Turkish Journal of Botany Turk J Bot (2014) 38: 617-622 http://journals.tubitak.gov.tr/botany/ © TÜBİTAK Research Note doi:10.3906/bot-1307-53

Additions to the Turkish Discomycetes

1, 2 2 3 Yusuf UZUN *, İsmail ACAR , Mustafa Emre AKÇAY , Ilgaz AKATA 1 Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Yüzüncü Yıl University, Van, TURKEY 2 Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Yüzüncü Yıl University, Van, Turkey 3 Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey

Received: 20.07.2013 Accepted: 23.01.2014 Published Online: 31.03.2014 Printed: 30.04.2014

Abstract: In this study, Mollisia ventosa P.Karst., Hymenoscyphus herbarum (Pers.) Dennis, H. immutabilis (Fuckel) Dennis, H. robustior (P.Karst.) Dennis, amentacea (Balb.) Fuckel, and Peziza fimeti (Fuckel) E.C.Hansen have been recorded in Turkey for the first time. Comments on their morphological and anatomical features, geographical position, locality, collection date, and distribution and short descriptions and photographs related to macro- and micromorphologies of the taxa are provided.

Key words: Biodiversity, Discomycetes, new records, Turkey

1. Introduction detailed studies. Distilled water, Melzer’s reagent, and 5% The apothecial ascomycetes that produce cup-shaped KOH were used for microscopic investigation. ascomata with various colors are commonly known as Microphotographs of apothecia were taken under a discomycetes. They represent approximately 9000 taxa, light microscope (Leica DM 1000). The specimens were which are saprobic, parasitic, mycorrhizal, or lichenized. identified with the help of Breitenbach and Kränzlin Some discomycetes are used in drugs or as biological (1984), Hansen and Knudsen (2000), Spooner (2001), control agents. Therefore, the fungal resources of the Moravec (2005), and Medardi (2006). The identified group are significant for biodiversity conservation (Gargas samples were deposited at the fungarium of Yüzüncü Yıl and Taylor, 1995; Wu, 2005). University in Van (VANF) and the ANK herbarium. According to checklists on Turkish macromycetes (Solak et al., 2007; Sesli and Denchev, 2008) and recently 3. Results contributed data (Akata et al., 2012; Akata and Kaya, Short descriptions, photographs of apothecia, and 2012a, 2012b, 2013; Kaya et al., 2012; Akata and Yaprak, microphotographs of asci and spores are provided. The 2013; Güngör et al., 2013; Sesli and Helfer, 2013), Mollisia of the taxa follow that of Kirk et al. (2008). ventosa P.Karst., Hymenoscyphus herbarum (Pers.) Dennis, H. immutabilis (Fuckel) Dennis, H. robustior (P.Karst.) 3.1. Dermateaceae Fr. Dennis, Ciboria amentacea (Balb.) Fuckel, and Peziza 3.1.1. Mollisia ventosa P.Karst. (1871) (Figure 1) fimeti (Fuckel) E.C.Hansen have not been previously Syn: Mollisia ventosa P.Karst. (1871) f. ventosa, Mollisia reported from Turkey. ventosa P.Karst. (1871) subsp. ventosa, Belonidium The purpose of this study is to make contributions to ventosum (P.Karst.) W.Phillips (1887), Mollisia ventosa the Turkish discomycetes by adding new taxa. f. major Le Gal (1939), Mollisia ventosa P.Karst. (1871) f. ventosa, Mollisia ventosa P.Karst. (1871) subsp. ventosa. 2. Materials and methods Macroscopic and microscopic features: Apothecia Apothecia were collected from Bingöl, Hani (Diyarbakır), sessile, 0.5–15 mm broad, disk-shaped with a rounded or Çatak (Van), Beşikdüzü (Trabzon), and Zigana slightly in-rolled margin. Hymenium grayish to yellowish (Gümüşhane) in eastern Turkey between 2006 and 2012. gray, outer surface glabrous, brownish to ochre-brown. Relevant ecological and morphological properties of the Asci 110–150 × 5–6 µm, cylindrical to clavate, 8-spored, specimens were noted and they were photographed in their uniseriate, amyloid at apex. Paraphyses 2.5–3 µm broad, natural habitats. Samples were taken to the fungarium for filiform and septate. Spores 11–14 × 2.5–3 µm, ellipsoid, * Correspondence: [email protected] 617 UZUN et al. / Turk J Bot

