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The Postnormal Times Reader   the Postnormal Times Reader THE POSTNORMAL TIMES READER THE POSTNORMAL TIMES READER EDITED BY ZIAUDDIN SARDAR New Copyright PageUSA_Layout 1 25/04/2019 10:01 Page 1 First published in United Kingdom by Centre for Postnormal Policy & Futures Studies. is edition published by International Institute of Islamic ought, in cooperation with Centre for Postnormal Policy & Futures Studies. www.iiit.org www.cppfs.org www.postnormaltim.es © Copyright International Institute of Islamic ought, and Centre for Postnormal Policy & Futures Studies. All rights reserved. Articles from Futures reproduced with the kind permission of Elsevier. No part of this book may be used or reproduced in any manner whatsoever without written permission from the publisher except in the case of brief quotations embedded in critical articles or reviews. A CIP catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. ISBN ---- eISBN ---- Designed and typeset by Effusion, UK Printed in USA CONTENTS INTRODUCTION What Just Happened? 1 Ziauddin Sardar ORIGINS AND THEORY Science for the Post-Normal Age 23 S.O. Funtowicz and J.R. Ravetz Welcome to postnormal times 47 Ziauddin Sardar METHODS AND QUESTIONS The Three Tomorrow of 109 Postnormal Times Revisited 71 Postnormal Times Ziauddin Sardar Ziauddin Sardar and John Sweeney Infectious Connectivity: 137 Illustrating the Three Tomorrows John Sweeney Ignorance, Uncertainty 159 and ‘What-If?’ Jerome R. Ravetz Here be Dragons: Exploring 168 the ‘Unknown Unknowns’ Shrin Elahi CONTENTS LIVES AND WORKS The Game of Religious Thrones 281 Scott Jordan Islamic Futures in 299 Postnormal Times Ziauddin Sardar SPACE AND TIME Postnormal Artefacts 187 Science and Scientists 337 Ziauddin Sardar in Postnormal Age Jerry Ravetz Global Weirding 203 John Sweeney Creativity and Leadership 355 in Postnormal Times East-West in Postnormal 211 Alfonso Mantouri and Times Gabrielle Donnelly Ziauddin Sardar European Union’s 221 Contradictions Jordi Serra Postnormal America at 229 the Movies Scott Jordan Postnormal Governance 242 Jordi Serra Postnormal Japan 252 Scott Jordan The Middle East in 261 Postnormal Times Ziauddin Sardar Contributors 378 Acknowledgements 381 OVERVIEW WHAT JUST HAPPENED? | SARDAR WHAT JUST HAPPENED? Introduction by Ziauddin Sardar Are you paying attention at the back? Lee Gates has something important to tell you. In case you don’t know, he is the television personality of the film ‘Money Monster’ (2016), who provides frenetic financial advice to overexcited audiences. This is what he has to say: ‘You don’t have a clue where your money is. See once upon a time you could walk into your bank, and open your vault and point to a gold brick. Not anymore. Your money, that thing you bust your ass for, it’s nothing more than a few photons of energy traveling through a massive network of fibre optic cables. Why do we do it? We did it to make it go faster because your money better be fast. Faster than the other guys. But if you want faster markets with faster trade, faster profits, faster everything, sometimes you are going to blow a tyre’. A sane and timely observation; except, it is not an odd tyre, here and there, that’s had a puncture—the car and the road itself are in complete disrepair. Blowouts are everywhere and seem to be occurring simultaneously with frightening regularity. In 2016, we witnessed a string of unprecedented events. Ongoing conflicts in Syria, Libya, and Iraq leading to a refugee crisis of unparalleled proportions. Mass shootings in France, Germany, and the us – by terrorists and lone wolves. An attempted coup in Turkey. Both Turkey and France in a state of emergency for months. Left-wing populism that produced Jeremy Corbyn as the leader of the Labour Party in Britain, and Bernie Sanders as the leader of ‘political revulsion’ in the us. Right-wing populism in France, Austria, Holland, Poland, Hungary that could bring the far right to power in Europe. Zika virus. The rejection of a landmark peace deal in Colombia. Escalating tensions between China and Japan in the South China Sea. President Rodrigo Duterte, who said killing the poor who get quick money from selling drugs is necessary in destroying the ‘apparatus’ in his ambitious drug war in the Philippines. The spectre and implementation of negative interest. Brexit. Cracks in the European Union. And, of course, Donald Trump – the 45th President of the United States who was elected with support from the Alt-Right (or, is it: Alt-Reich, as some suggest). It is not just money that is moving faster. Everything is speeding up. As Robert Colvile notes in The Great Acceleration [1] new trends, ideas and crises emerge in the blink of an eye, accelerating developments in media, industry, OVERVIEW WHAT JUST HAPPENED? | SARDAR WHAT JUST HAPPENED? Introduction by Ziauddin Sardar Are you paying attention at the back? Lee