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Alburnus Maior Băile Romane De La Alburnus Maior https://biblioteca-digitala.ro Ovidiu Ţentea Bath and Bathing at Alburnus Maior Băile Romane de la Alburnus Maior https://biblioteca-digitala.ro NATIONAL HISTORY MUSEUM OF ROMANIA THE CENTRE FOR ROMAN MILITARY STUDIES 10 Series editors: OVIDIU ŢENTEA FLORIAN MATEI-POPESCU https://biblioteca-digitala.ro Ovidiu Ţentea Bath and Bathing at Alburnus Maior Băile Romane de la Alburnus Maior with the contribution of cu contribuţia Corina Ionescu, Lucreţia Ghergari, Mihai Dima, Valentin Voișian MEGA PUBLISHING HOUSE 2015 https://biblioteca-digitala.ro This work was supported by grants of the Ministry of National Education, CNCS – UEFISCDI, PN-II-ID-PCE-2012-4-0210. Editors: Ovidiu Ţentea and Florian Matei-Popescu English translation: Gabriela Balica Cover design: Andrei Cîmpeanu DTP: Francisc Baja First published 2015 © The authors & CRMS, 2015 All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilized in any form or by any electronic, mechanical or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without the permission in writing from the publishers and editors. A CIP catalogue record for this book is available from the National Library of Roumania ISBN 978-606-543-429-5 Edited by Mega Publishing House Romania, Cluj-Napoca www.edituramega.ro e-mail: [email protected] https://biblioteca-digitala.ro CONTENTS Introduction 7 Ovidiu Ţentea 1 History of archaeological research on Carpeni Hill 9 Ovidiu Ţentea 2 Terminological notes on the Roman baths and their state of research in Roman Dacia 13 Ovidiu Ţentea 3 The roman baths at Alburnus Maior, Carpeni Hill 21 Ovidiu Ţentea, Valentin Voișian (with the contribution of Andrei Cîmpeanu and Viorica Rusu-Bolindeţ) 4 On the defence of aurariae Dacicae 43 Ovidiu Ţentea 5 Aspects of the cult of Silvanus at Alburnus Maior 53 Ovidiu Ţentea 6 Notes on the coin finds from Alburnus Maior 61 Mihai Dima, Ovidiu Ţentea 7 Interdisciplinary (mineralogical-geological-archaeological) study on the tegular material belonging to the legio XIII Gemina from Alburnus Maior and Apulum: Possible raw materials sources 69 Corina Ionescu, Lucreţia Ghergari, Ovidiu Ţentea List of illustrations 91 Bibliographical Abbreviations 183 Plates 185 https://biblioteca-digitala.ro CUPRINS Introducere 95 Ovidiu Ţentea 1 Istoricul cercetărilor arheologice de pe Dealul Carpeni 97 Ovidiu Ţentea 2 Consideraţii terminologice asupra băilor romane și a stadiului cercetărilor acestora în Dacia romană 101 Ovidiu Ţentea 3 Băile romane de la Alburnus Maior, Dealul Carpeni 109 Ovidiu Ţentea, Valentin Voișian (cu contribuţia lui Andrei Cîmpeanu și Viorica Rusu-Bolindeţ) 4 Despre apărarea aurariae Daciae 131 Ovidiu Ţentea 5 Aspecte ale cultului lui Silvanus la Alburnus Maior 141 Ovidiu Ţentea 6 Note privind descoperirile monetare de la Alburnus Maior 149 Mihai Dima, Ovidiu Ţentea 7 Studii arheologice, mineralogice şi geologice asupra materialului tegular al Legiunii XIII Gemina de la Alburnus Maior şi Apulum: posibile surse de materii prime 157 Corina Ionescu, Lucreţia Ghergari, Ovidiu Ţentea Lista ilustraţiilor 179 Abrevieri bibliografice 183 Planșe 185 https://biblioteca-digitala.ro INTRODUCTION he present volume represents a reassessment of several studies which all address the common T subject of Alburnus Maior. They have as central topic, the archaeological research of the Roman baths from Roșia Montană – Carpeni Hill conducted between 2001–2003 as part of the National Research Program “Albur- nus Maior”. The results of the first campaign were published in the volumeAlburnus Maior I. The report, which included the results of the archaeological research undertaken during the two fol- lowing annual campaigns, was published later due to our intention to include them in a synthesis volume. The archaeological research carried out atAlburnus Maior allowed us to deepen our knowl- edge on several research directions such as: the public baths in the Roman society, aspects of the cult of Silvanus at Alburnus Maior, the defence of the mining area from the Apuseni Mountains and, implicitly, of the western boarder of Dacia or economical and social aspects that result from monetary circulation. For the present volume we chose to publish the most relevant studies on the subjects mentioned above. A part of these studies have been published in either Romanian or English, being part of several publications with different degree of dif- fusion. Publishing the results into a common volume allowed us to update some of the data, expand some of the explanations and even to dismiss the obsolete and redundant interpreta- tions. Moreover, we chose to publish the volume bilingual for a better diffusion of the informa- tion among the readers. Firstly, I want to thank our collaborators whose contributions can be found in the present vol- ume: Corina Ionescu, Lucreţia Ghergari, Mihai Dima, Andrei Cîmpeanu and Viorica Rusu-Bolindeţ. In addition, I would like to thank arch. Anișoara Sion for the illustrations and for