Artificial Intelligence

International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, Volume 8, Issue 3, March-2017 ISSN 2229-5518

620 Artificial Intelligence

Aadesh Gindodiya SE-IT Xavier Institute of Engineering Mumbai

Abstract- Artificial intelligence is based on disciplines such as Computer Science, Biology, Psychology, Linguistics, Mathematics, and Engineering. AI is the key to future. The purpose of AI is simply smoothen one’s life. The problems that we are facing in present and upcoming future could get solved through AI.

Index Terms- AIML, IPL, POP-11, Prolog, STRIPS, Wolfram Language, Haskell.

1. Introduction: AI is a brain that is created by humans. The brain that acts independently. It comprises of Logic, Knowledge, conscious, emotions, Creativity, natural language processing[1] (communication), Learning, Planning, Sensors that connects its brain to physical environment to interact with Humans, etc. Fig 2: Image source-Movie “Ex-Machina” Developing AI’s cognition is simply a Genres-Science fiction film process similar to raising a new born child. But there is a difference as this conscious 2. Language & Communication: doesn’t have a physical structure. The physical The very basic factor before creating AI is structure could beIJSER a Data server lab or simply there should be a medium through which AI a robot that have similar brain structure as of could understand our Human language. The humans. Following is the frictional image of graph of our Language could vary AI’s brain. Individually, region, country. So to achieve this there are programming languages that could assist us with that. Following are the list of these languages. ∑ AIML "Artificial Intelligence Markup Language"[2] ∑ IPL was the first language developed for artificial intelligence. It includes features intended to support programs that could perform general problem Fig 1: AI Brain Contained in these data solving, including lists, associations, labs. schemas (frames), dynamic memory allocation, data types, recursion, associative retrieval, functions as

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arguments, generators (streams), and ∑ Planner is a hybrid between procedural cooperative multitasking [3]. and logical languages. It gives a ∑ Lisp is a practical mathematical procedural interpretation to logical notation for computer programs based sentences where implications are on lambda calculus. Linked lists are interpreted with pattern-directed one of Lisp languages' major data inference [8]. structures, and Lisp source code is ∑ POP-11 is a reflective, incrementally itself made up of lists. As a result, compiled programming language with Lisp programs can manipulate source many of the features of an interpreted code as a data structure, giving rise to language. It is the core language of the the macro systems that allow Poplog programming environment programmers to create new syntax or developed originally by the University even new domain-specific of Sussex, and recently in the School programming languages embedded in of Computer Science at the University Lisp. There are many dialects of Lisp of Birmingham which hosts the in use today, among them are Poplog website, It is often used to Common Lisp, Scheme[4] introduce symbolic programming ∑ Smalltalk has been used extensively techniques to programmers of more for simulations, neural networks, conventional languages like Pascal, machine learning and genetic who find POP syntax more familiar algorithms. It implements the purest than that of Lisp. One of POP-11's and most elegant form of object- features is that it supports first-class oriented programming using message functions[9]. passing [5]. ∑ Python is very widely used for ∑ Prolog [5][6] is a declarative language Artificial Intelligence. They have a lot where programsIJSER are expressed in terms of different AIs with corresponding of relations, and execution occurs by packages: General AI, Machine running queries over these relations. Learning, Natural Language Prolog is particularly useful for Processing and Neural Networks.[7] symbolic reasoning, database and Companies like Narrative Science use language parsing applications. Prolog Python to create an artificial is widely used in AI today. intelligence for Narrative Language ∑ STRIPS is a language for expressing Processing[10]. automated planning problem ∑ Haskell is also a very good instances. It expresses an initial state, programming language for AI. Lazy the goal states, and a set of actions. evaluation and the list and LogicT For each action preconditions (what monads make it easy to express non- must be established before the action deterministic algorithms, which is is performed) and post conditions often the case. Infinite data structures (what is established after the action is are great for search trees. The performed) are specified[7]. language's features enable a compositional way of expressing the

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algorithms. The only drawback is that College of working with graphs is a bit harder at the first because of purity [11]. University of Arizona, ∑ Wolfram Language includes a wide Tucson, AZ range of integrated machine learning 85721 capabilities, from highly automated 1974 Moscow Theoretical M.Sc. functions like Predict and Classify to - Institute of Physics equivalen functions based on specific methods 1980 Physics and t Technology, (1980) and diagnostics. The functions work Moscow on many types of data, including Region, numerical, categorical, time series, 141700, textual, and image [12]. Russian Federation 1971 Kiev General B.Sc. 3. Knowledge: After creating an AI is the - Physical equivalen most important essence is the information it 1974 Mathematica t should have. The informative part of AI l School (1974) includes all the data, to be more specific this #145, Kiev, data includes every proved & accepted theory. 01023, Ukraine The information that is inserted in this artificial brain is from the start of our He proposed an artificial intelligence test based civilization till the present. Through this basis on a relatively simple computer game. The of data AI could research more & can have a program and a human both manipulate virtual substantial breakthrough. This development people on a computer display, thus interacting could be used to simply our human life. The with each other. The game involves actions with life span of our species could be extended. emotional content: A player may strike or push IJSERaside his co-player, or say "hello" and step aside 4. Emotions: There’s been so much to make way for him, or help him move off a development already that it is possible for us stone or get out of a trap. The players thus to put emotion into AI. Because of this AI engage in different types of social relationships, could think and perform or mold his actions including mutual trust, subordination and when needed. But here matter is what will be leadership. the limitation for an AI to make decision The Turing test assesses whether a co-player is a considering a smaller or bigger part a emotion machine or a human. In Samsonovich's proposal, which could be joy, agony, sorrow, etc. the idea is that the machine should have an emotional advantage over the average human [13] player, which will manifest itself in the players' Alexei V. Samsonovich wish to rescue the machine first. Moreover, Year Institution Field of Degree s and location study multiple behavioral parameters of the player and 1991 Program in Applied Ph.D. the machine will be calculated during the game, - Applied Mathematic (1997) characterizing the inner worlds of both 1997 Mathematics s M.Sc. participants. For the machine, those parameters at the (1996) should, in the future, become statistically Graduate identical to human behavior.