Gates has something important to tell you. In case you don’t know, he is the television personality of the film ‘Money Monster’ (2016), who provides frenetic financial advice to overexcited audiences. This is what he has to say: ‘You don’t have a clue where your money is. See once upon a time you could walk into your bank, and open your vault and point to a gold brick. Not anymore. Your money, that thing you bust your ass for, it’s nothing more than a few photons of energy traveling through a massive network of fibre optic cables. Why do we do it? We did it to make it go faster because your money better be fast. Faster than the other guys. But if you want faster markets with faster trade, faster profits, faster everything, sometimes you are going to blow a tyre’. A sane and timely observation; except, it is not an odd tyre, here and there, that’s had a puncture—the car and the road itself are in complete disrepair. Blowouts are everywhere and seem to be occurring simultaneously with frightening regularity. In 2016, we witnessed a string of unprecedented events. Ongoing conflicts in Syria, Libya, and Iraq leading to a refugee crisis of unparalleled proportions. Mass shootings in France, Germany, and the us – by terrorists and lone wolves. An attempted coup in Turkey. Both Turkey and France in a state of emergency for months. Left-wing populism that produced Jeremy Corbyn as the leader of the Labour Party in Britain, and Bernie Sanders as the leader of ‘political revulsion’ in the us. Right-wing populism in France, Austria, Holland, Poland, Hungary that could bring the far right to power in Europe. Zika virus. The rejection of a landmark peace deal in Colombia. Escalating tensions between China and Japan in the South China Sea. President Rodrigo Duterte, who said killing the poor who get quick money from selling drugs is necessary in destroying the ‘apparatus’ in his ambitious drug war in the Philippines. The spectre and implementation of negative interest. Brexit. Cracks in the European Union. And, of course, Donald Trump – the 45th President of the United States who was elected with support from the Alt-Right (or, is it: Alt-Reich, as some suggest). It is not just money that is moving faster. Everything is speeding up. As Robert Colvile notes in The Great Acceleration [1] new trends, ideas and crises emerge in the blink of an eye, accelerating developments in media, industry, 2 WHAT JUST HAPPENED? | SARDAR politics and society. Established and cherished ideals can be overturned overnight. Unconventional and uncommon notions and events can proliferate and become dominant. The Oxford English Dictionary’s international word of the year for 2016 is ‘post-truth’, which ‘relates to circumstances in which facts are less influential in shaping public opinion than appeals to emotions and personal beliefs’ [2]. Seeking not to be outdone by its rivals, Merriam-Webster chose ‘surreal’ as its word of the year since “it was looked up significantly more frequently by users in 2016 than it was in previous years, and because there were multiple occasions on which this word was the one clearly driving people to their dictionary” [3]. IN WHAT LOOKS LIKE AN INSTANT, WE NOW LIVE IN A POST- TRUTH SOCIETY, CULTURE AND WORLD WHERE FABRICATIONS ARE MORE IMPORTANT THAN OBJECTIVE FACTS, RATIONAL ARGUMENTS, OR SOLID EVIDENCE. Conventionally, we regarded science largely as a domain of objective knowledge – but now scientific evidence can be dismissed as irrelevant. The entire history where we saw truth as a prime value has been overturned. As truth is associated with freedom – ‘You shall know the truth and the truth shall set you free’, said Jesus (John 8:32) – we have now located freedom in falsehood and must confront the breakdown of governance that comes along with this axiom. As Hannah Arendt warned, “the ideal subject of totalitarian rule is not the convinced Nazi or the dedicated communist, but people for whom the distinction between fact and fiction, true and false, no longer exists” [4]. Allegedly, Europe had consigned fascism to the dustbin of history. Civilised people don’t do fascism, yet far right movements are thriving across Europe. Something is not quite right with the world. Just what is going on? A number of academics, thinkers, writers and commentators have been trying to figure this out for well over a decade. For example, the British left- wing sociologist, the late Zygmunt Bauman, has been charting the strange developments of our times in a series of books – usually with ‘liquid’ in the title. We are living in an era of Liquid Times [5], a product of Liquid Modernity [6], which has produced a permanent State of Crisis [7], he suggests. In Babel [8], which is a conversation between Bauman and the Italian journalist Ezio Mauro, the two thinkers suggest that the crisis is all pervasive and ‘cuts into ‘everything’.
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