Figure 1. Mollisia ventosa: a) apothecia, b, c) asci and paraphyses, d) amyloid apex of ascus, d) spores. sometimes rather curved, unicellular or with 1–2 septa, Macroscopic and microscopic features: Apothecia hyaline and smooth (Figure 1). short stipitate, 2–3 mm broad, cup to disk-shaped. Ecology: On dead branch of (Alnus spp.); other Hymenium smooth, whitish to cream, outer surface records on barkless decaying wood and decorticated shed the same color, sometimes paler. Stipe up to 1 mm long twig (Breitenbach and Kränzlin, 1984; Dimitrova, 1997). and 0.2–0.3 mm broad. Asci 70–90 × 6–7 µm, 8-spored, Specimen examined: Turkey. Trabzon: Beşikdüzü, clavate, amyloid at the tips. Paraphyses 1.5–2.5 µm broad, Aksaklı village, 41°03′N, 39°11′E, 80 m, 06.09.2011, Akata cylindrical. Spores 13–16 × 2–3 µm, hyaline, cylindrical to 4147 (ANK). fusoid, biseriate in the ascus (Figure 2). Ecology: On Urtica spp., other reports from rotten 3.2. Helotiaceae Rehm herbaceous stems, especially Urtica and Solidago (Breitenbach 3.2.1. Hymenoscyphus herbarum (Pers.) Dennis (Figure 2) and Kränzlin, 1984; Hansen and Knudsen, 2000). Syn: Peziza herbarum Pers. (1797), Calycina herbarum Specimen examined: Turkey. Gümüşhane: Zigana (Pers.) Gray (1821), Helotium herbarum (Pers.) Fr. (1849), mountain, Hamsiköy, 40°42′N, 39°27′E, 1420 m, Malotium herbarum (Pers.) Velen. (1934). 02.09.2011, Akata 4081 (ANK).

Figure 2. Hymenoscyphus herbarum: a) apothecia, b) asci and paraphyses, c) amyloid apex of ascus, d) spores.

618 UZUN et al. / Turk J Bot

3.2.2. Hymenoscyphus immutabilis (Fuckel) Dennis Specimen examined: Turkey. Bingöl, Genç, Tarlabaşı (Figure 3) village, 38°41′906″N, 40°29′180″E, 1253 m, 05.05.2009, Syn: Helotium immutabile Fuckel (1871), Pachydisca Uzun-Bingöl 1230 (VANF). immutabilis (Fuckel) Boud. (1907). 3.2.3. Hymenoscyphus robustior (P.Karst.) Dennis Macroscopic and microscopic features: Apothecia (Figure 4) shortly stipitate, 1–2 mm broad, cup to funnel shaped. Syn: Peziza rhodoleuca subsp. robustior P.Karst. (1869), Hymenium yellowish to orange yellow outer surface Helotium robustius (P.Karst.) P.Karst. (1871), Calycina concolorous. Stipe 1 mm long and 0.1–0.3 mm broad. Asci 80–100 × 9-10 µm, clavate, 8-spored, uniseriate, amyloid robustior (P.Karst.) Kuntze (1898). at apex. Paraphyses septate, filiform, slightly swollen at the Macroscopic and microscopic features: Apothecia tips. Spores 10–13 × 4–5 µm, fusoid to turbinate, hyaline stipitate, 1–2 mm broad, funnel to disk-shaped. and smooth (Figure 3). Hymenium brownish to pallid brown, outer surface Ecology: On remnants of oak branch (Quercus sp.); concolorous. Stipe 1–2 mm long. Asci 100–110 × 7–9 other records on decaying wood, leaves, and petioles of µm, clavate to cylindrical, 8-spored, uniseriate, amyloid at various broadleaved trees (Hansen and Knudsen, 2000). apex. Paraphyses septate, filiform, slightly swollen at the

Figure 3. Hymenoscyphus immutabilis: a) apothecia, b) asci and paraphyses, c) amyloid apex of ascus, d) spores.

Figure 4. Hymenoscyphus robustior: a) apothecia, b) asci and paraphyses, c) amyloid apex of asci, d) spores.

