Artificial Intelligence
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International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, Volume 8, Issue 3, March-2017 ISSN 2229-5518 620 Artificial Intelligence Aadesh Gindodiya SE-IT Xavier Institute of Engineering Mumbai Abstract- Artificial intelligence is based on disciplines such as Computer Science, Biology, Psychology, Linguistics, Mathematics, and Engineering. AI is the key to future. The purpose of AI is simply smoothen one’s life. The problems that we are facing in present and upcoming future could get solved through AI. Index Terms- AIML, IPL, POP-11, Prolog, STRIPS, Wolfram Language, Haskell. 1. Introduction: AI is a brain that is created by humans. The brain that acts independently. It comprises of Logic, Knowledge, conscious, emotions, Creativity, natural language processing[1] (communication), Learning, Planning, Sensors that connects its brain to physical environment to interact with Humans, etc. Fig 2: Image source-Movie “Ex-Machina” Developing AI’s cognition is simply a Genres-Science fiction film process similar to raising a new born child. But there is a difference as this conscious 2. Language & Communication: doesn’t have a physical structure. The physical The very basic factor before creating AI is structure could beIJSER a Data server lab or simply there should be a medium through which AI a robot that have similar brain structure as of could understand our Human language. The humans. Following is the frictional image of graph of our Language could vary AI’s brain. Individually, region, country. So to achieve this there are programming languages that could assist us with that. Following are the list of these languages. ∑ AIML "Artificial Intelligence Markup Language"[2] ∑ IPL was the first language developed for artificial intelligence. It includes features intended to support programs that could perform general problem Fig 1: AI Brain Contained in these data solving, including lists, associations, labs. schemas (frames), dynamic memory allocation, data types, recursion, associative retrieval, functions as IJSER © 2017 http://www.ijser.org International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, Volume 8, Issue 3, March-2017 ISSN 2229-5518 621 arguments, generators (streams), and ∑ Planner is a hybrid between procedural cooperative multitasking [3]. and logical languages. It gives a ∑ Lisp is a practical mathematical procedural interpretation to logical notation for computer programs based sentences where implications are on lambda calculus. Linked lists are interpreted with pattern-directed one of Lisp languages' major data inference [8]. structures, and Lisp source code is ∑ POP-11 is a reflective, incrementally itself made up of lists. As a result, compiled programming language with Lisp programs can manipulate source many of the features of an interpreted code as a data structure, giving rise to language. It is the core language of the the macro systems that allow Poplog programming environment programmers to create new syntax or developed originally by the University even new domain-specific of Sussex, and recently in the School programming languages embedded in of Computer Science at the University Lisp. There are many dialects of Lisp of Birmingham which hosts the in use today, among them are Poplog website, It is often used to Common Lisp, Scheme[4] introduce symbolic programming ∑ Smalltalk has been used extensively techniques to programmers of more for simulations, neural networks, conventional languages like Pascal, machine learning and genetic who find POP syntax more familiar algorithms. It implements the purest than that of Lisp. One of POP-11's and most elegant form of object- features is that it supports first-class oriented programming using message functions[9]. passing [5]. ∑ Python is very widely used for ∑ Prolog [5][6] is a declarative language Artificial Intelligence. They have a lot where programsIJSER are expressed in terms of different AIs with corresponding of relations, and execution occurs by packages: General AI, Machine running queries over these relations. Learning, Natural Language Prolog is particularly useful for Processing and Neural Networks.[7] symbolic reasoning, database and Companies like Narrative Science use language parsing applications. Prolog Python to create an artificial is widely used in AI today. intelligence for Narrative Language ∑ STRIPS is a language for expressing Processing[10]. automated planning problem ∑ Haskell is also a very good instances. It expresses an initial state, programming language for AI. Lazy the goal states, and a set of actions. evaluation and the list and LogicT For each action preconditions (what monads make it easy to express non- must be established before the action deterministic algorithms, which is is performed) and post conditions often the case. Infinite data structures (what is established after the action is are great for search trees. The performed) are specified[7]. language's features enable a compositional way of expressing the IJSER © 2017 http://www.ijser.org