Sorodiagnóstico, Isolamento E Genotipagem De Toxoplasma
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
Molecular Phylogenetic Analysis in Hammondia-Like Organisms Based on Partial Hsp70 Coding Sequences
1195 Molecular phylogenetic analysis in Hammondia-like organisms based on partial Hsp70 coding sequences R. M. MONTEIRO1, L. J. RICHTZENHAIN1,H.F.J.PENA1,S.L.P.SOUZA1, M. R. FUNADA1, S. M. GENNARI1, J. P. DUBEY2, C. SREEKUMAR2,L.B.KEID1 and R. M. SOARES1* 1 Departamento de Medicina Veterina´ria Preventiva e Sau´de Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterina´ria e Zootecnia, Universidade de Sa˜o Paulo, Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, CEP 05508-900, Sa˜o Paulo, SP, Brazil 2 Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Animal and Natural Resources Institute, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agricultural, Building 1001, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA (Resubmitted 7 January 2007; revised 31 January 2007; accepted 5 February 2007; first published online 27 April 2007) SUMMARY The 70 kDa heat-shock protein (Hsp70) sequences are considered one of the most conserved proteins in all domains of life from Archaea to eukaryotes. Hammondia heydorni, H. hammondi, Toxoplasma gondii, Neospora hughesi and N. caninum (Hammondia-like organisms) are closely related tissue cyst-forming coccidians that belong to the subfamily Toxoplasmatinae. The phylogenetic reconstruction using cytoplasmic Hsp70 coding genes of Hammondia-like organisms revealed the genetic sequences of T. gondii, Neospora spp. and H. heydorni to possess similar levels of evolutionary distance. In addition, at least 2 distinct genetic groups could be recognized among the H. heydorni isolates. Such results are in agreement with those obtained with internal transcribed spacer-1 rDNA (ITS-1) sequences. In order to compare the nucleotide diversity among different taxonomic levels within Apicomplexa, Hsp70 coding sequences of the following apicomplexan organisms were included in this study: Cryptosporidium, Theileria, Babesia, Plasmodium and Cyclospora. -
Paulo Cesar Goncalves De Azevedo Filho.Pdf
UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL RURAL DE PERNAMBUCO PRÓ-REITORIA DE PESQUISA E PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM CIÊNCIA ANIMAL TROPICAL Incidência e análise da taxa de transmissão vertical de Toxoplasma gondii e Neospora caninum em ovinos PAULO CESAR GONÇALVES DE AZEVEDO FILHO RECIFE – PE 2016 UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL RURAL DE PERNAMBUCO PRÓ-REITORIA DE PESQUISA E PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM CIÊNCIA ANIMAL TROPICAL Incidência e análise da taxa de transmissão vertical de Toxoplasma gondii e Neospora caninum em ovinos PAULO CESAR GONÇALVES DE AZEVEDO FILHO “Dissertação submetida à Coordenação do Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência Animal Tropical, como parte dos requisitos para a obtenção do título de Mestre em Ciência Animal Tropical. Orientador: Prof. Dr. Rinaldo Aparecido Mota” RECIFE – PE 2016 Dados Internacionais de Catalogação na Publicação (CIP) Sistema Integrado de Bibliotecas da UFRPE Biblioteca Central, Recife-PE, Brasil A994i Azevedo Filho, Paulo Cesar Gonçalves de Incidência e análise da taxa de transmissão vertical de Toxoplasma gondii e Neospora caninum em ovinos / Paulo Cesar Gonçalves de Azevedo Filho. – 2016. 83 f. : il. Orientador: Rinaldo Aparecido Mota. Dissertação (Mestrado) – Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência Animal Tropical, Recife, BR-PE, 2016. Inclui referências e anexo(s). 1. Prevalência 2. Incidência 3. Ovelhas 4. Protozoários 5. Aborto 6. Resposta imune I. Mota, Rinaldo Aparecido, orient. II. Título CDD 636.089 BANCA EXAMINADORA Incidência e análise da taxa de transmissão vertical de Toxoplasma gondii e Neospora caninum em ovinos Dissertação apresentada ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência Animal Tropical, como parte dos requisitos necessários à obtenção do grau de Mestre em Ciência Animal Tropical, outorgado pela Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, à disposição na Biblioteca Central desta universidade. -