619 UZUN et al. / Turk J Bot tips. Spores 10–12 × 3–4 µm, hyaline, smooth, ellipsoid to Syn.: Peziza bovina W.Phillips (1887), Humaria bovina cylindrical (Figure 4). (W.Phillips) Sacc. (1889), Aleuria bovina (W.Phillips) Ecology: On remnants of Quercus sp. branch; also on Boud. (1907), Galactinia fimeti (Fuckel) Svrček & Kubička various herbs in damp habitats (Hansen and Knudsen, (1961). 2000). Macroscopic and microscopic features: Apothecia Specimen examined: Turkey. Bingöl, Genç forest, subsessile, 10–15 mm broad, disk-shaped to turbinate. 38°44′730″N, 40°34′247″E, 1123 m, 08.11.2008, Uzun- Hymenium pallid brown to yellowish brown, outer Bingöl 1012 (VANF). surface glabrous, concolorous. Asci 180–200 × 10–12 µm, cylindrical, 8-spored, uniseriate. Paraphyses 4–5 µm 3.3. Whetzel broad, cylindrical to fusiform. Spores 16–20 × 9–11 µm, 3.3.1. Ciboria amentacea (Balb.) Fuckel (Figure 5) ellipsoid, hyaline, and smooth (Figure 6). Syn: Peziza amentacea Balb. (1804), Rutstroemia amentacea Ecology: On horse dung, solitary to gregarious, also on (Balb.) P.Karst. (1871), Hymenoscyphus amentaceus (Balb.) dung of other herbivores, summer to autumn (Hansen and W.Phillips (1887). Knudsen, 2000). Macroscopic and microscopic features: Apothecia Specimen examined: Turkey. Van, Çatak, Kanispi stipitate, 5–10 mm broad, cup to saucer-shaped, becoming region, 38°03′075″N, 43°02′533″E, 1685 m, 16.05.2012 flattened with margin turned downward in older specimens. Uzun 6175 (VANF). Hymenium smooth, outer surface concolorous, pale to ochre brown. Stipe 1.5–2.5 mm long, 0.1–0.3 mm broad. 4. Discussion Asci 120–130 × 8–10 µm, cylindrical, 8-spored, uniseriate, Mollisia ventosa is macroscopically close to several Mollisia amyloid at apex. Paraphyses nonseptate, filiform, slightly members, but it is easily distinguished from the others by swollen at the tips. Spores 7.5–10 × 4.5–5.5 µm, ellipsoid, its septate spores (Breitenbach and Kränzlin, 1984). smooth and hyaline (Figure 5). Hymenoscyphus herbarum differs from most of the Ecology: On remnants of , in the literature other herb-dwelling members of the genus by its mostly usually solitary to few on old catkins of alder (Alnus Mill.), sessile manner of growth and by its excipulum of prismatic more rarely on catkins of willow (Salix L.) and poplar or angular-celled textura. Moreover, the original color of (Populus L.), fall to spring (Breitenbach and Kränzlin, the H. herbarum sample is whitish to cream. However, 1984; Hansen and Knudsen, 2000; Jordan, 2004). it is yellow to ochre in the literature. The reason for Specimen examined: Turkey. Diyarbakır, Hani county the difference could be variation that originated from center, road to Dicle, 38°24′118″N, 40°23′709″E, 870 ecological conditions (Breitenbach and Kränzlin, 1984). m, 28.03.2010, Acar 091; Hani, Serenköy, 38°24′258″N, H. immutabilis could be confused with H. phyllophilus (Desm.) Kuntze but the latter species has septate and more 40°30′623″E, 864 m, 16.04.2010, Acar 104 (VANF). slender spores (Breitenbach and Kränzlin, 1984). PEZIZALES H. robustior resembles H. repandus (W. Phillips) Dennis 3.4. Pezizaceae Dumort. due to its ecology and micro- and macromorphology. 3.4.1. Peziza fimeti (Fuckel) E.C.Hansen (Figure 6) Both species grow on various herbaceous stems and their

Figure 5. Ciboria amentacea: a) apothecia, b) asci and paraphyses, c) amyloid apex of asci, d) spores.

