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Corm Damage Caused by Banana Weevils Cosmopolites Sordidus (Germar) Collected from Diferent Banana Growing Regions in Uganda Charles K

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Corm Damage Caused by Banana Weevils Cosmopolites Sordidus (Germar) Collected from Diferent Banana Growing Regions in Uganda Charles K Twesigye et al. Agric & Food Secur (2018) 7:73 https://doi.org/10.1186/s40066-018-0224-y Agriculture & Food Security RESEARCH Open Access Corm damage caused by banana weevils Cosmopolites sordidus (Germar) collected from diferent banana growing regions in Uganda Charles K. Twesigye1*, Kenneth Ssekatawa1, Andrew Kiggundu2, Wilberforce Tushemereirwe2, Enock Matovu3 and Eldad Karamura4 Abstract Background: In this study, both healthy tissue culture plantlets and maiden suckers of the Nakitembe cultivar were used to assess the damage level variation caused by banana weevils collected from diferent banana growing regions. Seventy-nine (79) tissue culture plantlets and ffty (50) suckers were established in buckets in a randomized complete block design for 5 months. Ten adult weevils (5 females and 5 males) were introduced at the base of each plant, and the buckets were covered with a weevil proof mesh. Weevil damage was estimated as a percentage at 60 days after the weevil introduction by estimating the peripheral damage (PD), total cross section corm damage (XT) and above the collar damage (ACD). Results: The results showed high diferences in the PD, XI, XO and XT caused by weevils from the diferent zones. PD and XT ranged from 4.8–50.4 to 4.2–43.8%, respectively, caused by weevils collected from Kabale and Rakai, Kabale and Wakiso, respectively, while XI and XO varied from 0.0–42.9 to 8.3–40.4%, respectively, caused by banana weevils collected from Kabale and Rakai, Kabale and Rakai, respectively. Banana weevils from Rakai caused the highest ACD of 40.4% and no such damage was caused by banana weevils collected from western Uganda. Average ACD in suckers was 19.6% and signifcantly higher than that in tissue culture plants (8.5%). Conclusions and recommendations: Corm damage assessment suggests the existence of banana weevil biotypes but it is recommended that follow-up studies be carried out to confrm this phenomenon. Keywords: Variation, Banana weevil, Corm damage Background approximately 9.2 million metric tons annually hence Te banana weevil Cosmopolites sordidus (Germar) is making it the second leading banana producer in the the most challenging insect pest of Musa spp globally. world with the highest per capita consumption that is In most regions of East Africa, the East African high- estimated at 450 kg/person/year [3, 4]. Te EAHB is used land banana (EAHB) (Musa sp. AAA) is the staple food to make a dish branded matooke in Uganda and is mainly crop mainly produced by subsistence farming, while grown for consumption and as a source of rural income plantain (Musa spp. AAB) is a signifcant staple in much which ofers the best profts to family labor [5, 6]. Both of West and Central Africa [1, 2]. Uganda produces EAHB and Musa spp. AAB banana cultivars are highly susceptible to the banana weevil [1, 2]. Highland cooking (Musa AAA-EA) and beer bananas *Correspondence: [email protected] (Musa AAA-EA, ABB and AB) comply the most impor- 1 Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Kyambogo tant staple food crop for the East African Great Lakes University, P.O. Box 1, Kyambogo, Kampala, Uganda Full list of author information is available at the end of the article region. Te fruit is consumed on farm, sold in local © The Author(s) 2018. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creat​iveco​mmons​.org/licen​ses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creat​iveco​mmons​.org/ publi​cdoma​in/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated. Twesigye et al. Agric & Food Secur (2018) 7:73 Page 2 of 8 markets or transported by traders to urban centers. result in toppling plants, lead to mat dying-out and short- An extended harvest period ensures food and income ened plantation life [2, 16, 18]. sources throughout the year. Highland bananas reduce Presently, there is no single control strategy that ofers soil erosion on steep slopes and are principal sources of absolute control for banana weevils. Terefore, integrated mulch for maintaining and improving soil fertility. East pest management (IMP) strategy combining an array of Africa represents a secondary center of crop diversity, methods such as habitat management (cultural control), while highland cooking cultivars are unique to the region biological control, host plant resistance, botanicals, and (Stover and Simmonds, [7]. in some cases application of pesticides was deemed efec- Uganda is Africa’s leading producer and consumer of tive in the control of banana weevils [19]. Pesticides have bananas. In recent years, drastic yield declines in tra- been widely used by farmers but they are not highly rec- ditional banana growing