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SOME NEW QUERNSTONES from BROCHS and DUNS 145 in the National Museum (No Som quernstonew ene s from broch dund san s by Eua MacKinW e INTRODUCTION The origin of the rotary quern in Scotland is still not clearly understood although it is generally agreed tha t firsi t t appeare dIroe herth n n e i Age firse Th t. theor t forwarypu s dwa that the oldest querns - the beehive form with a horizontal handle projecting from the side - were introduced to S England from the Continent in pre-Roman times (Curwen 1937). From these flatter, bun-shaped querns were derived which were probably taken northwards by the Roman arm ScotlanS ys a after fa d r s wherAa D3 4 e they occur, still wit laterae hth l handlen o , Roman sites of the second century AD. Many rotary querns have been found in brochs and duns Atlantin i c Scotlan withoud an d t exceptio handlee e uprighnth th n f thesi o s t e positioear n (these flatter forms are conveniently known as disc querns). Curwen believed that they were a development fro Romae mth datee b n o dquernt accordinglyScotland S f ha so d an d . Since 1937 severae primarth f o l y beehive querns have been foun nativn o d e siteS n i s Scotland, showing that the rotary quern diffused into the north in pre-Roman times (MacKie 1971, 52 ff). Recently I suggested a new, dual view of quern origins, based partly on the discovery in 1964 of a disc quern on Tiree in the context datable to the first century BC. This was that the upright-handled, disc querns had been brought directly to Atlantic Scotland from S England together wit hnumbea othef ro r late item materiath eB f Iroe so nAg l culture f thaso t area (MacKie 1971). Disc querns whic clearle har y databl time th e o et crucia thio lt s problem- the first centuries BC and AD - are rare but I have discovered several during the past decade which unexcavaten a relevante n ar o findine e on Th . f dgo broc h sit Skyn ei 197n ei 1 prompted these further reflections on the problem of querns. OSDALN DU E BROCH, SKYE (NO 242464) During a visit to Dun Osdale, in the parish of Duirinish, in September 1971 in order to pla I notice t ni piecda rubbl e rotarf eth o f o ey whicp querto n hno interiorfille th s seconA . d joining fragment was found close by. Some deductions about the age and context of the quern can be made which make it of more than passing interest. Description pieceo tw e s togetheTh r form abou uppee t th hal f ro f ston rotara f eo y quer Tertiarf no y basalt wit centrae h th hal f o fl hole preserve handlo N d. eb) (fi , holg1 epiecee existth n so s maximus foundit originae d an Th . mm c l thicknes 9 diamete4 stone o fros t th 8 f s mewa i s4 o r proportioe th : 7-4cm f diameteno thickneso t r s thui s s 6-5e centraTh 5 . :1 l hol s asymi e - metrical, about 11 cm in diameter at the top and 4-1 cm at the base, and has the usual funnel K 138 | PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, 1971-2 shape. The upper surface of the quern is smoothly convex, or bun-shaped, and the grinding surface is very slightly concave. The broken surfaces show three different degrees of exposure to the air. Several small fractured surfaces aroun e edg dare dth ar e k gre coloun yi contrasd an r te wit th e res f hth o t surfaces which are light grey. These dark-coloured breakages look as if they have occurred relatively recently removae Th . petrologicar fo l l sectionin smala f go l piece alon gpre-existina g crack produce same dth e dark grey surfaces, confirming this supposition joinine Th . g surfaces majoo tw re th quer f o n fragment muce ar s h lighte colourn i r querne , similath rese f th o t, o t r muce ar t h freshebu appearancn i r e tha surface nth e which once connecte vanishew d no wit e hdth stonee halth f o f. Context Dun Osdale is an unexcavated, round, drystone fortlet - full of its own rubble - which stands on a steep, rocky knoll forming the end of a ridge. The structure is almost certainly a broch sidee th ;f wha so probabls i t uppen ya r intra-mural gallery were see 192n ni 1 (RCAMS 1928, 156-7) thougtraceablew no t h thesno . e Partear scarcemena f o s ledge th f eo t type ear still visibl