Âa|Ìb½Z¿ Z]¯]©Â¬u^Àm The Ladies in White Cuba’s Human Rights Movement
Vision and Motivation ÃÌ´¿YÁÀÌ] Over a span of three days in March of 2003, the Cuban government arrested 75 , Z» { Á Ä Ö Z]¯ d·Á{ members of the political opposition, many {¯ dY{Z] Y ÖZÌ ¦·Zz» lÀa Á {Zf¨Å of whom were prominent journalists, ½ÓZ § ,½YZ´¿Ä»Z¿Á ,{Y§Y ¾ËY Y ÕZÌ] human rights activists and librarians. Many ÕZÌ] |¿{Â] Äfm] ½YY|]Zf¯ Á ] ©Â¬u RIWKRVHZKRZHUHDUUHVWHGKDGEHHQ¿OLQJ Z]¯ { Ö³|¿ {» { ½Z³|dY{Z] Y critical reports with international news ÕZÅÄ¿Z Ä] Á Ã{¯ ÄÌÆe Õ{Z¬f¿Y ÕZÅY³ outlets on life in Cuba. The Cuban regime YZ]¯ºË |¿{¯Ö»µZYÖ¸¸¼·Y¾Ì]Õ^y had become anxious over the increasing amount of international attention these ½ZYÅZÅY³¾ËYÄ]Ö¸¸¼·Y¾Ì]Ã|ÀËY§ÄmÂe reports were receiving. Fearing that they ½{Y{ d{ Y e ÄYÁ Ä] d·Á{ {Â] Ã| might lose their grip on the population, {Y§Y ¾ËY [¯ Ä] ºÌ¼e ,¹{» ] µfÀ¯ the government decided to crack down in ZÆ] ÕZÅdY{Z]Ä]Y| ][¯¾ËY d§³ what became known as the Black Spring Öz]dÌÁ»ÕY]ÁfZ¯ |¥Á » ÃZÌ 1 arrests. In order to legitimize the arrests, Ö·Z»®¼¯d§ZË{Ä]Y½Z¨·Zz»,ZÅdY{Z]Ä] the Castro regime accused dissidents of ZÁY ½{¯ cZ^iÖ] ÕY] Ã|vf» cÓZËY Y UHFHLYLQJ¿QDQFLDOFRPSHQVDWLRQIURPWKH United States for attempting to politically {¯ºÆf»Â¯ÖZÌ destabilize the state. 2 ¹Â°v» ÃÁ ®Ë cZ¼¯Zv» { ½Z¨·Zz» Dissidents were convicted in one-day µZZeY^u¹Z°uYZÆ¿MÄ]ÁÃ| trials and given jail sentences ranging ¶¼vf» ,½Y|¿ ÃÁ{ { {Y§Y ¾ËY | Ã{Y{ ]©Â¬uÁÖY¯Â»{ ZÅÄ]ne www.tavaana.org from six to 28 years. Throughout their Ã{·M[M½{Y{,|¿|ÕZÌ]Ö¼mÕZÅYM imprisonment, they have suffered physical dÌ»Áv»Á¹¯Z]Ã|¸z»ÕY~£Á§|»Ä] abuse, been given water contaminated with fecal matter and food with worms, and Á YM ¾ËY ĸ¼m Y ,ÖfY|Æ] ÕZÅd^«Y» Y been prevented from receiving medical |Z]Ö»ZÅdË}Y care. 3 Âa|Ìb ½Z¿ Ä] į ½Z¿ Y ÖÅÁ³ A group of women who became known Z]Y{Âyd¨·Zz»|Àf§³ºÌ¼e,|¿|¥Á » as the Damas de Blanco, which translates hÌuYZ]¯{ÌyY½YÁ{{į[¯¾ËY to "Ladies in White," decided to voice Âa|Ìb½Z¿ |ÀÀ¯ÖÀ¸,ÄfY|¿Ä¬]Zc| their opposition to the crackdown, which ½ZËÂyÁ½YÅYÂy,½Y{Z»YÖÅÁ³½YÂÀÄ] has been considered the harshest in Cuba in recent years. The Ladies in White began |ÀfY{|Ì»YÁ|¿{¯Z£MY{ÂyZ¯,½ZÌ¿Y|¿ as a group of mothers, sisters, and other |ÀÀ¯{YM½Y|¿YY{Ây½YË relatives of the prisoners who hoped to secure