The History of Programmable Switching Systems
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No. 1 Crossbar and Crossbar Tandem Systems
CHAPTER 7 NO. 1 CROSSBAR AND CROSSBAR TANDEM SYSTEMS 7.1 NO. 1 CROSSBAR SYSTEM A. GENERAL The No. 1 Crossbar System was developed in the mid-1930's to overcome some of the disadvantages of the Panel System. For instance, No. 1 Crossbar offered better transmission characteristics by using precious metal contacts in talking path connections; gave one appearance to each s_ubscriber line on the frames for both originating and terminating traffic; and PBX hunting lines could be added without number changes. No. 1 Crossbar also made possible shorter call completing times and required less system maintenance. Since it was expected that this system would be used largely in panel areas, revertive pulsinfi was employed for both incoming and outgoing traff~c. The o. 1 Crossbar System is also a common control system; its originating and terminating equipment each has its own senders which function with the markers to complete subscribers • connections. A simplified view of the overall equipment arrangement is shown in Figure 7-1. ORIG. OFFICE I ,.--.._.;;;.._~~==---r-, I ~_.~ SUBS. ORIG. TERM. SDR. MKR. SDR. Figure 7-1 Simplified Block Diagram - No. 1 Crossbar System 7.1 CH. 7 - NO. 1 CROSSBAR AND CROSSBAR TANDEM SYSTEMS From a traffic standpoint the major No. 1 Crossbar dial system frames may be. divided into two general classes: Originating Equipment Terminating Equipment Line Link Frame Incoming Frame Group District Frame Group Incoming Trunk Frame District Junctor Frame Incoming Link Frame District Link Frame Incoming Link Extension Frame Subscriber Sender Link Terminating Sender link Frame Office Link Frame Terminating Sender Frame Office Extension Frame Terminating Marker Subscriber Sender Frame Connector Frame Originating Marker Connector Terminating Marker Frame Frame Number Group Connector Frame Originating Marker Frame Block Relay Frame Line Distributing Frame Line Choice Connector Frame Line Junctor Connector Frame Line Link Frame Two distributing frames are also provided. -
Historical Perspectives of Development of Antique Analog Telephone Systems Vinayak L
Review Historical Perspectives of Development of Antique Analog Telephone Systems Vinayak L. Patil Trinity College of Engineering and Research, University of Pune, Pune, India Abstract—Long distance voice communication has been al- ways of great interest to human beings. His untiring efforts and intuition from many years together was responsible for making it to happen to a such advanced stage today. This pa- per describes the development time line of antique telephone systems, which starts from the year 1854 and begins with the very early effort of Antonio Meucci and Alexander Graham magnet core Bell and ends up to the telephone systems just before digiti- Wire 1Coil with permanent Wire 2 zation of entire telecommunication systems. The progress of development of entire antique telephone systems is highlighted in this paper. The coverage is limited to only analog voice communication in a narrow band related to human voice. Diaphragm Keywords—antique telephones, common battery systems, cross- bar switches, PSTN, voice band communication, voice commu- nication, strowger switches. Fig. 1. The details of Meucci’s telephone. 1. Initial Claims and Inventions Since centuries, telecommunications have been of great cally. Due to this idea, many of the scientific community interest to the human beings. One of the dignified per- consider him as one of the inventors of telephone [10]. sonality in the field of telecommunication was Antonio Boursuel used term “make and break” telephone in his Meucci [1]–[7] (born in 1808) who worked relentlessly for work. In 1850, Philip Reis [11]–[13] began work on tele- communication to distant person throughout his life and in- phone. -
The Great Telecom Meltdown for a Listing of Recent Titles in the Artech House Telecommunications Library, Turn to the Back of This Book