alss filleda ea s oi , corbelled mural cellfragmente Th .quer e th f no s were found close together on top of the rubble which fills the interior and must therefore have reached this position after the broch had almost reached its present degree of dilapidation. A search failed to reveal any more pieces of it. Two explanations can be put forward for the presence of this half quernstone inside the broch. It could have been brought to the site after the wall was ruined down to its present level and in this case no useful deduction could be made about its age. However, this explanation seems improbable shouly Wh . d anyone brin gbrokea n broce quer th leavd o hnan t t there ei ? Certainly not to grind grain and the only other reason might be deliberately to 'salt' the site - surely a far-fetched hypothesis for a site in this remote part of Skye. The only other way the quern could have arrived at the position in which it was found is by having been dropped into the wall core with other rubble whe broce nbeins th h wa the y gb buil nd fallinan t t agaigou n inte oth interior with other stone lata t e sa gradua e stagth n ei l collaps f thieo s wall difference Th . n i e freshnese th brokee th f o sn surfaces supports this view. Onl ybrokea n quernstone would have been buildin s usea y thin di swa g materiaoldese th d t breaan l k- whic h spli stone th t e approxi- halvematelo tw sn - ywouli thin di s view have bee originae nth whice on l h rendere quere dth n useless t woulI . d have occurred some time befor broce s builth e hwa t judgine morth ey gb weathered appearance of this fractured surface. The more recent break - dividing the half stone preseno tw int s otit piece s- mos t probably occurred whe ston e throws nth ewa n down inte oth wall core. The two pieces were found close together and the joining surfaces are fresh-looking even though they have lost their dark grey colour. Finally the stones could have received a further minor battering when they fell out of the disintegrating wall and tumbled into the interior on top of the rest of the rubble, and this would have produced the dark grey fractures. Because fragment e slightl e rubbleth e vien th i th f wf d o y o an ,schange p werto n eo d appearance th f eo structure since it was examined fifty years ago (RCAMS 1928, 156-7), the fragments might have fallen out of the wall quite recently. The fact that the Royal Commission's investigators did not see them also supports this view. DUN MOR VAUL BROCH, TIREE (NM 042493) Drawings of the two earliest stratified querns found at the broch of Dun Mor Vaul, Tiree (MacKie 1965) includee ar , d her r comparisoefo Osdaln n Du wit . e ec) hth quer d an n d (fi, 1 g MACKIE: SOME NEW QUERNSTONES FROM BROCKS AND DUNS I 139 FI G1 Quern s (1:10) 140 | PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, 1971-2 levew lo founs firsle a insid wa Th t n di broce eth appeared han d slightl antedato yt cone eth - struction of the tower. A date in the middle of the first century BC seems reasonable if it is accept- able that the broch itself was built in the latter half of that century. It is the complete upper stone of a flat quern with an upright handle socket and made of Lewisian gneiss. The grinding surface is slightly concave but the upper surface is quite flat; the hopper is a simple, funnel- shaped hole. The diameter through the handle hole is 51 cm and 48-5 cm at right angles to this. edge Par th broke s ef i o t nstone evidentls awath t ewa ybu t quityno e circular originally. The second quern, of presumably imported Moine schist, was found in the primary floor murae th f o l gallery, wherbeed ha n t ei incorporate floon di r packing whe broce nbeinth s hwa g constructe almosn a s i t tI complet. d c) (fi , 1 g e uppe diametern i r stonem c 7 3 ,, wit hflaa t upper surfac slightld ean y rounded edges undee Th . r surfac slightls ei y concave t lackI . handlsa e hole s therefori d an e unfinishe unusedd dan lattee datth A . n firse ri th par t f centuro t seemC yB s reasonable for this stone, assuming the same age for the broch. This quern is similar in shape to that from Dun Osdale.
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