the release of their loved ones. |Z¬»Á¥Y|ÅY Goals and Objectives Âa|Ìb½Z¿ÕZYYÖ°Ë,YÂÌ·¹ZËÌ» According to Miriam Leiva, a member -dY Ä¿ZfÁ{½Z¿Y Z§ Z» ¥|Å |˳ֻ of the Ladies in White, "Our objective is Z»½ZÌ¿Y|¿Õ{YM purely humanitarian, to free the prisoners Ä] À¯YÁ ¾Ì·ÁY { Âa|Ìb ½Z¿ 4 of March 2003." ÕZYÕ{YMZfYÂy,ÃZÌZÆ]ÕZÅdY{Z] As an initial reaction to the Black |Ì»YZÆ¿M |¿|½Y|¿Y{Ây½YËÁÃ{Y¿Zy Spring arrests, the Ladies in White demanded that their family members and cYÅZeÖÅ|¿Z»ZZ]YÄfYÂy¾ËYį|ÀfY{ loved ones be released from jail. They Z£MZÅdY{Z]YaÄf¨ÅÁ{į̻Md¼·Z» hoped to achieve this by orchestrating Õ{YM,ÃÁ³ÄÌ·ÁY¥|Å |¿Zª¬v»,| peaceful demonstrations, which began two ½Z¿Ö¸¯dË»Z»Z»Y,|¿Z»Ö«Z]ÖZÌÖ¿Y|¿ weeks after the arrests. While the group's į Ì¿ Õ´Ë{ ½Z¿ d§ZË f³ Âa|Ìb primary goal remains the release of all Y«ÃZÌZÆ]ÕZÅdY{Z]ÌiZedveZ¼Ì¬f» 75 political dissidents, the Ladies' overall Z]¯d·Á{Ä¿Y´]¯ÕZÅ®Ìf¯ZeZ]Z»YÄf§´¿ mission has grown broader. They have been joined by other women who were |ÀfÂÌaÃÁ³¾ËYÄ]|¿{Â]¦·Zz» not directly affected by the Black Spring |˳ֻÂa|Ìb½Z¿YÖ°Ë,½ÓÂaYÓ arrests, but who oppose the repressive Á¹{¯Z£M¹¼ÅÕY]Y|f]Y{YºeYZ^»¾» political tactics of the Cuban government. 5 ÕÂÄ]cYÌ̤eÕY]½ÂÀ¯YÁÃÁ³ÕY]b ,VWDUWHG¿JKWLQJIRUP\KXVEDQGWKHQ {Ây { ÖËZÅd̸]Z« Z» fÆ] ÕYÄ »Zm ¾fY{ for the group, and now it's for changes ºË{Â]ÔYÖ]½MYÔ^«Ä¯ºÌf§ZË for the better of the country," says Laura www.tavaana.org Z]¯]©Â¬u^Àm-Âa|Ìb½Z¿ Pollán, one of the Ladies in White. "We Õ^Å found qualities in ourselves we did not know we had." 6 ÕZÅdY{Z]YaÄf¨ÅÁ{Âa|Ìb½Z¿ {ÂyÖËZ¼Å{³¾Ìfz¿,µZ{ÃZÌZÆ] Leadership Z¯ |¿{¯Z£MZ¿YÁZÅ{ZfËZf¿ZÕZ̸¯{Y The Ladies in White began gathering ½Z³|dY{Z]|¿ÁZËÂy½Z¿½YÂyY§Z]ÃÁ³ at St. Rita's Church in Havana two weeks after the Black Spring arrests in 2003. The group, started by Blanca Reyes and Laura Pollán, recruited women related to those who were arrested. 7 Within weeks, they were able to mobilize a total of 30 women, none of whom have stopped marching since. 8 In addition to Reyes and Pollán, the Ladies in White leadership circle includes Ö |Z£M½ÓÂaYÓÁ 5ÌËZ°¿Ô]Âe Miriam Leiva, the wife of Oscar Espinosa -|ÀÀ¯ lÌ] Y ½ |Àf¿YÂe ZÆ¿M Äf¨Å |Àq Chepe; Berta Soler, the wife of Angel Moya Acosta; Loida Valdes, the wife of d¯Z ®ËpÌÅ ½ÂÀ¯Ze ½Z» ½M Y į Ö¿Z¿ Alfredo Felipe Fuentes; and Julia Núñez, ]ÃÁÔÂa|Ìb½Z¿Õ^ÅĬ¸u |¿YÄfÀ¿ the wife of Adolfo Fernández Saínz. 