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Evaluating the Attıtudes of Cultural Groups in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Hacettepe University Graduate School Of Social Sciences Department of Political Science and Public Administration Program of Political Science EVALUATING THE ATTITUDES OF CULTURAL GROUPS IN KHYBER PAKHTUNKHWA (PAKISTAN) TOWARDS CULTURAL DIFFERENCES FROM LIBERAL PERSPECTIVE Jamal SHAH Ph. D. Thesis Ankara, 2015 EVALUATING THE ATTITUDES OF CULTURAL GROUPS IN KHYBER PAKHTUNKHWA (PAKISTAN) TOWARDS CULTURAL DIFFERENCES FROM LIBERAL PERSPECTIVE Jamal SHAH Hacettepe University Graduate School Of Social Sciences Department of Political Science and Public Administration Program of Political Science Ph. D. Thesis Ankara, 2015 BİLDİRİM Hazırladığım tezin/raporun tamamen kendi çalışmam olduğunu ve her alıntıya kaynak gösterdiğimi taahhüt eder, tezimin/raporumun kağıt ve elektronik kopyalarının Hacettepe Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü arşivlerinde aşağıda belirttiğim koşullarda saklanmasına izin verdiğimi onaylarım: � Tezimin/Raporumun tamamı her yerden erişime açılabilir. � Tezim/Raporum sadece Hacettepe Üniversitesi yerleşkelerinden erişime açılabilir. � Tezimin/Raporumun …… yıl süreyle erişime açılmasını istemiyorum. Bu sürenin sonunda uzatma için başvuruda bulunmadığım takdirde, tezimin/raporumun tamamı her yerden erişime açılabilir. Temmuz 10, 2015 Jamal SHAH DECLARATION I promise that my thesis is completely my own work and that I have provided a source for every quotation and citation. I give permission for paper and digital copies of my thesis to be kept in Hacttepe University‟s Graduate School of Social Sciences‟ archives under the conditions indicated below: My thesis can be accessed in full from any location. My thesis can only be accessed from Hacettepe University premises. I do not want my thesis to be accessed until ..... year(s) later. After this amount of time if I have not applied to an extension of time, my thesis can be accessed in full from any location. July 10, 2015 Jamal SHAH iv Dedicated to Those who Believe in Principles, Uphold Justice and Respect the Rights and Liberties of Others v ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I feel highly privileged to take the opportunity in recording my gratitude to my worth supervisor, Dr. Bican Şahin, Associate Professor of Political Science, Department of Political Science and Public Administration, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey who was/is a source of courage and inspiration for me in this project. His critical insight, scholastic enthusiasm, friendly behaviors, consistent advise, valuable suggestions, personal interest and supervision, and generosity of both time and ideas generated in me the vigor for excellence in the pursuit of this study without which this work would have never been materialized. His strict observance of principles, rules and regulation, straightforwardness and respect for the rights and liberties of others are the values which have slowly crept into my personality. The jury members have also indebted me with their valuable and critical inputs. I am highly thankful to Professor Dr. Berrin Koyuncu-Lorasdağı, Head of Politics and Social Sciences, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey for her critical evaluation of each and every portion of my thesis. Her guidance and critical insight are valuable source for my intellectual and academic development. Dr. Nafiz Tok, Associate Professor, Department of Public Administration, Niğde University, Niğde, Turkey was a source of direction for me. His positive criticism and friendly behaviors will never be forgotten and will be a source of insight and inspiration for me. Special thanks are extended to Professor Dr. Aylin Özman Erkman, Faculty of Economics, Administrative and Social Sciences, TED University, Ankara, Turkey not only because she has critically examined my thesis but also because her teachings in the Department of Political Science, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey were good intellectual inputs from me. My understanding of many ideas and terms owes much to her. I am also thankful to Professor Dr. Tanel Demirel, Department of Political Science and International Relations, Çankaya University, Ankara for examining my thesis. His critical input and valuable suggestions not only improved the shape of this dissertation but also enhance my academic understanding. vi Special thanks are also extended to all those respondents who took part in this study by sparing their precious time to fill the questionnaires. It was due to their honest and wholehearted co-operation which enabled this study to see the light of the day. Again, all those interviewees whose names and professions have been given in Appendix 4 are also remembered for thanks. They were really more generous in their times, hospitalities and ideas. Some of the members of