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The Role of Faith in the Charity and Development Sector in Karachi and Sindh, Pakistan

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The Role of Faith in the Charity and Development Sector in Karachi and Sindh, Pakistan Religions and Development Research Programme The Role of Faith in the Charity and Development Sector in Karachi and Sindh, Pakistan Nida Kirmani Research Fellow, Religions and Development Research Programme, International Development Department, University of Birmingham Sarah Zaidi Independent researcher Working Paper 50- 2010 Religions and Development Research Programme The Religions and Development Research Programme Consortium is an international research partnership that is exploring the relationships between several major world religions, development in low-income countries and poverty reduction. The programme is comprised of a series of comparative research projects that are addressing the following questions: z How do religious values and beliefs drive the actions and interactions of individuals and faith-based organisations? z How do religious values and beliefs and religious organisations influence the relationships between states and societies? z In what ways do faith communities interact with development actors and what are the outcomes with respect to the achievement of development goals? The research aims to provide knowledge and tools to enable dialogue between development partners and contribute to the achievement of development goals. We believe that our role as researchers is not to make judgements about the truth or desirability of particular values or beliefs, nor is it to urge a greater or lesser role for religion in achieving development objectives. Instead, our aim is to produce systematic and reliable knowledge and better understanding of the social world. The research focuses on four countries (India, Pakistan, Nigeria and Tanzania), enabling the research team to study most of the major world religions: Christianity, Islam, Hinduism, Sikhism, Buddhism and African traditional belief systems. The research projects will compare two or more of the focus countries, regions within the countries, different religious traditions and selected development activities and policies. The consortium consists of six research partner organisations, each of which is working with other researchers in the four focus countries: z University of Birmingham, UK: International Development Department, Department of Theology and Religion, Centre for West African Studies, Centre for the Study of Global Ethics. z University of Bath, UK: Centre for Development Studies. z Indian Institute of Dalit Studies, New Delhi. z Nigerian Institute of Social and Economic Research, Ibadan. z University of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. z Lahore University of Management Sciences, Pakistan. In addition to the research partners, links have been forged with non-academic and non-government bodies, including Islamic Relief. http://www.rad.bham.ac.uk Contact: [email protected] Religions and Development Working Paper 50 The Role of Faith in the Charity and Development Sector in Karachi and Sindh, Pakistan Nida Kirmani Research Fellow, Religions and Development Research Programme, International Development Department, University of Birmingham Sarah Zaidi Independent researcher ISBN: 0 7044 2790 7 978 0 7044 2790 7 © International Development Department, University of Birmingham This document is an output from a project funded by UK Aid from the UK Department for International Development (DFID) for the benefit of developing countries. The views expressed are not necessarily those of DFID. Working Paper 50 The Role of Faith in the Charity and Development Sector in Karachi and Sindh, Pakistan Contents Glossary and acronyms 1 Summary 2 1 Introduction 3 2 Background 5 2.1 Religion and politics in Pakistan 5 2.2 A historical profile of Karachi 10 2.3 The non-profit sector in Pakistan 14 2.4 Faith and charity 16 2.5 Approaching the study of ‘Faith-based Organizations’ 20 3 Objectives and research design 23 3.1 Study objectives 23 3.2 Research design and methodology 23 3.3 Methodological challenges 28 4 Case studies of organizations 31 4.1 The Al Khidmat network of organizations 31 4.2 Alamgir Welfare Trust 39 4.3 Saylani Welfare Trust 41 4.4 Behbud Association 43 4.5 Abdul Sattar Edhi Foundation 46 4.6 Caritas 50 5 Analysis of the case studies 54 5.1 Comparing the case study organizations 54 5.2 A profile of professional development organizations 59 6 Conclusion 66 Working Paper 50 Appendix 1 70 List of Interviewees Notes 75 References 79 Acknowledgements The authors would like to acknowledge the invaluable contribution of Muhammad Zaheer Khan who served as a research assistant on the project. The Role of Faith in the Charity and Development Sector in Karachi and Sindh, Pakistan 1 Glossary and acronyms AKF Al Khidmat