9 ¼Å,YÂÌ·¹ZËÌ»]dY¶»Z½ÓÂaÁ 5ÌË ZË»¶n¿M¼Å,·ÂZe]-ÄbÌ qYÂÀÌbYZ°Y5 Civic Environment fÀW§Äb̸§Á{¨·M¼Å, |·YÁY|Ë·-Zf¯M5 )LGHO&DVWUR VUXOHKDVEHHQGH¿QHGE\ ÀÌ|¿Z¿§Â¨·Á{M¼Å, 5¿Â¿ZÌ·ÂyÁ the ongoing arrests and incarcerations of political dissidents since the Communist regime came to power in 1959. In Ö¿|»ÕZ§ February 1999, the government passed ½|Ì c|« Ä] Z£M Y ÁfZ¯ d»Â°u strict sedition laws; activities like ZÅdY{Z] Z] , µZ { Öf̿¼¯ ºË importing texts on democracy and material from international news agencies became Ã|¦Ë eÖZ̽ZÌYZ¿¹Y|»ÕZÅ^uÁ punishable by up to 20 years in prison. 10 In Z]ĸ]Z¬»ÕY],µZ{d»Â°u¾ËY dY addition to placing legal limits on Cubans' ÖËZÅdÌ·Z §-{¯ÁÖfzcY¬»,Zf£Y right to free speech and the dissemination YÖY¯Â»{Ä]Â]»ÕZžf»½{¯{YÁ½Âq of information, the regime tries to discredit cYZn»d¿YÂeÖ»Ö¸¸¼·Y¾Ì]Õ^yÕZŽZ»Z DQGZHDNHQRSSRVLWLRQ¿JXUHVE\ODEHOLQJ {ZnËY]ÃÁÔ |Z]ÄfY{½Y|¿µZdÌ]Ze them as agents of the United States. 11 With Õ{YMÄÀÌ»{ZÅÖËZ]¯ÕY]ֿ¿Z«dË{Á|v» the Black Spring arrests, Castro hoped to crush the independent press; however, ÕZÅÃÆq|À¯Ö»ÔeºË,cZÔY¿Á½ZÌ] cÓZËY¶»Y½YÂÀÄ]Ö¿\q]Z]Y¦·Zz» ]©Â¬uÁÖY¯Â»{ ZÅÄ]ne www.tavaana.org the crackdown actually led to an increase ÁfZ¯ {ZZ^fYÖ]Á|À¯¦Ì eÃ|vf» in independent journalism. Castro's cZÂ^»dY{|Ì»Y,ÃZÌZÆ]ÕZÅdY{Z]Z] repression served as a catalyst for dissident writers, as many Cubans without internet tLZ¬eYÄ][¯Z»Y-{Y{]½ZÌ»YY{YM access began hand-writing their stories Ä] ÁfZ¯ ¹Y|«Y |Ì»Zn¿Y ¶¬f» ÕZ´¿Ä»Z¿Á and typing them on computers at various ½Z³|ÀË¿ÕY]ÁÌ·ZeZ¯cÂÄ],[¯ embassies. 12 ½Á|] ZÅÖËZ]¯ Y ÕZÌ] {¯ ¶¼ ¦·Zz» While the Ladies in White have been {»ÕZÅYmZ»ÁZŽZfY{,d¿fÀËYÄ]Öf{ careful to work within the bounds of ÕZÅeÂÌb»Z¯ÕÁÁÄf¿d{Z]Y{Ây¿ Cuba's restrictive environment, they have |¿{¯Ö»`ËZe¦¸fz»ÕZÅÄ¿ZzeZ¨ nonetheless met heavy resistance from the Cuban government. The government has { {Ây dÌ·Z § { Âa|Ìb ½Z¿ Ä°¿M Z] accused them of working with the United Zfv»Z]¯Äf]ÖZÌÕZ§²Àe[ÂqZÆq States to subvert the socialist regime in ÄmY»d·Á{ÕÂY|Ë|d»ÁZ¬»Z]Z»Y,|¿YÃ{Â] Cuba and has attempted to arrest them. 13 Ã|vf»cÓZËYZ]ÕZ°¼ÅÄ]YZÆ¿Md·Á{ |¿YÃ| According to one Cuban government ÁºÆf»Z]¯{dÌ·Z̺Ëֿ´¿dÆm RI¿FLDO WKH /DGLHV LQ :KLWH DUH D Ö°ËÄf¨³Ä] |À¯dY{Z]YZÆ¿MÃ{¯Ôe "provocation…ordered