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Home , Murder, Necrophilia

Sexual Attraction to Corpses: A Psychiatric Review of

Jonathan P. Rosman, MD; and Phillip J. Resnick, MD

The authors review 122 cases (88 from the world literature and 34 unpublished cases) manifesting necrophilic acts or fantasies. They distinguish genuine necro- philia from pseudonecrophilia and classify true necrophilia into three types: ne- crophilic , "regular" necrophilia, and necrophilic fantasy. Neither , mental retardation, nor sadism appears to be inherent in necrophilia. The most common motive for necrophilia is possession of an unresisting and unrejecting partner. Necrophiles often choose occupations that put them in contact with corpses. Some necrophiles who had occupational access to corpses committed homicide nevertheless. Psychodynamic themes, mechanisms, and treatment for this rare disorder are discussed.

"Shall I believe about King Waldemar and Charle- That unsubstantial is amorous, mag~e.'.~Necrophilia was considered by And that the lean abhorred monster keeps Thee here in dark to be his paramour?" the Catholic Church to be neither whor- -William Shakespeare' ing ("fornicatio") nor bestiality, but " with a tendency to ~horing."~ Necrophilia, a to corpses, In more recent times, necrophilia has is a rare disorder that has been known been associated with cannibalism and since ancient times. According to Hero- myths of vampirism. The vampire, who dotus,' the ancient Egyptians took pre- has been romanticized by the Dracula cautions against necrophilia by prohib- tales, obtains a feeling of power from his iting the corpses of the wives of men of victims, "like I had taken something rank from being delivered immediately powerful from them."' Cannibalistic to the embalmers, for fear that the em- tribal rituals are based on the notion that balmers would violate them. According consumption of flesh imparts a to a legend, King Herod had sex with special power or strength to the canni- his wife Marianne for seven years after bal. Browne even described a "healthy he killed her.3.4 Similar legends exist necrophilism," found in the "memen- Drs. Rosman and Resnick are from the School of toes cherished in every household of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland. . Address reprint requests to Dr. J. P. Rosman. those who passed away."x Department of . Cleveland Metropolitan The theme of necrophilia has been General Hospital, 3395 Scranton Rd., Cleveland, Ohio 44109. captured by some famous artists. The The authors thank Dr. B. R. Burg, Dr. S. Hucker, M. classical "Sleeping Beauty" tales embody Marler, and the Behavioral Sciences Unit of the FBI for their assistance. a necrophilic fantasy, in which a corpse

Bull Am Acad Psychiatry Law, Vol. 17, No. 2, 1989 153 Rosman and Resnick is restored to life. Shakespeare's "Romeo case assessment, statistical analyses of and Juliet" conveys a similar fantasy. the data were not performed. The data Some "Heavy Metal" songs explicitly were aggregated from several decades, deal with necrophilia. many countries, and various languages. . Several authors have used single case There were great variations in the re- reports as the basis for psychiatric hy- porting methods. Further, the problems potheses to explain necrophilia. How- of a low base rate and gaps in the data ever, it is hard to draw any conclusions enhance the risk of ~verinterpretation.~' about the true nature of necrophilia Classification from individual cases, even if they are We classified the sample into two detailed studies. Our goal was to gain a broad groups: (1) Genuine necrophilia more thorough understanding of necro- philia by examining the largest possible (N = 54); (2) Pseudo-necrophilia (N = 33). There were insufficient data to clas- sample. To this end, we collected 88 sify 35 cases. cases from the world literat~re~-~,'-~~and The genuine necrophile has a persist- 34 unpublished case reports from col- ent sexual attraction to corpses. The sex- leagues. ual attraction may be manifested in the Methods necrophile's fantasies, or in a series of Each case was analyzed according to necrophilic acts. Most of this group fits a number of variables. There is an ob- the DSM-111-R diagnosis of vious bias in the material towards re- Not Otherwise Spe~ified.~'It includes cording positive, rather than negative, cases in which the corpse represents a data. For example, if mutilation was fetishistic object. mentioned in a case description, there is We classified the genuine necrophiles no doubt that it occurred; authors are, into three groups, based on the nature however, less inclined to report a nega- of their acts with corpses: tive finding such as mutilation. A. Necrophilic homicide- to On the other hand, information was obtain a corpse for sexual purposes (N quite clear regarding homicide. Authors = 14); are unlikely to fail to record a homicide B. Regular necrophilia-the use of al- associated with necrophilia. Similarly, ready dead bodies for sexual pleasure (N the "pure" fantasizers are easily distin- = 21); guished from those necrophiles who car- C. Necrophilic fantasy-fantasizing ried out their acts, since authors invari- about sexual activity with a corpse, with- ably document the occurrence of sexual out carrying out any necrophilic acts (N activities with a corpse. = 15). The percentages given have been cal- (Four cases of genuine necrophilia had culated according to the number (N) of insufficient data to be subclassified into cases for which positive or explicitly neg- these groups.) 1 ative data were available for that item. The pseudonecrophile has a transient Due to the limitations of retrospective attraction to a corpse, but corpses are