Veterinary Parasitology
Andrei Daniel MIHALCA Textbook of Veterinary Parasitology Introduction to parasitology. Protozoology. AcademicPres Andrei D. MIHALCA TEXTBOOK OF VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY Introduction to parasitology Protozoology AcademicPres Cluj-Napoca, 2013 © Copyright 2013 Toate drepturile rezervate. Nici o parte din această lucrare nu poate fi reprodusă sub nici o formă, prin nici un mijloc mecanic sau electronic, sau stocată într-o bază de date, fără acordul prealabil, în scris, al editurii. Descrierea CIP a Bibliotecii Naţionale a României Mihalca Andrei Daniel Textbook of Veterinary Parasitology: Introduction to parasitology; Protozoology / Andrei Daniel Mihalca. Cluj-Napoca: AcademicPres, 2013 Bibliogr. Index ISBN 978-973-744-312-0 339.138 Director editură – Prof. dr. Carmen SOCACIU Referenţi ştiinţifici: Prof. Dr. Vasile COZMA Conf. Dr. Călin GHERMAN Editura AcademicPres Universitatea de Ştiinţe Agricole şi Medicină Veterinară Cluj-Napoca Calea Mănăştur, nr. 3-5, 400372 Cluj-Napoca Tel. 0264-596384 Fax. 0264-593792 E-mail: [email protected] Table of contents 1 INTRODUCTION TO PARASITOLOGY ..................................................................................... 1 1.1 DEFINING PARASITOLOGY. DIVERSITY OF PARASITISM IN NATURE. ................................................. 1 1.2 PARASITISM AS AN INTERSPECIFIC INTERACTION ............................................................................... 2 1.3 AN ECOLOGICAL APPROACH TO PARASITOLOGY ................................................................................... 5 1.4 -
Development of Early Tissue Cysts and Associated Pathology of Besnoitia Besnoiti in a Naturally Infected Bull (Bos Taurus) from South Africa Author(S): J
Development of Early Tissue Cysts and Associated Pathology of Besnoitia besnoiti in a Naturally Infected Bull (Bos taurus) from South Africa Author(s): J. P. Dubey , E. van Wilpe , D. J. C. Blignaut , G. Schares , and J. H. Williams Source: Journal of Parasitology, 99(3):459-466. 2013. Published By: American Society of Parasitologists DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1645/12-128.1 URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/full/10.1645/12-128.1 BioOne (www.bioone.org) is a nonprofit, online aggregation of core research in the biological, ecological, and environmental sciences. BioOne provides a sustainable online platform for over 170 journals and books published by nonprofit societies, associations, museums, institutions, and presses. Your use of this PDF, the BioOne Web site, and all posted and associated content indicates your acceptance of BioOne’s Terms of Use, available at www.bioone.org/page/terms_of_use. Usage of BioOne content is strictly limited to personal, educational, and non-commercial use. Commercial inquiries or rights and permissions requests should be directed to the individual publisher as copyright holder. BioOne sees sustainable scholarly publishing as an inherently collaborative enterprise connecting authors, nonprofit publishers, academic institutions, research libraries, and research funders in the common goal of maximizing access to critical research. J. Parasitol., 99(3), 2013, pp. 459–466 Ó American Society of Parasitologists 2013 DEVELOPMENT OF EARLY TISSUE CYSTS AND ASSOCIATED PATHOLOGY OF BESNOITIA BESNOITI IN A NATURALLY INFECTED BULL (BOS TAURUS) FROM SOUTH AFRICA J. P. Dubey, E. van Wilpe*, D. J. C. Blignaut†, G. Schares‡, and J. H. Williams§ United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Building 1001, BARC-East, Beltsville, Maryland 20705-2350. -