by their Yankee 14 Âe Âa|Ìb ½Z¿ ,Z]¯ d·Á{ cZ»Z¬» Y masters". They have also been insulted and |¿YÃ|®Ëve {ÂyÖ°¿Z˽Z]Z]Y physically assaulted by government ½ZÌ»Zu Õ Y ¾ÌÀr¼Å Âa|Ìb ½Z¿ supporters they believed were following ,|¿YÖ¼»YÁYÕn»½Z¨·Zz»ÁZ]Ä]įd·Á{ RI¿FLDORUGHUV 15 |¿YÄf§³Y«Ö°Ȩ̈ĸ¼uÁ¾ÌÅÂe{» During their protests, the Ladies have |À¯Ö»µfÀ¯YZÅÄ¿Zc|Ä]Z]¯d·Á{ been harassed by government supporters Âa|Ìb½Z¿YÃ|ÄWYYËÂeªË¾ËYYÁ and forcibly removed by security forces. In Y¾e|Àq,¶ËÁM{ |À¯Ö»¦ËveY April 2008, a few members of the Ladies in White were staging a sit-in protest |¿{¯ Y³] ÖÀve ,Âa|Ìb ½Z¿ ÕZY when they were interrupted by around 100 {Á|uÖ˳YZ¿Á¾ÌÅÂe{»½M½ZËm{į government supporters who shouted insults ,̸a |Àf§³Y«d·Á{½YY{YÂÅY¾e at them and then helped the police force ĬÀ»½MYÁÃ{¯ Â]ÂeYYÂÁÄ]Y½Z¿ the women onto buses to remove them ËZ¼¿ ÕZm Ä] Öf·Á{ ½ÂË˸e {] ½ÁÌ] from the area. Similarly, the Ladies’ March ÕZÅz] ,½Z¿ ÕZ^mY ½{¯ ½ÁÌ] ËÁZe 2010 protests on the seventh anniversary Âa|Ìb½Z¿ÖÀ¨¸eļ·Z°»YÕYÃ|À˳ of the Black Spring arrests were disrupted 5 5 5 by security forces and hundreds of pro- Z°Ë»M½Z³|ÀËZ¼¿¸n»Â,¾ ÀÌf · YZÀ ¸ËYZ] government demonstrators. 16 Both the ¸n»Â½¾ËYÕ´f¨³ {¯zaY civilians and security agents physically Z§ÁdY|¿¾veZ]ÖZ^eYpÌŽZ³|ÀËZ¼¿ www.tavaana.org Z]¯]©Â¬u^Àm-Âa|Ìb½Z¿ assaulted the Ladies with punches, ¾ËYZ] {Â]Âa|Ìb½Z¿Z]ÕÁÖ´f^¼Å½ZÌ] scratches, pinches, and hair-yanking. 17 ÁÃ{¯^YÖÀ¨¸eļ·Z°»Z]¯d·Á{,µZu The women were dragged onto buses as the crowd shouted insults and physically {Â]Ã{¯za½ÂË˸e^yz]{Y½M attacked them. ,Âa|Ìb½Z¿Ä°ÀËY]ÖÀ^»Y{ÂyÕZ{YZe Because the Cuban government tightly ´Ë{ÖÂa{ [Ô¬¿Y| ÖZÌÃÁ³®Ë controls the media, it is able to manipulate ,|¿ÂÖ» µfÀ¯ Ã|vf» cÓZËY Âe Á |ÀfÅ the Ladies’ image. For instance, in 2008, ļŠd¨³Ö»½Z³|ÀÀ¯ÅZeYÖ°Ë |À¯cZ^iY Rrather than showing images of the Ladies d»Â°uÁdYÃz»ËZ¼¿®Ë½ZfY{¾ËY being forcibly removed from their sit-in, d»Â°u |À¯Ö» ÕZ°f{ Y cZÔY {Y{ the television news played excerpts of a phone conversation that the Ladies had Á½MÁ¾ËYÄ]Z»½|¿Z¯Ä]Â]»ËÁZe with US Congresswoman Ileana Ros- {Y|¿½Z¿YZ»Ä]½{|´· Lehtinen. 