The Great Telecom Meltdown For a listing of recent titles in the Artech House Telecommunications Library, turn to the back of this book. The Great Telecom Meltdown Fred R. Goldstein a r techhouse. com Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A catalog record for this book is available from the U.S. Library of Congress. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Goldstein, Fred R. The great telecom meltdown.—(Artech House telecommunications Library) 1. Telecommunication—History 2. Telecommunciation—Technological innovations— History 3. Telecommunication—Finance—History I. Title 384’.09 ISBN 1-58053-939-4 Cover design by Leslie Genser © 2005 ARTECH HOUSE, INC. 685 Canton Street Norwood, MA 02062 All rights reserved. Printed and bound in the United States of America. No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. All terms mentioned in this book that are known to be trademarks or service marks have been appropriately capitalized. Artech House cannot attest to the accuracy of this information. Use of a term in this book should not be regarded as affecting the validity of any trademark or service mark. International Standard Book Number: 1-58053-939-4 10987654321 Contents ix Hybrid Fiber-Coax (HFC) Gave Cable Providers an Advantage on “Triple Play” 122 RBOCs Took the Threat Seriously 123 Hybrid Fiber-Coax Is Developed 123 Cable Modems -
The 805A PBX- a Switching Bargain for Small Businesses
Bell Labs cost of dial stcitches solid-state circuitry. small rC(flliring is to install The 805A PBX- A Switching Bargain For Small Businesses John Lemp, Jr. LL OPERATING COMPANIES have small business com trunks, and those with unrestricted tele- A customers who would like to have a dial pri- phones (having access to both inside and outside vate branch exchange (PBX) of modest size, but trunks) can gain access to the central office to have had to settle for smaller, less useful, manual place outside calls by dialing a single digit. People PBX systems. In many cases, the flexibility pro- using restricted telephones, on the other hand, re- vided by larger, more comprehensive PBX systems quire the attendant's assistance to make outside is not worth the additional cost. But now there is calls; the attendant can complete the call or allow an alternative-the 805A PBX, which has been de- the restricted station user to dial the number signed at the Bell Laboratories Denver location himself. to meet the demand for low-cost basic PBX service. The 805A is the first Bell System PBX that com- The new PBX, which uses existing technology and bines integrated circuitry in the control unit with emphasizes maintainability, has been in produc- a crossbar switching network. Integrated circuits tion for over a year and has gained rapid accept- make the equipment compact, highly reliable, and ance wherever appropriate tariffs have been filed easy to maintain. And the crossbar switch is the -in fact, New Jersey Bell marketing people have same one used in No. -
Bell System Practices Index
BELL SYSTEM PRACTICES SECTION 460-000-006 AT & TCo Standard Issue 6, February 1979 ALPHABETIC-NUMERIC INDEX STATION, KEY, PBX, AND PRIVATE SERVICE SYSTEMS 1. GENERAL Here is a list of the symbols and the service 1.01 This section provides an alpha-numeric index manual to which they refer. of sections required for the installation and maintenance of customer product equipment and SA-Station Service Manual I apparatus. SB-Station Service Manual II SC-Station Specialties Service Manual I 1.02 This section is reissued to update the SO-Station Specialties Service Manual II alpha-numeric index. CA-Coin Service Manual I CB-Coin Service Manual II 1.03 This index combines the features of both !A-Interconnect Service Manual I alphabetic and numeric indexes. Sections IB-Interconnect Service Manual II can be located by referring first to the common KA-Key Service Manual I nomenclature or ordering nomenclature, then referring KB-Key Service Manual II to a major indention for the type of information KC-Key Service Manual III such as Identification, Installation, Maintenance, PA-Dial PBX Service Manual Reference, Service, etc., and then to the alphabetical or numerical listing. 1.04 Many of the section numbers in this index are preceded by a two letter symbol such as SA. This symbol indicates that the section is contained in a service manual in addition to the standard BSP files. NOTICE Not for use or disclosure outside the Bell System except under written agreement Printed in U.S.A. Page 1 SECTION 460-000-006 AC-TYPE (USED WITH 220-, 226-, 2220-, ADDRESSABLE -