the targeted groups were so co-operative and dedicated that I am compelled to mention their names here. Mr. Ihsanullah of Seraiki group, living in DI Khan, was more generous in not only providing me accommodation and food but also his car for distributing and collecting the questionnaires. Mr. Saeed Akhtar Siyal of Seraiki group, living in DI Khan, is remembered for his generosity of ideas and time. Dr. Imran Khan Jadoon, Assistant Professor of Economics, Department of Management Sciences, COMSAT University, Abbottabad and Engineer Nisar Khan, an ex-student of COMSAT University, Abbottabad are remembered for their co-operation. Mr. Ashfaq Ahmad, a Chitrali and a tourist guide; Obaid, a Chitrali and a police traffic Clark; Muhammad Nabi, a Gujar living in Sheringal, Dir; Ashir Yousaf Masih, a Christian; A. Ashok Chouhan, a Hindu; and Sant Sing, a Sikh will never be forgotten for their wholehearted co-operation and help. One of the difficult areas for data collection was Chitral. I am thankful to Mr. Noor Jamal, the then Deputy Superintendent of Police (DSP) posted in Upper Dir, for providing me with conveyance facilities for conducting field work in Chitral. Data feeding to computer and analysis was quite a new task for me. I am highly thankful to Dr. Dost Muhammad, Assistant Professor of Statistics, Islamia College University, Peshawar, Pakistan for extending me great help in data feeding and analysis. His generosity of time and meal will never be forgotten. Again, proof reading of the dissertation is a daunting job. I am thankful to Mr. Pir Sardar Shah, Assistant Professor of English, Government College, Takht Bhai, Mardan, KP and Mr. Fazal Malik, Lecturer in English, Department of English, Hazara University, Mansehra for sparing their precious time to proof read this dissertation. Similarly, Mr. Abdul Jabbar, Assistant Professor of Urdu, Government College, Takht Bhai, Mardan translated the English questionnaire into Urdu and Mr. Fazlullah, Assistant at Fazal Haq College, Mardan composed the Urdu questionnaire. I am thankful to them for their generous work and help. vii Special thanks are also extended to my friends in Turkey especially Prof. Dr. Khalid Mahmood Khawar, Department of Field Crop, Ankara University; Dr. Haroon Muzaffar Butter, Assistant Professor, Business School, Yıldırım Beyazıt University, Ankara and Mr. Nasir Riaz, Ph. D. Research Scholar, Department of Political Science, Hacettepe University, Ankara for extending me moral and academic support in completing this project. Similarly, my friends in Pakistan especially Engineer Alam Zeb, Deputy Project Director NESCOM, Islamabad; Dr, Muhammad Husain, Associate Professor of General Surgery, Bacha Khan Medical College, Mardan, KP; Mr. Abdul Jalil, Associate Professor of History, Government Post Graduate College Mardan; and Mr. Miraj Muhammad, Lecturer in Political Science, Government College, Takht Bhai, Mardan, KP provided me with moral and academic boost for which I am thankful to them. I am also indebted to the Ministry of Education, Government of Pakistan and Government of Turkey for providing me scholarship for the completion of this study. Similarly, the Department of Political Science and Public administration, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey provided me with a congenial environment. The professors in the Department contributed to my academic development. The efforts on the part of the teaching staff of the Department especially of Prof. Dr. Ali Çağlar, Prof. Dr. Doğan Nadi Leblebici, Associate Professor Dr. Hilal Onur İnce, Associate Professor Dr. Mete Kaan Kaynar and Associate Professor Dr. M. Murat Erdoğan in my academic development are admirable and will be remembered for ever. Last, but not the least, my family members were/are a source of encouragement and support for me. My mother always counted my days in Turkey and waited for my return. Her special prays were/are a source of direction which helped me a lot. My father always anxiously waited for my call. My brothers and sister missed me and prayed for my success. My wife encouraged me whenever I lost my courag, and my kids, Umair Jamal and Mazhar Jamal, distracted me from my work and considered laptop in front of me as their enemy. I am thankful to all of them for their share in my success. Jamal Shah viii ÖZET Shah, Jamal. Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (Pakistan)‟daki Kültürel Grupların Kültürel Farlılıklara Yönelik Tutumlarını Liberal Perspektiften Değerlendirmek, Doktora Tezi, Ankara, 2015. Sosyal teoriler çoğulluktan kaynaklanan sorunlara makul ve genel bir çözüm getirmeyi hedefler. Ancak herkesin üstünde hemfikir olduğu bir teori henüz ortaya konmamıştır. Eğer teoriler alanda eksik olan ampirik araştırmalarla desteklenirse çoğullukla ilgili bir çok soru cevaplandırılabilir. Bu tez bu doğrultuda bir çabadır. Çalışma, Pakistan‟ın Khyber Pakhtunkhwa eyaletindeki
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