18 The Congresswoman had called not in connection with the sit-in \Zz»Á¹ZÌa protest but simply to express her solidarity with the Ladies in White. However, the ÕZY½{¯{YM¥|ÅZ]Âa|Ìb½Z¿ Cuban government had recorded the phone Ö´f¨Å cYÅZe Ä] ºÌ¼e ,Ã{Y¿Zy Ö¿Y|¿ call and played it on the news to reinforce Ö¿Z¿ |Àf§³Z¿YÁZÅÕZŽZ]ZÌy{Ì»Md¼·Z» their allegation that the Ladies are a ºY»{Ä^À°ËÅ|ÀfÅÂa|ÌbZaYį "counterrevolutionary" political group in { b Á Ã{¯ cZ«Ô» ZfË Zf¿Z ÕZ̸¯ disguise, controlled by the United States. |ÀÀ¯Ö» Ö Y Z¿YÁZÅ ºnÀa ½Z]ZÌy ,c° "It is all a big farce and the government is manipulating the information," said one ÖÀÅYÌaÁÄfY{d{{Ö¸³ZÆ¿MY¹Y|¯Å of the protestors. "The government did Ö¿Y|¿|¿ÁZËÂyËÂe½MÕÁ]į|ÂaÖ» not show the images of us being yanked ¬¿ÕÁ½Y|¿d̻°v»ÕZŵZ{Y| eZ]ÁY around, dragged and kicked." 19 |¿Y{ |Ì»Y ,cYÅZe ¾ËY Z] ZÆ¿M dY Äf] ÃZÌZÆ]ÕZÅdY{Z]½ZÌ¿Z]«Ä]d^¿ÖÅZ³M Message and Audience į|¿ÂÁM{ZËd»Â°uÄ]ÁÃ{Y{ËY§YY With the goal of securing the release of |¿YÃ{°¿Â»Y§Y{Ây½YË jailed family members, the Ladies in White decided to march peacefully through the ,Âa|Ìb ½Z¿ Ì»Md¼·Z» ÕZÅÁ streets of Havana on a weekly basis. Every ¾ËY ] Öy] |Z] ZÆ¿M d̬§Â» |̸¯ |ËZ Sunday, the Ladies in White dress in white Ä] Ô»Z¯ Y {Ây cYÅZe ZÆ¿M ³Y į |¿ÁZ] and meet for Mass at St. Rita’s Church, ZÆ¿M^Àm,|¿{¯Ö¼¿Y³]Ì»Md¼·Z»Âv¿ then silently walk down Fifth Avenue in YÂÌ· ¹ZËÌ» |Ö» {Â]Z¿ d»Â°u Âe ÃZ^°Ë 20 Havana. 7KH\ HDFK FDUU\ D ÀRZHU DQG ºÀ¯Ö»°§¾» |˳ֻ½Z³|ÀÀ¯ÅZeYÖ°Ë wear an image of their imprisoned relative ÖÅZ´ËZmZ]Â¯Ä »Zm{Z»Ä¯dY¶Ì·{¾Ì¼ÅÄ] ]©Â¬uÁÖY¯Â»{ ZÅÄ]ne www.tavaana.org labeled with the number of years of his prison sentence. 21 Through the marches, they hope to raise awareness of the victims of the Black Spring arrests and remind the government that they have not forgotten about their loved ones. 22 The peaceful methods of the Ladies in White may be the key to their success; some believe that had they not chosen to make their protest entirely peaceful, the movement would have been quashed at once by the government. "I think that is why we have a space in Cuban society and that's why the government has to admit us walking in the streets and demanding. It's WKH ¿UVW WLPH WKDW WKH &XEDQ JRYHUQPHQW has accepted the fact that someone has the right to go out and demand openly and speak out," says protester Miriam 23 Leiva. They also write letters to the ÁZŽZ]ZÌy{Z»½{¹|«|ËZ]d»Â°uÁºËY{ Cuban government demanding the release Z] ¾Ì·ÁY ÕY] ¾ËY {Ë~b] Y Z» cZ^·Z» ¹ÔY of the prisoners and appeal to foreign governments for support. 