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Nieke, Margaret R. (1984) Settlement Patterns in the Atlantic Province of Scotland in the Lst Millennium AD

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Nieke, Margaret R. (1984) Settlement Patterns in the Atlantic Province of Scotland in the Lst Millennium AD Nieke, Margaret R. (1984) Settlement patterns in the Atlantic province of Scotland in the lst millennium A.D. : a study of Argyll. PhD thesis. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/2466/ Copyright and moral rights for this thesis are retained by the author A copy can be downloaded for personal non-commercial research or study, without prior permission or charge This thesis cannot be reproduced or quoted extensively from without first obtaining permission in writing from the Author The content must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any format or medium without the formal permission of the Author When referring to this work, full bibliographic details including the author, title, awarding institution and date of the thesis must be given Glasgow Theses Service http://theses.gla.ac.uk/ [email protected] SETTLEMENT PATTERNS IN THE ATLANTIC PROVINCE OF SCOTLAND IN THE 1ST MILLENNIUM AC D:: A STUDY OF ARGYLL VOLUME 2 Margaret R. Nieke 3` Thesis submitted in accordance`, with-the` requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Faculty of Arts University of Glasgow. July 1984 BEST COPY AVAILABLE Variable print quality w a.' 04 ca ti H r-1 0 U 02 . r{ + 4ý o OU.00 a J ao r'+ 4-30 0 _ý :d -ýr-, i VOLUME TWO Page No. CONTENTS " Table of Contents Figures ii Plates v Introduction to Volume Two 1 Kintyre Case Study 7 Mull Case Study 49 Tiree Case Study 88 Islay Case Study 114 Mid Argyll Case Study 160 Bibliography 200 ii VOLUME TWO FIGURES Page No. 1. The location of the Case Study Areas. 4 2. The territorial extent of the Kingdom of 2 Dalriada. 3. The Kintyre peninsula. 8 4. The Kintyre. 10 geology of .. 5. The location of land with arable potential 14 in Kintyre. 6. The location of the defended settlements of 18 Kintyre. 7. Settlement past and present in the valley of 22 Glen Barr Water, Kintyre. 8. it n 23 Glen Lussa, Kintyre. - 9. The location of the Early Historic Fortification 25 of Tairpert Boittir. 10. The location of the Early Historic Fortification 28 of Aberte. 11. The site of Srön Uamha and Dun Skeig, Kintyre. 30 12. The location of the Kil- place names of Kintyre. 36 13. Additional sites with dedications to possible 37 Early Christian Saints in Kintyre. 14. The location of possible Early Christian stones 38 and structures i n Kintyre. 15. Present and past settlements and land-use in 47 Glen Hervie, Kintyre. 16. The location of deserted settlements noted by 50 Gailey. 17. The island of Mull. 53 18. The location of land with arable potential on 55 Mull. 19. The location of the defended settlements of 61 Mull. I 20. Cnoc na Sroine Dun and its associated enclosure. 65 iii Page No. 21. Bronze brooch from Mull. 66 22. Bronze brooches from Mull. 68 23. Din na Muirgheidh Fort, Mull. 77 24. The location of the Kil- place names of Mull. 78 25. Additional sites with possible dedications 79 to Early Christian Saints on Mull. 26. Place names containing Scandinavian 80 elements on Mull. 27. Other place names containing Scandinavian 82 elements on Mull. 28. The location of deserted settlements on Mull. 84 29. The location of land with arable, potential 89 on Tiree. 30. The location of the defended settlements of 92 Tiree. 31. Additional Duns noted by Beveridge. 94 32. The sites of 'inland' dwellings noted by 100 Beveridge. 33. The location of possible Early Christian 102 structures and stones on Tiree. 33a. The location of Kil- place names on Tiree. 105 34. Additional sites with possible dedications 106 to early Christian Saints on Tiree. 35" Place names containing Scandinavian elements 109 on Tiree. 36. The Island of Islay. 115 37. The geology of Islay. 116 38. The location of land with arable potential 119 on Islay. 39. The location of the defended settlements on 123 Islay. 41. Sketch Dun Nosbridge Islay. 129 of ' iv Page No. 42. The possible location of the 'townships' 134 or 'districts' noted in the Senchus Per nAlban. 4+3. The location or hut circles and excavated 139 settlement sites on Islay. 4 4. The location of possible Early Christian 140 monastic sites on Islay. 45. The location of the Kil-place names of Islay. 142 46. Early Christian stones on Islay. 143 151 1+7. Place names containing Scandinavian elements on Islay. 152 48. Additional place names containing Scandinavian elements on Islay. 4+9. Mid Argyll. 161 164 50. The location of land with arable potential in Mid Argyll. 51. The location of the defended settlements of 166 Mid Argyll. 52. Dun Mhulig, Mid Argyll. 