areas such as Mpigi, Luwero, ommended because of their broad spectrum, high cost Mukono and Iganga districts have led to the replacement and possibility of banana weevils developing resistance of cooking bananas with beer types and/or annual crops as a result of overuse [16, 17]. Terefore, the most prom- (e.g., cassava and sweet potatoes) (Karamura et al. [8]. ising control strategy in integrated pest management is Planting of annual crops necessitates frequent opening of host plant resistance to banana weevils which ofers the the land, thereby accelerating soil erosion. In Uganda, as potential to provide long term and sustainable crop pro- elsewhere in the region, banana production constraints tection to subsistence farmers at little cost [20]. Unfor- include a pest complex (weevils, nematodes and dis- tunately, development of resistant cultivars through eases) which causes serious yield losses and shortened conventional breeding has resulted into hybrids with plantation life [9]). However, pest infestation levels are undesirable cooking traits since the majority of resist- unknown and yield losses have been neither quantifed ant cultivars are non cooking types presenting a problem nor partitioned among constraints. Farmers have identi- to breeders, as cooking types are staple because of con- fed weevils and deteriorating soil fertility as their most sumer preference [21]. Terefore, host plant resistance important problems but causal factors were frequently without altering the cooking traits of the staple cooking confused and damage by nematodes, and pathogens were bananas can be achieved by breeding genetically modi- often attributed to other factors (Gold et al. [9]). fed plants which are resistant to banana weevils. However, each of the banana groups sufers from its However [22], using Random Amplifed Polymor- own pest and disease constraints. For example, banana phic DNA (RAPD), reported existence of banana weevil weevils and nematodes are highly damaging to highland biotypes in Uganda. Tis is supported by diferent yield cooking banana and plantain production, while Fusarium losses caused by banana weevils in diferent banana wilt is the key constraint to dessert bananas and ABB and growing regions. Total destruction of banana planta- AAB brewing bananas (Sengooba [10]; Sebasigari and tion in central Uganda and negligible losses in Western Stover [11]. Soil degradation, due to increasing pressure Uganda was documented [23, 24]. on the land, associated with socioeconomic factors, also Te main objectives of this study were to: (1) establish reduces production. A combination of these factors has the variation in corm damage caused by banana weevils been blamed for the “banana decline”; mean production collected from diferent banana growing regions in pot- in this region has dropped steadily, from 10 (1970) to 4.5 ted experiments under the same environmental condi- t/ha on subsistence farms (Gold et al. [12], Karamura tions and (2) provide an insight into the existence of et al. [13], Okech et al. [14] Tinzaara et al. [15]). Tis has banana weevil biotypes that are essential in screening had a negative efect on both food and household income banana plants resistant to weevils. security for local populations. Yet, research results in the region indicate that 30–40 t/ha can be obtained. Methods Te decline in production and total destruction of Site description and source of materials highland banana in central Uganda and western Tanza- Tis study was carried out at National Agricultural nia was attributed to banana weevils and consequently Research Laboratories, Kawanda, situated at 0°25′N, included the banana weevil among the principal limit- 32°32′E, 1190 M above sea level, 13 km north of Kam- ing factors of banana production in East Africa [16, 17]. pala. Nakitembe suckers used in this study were collected Eggs are laid by the female into the corm and pseudostem from the National Banana Research Program, Uganda, base of the banana plant and the resultant larvae tun- banana plantations, whereas Nakitembe tissue culture nel through the corm hence damaging it. Tis hampers plantlets were obtained from the Tissue Culture Labo- water and nutrient uptake as well as weakening the plant ratory at the National Agricultural Research Laborato- anchorage into the soil. Terefore, banana weevil attack ries, Kawanda. Nakitembe was the cultivar of choice in can interfere with crop establishment, reduce bunch size, this study, because Nakitembe tissue culture plantlets Twesigye et al. Agric & Food Secur (2018) 7:73 Page 3 of 8 were available at an advanced stage in the Tissue Culture diferent due to their availability. Furthermore, the num- Laboratory. Before being used in potted experiments, ber of banana plants challenged with weevils was deter- sucker corms were pared and the entire pared corm was mined by the availability of weevils collected from each immersed in boiling water for 1 min to ensure that they district as shown in Table 2.
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