24 So far, 22 of the įÄf§Ë~aYdÌ «YÁ¾ËYZ]¯d»Â°uįdY people arrested during Black Spring have ֻ¼ÕZ§{ÁÃ|»M½ÁÌ]{Y{ªuÖ¯ been released, and the Ladies continue to d»Â°u Ä] ¾ÌÀr¼Å ZÆ¿M |Ë´] Y Àz campaign for the release of the remaining ½ZÌ¿Y|¿Õ{YMZfYÂyÁÄf¿ÖËZÅÄ»Z¿Z]¯ 53 prisoners. 25 dËZ¼udYÂy{ÖmZyÕZÅd·Á{YÁÃ| ½Z³|dY{Z]Y¾e,½Z»¾ËYZe |¿YÃ{¯ Outreach Activities ÃZ^»Ä]Âa|Ìb½Z¿Á|¿YÃ|{YM,ÃZÌZÆ] The Ladies in White did not set out to build coalitions or recruit larger numbers of |ÀÅ{ֻĻY{YÃ|¿Z»Ö«Z]Ö¿Y|¿Õ{YMÕY] protesters, but their example has inspired others to participate in the movement. f³Y§ÕZÅdÌ·Z § Women in provinces outside Havana have begun to dress in white, marching in [~mZË¥ÔfWY{ZnËYÕY]Âa|Ìb½Z¿ protest against the unjust imprisonment of |¿YÃ{°¿ Ö»Y|«Y ,{Ây ÃÁ³ Ä] fÌ] ½Zf » their own family members. 26 As many as {d¯Z»{½Y´Ë{z]¹ZÆ·YZÆ¿M¶¼Z»Y 100 women are reported to have joined in Y ½ÁÌ] ÕZŽZfY { ½Z¿ dY Ã{Â] ^Àm www.tavaana.org Z]¯]©Â¬u^Àm-Âa|Ìb½Z¿
27 the marches on special occasions. ÖËZ¼ÌbÅYÄ]ÁÃ{¯Z£MYÖÂa|Ìb,Z¿YÁZÅ The Ladies have also reached out to ÕZY Ä¿Ó{ZÌ£ ÕZÅ^u ]Y] { ÖYfY the international community for support. In addition to having conversations with ÖÅZ³,ZÅY³Ä]ZÀ] |¿Y{aÖ»{ÂyÃ{Y¿Zy supportive American politicians like |¿YÄfÂÌa½ZËZ¼ÌbÅYÄ]½ZeÖfu Congresswoman Ileana Ros-Lehtinen, Ö¸¸¼·Y¾Ì] Ä »Zm Z] ¾ÌÀr¼Å Âa|Ìb ½Z¿ the Ladies in White have met with Mike |¿YÃ{¯ Y«] Z¼e {Ây Y Ö¿Z^Ìfa dÆm Parmly, the head of the U.S. Interests ÖËZ°Ë»MY|¼fZ̽Z¿Z]´f¨³]ÃÁÔZÆ¿M 28 Section in Havana. Pollán believes ,|ÀÀ¯Ö»dËZ¼uZÆ¿MYį¾ 5ÀÌf 5· YZÀ 5¸ËY¶j» that some of the prisoners who were §ZÀ» Y dZ¨u f§{ ÌW ,Ö¸»Za ®ËZ» Z] released were freed due to international pressure. She says that their release "was ]½ÓÂa |¿YÃ{¯Y|Ë{Z¿YÁZÅ{Ã|vf»cÓZËY not a humanitarian gesture but rather a Ä]Ã|{YM½ZÌ¿Y|¿YÖy]įdYÁZ]¾ËY trade off in exchange for the goodwill of |˳ֻÁY |¿YÃ|ZÅÖ¸¸¼·Y¾Ì]ÕZÅZ§¶Ì·{ Europe and Spain in particular." 29 In 2005, d·Á{ ÖfÁ{½Z¿Y ËZ¼¿ Ä¿ ZÆ¿M ÖËZŠį the Ladies in White were awarded the ZaÁYÕZÅ®¼¯\¸mÕY]½Zf]Ã|]ֿݸ] Sakharov Prize for Freedom of Thought ZyÄ]Âa|Ìb½Z¿ dYÃ{Â]ZÌ¿ZbYÃËÂ] by the European Parliament in recognition ÕY]¥ZyZÃËZmµZ{½ZËZÅÔe of their struggle. 30 |¿{¯d§ZË{ZaÁY½Z¼·ZaYYÄË|¿YÕ{YM