WO 2016/033635 Al 10 March 2016 (10.03.2016) P O P C T
(12) INTERNATIONAL APPLICATION PUBLISHED UNDER THE PATENT COOPERATION TREATY (PCT) (19) World Intellectual Property Organization I International Bureau (10) International Publication Number (43) International Publication Date WO 2016/033635 Al 10 March 2016 (10.03.2016) P O P C T (51) International Patent Classification: AN, Martine; Epichem Pty Ltd, Murdoch University Cam Λ 61Κ 31/155 (2006.01) C07D 249/14 (2006.01) pus, 70 South Street, Murdoch, Western Australia 6150 A61K 31/4045 (2006.01) C07D 407/12 (2006.01) (AU). ABRAHAM, Rebecca; School of Animal and A61K 31/4192 (2006.01) C07D 403/12 (2006.01) Veterinary Science, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, A61K 31/341 (2006.01) C07D 409/12 (2006.01) South Australia 5005 (AU). A61K 31/381 (2006.01) C07D 401/12 (2006.01) (74) Agent: WRAYS; Groud Floor, 56 Ord Street, West Perth, A61K 31/498 (2006.01) C07D 241/20 (2006.01) Western Australia 6005 (AU). A61K 31/44 (2006.01) C07C 211/27 (2006.01) A61K 31/137 (2006.01) C07C 275/68 (2006.01) (81) Designated States (unless otherwise indicated, for every C07C 279/02 (2006.01) C07C 251/24 (2006.01) kind of national protection available): AE, AG, AL, AM, C07C 241/04 (2006.01) A61P 33/02 (2006.01) AO, AT, AU, AZ, BA, BB, BG, BH, BN, BR, BW, BY, C07C 281/08 (2006.01) A61P 33/04 (2006.01) BZ, CA, CH, CL, CN, CO, CR, CU, CZ, DE, DK, DM, C07C 337/08 (2006.01) A61P 33/06 (2006.01) DO, DZ, EC, EE, EG, ES, FI, GB, GD, GE, GH, GM, GT, C07C 281/18 (2006.01) HN, HR, HU, ID, IL, IN, IR, IS, JP, KE, KG, KN, KP, KR, KZ, LA, LC, LK, LR, LS, LU, LY, MA, MD, ME, MG, (21) International Application Number: MK, MN, MW, MX, MY, MZ, NA, NG, NI, NO, NZ, OM, PCT/AU20 15/000527 PA, PE, PG, PH, PL, PT, QA, RO, RS, RU, RW, SA, SC, (22) International Filing Date: SD, SE, SG, SK, SL, SM, ST, SV, SY, TH, TJ, TM, TN, 28 August 2015 (28.08.2015) TR, TT, TZ, UA, UG, US, UZ, VC, VN, ZA, ZM, ZW. -
Parasitology JWST138-Fm JWST138-Gunn February 21, 2012 16:59 Printer Name: Yet to Come P1: OTA/XYZ P2: ABC
JWST138-fm JWST138-Gunn February 21, 2012 16:59 Printer Name: Yet to Come P1: OTA/XYZ P2: ABC Parasitology JWST138-fm JWST138-Gunn February 21, 2012 16:59 Printer Name: Yet to Come P1: OTA/XYZ P2: ABC Parasitology An Integrated Approach Alan Gunn Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK Sarah J. Pitt University of Brighton, UK Brighton and Sussex University Hospitals NHS Trust, Brighton, UK A John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., Publication JWST138-fm JWST138-Gunn February 21, 2012 16:59 Printer Name: Yet to Come P1: OTA/XYZ P2: ABC This edition first published 2012 © 2012 by by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd Wiley-Blackwell is an imprint of John Wiley & Sons, formed by the merger of Wiley’s global Scientific, Technical and Medical business with Blackwell Publishing. Registered Office John Wiley & Sons Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, UK Editorial Offices 9600 Garsington Road, Oxford, OX4 2DQ, UK The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, UK 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030-5774, USA For details of our global editorial offices, for customer services and for information about how to apply for permission to reuse the copyright material in this book please see our website at www.wiley.com/wiley-blackwell. The right of the author to be identified as the author of this work has been asserted in accordance with the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, except as permitted by the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, without the prior permission of the publisher. -
