes, and in 1892 discovered that muscle spindles initiated the stretch reflex. Working on cats, dogs, monkeys, and apes that had been bereaved of their cerebral hemispheres, he found that reflexes must be considered integrated activities of the total organism, not just the result of activities of the so-called reflex-arcs, a concept then generally accepted. Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Scott_Sherrington Glossary A Afferent neurons: sensory neurons which relay information from the sensory organs to the nervous system. Astrocyte: a type of star shaped glial cell whose arm-like extensions cover the outer surface of blood vessels that course through the brain. Axon hillock: The part of the axon where it emerges from the soma. C Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF): the nourishing and protective fluid in which the brain is immersed and which fills the ventricular system. D Dendrites: profusely branched structures that arise from the cell body of the neuron. E Efferent neurons: motor neurons which relay information from the nervous system to the various effector muscles, viscera or parts of the body. F Foramen: the small openings through which the spinal nerves leave the vertebral column. PSYCHOLOGY PAPER No.14: NEUROPSYCHOLOGY Know_more MODULE No. 01: Organization of the Nervous System; The Peripheral Nervous System G Ganglion: an encapsulated neural structure consisting of a collection of cell bodies or neuron. M Meninges: the protective layers covering the brain and the spinal cord beneath their bony structure. Microglia: a type of glial cell that responds to injury or disease by engulfing cellular debris. Myelin sheath: a fatty covering over the axons of some neurons. N Neurolemma: a protective covering over the neuron. Nodes of Ranvier: points at which the myelin sheath is interrupted on the axon. O Oligodendrocytes: a type of glial cells that myelinate some neurons of the CNS. R Radial glia: a type of glial cell which have long radiating arms and assist in transporting or providing pathways for newly formed neurons. S Schwann cells: a type of glial cells that myelinate the neurons of the peripheral nervous system. Soma: also called the cell body, it is the central part of the neuron and contains the nucleus. Synapse or synaptic cleft: the space that separate the neuron from the neighbouring neurons. T Terminal arborization: also called terminal buttons or nerve endings, these are the button like structure that the axon ends with. Time-Line: development of qualitative research methods Time Description 2nd Century A.D. Galen of Pergamum identifies the brain as the organ of the mind. 17th Century The brain becomes accepted as the substrate of mental life rather than its ventricles, as early writers had proposed. 1664 Thomas Willis publishes Cerebri anatome, with illustrations of the brain by Christopher Wren. It is the most comprehensive treatise on brain anatomy and function published up to that time. 1791 Luigi Galvani reveals the electric nature of nervous action by stimulating nerves and muscles of frog legs. 1808 Franz Joseph Gall proposes that specific brain regions control specific functions. 1852 Hermann von Helmholtz measures the speed of a nerve impulse in the frog. PSYCHOLOGY PAPER No.14: NEUROPSYCHOLOGY Know_more MODULE No. 01: Organization of the Nervous System; The Peripheral Nervous System 1879 Wilhelm Wundt establishes the first laboratory of experimental psychology in Leipzig, Germany. 1891 Wilhelm von Waldeyer-Hartz introduces the term neuron. 1897 Charles Sherrington introduces the term synapse. 1898-1903 Edward Thorndike and Ivan Pavlov describe operant and classical conditioning, two fundamental types of learning. 1906 Santiago Ramón y Cajal summarizes compelling evidence for the neuron doctrine, that the nervous system is composed of discrete cells. 1906 Alois Alzheimer describes the pathology of the neurodegenerative disease that comes to bear his name. 1914 Henry Dale demonstrates the physiological action of acetylcholine, which is later identified as a neurotransmitter. 1929 In a famous program of lesion experiments in rats, Karl Lashley attempts to localize memory in the brain. 1929 Hans Berger uses human scalp electrodes to demonstrate electroencephalography. 1928-32 Edgar Adrian describes method for recording from single sensory and motor axons; H. Keffer Hartline applies this method to the recording of single-cell activity in the eye of the horseshoe crab. 1940s Alan Hodgkin, Andrew Huxley, and Bernard Katz explain electrical activity of neurons
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