154 Bull Am Acad Psychiatry Law, Vol. 17, No. 2, 1989 Sexual Attraction to Corpses not the object of his sexual fantasies. He self as having "died in spirit" a year prefers sexual contact with living part- earlier. The corpses gave her comfort, as ners. This group includes sadistic, op- well as the sense of being able to touch portunistic, and transitory cases. and express herself to someone (Brom- berg, personal communication). Case lllustrations C. Necrophilic Fantasy A 40-year- The following case vignettes illustrate old, single white man requested psychi- these four categories. atric help because he was afraid that he would carry out a repetitive fantasy he 1. Genuine Necrophilia had had since he was 15. His fantasy was A. Necrophilic Homicide A 25- to kill a woman, cut her up, remove the year-old, single white male college senior organs, and then masturbate while im- engaged in conventional sexual relations mersing his hands in the blood of the with his live-in girlfriend. He had a high corpse. sex drive and masturbated approxi- He had always been socially isolated. mately seven times a day. He had a large He had been caught masturbating in collection of and had com- public places and engaging in voyeuristic mitted acts of bestiality, urophilia, and activities. Choking prostitutes also ex- . He had engaged in necro- cited him sexually. In his late 20s, he philic acts with animals he had killed obtained a job in a for the sole and with bodies in the morgue of the purpose of being near dead bodies. Al- hospital where he worked as an orderly. though he denied any actual sexual con- He had a longstanding fantasy of having tact with the corpses, he had become "all kinds of sex" with a dead body. He sexually excited by cutting them up. He thought his destiny was to be someone killed animals for the purpose of carry- special, either the Antichrist or the ing out a similar fantasy. He killed the prophet Elijah. He murdered an eight- animals painlessly, taking no pleasure in year-old neighborhood girl in order to the killing itself. His pleasure came from carry out his sexual fantasy (Rosman the mutilation ofthe warm bodies (Risen, and Resnick). personal communication). B. Regular Necrophilia A 2 l-year- old, separated white woman was em- 2. Pseudonecrophilia ployed as an apprentice embalmer for A 37-year-old, single white man went four months. During that time, she had out drinking with his 49-year-old girl- sexual intercourse with 20-40 male friend. He had been a heavy drinker corpses. She engaged in necrophilia be- since his teen years. On the way home, cause she could not achieve sexual sat- he shot her through the head "by acci- isfaction with a living person. She had dent." He said he had felt threatened by been sexually molested at the age of a passerby who stopped to bother him. eight, and raped by a teacher when she While he was engaged in hiding the was fourteen. She drank heavily and had body, he became sexually excited. He very low self-esteem. She regarded her- had anal intercourse with the corpse,