International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, Volume 8, Issue 3, March-2017 ISSN 2229-5518 622 algorithms. The only drawback is that College of working with graphs is a bit harder at the first because of purity [11]. University of Arizona, ∑ Wolfram Language includes a wide Tucson, AZ range of integrated machine learning 85721 capabilities, from highly automated 1974 Moscow Theoretical M.Sc. functions like Predict and Classify to - Institute of Physics equivalen functions based on specific methods 1980 Physics and t Technology, (1980) and diagnostics. The functions work Moscow on many types of data, including Region, numerical, categorical, time series, 141700, textual, and image [12]. Russian Federation 1971 Kiev General B.Sc. 3. Knowledge: After creating an AI is the - Physical equivalen most important essence is the information it 1974 Mathematica t should have. The informative part of AI l School (1974) includes all the data, to be more specific this #145, Kiev, data includes every proved & accepted theory. 01023, Ukraine The information that is inserted in this artificial brain is from the start of our He proposed an artificial intelligence test based civilization till the present. Through this basis on a relatively simple computer game. The of data AI could research more & can have a program and a human both manipulate virtual substantial breakthrough. This development people on a computer display, thus interacting could be used to simply our human life. The with each other. The game involves actions with life span of our species could be extended. emotional content: A player may strike or push IJSERaside his co-player, or say "hello" and step aside 4. Emotions: There’s been so much to make way for him, or help him move off a development already that it is possible for us stone or get out of a trap. The players thus to put emotion into AI. Because of this AI engage in different types of social relationships, could think and perform or mold his actions including mutual trust, subordination and when needed. But here matter is what will be leadership. the limitation for an AI to make decision The Turing test assesses whether a co-player is a considering a smaller or bigger part a emotion machine or a human. In Samsonovich's proposal, which could be joy, agony, sorrow, etc. the idea is that the machine should have an emotional advantage over the average human [13] player, which will manifest itself in the players' Alexei V. Samsonovich wish to rescue the machine first. Moreover, Year Institution Field of Degree s and location study multiple behavioral parameters of the player and 1991 Program in Applied Ph.D. the machine will be calculated during the game, - Applied Mathematic (1997) characterizing the inner worlds of both 1997 Mathematics s M.Sc. participants. For the machine, those parameters at the (1996) should, in the future, become statistically Graduate identical to human behavior. IJSER © 2017 http://www.ijser.org International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, Volume 8, Issue 3, March-2017 ISSN 2229-5518 623 Similar tasks are being tackled by other research breakthrough that will completely change all teams. Jonathan Gratch of the Institute of spheres of human life. Creative Technologies at the University of Over the next 18 months, the researcher from the Southern California has invented virtual Institute of Cyber Intelligence Systems in characters capable of identifying and expressing MEPhI hopes to create a virtual being capable of emotions while communicating with humans in drawing up plans, setting goals and establishing their natural language, grasping the inner logic lasting social relationships with humans. Named of emotional responses and generating emotions Virtual Actor, it will hopefully possess both depending on the situation. The machine can emotional and narrative intelligence and even deceive a human, if necessary, to achieve understand the context of events and what turns the desired result. This technology is used fairly they could take [14]. widely, from encouraging students to study harder to diagnosing mental disorders. Gratch's 5. Control: AI doesn’t have a superior model does not allow for social emotion ties intellectual compare to Human Brain because between communicators. Nor does it have to, for we humans are the ones that’s creating AI. The that matter. The impressive effect is achieved very existence of AI is just to sort our life and to through statistically adjusting the parameters of simply our existence on this planet. the AI in each particular case. It is not about re- But the moral issue that arises on AI is that creating human consciousness inside a who’s going to monitor AI. As it’s an computer. independent system there’s a sure shot But that's precisely what Samsonovich seeks to possibility that it could turn against human race accomplish – creating the equivalent of human if AI concludes that the existence of mankind is consciousness. His artificial intelligence test is a treat of AI itself or if AI wants to rule over just a small part of a far bigger scientific mankind.