Switching Relations: the Rise and Fall of the Norwegian Telecom Industry
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by NORA - Norwegian Open Research Archives Switching Relations The rise and fall of the Norwegian telecom industry by Sverre A. Christensen A dissertation submitted to BI Norwegian School of Management for the Degree of Dr.Oecon Series of Dissertations 2/2006 BI Norwegian School of Management Department of Innovation and Economic Organization Sverre A. Christensen: Switching Relations: The rise and fall of the Norwegian telecom industry © Sverre A. Christensen 2006 Series of Dissertations 2/2006 ISBN: 82 7042 746 2 ISSN: 1502-2099 BI Norwegian School of Management N-0442 Oslo Phone: +47 4641 0000 www.bi.no Printing: Nordberg The dissertation may be ordered from our website www.bi.no (Research - Research Publications) ii Acknowledgements I would like to thank my supervisor Knut Sogner, who has played a crucial role throughout the entire process. Thanks for having confidence and patience with me. A special thanks also to Mats Fridlund, who has been so gracious as to let me use one of his titles for this dissertation, Switching relations. My thanks go also to the staff at the Centre of Business History at the Norwegian School of Management, most particularly Gunhild Ecklund and Dag Ove Skjold who have been of great support during turbulent years. Also in need of mentioning are Harald Rinde, Harald Espeli and Lars Thue for inspiring discussion and com- ments on earlier drafts. The rest at the centre: no one mentioned, no one forgotten. My thanks also go to the Department of Innovation and Economic Organization at the Norwegian School of Management, and Per Ingvar Olsen. -
VME for Experiments Chairman: Junsei Chiba (KEK)
KEK Report 89-26 March 1990 D PROCEEDINGS of SYMPOSIUM on Data Acquisition and Processing for Next Generation Experiments 9 -10 March 1989 KEK, Tsukuba Edited by H. FUJII, J. CHIBA and Y. WATASE NATIONAL LABORATORY FOR HIGH ENERGY PHYSICS PROCEEDINGS of SYMPOSIUM on Data Acquisition and Processing for Next Generation Experiments 9 - 10 March 1989 KEK, Tsukuba Edited H. Fiflii, J. Chiba andY. Watase i National Laboratory for High Energy Physics, 1990 KEK Reports are available from: Technical Infonnation&Libraiy National Laboratory for High Energy Physics 1-1 Oho, Tsukuba-shi Ibaraki-ken, 305 JAPAN Phone: 0298-64-1171 Telex: 3652-534 (Domestic) (0)3652-534 (International) Fax: 0298-64-4604 Cable: KEKOHO Foreword This symposium has been organized to foresee the next generation of data acquisition and processing system in high energy physics and nuclear physics experiments. The recent revolutionary progress in the semiconductor and computer technologies is giving us an oppotunity to extend our idea on the experiments. The high density electronics of LSI technology provides an ideal front-end electronics such as readout circuits for silicon strip detector and multi-anode phototubes as well as wire chambers. The VLSI technology has advantages over the obsolite discrete one in the various aspects ; reduction of noise, small propagation delay, lower power dissipation, small space for the installation, improvement of the system reliability and maintenability. The small sized front-end electronics will be mounted just on the detector and the digital data might be transfered off the detector to the computer room with optical fiber data transmission lines. Then, a monster of bandies of signal cables might disappear from the experimental area. -
STD 7000 7802 6800 Processor Card USER's MANUAL