Bull Am Acad Psychiatry Law, Vol. 17, No. 2, 1989 155 Rosman and Resnick and then disposed of it. He had read telligence were taken only from those about necrophilia in pornography mag- cases in which specific intelligence quo- azines (Bertschinger, personal commu- tients were reported. All (N = 13) had nication). IQs above 80, and 69 percent (N = 13) had IQs above 100. Of the true necro- Characteristics of the Sample philes, 86 percent (N = 7) had IQs above In the pseudonecrophile group, relia- 100. ble information was available only for The sexual ori- the subgroup that committed homicide. entation of our sample (N = 71) was Our cases yielded the following demo- comparable to that of the general popu- graphic information: lation: 79 percent (56) were heterosex- Age The ages of the necrophiles were ual; 13 percent (9) were bisexual; 9 per- noted at the time that they committed cent (6) were homosexual. Among the their necrophilic acts; in the case of the true necrophiles (N = 40), 70 percent fantasizers, ages were noted at the time (28) were heterosexual, 15 percent (6) that their fantasies were revealed. The were bisexual, and 15 percent (6) were mean age of the necrophiles was 34 (see homosexual. Table 1). The necrophilic homicide group (N = Sex Ninety-two percent of the true 12) had the lowest percentage of hetero- necrophiles were male (see Table 2). All sexuals-58 percent (7); the pseudone- of the were committed by crophilic killers (N = 19) had the highest men. percentage of heterosexuals-84 percent Intelligence Our data regarding in- ( 16) and no bisexuals. Sex of the Corpses The sex of the Table 1 corpses paralleled the sexual orientation Age of the necrophiles. Of the total sample Mean Range (N = 91), 85 percent (77) used corpses Age of the opposite sex, 10 percent (9) used Necrophiles 36 Homicide 11 same sex corpses. and 5 percent (5) used Regular 13 corpses of both sexes. Fantasizers 10 Pseudo-necrophilic 22 Among the genuine necrophiles (N = killers 43), 77 percent (33) used opposite sex Total sample 68 corpses, 16 percent (7) used same sex

Table 2 Sex N Male Female Necrophiles 53 92% (49) 8% (4) Homicide 14 100°/~ (14) - Regular 20 85% (17) 15% (3) Fantasizers 15 93% (14) 7% (1) Pseudo-necrophilic killers 33 100°/~ (33) - Total sample 115 95% (109) 5% (6)

156 Bull Am Acad Psychiatry Law, Vol. 17, No. 2, 1989 Sexual Attraction to Corpses corpses, and 7 percent (3) used both. presence or absence of psychosis and The necrophilic killers (N = 14) used . However, the no- the highest percentage of same sex torious unreliability of diagnostic labels corpses, 50 percent (7). from country to country and decade to Marital Status In our sample (N = decade must be kept in mind. 78), 60 percent (47) were single, 26 per- Psychosis Of the total sample (N = cent (20) were married, and 14 percent 64), 17 percent (1 1) were psychotic. (1 1) were divorced or widowed. The Only 1 1 percent (4) of true necrophiles marital status of the true necrophiles and (N = 36) were psychotic, and none of pseudonecrophiles was similar. Ninety these committed homicide. On the other percent (9) of the fantasizers were single. hand, three (14%) of the pseudonecro- History of Sadistic Acts In 64 per- philic homicides (N = 2 1) were commit- cent (27) of the cases (N = 42), there ted by psychotic individuals. Two cases was a history of prior sadistic acts. All in the regular necrophile group (l5%, N (1 1) of the pseudonecrophilic killers had = 13) and two in the fantasizer group a history of sadistic acts, and the rate (17%, N = 12) were psychotic. among the true necrophiles (N = 29) Personality Disorders One half of was 52 percent (1 5). The highest rate of the sample were diagnosed with person- sadistic acts among the true necrophiles ality disorders (see Table 3). was in the necrophilic homicide group Unusual Belief Systems In addition (78% (7) N = 9); the lowest was in the to psychiatric diagnoses, we recorded the regular group (30% (3), N = 10). A presence of any unusual belief systems, history of sadistic acts was reported in such as parareligious beliefs or devil wor- 56 percent (5) of the fantasizers (N = 9). ship. Unusual beliefs were reported in Nonnecrophilic Intercourse Most 55 percent (1 8) of the total sample (N = (86%(31)) of the true necrophiles (N = 33); 73 percent (8) of the pseudone- 36) had had nonnecrophilic intercourse crophilic homicide group (N = 11) and prior to their necrophilic acts or fanta- 45 percent (9) of the necrophiles (N = sies; the pseudonecrophilic homicide 20) had unusual beliefs. The breakdown group (N = 20) had the highest percent- for the necrophiles was 40 percent (4) of age (95% (19)). Some of the subjects the homicide group (N = lo), 33 per were involved in successful relationships cent (2) of the regular group (N = 6), when they committed their necrophilic acts. Prior nonnecrophilic intercourse was reported in 91 percent (10) of the Table 3 Diagnosis of Personality Disorders fantasizers (N = 11) and 75 percent (9) N Present of the regular group (N = 12). Necrophiles 17 59%(10) Homicide 6 83% (5) Regular 4 50% (2) We classified the sample according to Fantasizers 7 43% (3) the primary psychiatric diagnosis. based Pseudo-necrophilic killers 10 80% (8) on DSM-III-R.5' Our data show the Total sample 32 56% (18)

