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Investigation of the Involvement of the Domestic Cat in the Cyclic

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Investigation of the Involvement of the Domestic Cat in the Cyclic INVESTIGATION OF THE INVOLVEMENT OF THE DOMESTIC CAT IN THE CYCLIC TRANSMISSION OF CAPRINE BESNOITIA U BY CHEGE J. NG’ANG’A (BVM, U.O.N.) A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PART FULFILMENT FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE IN VETERINARY PATHOLOGY AND MICROBIOLOGY IN THE UNIVERSITY OF NAIROBI. DEPARTMENT OF VETERINARY PATHOLOGY AND MICROBIOLOGY FACULTY OF VETERINARY MEDICINE UNIVERSITY OF NAIROBI OCTOBER 1992 i DECLARATION I hereby declare that this thesis is my original work except where acknowledged and has not been presented in any other University. Chege J. Ng'ang'a (B.V.M .) DATE ______ | 1 \ Q \ j 1— This thesis has been submitted for examination with our approval as University Supervisors. Prof. W. K. Munyua (B.V.Sc., M.Sc., Dip.A.H., Ph.D.) ij fcrCv V y i D ATE / * ' (J~T‘ #-r J C! j l Dr. P. W./Kanyari (B.V.M ., M.Sc., Ph.D) DATE i . c I m v Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology II ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I wish to express my sincere gratitude to the University of Nairobi, Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine for according me the opportunity to carry out this research. I am particulary grateful to the Deans Committee for funding this project through a research grant, vote number 500-655-218. My sincere thanks go to Prof. W.K. Munyua and Dr. P.W. Kanyari who supervised and guided me during my research and tirelessly read and commented on the various manuscripts leading to the final draft of this thesis. I am deeply indebted to the Director of Veterinary Services and the Management Bachuma Sheep and Goat Project for donating the Besnoilia infected goats used in this research. My gratitude also go to Mr L.P. Odour, D.K. Marimba and G. Muturi for the supply of cats used in the research. My sincere thanks go to the technical staff in the Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology and Department of Clinical Studies for their technical assistance. Much thanks to the animal attendants, Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology for the great care of my research animals. My sincere thanks also go to relatives and friends for their moral support. Their endless encouragement was an inspiration throughout the course. I thank Mr. S.W. Chcge for typing this work and his assistance in statistical analysis. Ill DEDICATION DEDICATED TO MY FATHER AND MOTHER IV TABLE OF CONTENTS DECLARATION ............................................................................................i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS.......................................................................... ii DEDICATION...............................................................................................iii TABLE OF CONTENTS ............................................................................ iv LIST OF FIGURES ..................................................................................... x LIST OF TABLES .....................................................................................xiii LIST OF APPENDICES.............................................................................xiv ABSTRACT .................................................................................................xv CHAPTER O N E ................................................. i 1. IN T R O D U C T IO N ..................................................................... 1 1.1 G E N E R A L IN T R O D U C T IO N .......................................... 1 1.2 OBJECTIVES ............................................................................. 4 CHAPTER TWO ...........................................................................5 2. L IT E R A T U R E R E V I E W ........................................................5 2.1 G E N U S: BESNOITIA ................................................................5 2.1.1 CLASSIFICATION ...........................................................................5 2.1.2 LIFE CYCLE AND TRANSMISSION .......................................... 7 2.1.3 / IDENTIFICATION.............................................................................10 2.1.4 / EPIDEM IO LOG Y............................................................................12 2.1.5 HOST SPECIFICITY ...................................................................... 16 V 2.1.6 CLINICAL SIGNS........................................................................... I8 2.1.7 PATHOLOGY ................................................................................20 2.1.7.1 GROSS PATHOLOGY...................................................................>2o 2.1.7.2 IIISTOPATIIOLOGY.......................................................................22 2.1.8 DIAGNOSIS.................................................................................... .24 2.1.9 TREATMENT ................................................................................27 2.1.10 PROPHYLAXIS ............................................................................ .28 2.2 GENUS TOXOPLASMA ...................................... 30 2.1 LIFE-CYCLE................................................................................. .30 2.3 GENUS HAM M ONDIA........................................ .32 2.3.1 LIFE-CY CLE................................................................................. .33 2.4 GENUS SARCOCYSTIS ...................................................... .33 2.4.1 LIFE-CY CLE................................................................................. .34 2.5 GENUS ISO SPO RA ..................................................................34 2.5.1 LIFE-CY CLE................................................................................. .35 CHAPTER THREE .................................................. , 37 3. IDENTIFICATION OF THE COCCIDIA OF CATs AROUND KABETE...........................................................................37 3.1 SUMMARY .....................................................................................37 3.2 INTRODUCTION ..........................................................................37 3.3 M ATERIAL AND METHODS ................................................ .38 3.3.1 C A T S ................................................................................................. .38 VI 3.3.2 COLLECTION OF FAECAL SAMPLES...................................... 38 3.3.3 PROCESSING OF FAECAL SAMPLES........................................39 3.3.4 OOCYSTS MORPHOLOGY AND S IZ E S ...................................40 3.3.5 MEASUREMENTS (MICROMETRY)........................................ 40 3.3.6 ANIMAL INOCULATION..............................................................40 3.3.6.1 TOXOPLASMA ANI) BESNOITIA M IX T U R E ........................... 40 3.3.6 2 BESNOITIA TYPE OOCYSTS....................................................... 43 3.4 RESULTS .........................................................................................45 3.4.1 OOCYST MORPHOLOGY AND SIZES ....................................... 45 3.4.1.1 Isospora f e l i s .......................................................................................45 3.4.1.2 Isospora rivolla ..................................................................................46 3.4.2 Sarcocystis m u r is ..............................................................................47 3.4.3 Toxoplasma g o n d ii........................................................................... 47 3.4.4 Besnoilia wallacei..............................................................................48 3.5 ANIMAL INOCULATION..............................................................48 3.5.1 TOXOPLASMA AND BESNOITIA M IX T U R E ...........................48 3.5.2 BESNOITIA TAPE OOCYSTS.................................................... .50 3.6 DISCUSSION................................................................................... 57 CHAPTER FOUR........................................................................60 4 A STUDY OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF BESNOITIA WALLACEI IN THE C A T ..................................60 4.1 SUMMARY .................................................... 60 4.2 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................... 61 VII 4.3 MATERIALS AND METHODS ..................................................61 4.4 RESULTS .........................................................................................62 4.4.1 FAECAL SAMPLES ......................................................................62 4.4.2 ENDOGENOUS STAGES ..............................................................62 4.4.3 PATHOLOGY .................................................................................64 4.5 DISCUSSION................................................................................... 69 CHAPTER FIVE.......................................................................... 72 5 INVESTIGATION OF THE CAT AS HIE FINAL HOST FOR TIIE BESNOITIA SPECIES AFFECTING GOATS IN KENYA ANI) THE ROLE OF MICE ANI) RATS . 72 5.1 SUMMARY ......................................................................................72 5.2 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................... 72 5.3 MATERIALS AND METHODS ...................................................73 5.3.1 SOURCE OF INFECTED GOAT TISSUES..................................73 5.3.2 INFECTION OF C A T S................................................................... 74 5.3.3 RECOVERY OF BRADYZOITES FROM INFECTED GOAT T IS S U E S ..............................................................................74
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