STD 7000 7802 6800 Processor Card USER'S MANUAL .: . o o NOTICE The information in this document is provided for reference only. Pro-Log does not assume any liability arising 0 out of the application or use of the information or products described herein. This document may contain or reference information and products protected by copyrights or patents and does not convey any license under the patent rights of Pro-Log, nor the rights of others. Printed in U.S.A. Copyright© 1981 by Pro-Log Corporation, Monterey, CA 93940. All rights reserved. However, any part of this document may be reproduced with Pro-Log Corporation cited as the source. STD 7000 7802 6800 Processor Card USER'S MANUAL o 2/82 aa uailUIlAIMIMIlIdIHI6IJYIWiiIIi&&iIlWiHiiiii1WGL&lil1l4JI£jj1, __ oGllI{fldf4IL1lfI[.JIilJI!1U1l4J!;;QI!IMf&bnUMliMJi1illldOif kLCH1LJ _"- _,L JLJ L _11 ____ ,BAGLin _ ta, _ h 'h41J1P i4I A;.u 4 FOREWORD This manual explains how to use Pro-Log's 7802 6800 Processor Card. It is structured to reflect the answers to o basic questions that you, the user, might ask yourself about the 7802. We welcome your suggestions on how we can improve our instructions. The 7802 is part of Pro-Log's Series 7000 STD BUS hardware. Our products are modular, and they are designed and built with second-sourced parts that are industry standards. They provide the industrial manager with the means of utilizing his own people to control the design, production, and maintenance of the company's products that use STD BUS hardware. -
Stand-Alone VME Bus PC104 Bus ISA Bus STD Bus, & STD32
SYNCHRO / RESOLVER / LVDT CONVERTERS / BUS CARDS / AMPLIFIERS ABSOLUTE ENCODERS / READOUTS www.computerconversions.com 6 Dunton Court, East Northport, NY 11731 (631) 261-3300 Fax: (631) 261-3308 BUS CARD LEVEL PRODUCTS: SYNCHRO / RESOLVER / LVDT I/O VME Bus PC104 Bus Synchro / Resolver / LVDT I/O Synchro / Resolver / LVDT I/O Inputs: 1 - 12 Channels Synchro / Inputs: 1 - 4 Channels Synchro / Resolver, & 2-3 Wire LVDT Formats, Resolver and LVDT inputs with B-I-T & Forced Angle Self-Test Mods., B-I-T and Forced angle Self-Test, VBT True Wrap-Around Self-Test. Transformer Isolation opt.even on To 16 Bits, acc. 2', Tracking Rates to 60Hz. 200RPS. On-Board AC Reference Models., 16 Bits, 2.'acc.Tracking Rates options, Low cost Solid State and to 200RPS. Ultra Reliable and quick 100% Transformer Isolated models. delivery. AC Reference Supply Outputs: LVDT/ RVDT 1-12 Chan.s options. Synchro/Resolver: 1-4 Channels, high Outputs: 1-2 Channels Synchro / Res. power, output, drive 1.2 to 5VA, Low Low cost & Isol. mod's. 16 Bits, 1 - 4' Cost +/-12V. DC Bus powered & Reference acc. Loss detect, support for external Powered Converters. Transformer Isol ated Boosters upto 300VA. including I/O. Resolution: 14/16 Bits, accuracy 2'/ 4'. Disable control & BIT / Fault Report. All: A24/D16 6UH. Multispeed I/O, & All: No Violations, 0 - 70 and -40 - Mix & Match all I/O. 0 - 70 & -40 to +85C. +85C models. Software Demo w/ Conduction Cooled avail. PCI &COMPACT PCI ISA Bus All Plug and Play, with Software DLL's, PCI Same Selections 1-8 Inputs, Upto 4 High Power Output Channels, Transformer as on ISA Bus, CPCI Same Selections as on VME Bus. -
And 9-GSPS, RF-Sampling DAC with JESD204B
Product Order Technical Tools & Support & Folder Now Documents Software Community DAC38RF86, DAC38RF96 DAC38RF87, DAC38RF97 SLASEF4B –FEBRUARY 2017–REVISED JULY 2017 DAC38RFxx Dual-Channel, Single-Ended, 14-Bit, 6- and 9-GSPS, RF-Sampling DAC With JESD204B Interface and On-Chip GSM PLL 1 Features 3 Description The DAC38RF86/96 is a family of high-performance, 1• 14-Bit Resolution dual-channel, 14-bit, 9-GSPS, RF-sampling digital-to- • Maximum DAC Sample Rate: analog converters (DACs) that are capable of – 9.0 GSPS (DAC38RF86, DAC38RF96) synthesizing wideband signals from 0 to 4.5 GHz. – 6.2 GSPS (DAC38RF87, DAC38RF97) The DAC38RF87/97 is also a family of high- performance, dual-channel, 14-bit, 6-GSPS, RF- • Key Specifications: sampling digital-to-analog converters (DACs) that are – RF Full-Scale Output Power at 2.1 GHz:0 dBm capable of synthesizing wideband signals from 0 to 3 – Spectral Performance, DAC38RF87/97 