172 53" Druim an Duin, Mid Argyll. 176 54. Ardifuar, Mid Argyll. 178 55. The location of the Kil- place names of Argyll. 108 56. Additional sites with possible dedications 189 to early Christian Saints in Argyll. 579 The location of possible Early Christian 190 stones in Mid Argyll. V PLATES Plate 1 - Dun Ollaigh Oban Argyll. Frontisplate Plate 2 - The Gigha balance and weights. 42 Plate 3 - Crannog Caisteal Eöghainn a'Chinn 57 Bhig Loch Sguabain Mull. Plate 4- Dion nan Gall Broch Mull. 62 Plate 5- Din na Muirgheidh fort Mull. 69 Plate 6- The modern Abbey of Iona. 71 Plate 7- Dun Chonnallaich Mid Argyll. 170 Plate 8- Dun Toiseich Mid Argyll. 174 Plate 9- Dun Toiseich Mid Argyll - 175 illustrating external terrace Plate 10 - Dunadd Mid Argyll. 184 Plate 11 - Crannog in Loch Ederline Mid Argyll 181 Plate 12 - Kiells High Cross Mid Argyll. 192 Plate 13 - Keills chapel Mid Argyll. 193 Plate 14 - The Barnakil stone now in 195 Poltalloch Estate Churchyard. Mid Argyll. Plate 15 - Dun Chroisprig Islay. 125 Plate 16 - Gleann Gaoithe stone Islay. 144 Plate 17 - Kildalton High Crosse Islay. 146 Plate 18 - Kildalton High Cross, Islay. 147- -1- Introduction to Volume Two Volume One of the present volume has examined the history of Argyll during the ist Millennium A. D. ' and also the archaeological evidence for settlement and activity during this period. Major themes of discussion included analyses of the manner in which the Early Historic Kingdom of Dalriada was established within the area, how the Dalriadie Kings may have maintained control over the area) ' the establish- ment of Christianity and its implications, and finally the Norse impact on the area. Analysis of the archaeological evidence considered the range of sites in occupation and use in the period placing particular emphasis on the problems inherent in our present understanding of the nature of these sites. It is clear that the territory held by the Kings of Dalriada was extensive., covering areas of both mainland and (Fig. islands i). Analysis of the available evidence indicates that the settlement history was not the same over the whole of the area, and instead must be related to local environmental factors, and local social and political circumstances. Similarly while a generalized view of the history of Argyll in the first Millennium A. D. can be drawn together in the manner presented in Volume 1, discussion of smaller areas within the Kingdom reveal local histories at variance with this overall view. The impact of the various major political events described in Volume 1 varied from area to area' being dependent on a variety of local circumstances. -2- CENELLOAIRN CENL N"OENGUSA pö CENELNGAORAIN 60 b PICTS V_e SKYE PLECROSS Z ýP5 % " 0 eEIGG O" 0 0 COLD E TIfIEEýj}ý'ý PICTS x ,1 D Q,,,ýý, y ".6- 4 ýrnYl lY COLONSAY ýI o_ KNVV TAR13 vBUTAEBRITONS \ ttf N Y, UMBRAE ,I INGA I' ITEXA 0 ARRAN I6 o onL Rý I Fig. 2 The territorial extent of the Kingdom of Dalriada. ( from Bannerman 1974 -3- To illustrate these problems more clearly Volume 2 presents five case studies of areas within Argyll. The areas chosen for this analysis were Kintyre, Mull Tiree7 Islay and Mid-Argyll Of these Kintyre and Mid- Argyll both in mainland Argyll lie at the heart of the Early Historic Kingdom and were controlled by-the two major lineages of Dalriada, the Cenel nGabrain and the Cenel Loairn. These areas are likely to have formed the major territorial holdings of the Kings, and hence it is likely that their authority was strongest in such areas. Mull and Tiree lie nearer the northern extent of Dalriadic Territory. Both may have been controlled by the Cenel Loairn but it is questionable whether their authority over these areas was as strong as that on the mainland. The control of these areas on the northern periphery of the Kingdom may have been particularly important in view of the Pictish territories which extended northwards from here. Indeed Dalriadic control over these areas may have been disputed by Pictish Kings. Desire to maintain control over Mull and Tiree may have led to the early Kings granting lands there to the Early Church upon which the latter established monasteries. In so doing these areas may have been controlled for the Christian Kings of Dalriada) and incursions of heathen Picts prevented. The most important of these monasteries was Iona which was important not only within DalriadaJ* but Northern Britain as a whole. The establishment of a community on Iona may have had a major impact on nearby Mull' and it is possible. that the monastic community held -4- Td 441 ----- ý, 2'52{ýt< ýýy. ' ., ý'1 ý.ý.r",. 1 TTßEE ý+ýýý`ý ý`, ýNNLL . -. ý {'ý,ý v, .,. ý; ýtiýFiýýýýao 40 , 'ý, 00 000 ýý foý 40 l N a 05 10 15 20 25Miles 10 20 30 40Km.
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