Bull Am Acad Psychiatry Law, Vol. 17, No. 2, 1989 157 Rosman and Resnick and 75 percent (3) of the fantasizers (N philic acts. By definition, none of the = 4). pseudonecrophilic killers (N = 33) mur- Consumption Eighty per- dered their victims for the specific pur- cent (8) of the pseudonecrophilic homi- pose of performing necrophilic acts. cide group (N = 10) consumed alcohol Specific Acts and Fantasies before committing their acts, compared with only 44 percent (8) for the genu.ine Of the total sample (N = 1 12), 86 percent (96) actually engaged in necro- necrophiles (N = 18). Only 25 percent philic acts (as opposed to fantasy alone). (2) of the regular necrophiles (N = 8), and 60 per cent (6) of the necrophilic Among the genuine necrophiles (N = homicide group consumed alcohol. 53), 72 percent (38) committed necro- philic acts. All but one of the persons Acquisition of Corpses who engaged only in fantasy (N = 16) The subjects obtained their corpses were classified as genuine necrophiles. through their work, by committing a The specific nature of the most common homicide, or by taking advantage of a necrophilic acts and fantasies is given in chance opportunity. Table 5. Occupational Access The most'com- Biting of the breasts (three cases) was mon occupations (eight cases each) were reported exclusively in pseudonecro- hospital orderly, employee, philes. Fondling or sucking of the breasts and morgue attendant. The other occu- was reported only in true necrophiles. pations were parlor assistant (3, Three true necrophiles hugged or slept soldier (3), and cleric (2); there were with the bodies, and five manipulated single cases of a pathologist, an anatomy the corpse's genitals manually. Three of student, an ambulance driver, and a vol- the four decapitations were performed unteer fireman. The pseudonecrophilic by pseudonecrophiles. Acts that were homicide group had the lowest reported mentioned in single cases included mu- rate of occupational access to corpses tilation of only the sexual organs, drink- (see Table 4). ing the corpse's blood (vampirism), 2. Homicide The rate of homicide washing the body, preserving the body committed by true necrophiles (N = 50) or body parts, and insertion of an um- was 28 percent (14). Most of these hom- brella into the . icides were for the purpose of necro- Motivation Table 4 Some necrophiles stated explicit mo- Occupational Access to Corpses tives for their actions; others provided N Access clues to their motivation by their ac- Necrophiles 35 57% (20) tions. The necrophiles frequently had Homicide 11 46% (5) more than one motive. Regular I6 69% (1 1) Fantasizers 8 50% (4) The most common motive of the true Pseudo-necrophilic killers 18 22% (4) necrophiles (N = 34) was to possess an 62 53% (33) Total sam~le unresisting and unrejecting partner (68 %