GHz. A high dynamic range allows the DAC38RFxx – f = 5898.24 MSPS, f = 2.14 GHz family to generate signals for a wide range of DAC OUT applications including 3G/4G signals for wireless – WCDMA ACLR: 73 dBc base-stations and radar. – WCDMA alt-ACLR: 77 dBc The devices feature a low-power JESD204B Interface – Spectral Performance, DAC38RF86/96 with up to 8 lanes with a maximum bit rate of 12.5 – fDAC = 8847.36 MSPS, fOUT = 3.7 GHz Gbps allowing an input data rate of 1.25 GSPS – 20 MHz LTE ACLR: 66 dBc complex per channel. The DAC38RFxx provides two digital up-converters per channel, with multiple – fDAC = 9 GSPS, fOUT = 1.8 GHz, –6 dBFS options for interpolation rates. -
3D Crossbar Switching Architecture
Novel Design of Three-Dimensional Crossbar for Future Network on Chip based on Post-Silicon Devices Kumiko Nomura André DeHon Keiko Abe, Shinobu Fujita Department of Computer Science, Corporate R&D Center, Toshiba Corporation, California Institute of Technology, 1, Komukai Toshiba-cho, Saiwai-ku, Kawasaki, 212-8582, Pasadena CA91125, USA Japan E-mail: [email protected] Email: {kumiko.nomura, keiko2.abe, shinobu.fujita} @toshiba.co.jp Abstract.We present a novel 3D crossbar for future Network-on Although there have been many concrete designs for 2D –a-Chip implementations. We introduce a routing algorithm for crossbar bus, most of them are locally optimized for each circuit the 3D crossbar circuit and detail two specific 3D crossbar and cannot be applied to 3D circuit design. In this paper, we topologies. We evaluate the defect tolerance of the 3D crossbar describe general design for a 3D crossbar NoC using new 3D and quantify the number of extra layers required to support arbitrary permutations as a function of the defect rate. Further, circuits and explore tradeoffs, which arise optimizing the we estimate the circuit performance and advantages of the 3D crossbar design. Such optimized 3D on-chip crossbars may crossbar circuit based on post-silicon devices. prove beneficial in many parts of a microchip design where data transfer is the performance limiting bottleneck. Keywords; three-dimensional crossbar, post-Si device, network-on-a- chip The contributions of this paper include the following points: x Elaborations and optimization of 3-stage 3D crossbar switching architecture. 1. Introduction x Adaptations of Leighton’s Mesh Routing Algorithm to The performance of recent microchips tends to be dominated by perform routing for a 3-stage, spatial 3D crossbar. -
PC Hardware Contents
PC Hardware Contents 1 Computer hardware 1 1.1 Von Neumann architecture ...................................... 1 1.2 Sales .................................................. 1 1.3 Different systems ........................................... 2 1.3.1 Personal computer ...................................... 2 1.3.2 Mainframe computer ..................................... 3 1.3.3 Departmental computing ................................... 4 1.3.4 Supercomputer ........................................ 4 1.4 See also ................................................ 4 1.5 References ............................................... 4 1.6 External links ............................................. 4 2 Central processing unit 5 2.1 History ................................................. 5 2.1.1 Transistor and integrated circuit CPUs ............................ 6 2.1.2 Microprocessors ....................................... 7 2.2 Operation ............................................... 8 2.2.1 Fetch ............................................. 8 2.2.2 Decode ............................................ 8 2.2.3 Execute ............................................ 9 2.3 Design and implementation ...................................... 9 2.3.1 Control unit .......................................... 9 2.3.2 Arithmetic logic unit ..................................... 9 2.3.3 Integer range ......................................... 10 2.3.4 Clock rate ........................................... 10 2.3.5 Parallelism .........................................