Foundation AKWS Al Khidmat Welfare Society AKK Al Khidmat Khwaateen, the women’s arm of AKF AJK Azad Jammu and Kashmir biradari extended family, kinship group or clan FATA Federally Administered Tribal Areas FBO Faith-based Organization IRC Indus Resource Centre istikhara religiously-based problem-solving guidance JeI Jamaat-e-Islami jihad struggle katchi abadis Informal settlements Muhajirs Urdu-speaking migrants from India to Pakistan at the time of Partition in 1947 NWFP North-Western Frontier Province (now Khyber Pakhtunkhwa) OPP Orangi Pilot Project sadqa voluntary alms-giving SAFWCO Sindh Agricultural and Forestry Workers Coordinating Organization TRDP Thardeep Rural Development Programme ulama religious clerics zakat charitable giving that is obligatory for Muslims with disposable wealth (nisaab), calculated at the rate of approximately 2.5 per cent of all disposable wealth at the end of every year 2 Working Paper 50 Summary ‘Faith-based organizations’ (FBOs) are gaining increasing attention in development circles amongst practitioners, funders and policy-makers, as well as academics. There has been some discussion of the meaning of the term ‘FBO’ in academic circles, but little empirical research has been conducted on how the term is defined in different contexts. In addition, especially in developing countries, there is little research on what kinds of FBOs actually exist, and how they approach and either contribute to or hinder processes of development. Furthermore, little is known about how, if at all, these organizations differ from ‘secular’ non-governmental organizations (NGOs). This report explores how ‘faith-based organizations’ are understood and operate in the Pakistani context, with a focus on Karachi and Sindh. In Pakistan and in South Asia in general, religion has historically been deeply involved in attempts to alleviate poverty, most often taking the form of philanthropic activities. Hinduism, Christianity, Buddhism, Islam, Zoroastrianism and Sikhism all have strong traditions of serving the poor and underprivileged. Pakistan, although a majority-Muslim country, has benefitted from the philanthropic contributions of all the major faith communities. The emergence of NGOs, however, is a more recent phenomenon, beginning in the period following Partition in 1947, when voluntary organizations emerged to address the refugee crisis. However, it was not until the 1980s, against the backdrop of the Afghan War and the accompanying influx of foreign aid, that this sector grew exponentially. These developments have shaped the context of contemporary civil society, particularly the voluntary/ philanthropic sector, and must frame any discussion of ‘FBOs’ in the Pakistani context. The research focuses on Karachi, within the wider context of Sindh province and Pakistan as a whole. The study is qualitative in nature and is intended to shed light on the role of religion in organizations engaged in development-related activities. It focuses on six case studies (the Al Khidmat network, the Alamgir Welfare Trust, the Saylani Welfare Trust, the Edhi Foundation, the Behbud Association and Caritas) and looks at the varying role of religion in these organizations. They are then placed within the wider context of the development sector in the region and are compared with professional development organizations, for which religion has no apparent role. The findings are based on semi- structured interviews with staff, volunteers and beneficiaries in Karachi and Sindh. The key findings of the analysis are: With the exception of Caritas, the Christian organization studied, most of the organizations identified as ‘faith-based’ are locally-based and funded through local, individual donations. The Role of Faith in the Charity and Development Sector in Karachi and Sindh, Pakistan 3 Faith is intertwined in the work of local charities to different degrees; these can be distinguished from professional development organizations, which have no apparent relationship with religion. Local charities focus on meeting immediate, individual needs rather addressing than long-term development objectives. There is little or no cooperation or dialogue between charities and professional development organizations. The study concludes that: ‘FBO’ is a problematic category in the Pakistani context, as religion operates in complex and varied ways within organizations. Religion is implicit in the values and functioning of Pakistani organizations that are charitable in nature, with the exception of minority religious organizations, whose religious identity is explicit. Organizations that frame themselves as being part of the ‘development sector’ are generally non- religious or secular in nature. The role of religion within an organization is tied to its funding structure; its location within local, national and international networks; and the political and ideological
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