Footnotes ZÅd¿Öa 1. Lauria, Carlos, Campbell, Monica, and Salazar, Maria. "Cuba's Long Black Spring." The Committee to Protect Journalists. 18 March 2008. 2. Ibid. 3. Ibid. 4. Frank, Marc. "Cuba Lashes out at 'Ladies in White'." Reuters UK. 25 April 2008. 5. Llana, Sara Miller. "Cuba Arrests Ladies in White." Christian Science Monitor. 22 April 2008. 6. Ibid. 7. O'Grady, Mary Anastasia. "Ladies in White." Wall Street Journal. 18 Dec. 2005. 8. Llana. 9. O'Grady. &RXQWU\5HSRUW &XED)UHHGRP+RXVH 11. Ibid. 12. Llana. 13. Frank; Llana. 14. Frank. /RFNKDUW0HOLVVD'LVVLGHQW7UHDWPHQW±7KH/DGLHVLQ:KLWH)RUHLJQ3ROLF\$VVRFLDWLRQ March 2009. ]©Â¬uÁÖY¯Â»{ ZÅÄ]ne www.tavaana.org
16. Ariosto, David. "Pro-government demonstrators swarm human rights march in Cuba." CNN. 18 March 2010. 17. Tamayo, Juan O. "Cuban protesters punched, dragged." Miami Herald. 18 March 2010. 18. Frank. 19. Ibid. 20. "Statement of purpose from Cuban dissidents Ladies in White." Havana Journal. 8 Aug. 2006. 21. Lockhart. 22. Ibid. 23. Gjelten, Tom. "Bolder Tactics Divide Cuba's 'Ladies in White'." National Public Radio. 16 May 2008. 24. Llana. 25. Ibid. 26. O'Grady. 27. Ibid. 28. Ibid. 29. Frank. 30. Voeux, Claire. "'Black Spring' Five Years After." Reporters Without Borders. March 2008. PDF
Learn More |Ì¿Y|]fÌ] News and Analysis ZÅÄ·Z¬»ÁZÅ^y "Cuban 'Lady in White' Tells of Police Repression." Amnesty International 23 March 2010. Frank, Marc. "Cuba Lashes out at 'Ladies in White'." Reuters UK. 25 April 2008. Gjelten, Tom. "Bolder Tactics Divide Cuba's 'Ladies in White'." National Public Radio. 16 May 2008. Lauria, Carlos, Campbell, Monica, and Salazar, Maria. "Cuba's Long Black Spring." The Committee to Protect Journalists. 18 March 2008. Llana, Sara Miller. "Cuba Arrests Ladies in White." Christian Science Monitor. 22 April 2008. /RFNKDUW0HOLVVD'LVVLGHQW7UHDWPHQW±7KH/DGLHVLQ:KLWH)RUHLJQ3ROLF\$VVRFLDWLRQ 0DUFK 2009. O'Grady, Mary Anastasia. "Ladies in White." Wall Street Journal. 18 Dec. 2005. Voeux, Claire. "'Black Spring' Five Years After." Reporters Without Borders. Mar. 2008. &RXQWU\5HSRUW &XED)UHHGRP+RXVH "Cuba's 'Ladies in White'." Human Rights First. "Ladies in White." Wikipedia. 12 Jan. 2010. "Home Page." Las Damas de Blanco. 2006. (Spanish) "Statement of purpose from Cuban dissidents Ladies in White." Havana Journal. 8 Aug. 2006.
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