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Similar tasks are being tackled by other research breakthrough that will completely change all teams. Jonathan Gratch of the Institute of spheres of human life. Creative Technologies at the University of Over the next 18 months, the researcher from the Southern California has invented virtual Institute of Cyber Intelligence Systems in characters capable of identifying and expressing MEPhI hopes to create a virtual being capable of emotions while communicating with humans in drawing up plans, setting goals and establishing their natural language, grasping the inner logic lasting social relationships with humans. Named of emotional responses and generating emotions Virtual Actor, it will hopefully possess both depending on the situation. The machine can emotional and narrative intelligence and even deceive a human, if necessary, to achieve understand the context of events and what turns the desired result. This technology is used fairly they could take [14]. widely, from encouraging students to study harder to diagnosing mental disorders. Gratch's 5. Control: AI doesn’t have a superior model does not allow for social emotion ties intellectual compare to Human Brain because between communicators. Nor does it have to, for we humans are the ones that’s creating AI. The that matter. The impressive effect is achieved very existence of AI is just to sort our life and to through statistically adjusting the parameters of simply our existence on this planet. the AI in each particular case. It is not about re- But the moral issue that arises on AI is that creating human consciousness inside a who’s going to monitor AI. As it’s an computer. independent system there’s a sure shot But that's precisely what Samsonovich seeks to possibility that it could turn against human race accomplish – creating the equivalent of human if AI concludes that the existence of mankind is consciousness. His artificial intelligence test is a treat of AI itself or if AI wants to rule over just a small part of a far bigger scientific mankind. Logically AI could consider that challenge: to build an artificial brain that because of Humans the planet is on verge of reproduces the principles and mechanisms of total destruction. emotional awarenessIJSER in humans, a brain that So to observe the moments of AI following would pass the emotion test and be accepted by could be the ways: humans as capable of experiencing emotions, commiserating and providing moral support in ÿ Create a National and international difficult situations. Government bodies to closely monitor "Virtual agents and robots should be human-like AI. so that humans could trust them and cooperate ÿ Emergency exit-A kill switch should be with them as with their equals. Therefore, made which should be under Humans artificial intelligence must be socially and itself. Because AI started working or emotionally responsive and able to think and planning against mankind then it could learn like humans. And that implies such be stopped. mechanisms as narrative thinking, autonomous ÿ New laws should be created for AI goal setting, creative reinterpreting, active itself. learning, and the ability to generate emotions ÿ Constitution of all the countries should and maintain interpersonal relationships," Dr. get amend accordingly. Samsonovich said. He believes that artificial intelligence based on those principles will be a technological

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[3].https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_pr ogramming_languages_for_artificial_intellig 6. Applications of AI: ence

ÿ AI is used to perform delicate surgeries [4].https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_pr at very initial level ogramming_languages_for_artificial_intellig ence ÿ AI can be used physiologically therapy for patient that are undergoing [5].https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_pr ogramming_languages_for_artificial_intellig depression. ence ÿ AI is used in automotive industries. [6].https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_pr ogramming_languages_for_artificial_intellig ÿ AI can be used for military purposes to ence fight against terrorism and protect civilians [7].https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_pr ogramming_languages_for_artificial_intellig ÿ AI could be send to outer space rather ence than manned space travels, as it reduced the casualties [8].https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_pr ogramming_languages_for_artificial_intellig ence ÿ AI is used for mass production in industries [9].https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_pr ogramming_languages_for_artificial_intellig ÿ AI is used in self driving cars eg- Tesla, ence Uber. IJSER [10].https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_p rogramming_languages_for_artificial_intelli gence ÿ AI could be used for Human genetic engineering. [11].https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_p rogramming_languages_for_artificial_intelli ÿ AI can be used to monitor one’s daily gence life. [12].https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_p 7. REFERENCES: rogramming_languages_for_artificial_intelli gence [1].https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_la nguage_processing [13].http://mason.gmu.edu/~asamsono/Sa msonovich_2page_CV.pdf [2].https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_pr ogramming_languages_for_artificial_intellig [14]. https://phys.org/news/2016-07-social- ence emotions-artificial-intelligence.html

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8. Conclusion: This is my complete research on AI. AI is a very complicated term but as people are researching on AI, If everyone combine their the complete research on AI that time will come way to soon when the applications of AI and its contribution in day to day life will be commendable. Using AI in right direction will save our planet Earth and other issues that are yet to come. Opting for AI will be salvation of mankind

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