158 Bull Am Acad Psychiatry Law, Vol. 17, No. 2, 1989 Sexual Attraction to Corpses

(23)). Other commonly reported mo- intelligence. Although necrophiles have tives were: reunion with a romantic part- been considered "crazy" because of the ner (2 1 % (7)); conscious sexual attrac- bizarre nature of their acts, only 1 1 per- tion to corpses ( 15 % (5)); to gain cent of the true necrophiles in the sam- comfort, or to overcome feelings of iso- ple were psychotic. The high frequency lation (15% (5)); attempt to gain self- of nonnecrophilic intercourse (92% (1 1)) esteem by the expression of power over in the necrophilic homicide group (N = a homicide victim ( 12% (4)). 12) indicates that killing to obtain a Lesscommonly reported motives were: corpse for necrophilic purposes is not unavailability of a living partner; com- the only way most of these individuals pensation for a fear of women; belief can engage in sexual intercourse. that sex with a living woman was a mor- The use of alcohol or drugs may have tal sin; need to achieve a feeling of total been an important factor in helping control over a ; compli- some of the perpetrators overcome their ance with a command hallucination; inhibitions and actually perform their performance of a series of destructive necrophilic acts. Brill6 noted: acts; expression of polymorphous perv- erse sexual desires; and need to perform ". . . the destruction of the dams of shame, disgust and morality, which must take place in limitless sexual activity. the erection of necrophilia. requires more psychic labor than in the construction of any other ." Discussion Necrophiles have been characterized as On the other hand, several regular mentally deficient, '6323.28 psycho ti^'^,^'.^^ necrophiles did not use alcohol at the and incapable of obtaining a consenting time of their acts. Epaulard contended sexual ~artner.~Our data suggest that that association with corpses, in thought these views of necrophilia are incorrect. or in reality, tends to diminish the re- Although our data on IQ figures were vulsion that is normally associated with limited, they do not support the conten- them.23Alcohol may have been used in tion that necrophiles have subnormal some cases to overcome inhibitions

Table 5 Specific Acts or Fantasies Total Pseudo-N Necrophiles Sample Killers Homicide Regular Fantasy Total (N=112) (N=33) (N=14) (N=21) (N=15) (N=53)

Vaginal lntercourse 51O/O (57) 61O/O (20) 57% (8) Anal Intercourse 1 1YO (12) 18% (6) 29% (4) Kissing 15% (17) 6% (2) 29% (4) Suck/Fondle 8% (9) - 7% (1) Breasts Fellatio/Cunnilingus 7% (8) 3% (1) 7% (1) Mutilation 29% (32) 30% (10) 36% (5) Necrophagia 8% (9) 12% (4) 14% (2)

Bull Am Acad Psychiatry Law, Vol. 17, No. 2, 1989 Rosman and Resnick

about killing, rather than about the ne- of the breasts, fellatio, and cunnilingus, crophilic acts. followed the same trends. This associa- Several authors have noted the con- tion of passionate acts with true necro- nection between occupation and necro- philia would be expected. True necro- philia.6. 11.20.46 Some necrophiles stated philes are erotically attracted to corpses that their preexisting sexual attraction per se, whereas the acts of pseudonecro- caused them to choose jobs that would philes are "surrogate" a~ts~~-i.e.,the allow them to be close to corpses. The corpse fulfills a nonerotic purpose. frequency of occupational access to 3. Mutilation and necrophagia were corpses among the necrophiles (57.170, not committed by several true necro- N = 35) suggests that careful screening philes. These data support Moll's con- and supervision of employees should be tention that sadism is not present in all done in , , funeral cases of true ne~rophilia.~~ homes, and pathology departments. Although the most common motive Several necrophilic murderers had ac- for necrophilia was possession of an cess to corpses through their occupa- unresisting and unrejecting partner, the tions. The ready availability of corpses necrophiles frequently expressed more in a job environment does not, there- than one motive for their acts. Our data fore, preclude the possibility that a nec- confirm Smith and Braun's observation rophile will commit homicide. that: "Necrophilia may appear as the An examination of the specific nec- culmination of a pattern of multiple and rophilic acts and fantasies revealed the increasingly perverse practices rather following: than as an isolated, abrupt de~iation."~~ 1. Vaginal intercourse was more fre- quently reported for the necrophile and Psychodynamic Themes pseudonecrophile killers than for the The explanations offered for necro- regular necrophile group. The fact that philia in the literature have been pri- several of the regular necrophiles did not marily psychoanalytic. They include: ( 1) engage in vaginal intercourse supports a fusion of aggressive and libidinal Spoerrilo and Rau~h's~~contention that driveS;6,23.54 (2) sadistic and destructive coitus is not an essential component of WiSheS;7,15,30,45,53,55-57 (3) developmental necrophilia. or the failure problems of pregenital fixation or Oedi- to obtain a full erection often makes it pal conflicts;4.6.7.15.40.43.44.58 (4) identifi- dificult to actually have intercourse. As cation with the mother, or an &tempt in all perversions, the act is not as re- to deal with separation anxieties: warding as the fantasy would suggest. 4.6, 15.24.30,40,43,44.58 (5) an attempt to deal 2. Kissing of the bodies was reported with loss or the fear of loss;4-5.17*40.42(6) in more cases involving true necrophiles fears of death or of ~omen;~.'~. than pseudonecrophilic killers. Other 22.40,44.45.59 (7) a moral deficiency or de- acts frequently associated with sexual generacy.6.20.23.37.48.56.57 , such as sucking and fondling The major defense mechanisms that