the very useful discussions we had, that helped me clarify several important ideas. For some of the ideas and pieces of information I thank professor Ioan Piso and engineer Aurel Sântimbreanu. I thank, on this occasion also, to my friends, Felix Marcu, Florian Matei-Popescu and Sorin Nemeti for their support. A special mention should be attributed to my colleagues from the National Museum of Roma- nian History. I thank Dr. Paul Damian, the coordinator of the national program, for his active implication in solving several issues related to the archaeological research and for the support provided in the find processing as well as for the time allowed for the current study to be docu- mented during this period. Alexandru Raţiu read most of these texts making important corrections and observations. I want to thank him, on this occasion also, for the above mentioned contribution and also for his constant support. I thank here as well to Alina Raţiu for a part of the translation and for the useful corrections on the English version. 7 https://biblioteca-digitala.ro I also want to thank my colleague Corina Borș for her suggestions, bibliographical information and for reading a part of these studies. In addition, I thank my colleagues Mihaela Simion and Decebal Vleja for providing information on some novel epigraphic discoveries. The biggest part of the English translation was done by Gabriela Balica to whom I also want to show my gratitude. Last but not least, I thank my colleagues Vitalie Bârcă and Sorin Cociș for publishing this paper as part of the research project they are conducting. As usual, the collaboration with Mega Publishing House is always based on professionalism and promptitude for which I want to thank Cristian Sincovici and Francisc Baja, who carried out a very inspired graphical processing. 8 https://biblioteca-digitala.ro istory of archaeological Hresearch on Carpeni Hill 1 lburnus Maior has a special place in the specialized historical literature owing to the extraor- A dinary finds that the site yielded starting with the 19th century until present. If until the year 2000 finds from Roșia Montană were mostly chance finds, they would later occur within the context of large scale rescue archaeological excavations. Thus, during 2001–2006, ancient mining galleries, cult locations, habitat elements and cemeteries1 were archaeologically investigated there. Carpeni Hill, to which we shall mainly refer within the context of the archaeological finds analysis, lies in the central area of current Roşia Montană. Although the finds (epigraphic pieces, tile material) were often mentioned in the specialized literature, references are rather inaccurate, as noticeable from the examination of bibliographi- cal sources. Materials coming from a building with hypocaust were briefly discussed on several occasions. Most often, the tile material found there was related to the presence of XIII Gemina at Alburnus Maior, yet stamped specimens were unknown. The intensified mining activities during the second half of the 18th century in the Orlea Massif area, resulted in an increased number of the members of the local community near Carpeni Hill, which was mirrored by the construction of the two Greek-Catholic churches. The map that F. Pošepny drew up between 1856 and 1868, recording Roman or modern gal- leries but also sacred spaces, funerary or habitat areas, proves highly useful in the support of the archaeological research2. Part of the epigraphic monuments found in Roşia Montană area were included in the repertory that Th. Momsen drafted on the occasion of his visit in Transylvania in 1857. An inscription he found mentions its origin on Carpeni in some ruins: I(ovi) O(ptimo) M(aximo) / M(arcus) Aurelius / Maximus / [l]egulus / [v]otum li/[b]e(n)s an(imo) solvit3. Mapping the place where the inscriptions were found is rather difficult since they were moved over the time. Some were used as building materials, fur- ther adding to the degree of uncertainty in pinpointing the origin of many monuments. On the northern side of Carpeni Hill, Nicodim Bădău discovered in 1947 (on his propriety, house no. 161) a column fragment with the inscription DEM ET […] / ES PATRO[…] / PPYCO[…]. The text was restoredDemet(rius) Ey[tich]/es patro[ono]4. This individual might have well been the patron of a college or the dedicant of a monument in the honour of his own patron. Also, on the northern side of above mentioned hill, during the building works of the sports field in the summer of 1949, a Roman altar was discovered, which was lost however, immediately after: 1 For a synthesis of the finds see Damian, Borș 2007–2008, 481 and subsequent. 2 Pošepny 1866–1869. 3 CIL III 1260 = IDR III 3, 390. 4 Wollmann 1979, 197, No. 4; fig. 4 = AE 1979, 511 = IDR III 3, 426; fig. 314. 9 https://biblioteca-digitala.ro I(ovi) O(ptimo) [M(aximo)] / M(arcus) A(urelis?) Supe[ria]/nus et Sup[e]/<r=N>atus pro sa[l(ute)] / sua suorumq(ue) / v(otum) l(ibentes) m(erito) p(osuerunt)5.
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