Nephromyces, a Beneficial Apicomplexan Symbiont in Marine
Nephromyces, a beneficial apicomplexan symbiont in marine animals Mary Beth Saffoa,b,1, Adam M. McCoya,2, Christopher Riekenb, and Claudio H. Slamovitsc aDepartment of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138-2902; bMarine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA 02543-1015; and cCanadian Institute for Advanced Research, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada B3H 1X5 Edited* by Sharon R. Long, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, and approved August 3, 2010 (received for review February 23, 2010) With malaria parasites (Plasmodium spp.), Toxoplasma, and many associations can also sometimes be locally high in particular host other species of medical and veterinary importance its iconic repre- populations or environmental conditions, overall prevalence of a sentatives, the protistan phylum Apicomplexa has long been de- parasite within a given host species nevertheless varies over space fined as a group composed entirely of parasites and pathogens. and time. We present here a report of a beneficial apicomplexan: the mutual- Mirroring the consistent infection of adult molgulids with Neph- istic marine endosymbiont Nephromyces. For more than a century, romyces, the obligately symbiotic Nephromyces has itself been found the peculiar structural and developmental features of Nephromy- only in molgulids, with all but a few stages of its morphologically ces, and its unusual habitat, have thwarted characterization of the eclectic life history (Fig. 1) limited to the renal sac lumen (6, 11). The phylogenetic affinities of this eukaryotic microbe. Using short-sub- apparently universal, mutually exclusive association of these two unit ribosomal DNA (SSU rDNA) sequences as key evidence, with clades in nature thus suggests that the biology and evolutionary his- sequence identity confirmed by fluorescence in situ hybridization tories of Nephromyces and molgulid tunicates are closely, and (FISH), we show that Nephromyces, originally classified as a chytrid mutualistically, intertwined. -
Besnoitia Besnoiti Lytic Cycle in Vitro and Differences in Invasion and Intracellular Proliferation Among Isolates Caroline F
Frey et al. Parasites & Vectors (2016) 9:115 DOI 10.1186/s13071-016-1405-9 RESEARCH Open Access Besnoitia besnoiti lytic cycle in vitro and differences in invasion and intracellular proliferation among isolates Caroline F. Frey1,2*, Javier Regidor-Cerrillo1, Nelson Marreros3, Paula García-Lunar1, Daniel Gutiérrez-Expósito1, Gereon Schares4, Jitender P. Dubey5, Arcangelo Gentile6, Philippe Jacquiet7, Varda Shkap8, Helder Cortes9, Luis M. Ortega-Mora1 and Gema Álvarez-García1* Abstract Background: Bovine besnoitiosis, caused by the protozoan Besnoitia besnoiti, reduces productivity and fertility of affected herds. Besnoitiosis continues to expand in Europe and no effective control tools are currently available. Experimental models are urgently needed. Herein, we describe for the first time the kinetics of standardised in vitro models for the B. besnoiti lytic cycle. This will aid to study the pathogenesis of the disease, in the screening for vaccine targets and drugs potentially useful for the treatment of besnoitiosis. Methods: We compared invasion and proliferation of one B. tarandi (from Finland) and seven B. besnoiti isolates (Bb-Spain1, Bb-Spain2, Bb-Israel, Bb-Evora03, Bb-Ger1, Bb-France, Bb-Italy2) in MARC-145 cell culture. Host cell invasion was studied at 4, 6, 8 and 24 h post infection (hpi), and proliferation characteristics were compared at 24, 48, 72, 96, 120, and 144 hpi. Results: In Besnoitia spp., the key parameters that determine the sequential adhesion-invasion, proliferation and egress steps are clearly distinct from those in the related apicomplexans Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum. Besnoitia spp. host cell invasion is a rather slow process, since only 50 % of parasites were found intracellular after 3–6h of exposure to host cells, and invasion still took place after 24 h. -
ESTUDO DAS CARACTERÍSTICAS EPIDEMIOLÓGICAS DA BESNOITIOSE (Besnoitia Besnoiti) NUMA EXPLORAÇÃO DE BOVINOS DE CARNE
UNIVERSIDADE DE LISBOA Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária ESTUDO DAS CARACTERÍSTICAS EPIDEMIOLÓGICAS DA BESNOITIOSE (Besnoitia besnoiti) NUMA EXPLORAÇÃO DE BOVINOS DE CARNE JOANA MARIA SANTOS DOMINGUES CONSTITUIÇÃO DO JÚRI: ORIENTADOR: Doutor Fernando Jorge Silvano Boinas Doutor George Thomas Stilwell Doutor George Thomas Stilwell CO-ORIENTADORA: Doutor José Alexandre da Costa Perdigão e Cameira Doutora Helga Marlene Cardoso Waap Leitão 2018 LISBOA UNIVERSIDADE DE LISBOA Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária ESTUDO DAS CARACTERÍSTICAS EPIDEMIOLÓGICAS DA BESNOITIOSE (Besnoitia besnoiti) NUMA EXPLORAÇÃO DE BOVINOS DE CARNE JOANA MARIA SANTOS DOMINGUES DISSERTAÇÃO DE MESTRADO INTEGRADO EM MEDICINA VETERINÁRIA CONSTITUIÇÃO DO JÚRI: ORIENTADOR: Doutor Fernando Jorge Silvano Boinas Doutor George Thomas Stilwell Doutor George Thomas Stilwell CO-ORIENTADORA: Doutor José Alexandre da Costa Perdigão e Cameira Doutora Helga Marlene Cardoso Waap Leitão 2018 LISBOA DECLARAÇÃO Nome _________________________________________________________________________ Endereço eletrónico ________________________________________Telefone ________/______ Número do Bilhete de Identidade__________________________ Título: Dissertação Tese ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ Orientador(es) ______________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________Ano de conclusão____________ Designação -
C O N F E R E N C E 11 5 December 2018
Joint Pathology Center Veterinary Pathology Services WEDNESDAY SLIDE CONFERENCE 2018-2019 C o n f e r e n c e 11 5 December 2018 Conference Moderator: Charles W. Bradley, VMD, DACVP Assistant Professor, Pathobiology University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine 4005 MJR-VHUP 3900 Delancey Street Philadelphia, PA, 19104 CASE I: P15/141 JPC 4066260) macrophages, eosinophils and neutrophils (exocytosis), and rare, multifocal, discrete, Signalment: 2.5-year-old, Aubrac bull, Bos shrunken, hypereosinophilic keratinocytes taurus with pyknotic nuclei (apoptosis). The superficial dermis and a variable part of the History: The bull presented to Veterinary adjacent deep dermis are markedly and Teaching Hospital with history of chronic diffusely expanded by a moderate, skin lesions of unknown reason. coalescing, perivascular, and nodular to diffuse infiltration of macrophages, plasma Gross Pathology: Multifocal areas of cells, lymphocytes, eosinophilic alopecia granulocytes and to a locally variable extent also neutrophilic granulocytes, as well as a Laboratory results: PCR positive for B. low to moderate, coalescing amount of besnoiti, ELISA positive for B. besnoiti bundles of fibroblasts and fibrocytes within a collagenous stroma (fibrosis). There is a Microscopic Description: marked coalescing to diffuse loss of Haired skin. The epidermis displays low to moderate, diffuse, orthokeratotic hyperkeratosis, moderate, diffuse, epidermal hyperplasia characterized by acanthosis and irregular rete ridge formation, rare, multifocal, individual, -