160 Bull Am Acad Psychiatry Law, Vol. 17, No. 2, 1989 Sexual Attraction to Corpses

have been attributed to necrophiles are: on a scientific basis. Based on the data (I) denial of separation and loss;4 (2) available, we suggest that clinicians: (1) identification with a parental determine whether the person has gen- (3) introjection of a parental image;40.43 uine necrophilia; (2) treat any associated (4) counterphobic reaction against a fear psychopathology; (3) establish psycho- of the dead;40 (5) transforming passive therapeutic rapport; (4) if the subject is into active.15. male and has a heightened sex drive, The psychodynamic hypotheses that consider treating him with an antiandro- have been proffered in the literature are gen, such as depo progesterone [Risen, often based on single cases. They are personal communication]; (5) if the nec- thus very difficult to confirm or deny rophile is sexually or socially isolated, empirically. One central theme in nec- help him/her to establish normal sexual rophilia is a profound lack of self-esteem and social relationships; (6) desensitiza- which has been stated explicitly by some tion may be helpful to divert the ne- necrophiles. crophilic fantasies to a living object.33 We postulate that the following psy- Conclusion chodynamic events could lead to nec- rophilia: Necrophilia is a very rare and poorly 1. The necrophile develops poor self- understood phenomenon. We have pro- esteem, perhaps due in part to a signifi- posed a classification of this disorder to cant loss; help clinicians put new cases into better (a) He (usually male) is very fearful perspective. The paucity of data has of rejection by women, and he desires a made it difficult to offer firm explana- sexual object who is incapable of reject- tions about necrophilia. We hope that ing him; and/or this review will help future investigators (b) He is fearful of the dead, and to gather sufficient data to analyze cases transforms his fear of the dead-by of necrophilia prospectively. means of reaction formation-into a de- sire for the dead; References Shakespeare W: Romeo and Juliet. Act V, 2; He develops an exciting fantasy of Scene iii, 102 sex with a corpse, sometimes after ex- Herodotus: "Les Belles lettres," in Historiae, posure to a corpse. As Ernest Jones said: Book 11, Chapter 89. Paris. 1956. Huber Von H: Nekrophilie. Kriminalistik "The dead person who loves will love 16:564-8, 1962 forever and will never be weary of giving Jones E: On the Nightmare. , Liv- and receiving care~ses."~ eright, 1931, pp 109-1 12 LeBeuf J, Lefebvre P: Contribution a 1' Ctude de la sado-nkcrophilie. Can Psych Assoc J Treatment 11:123-31, 1966 Brill AA: Necrophilia. J Criminal Psycho- Very little has been written on the pathology 2433-43, 3:50-73, 1941 treatment of necrophiles. No one has vanden Bergh RL, Kelly JF: Vampirism: a review with new observations. Arch Gen Psy- treated a sufficient number of necro- chiatry 1 1 :543-7, 1964 philes to determine effective treatment Browne WAF: Necrophilism. J Ment Sci

Bull Am Acad Psychiatry Law, Vol. 17, No. 2, 1989 Rosman and Resnick

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