620 UZUN et al. / Turk J Bot

Figure 6. Peziza fimeti: a) apothecia, b) asci and paraphyses, c) spores in portion of asci. apothecia and spore shapes are similar, but H. robustior In the literature (Uzun et al., 2010; Akata et al., has larger asci, longer stem, and brown to orange brown 2012; Akata and Kaya, 2012a, 2012b, 2013; Kaya et al., apothecia, while the latter is yellow to ochraceous (Hansen 2012; Akata and Yaprak, 2013; Güngör et al., 2013), 171 and Knudsen, 2000). discomycetes taxa have so far been reported from Turkey. Ciboria amentacea produces apothecia that grow on With this study, Mollisia ventosa P.Karst., the male catkins of alder poplar and willow. It resembles C. Hymenoscyphus herbarum (Pers.) Dennis, H. immutabilis coryli (Schellenb.) N.F. Buchw. in many ways, but the latter (Fuckel) Dennis, H. robustior (P.Karst.) Dennis, Ciboria species occurs on male catkins of common hazel (Corylus amentacea (Balb.) Fuckel, and Peziza fimeti (Fuckel) E.C. avelana L.) and has larger spores (Akata and Kaya, 2012a). Hansen are recorded for the first time from Turkey and Peziza is a complicated genus and it is not easy to the number of Turkish Discomycetes species is increased find certain diagnostic characteristics to identify the to 177. species. Micromorphology such as ascospore features, biochemical reactions of the asci, and pigmentation of Acknowledgments the paraphyses are very useful to separate Peziza species The authors would like to thank Yüzüncü Yıl University (Barseghyan and Wasser, 2011; Akata and Kaya, 2012a). (Project No.: 2006-FED-B09) for its financial support. P. fimeti is macroscopically very similar to P. moravecii (Svrček) Svrček, but, P. moravecii has sessile apothecia and narrower spores (Spooner and Butterfill, 1999).

References

Akata I, Kaya A (2012a). Two new additions to Turkish . Breitenbach, J., Kränzlin, F (1984). Fungi of Switzerland. Vol. 1. International Journal of Botany 8: 79–81. Luzern, Switzerland: Verlag Mykologia. Akata I, Kaya A (2012b). Two new Helvella records for Turkish Dimitrova EG (1997). Discomycetes new to Bulgaria. Bocconea 5: mycobiota. Journal of Applied Biological Sciences 6: 31–33. 845–848. Akata I, Kaya A (2013). Three pyronemataceous macrofungi genera, Gargas A, Taylor JW (1995). Phylogeny of Discomycetes and early new to Turkish Mycota. Turk J Bot 37: 977–980. radiations of the apothecial Ascomycotina inferred from SSU Akata I, Kaya A, Uzun Y (2012). New Ascomycete records for Turkish rONA sequence data. Exp Mycol 19: 7–15. macromycota. Turk J Bot 36: 420–424. Güngör H, Allı, H, Işıloğlu, M (2013). Three new macrofungi records Akata I, Yaprak AE (2013). A new Peziza record for Turkish for Turkey. Turk J Bot 37: 411–413. mycobiota. Biological Diversity and Conservation 6: 32–34. Hansen L, Knudsen H (2000). Nordic Macromycetes. Vol. 1. Barseghyan GS, Wasser SP (2011). The genusPeziza Dill. ex Fr. (Ascomycetes). Copenhagen, Denmark: Nordsvamp. (Pezizales, Ascomycota) in Israel. Ascomycete.org 2: 39–50.

621 UZUN et al. / Turk J Bot

Jordan M (2004). The Encyclopedia of Fungi of Britain and Europe. Sesli E, Helfer S (2013). New fungal records for the Turkish Mycota London, UK: Frances Lincoln. from Trabzon. Turk J Bot 37: 414–417. Kaya A, Demirel K, Uzun Y (2012). Macrofungal diversity of Solak MH, Işıloğlu M, Kalmış E, Allı H (2007). Macrofungi of Araban (Gaziantep/Turkey) district. Biological Diversity and Turkey. Vol. 1. İzmir, Turkey: Üniversiteliler Ofset (in Turkish). Conservation 5: 162–166. Spooner B (2001). The larger cup fungi in Britain–part 3. The genera Kirk PF, Cannon PF, Minter DW, Stalpers JA (2008). Dictionary of Peziza and Plicaria. Field Mycol 2: 51–59. the Fungi. 10th ed. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. Spooner B, Butterfill GB (1999). Coprophilous discomycetes from Medardi G (2006). Ascomiceti d’Italia. Trento, Italy: Centro Studi the Azores. Kew B 54: 541–560. Micologici. Uzun Y, Kaya A, Akçay ME, Demirel K (2010). New additions to Moravec J (2005). A World Monograph of the Genus Cheilymenia Turkish Macromycota from Bingöl province (Turkey). Turk J (Discomycetes, Pezizales, Pyronemataceae). Libri Botanici Vol. Bot 34: 63–66. 21. Munich, Germany: IHW-Verlag. Wu ML (2005). Clavidisculum acuum, a new record of discomycetes Sesli E, Denchev CM (2008). Checklists of the myxomycetes, larger from Taiwan. Fung Sci 20: 93–97. ascomycetes, and larger basidiomycetes in Turkey. Mycotaxon 106: 65–67 [complete version, 1–145, new version uploaded in January 2013].

622