Epidemiologia E Diagnóstico Da Besnoitiose Bovina Em Portugal
UNIVERSIDADE DE LISBOA Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária EPIDEMIOLOGIA E DIAGNÓSTICO DA BESNOITIOSE BOVINA EM PORTUGAL HELGA MARLENE CARDOSO WAAP PRESIDENTE: Reitor da Universidade de Lisboa CONSTITUIÇÃO DO JÚRI ORIENTADORA Doutor Luís Miguel Martins Lucas Cardoso Doutora Yolanda Maria Vaz Doutor Virgílio da Silva Almeida Doutora Yolanda Maria Vaz COORIENTADOR Doutor José Manuel Alves Correia da Costa Doutor José Alexandre da Costa Perdigão e Doutor José Augusto Farraia e Silva Meireles Cameira Leitão Doutor José Alexandre da Costa Perdigão e Cameira Leitão COORIENTADOR Doutor Hélder Carola Espiguinha Cortes 2015 LISBOA UNIVERSIDADE DE LISBOA Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária EPIDEMIOLOGIA E DIAGNÓSTICO DA BESNOITIOSE BOVINA EM PORTUGAL HELGA MARLENE CARDOSO WAAP TESE DE DOUTORAMENTO EM CIÊNCIAS VETERINÁRIAS ESPECIALIDADE DE SANIDADE ANIMAL PRESIDENTE: Reitor da Universidade de Lisboa CONSTITUIÇÃO DO JÚRI ORIENTADORA Doutor Luís Miguel Martins Lucas Cardoso Doutora Yolanda Maria Vaz Doutor Virgílio da Silva Almeida Doutora Yolanda Maria Vaz COORIENTADOR Doutor José Manuel Alves Correia da Costa Doutor José Alexandre da Costa Perdigão e Doutor José Augusto Farraia e Silva Meireles Cameira Leitão Doutor José Alexandre da Costa Perdigão e Cameira Leitão COORIENTADOR Doutor Hélder Carola Espiguinha Cortes 2015 LISBOA 2 Ao Mário, ao Luís e ao Pedro iii iv Agradecimentos Agradeço à minha orientadora, Prof.ª Yolanda Vaz por ter aceitado orientar-me, por confiar em mim e por me ter introduzido e guiado subtilmente no mundo da epidemiologia, ao meu co-orientador Doutor Alexandre Leitão os ensinamentos e sábios conselhos ao longo de tantos anos e, muito em especial, a disponibilidade durante a execução deste trabalho, ao meu co-orientador Prof. -
Parasitology JWST138-Fm JWST138-Gunn February 21, 2012 16:59 Printer Name: Yet to Come P1: OTA/XYZ P2: ABC
JWST138-fm JWST138-Gunn February 21, 2012 16:59 Printer Name: Yet to Come P1: OTA/XYZ P2: ABC Parasitology JWST138-fm JWST138-Gunn February 21, 2012 16:59 Printer Name: Yet to Come P1: OTA/XYZ P2: ABC Parasitology An Integrated Approach Alan Gunn Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK Sarah J. Pitt University of Brighton, UK Brighton and Sussex University Hospitals NHS Trust, Brighton, UK A John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., Publication JWST138-fm JWST138-Gunn February 21, 2012 16:59 Printer Name: Yet to Come P1: OTA/XYZ P2: ABC This edition first published 2012 © 2012 by by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd Wiley-Blackwell is an imprint of John Wiley & Sons, formed by the merger of Wiley’s global Scientific, Technical and Medical business with Blackwell Publishing. Registered Office John Wiley & Sons Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, UK Editorial Offices 9600 Garsington Road, Oxford, OX4 2DQ, UK The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, UK 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030-5774, USA For details of our global editorial offices, for customer services and for information about how to apply for permission to reuse the copyright material in this book please see our website at www.wiley.com/wiley-blackwell. The right of the author to be identified as the author of this work has been asserted in accordance with the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, except as permitted by the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, without the prior permission of the publisher.