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Diapositiva 1 LENGUAJE AUDIOVISUAL CONTEMPORÁNEO: EVOLUCIÓN Y CLAVES DEL DISCURSO CINEMATOGRÁFICO Grupo de Aplicación de Telecomunicaciones Visuales Departamento de Señales Sistemas y Radiocomunicaciones Parte III. Divergencias y mutaciones históricas Generalidades • Profesor: Faustino (D-103). E-mail: [email protected] • Clases teóricas (aula B-5) y proyecciones cinematográficas (Aula Magna) • Horario de clases teóricas: Martes de 14 a 16 • Proyecciones • 3 bloques: • Corrientes del Hollywood clásico • Inicio: 4 de febrero • Fin: 4 de marzo • Corrientes divergentes • Inicio: 11 de marzo • Fin: 8 de abril • Corrientes del cine actual • Inicio: 22 de abril • Fin: 20 de mayo Generalidades • Web documentación: • http://www.gatv.ssr.upm.es/~fsg/lenguajeav/ • Cuenta de Twitter: • @LAV_ETSIT Cine clásico, moderno y postmoderno CINE CLÁSICO VS. CINE MODERNO Cine clásico Cine moderno Narración. La historia es lo fundamental La historia es un elemento expresivo más Transparencia en estilo y naturaleza del Lo importante es lo que el autor quiera relato transmitir Simulación de lo real Suspensión de la verosimilitud Causalidad No es necesario mostrar la justificación de todo Fuerte composición de personajes Los personajes son herramientas expresivas Fuentes literarias siglo XIX Palimpsesto artístico Empatía con el espectador El autor no piensa en el espectador Cine de género Extinción o manipulación de los géneros De la Europa de entreguerras a la Nouvelle Vague Bibliografía • La imagen-movimiento (G. Deleuze) • La imagen-tiempo (G. Deleuze) • Las distancias del cine (Jacques Ranciere) • El rostro en el cine (Jacques Aumont) • El estilo trascendental en el cine: Ozu, Bresson, Dreyer (Paul Schrader) • La invención de la modernidad (Carlos Losilla) • ¿Qué es el cine moderno? (Adrian Martin) • Libros de cineastas: • Notas sobre el cinematógrafo (Robert Bresson) • Esculpir en el tiempo (A. Tarkovsky) • El cine de la devoción (N. Dorsky) Realismo poético francés • Contexto Crisis años 30. Francia ocupada años 40 • Influencia de expresionismo alemán y novela negra americana • Lo impregna de una atmósfera lírica. Un estado de ánimo muy especial • Lirismo surge de la realidad y no de su manipulación • Punto de partida: melodrama • Búsqueda belleza, fatalismo, ambientes lúgubres… • Estilización de la realidad: halo irreal: importancia de los decorados • Inspiración René Clair, integrado en el movimiento y, sobre todo, Jean Vigo • Vigo: el Rimbaud del cine, solo 4 películas: L’Atalante (1933) • Máximo exponente del realismo poético: Marcel Carné • Colaboración con el poeta Jacques Prévert • Actor fetiche: Jean Gabin • Representantes del movimiento (además de Jean Vigo): • Marcel Carné: El muelle de las brumas(38), La jour se leve (39), Les enfants du paradis (43) • René Clair: Bajo los techos de París (30), Sucedió mañana (44) • Jean Renoir: Budú salvado de las aguas (32), Toni (34), La gran ilusión (36) • Julien Duvivir: Pepe le Moko (1937) Jean Renoir • Se identificó con el realismo poético, pero su influencia va mucho más allá. • Camino independiente. • Temas del siglo XIX, recoge tradición francesa. • Ideología izquierdista (Frente Popular) • Denuncia social • Su intención no era contar una historia, sino retratar la vida, captar su esencia • Naturalismo procedente de Zola. Retrato moral de la sociedad • Padre de los movimientos europeos de vanguardia, neorrealismo italiano, Nouvelle Vague… • Diferentes etapas, géneros, ambientes • Todo tiene un toque personal • Incursión en Hollywood; fracaso, pero obras importantes: Esta tierra es mía (43), Una mujer en la playa (46) • Hitos de la historia del cine: La gran ilusión (36), La regla del juego(39), El río(50) • Otras obras: La golfa (31), Toni (34), Una salida al campo (36), Los bajos fondos (36), La bestia humana (38), El crimen de Monsiur Lange (36), La carroza de oro (52), Elena y los hombres (56), El testamento del Dr Cordelier (59). Realismo poético y Jean Renoir • Ejemplos de escenas. • L'Atalante (Jean Vigo, 1934). Cine puramente poético http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kU0DwGEqfpU • Marcel Carné (Les enfants du paradis, 1945). Realismo poético https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D_XCCmEf_8s Jean Renoir. La gran ilusión. Compañerismo, unión de los hombres http://www.dailymotion.com/video/x1y4f4_la-grande-illusion-marseillaise_shortfilms Jean Renoir. La regla del juego: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ffRgo5aN2dM • Jean Renoir. Una jornada en el campo • Renoir (Florey).mp4 • Diferencia con escena columpio de Florey: • Florey(Renoir).mp4 • Influencias. Ejemplo: Apichatpong en Blissfully yours http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=60X8kFNg7ow Neorrealismo italiano • Movimiento más importante antes de la Nouvelle Vague • Surge en Italia tras la II Guerra Mundial • Fuerte compromiso social, profunda humanidad • Rechazo a la falsedad de Hollywood, apariencia documental • No vale entretener. Hay que enfrentar al público con su realidad • Objetivo: provocar reflexión • Filmación en ciudades, escenarios naturales, actores no profesionales • El guionista Cesare Zavattini tuvo una importancia clave en la definición teórica. • Obras básicas: • Trilogía de Rossellini de la II Guerra Mundial: Roma, ciudad abierta (45), Paisá (46), Alemania, año 0 (48) • Vittorio de Sica: Ladrón de bicicletas (48), Umberto D (51) • Luchino Visconti: La terra trema (48) • Primera etapa de Fellini: Los inútiles (51), La Strada (54) • ¿Fueron traidores al movimiento Rossellini, Visconti o Fellini cuando su cine pasó • a filmar a la burguesía? ¿Y Antonioni y la segunda etapa de Fellini? Neorrealismo italiano • El problema de la definición del Neorrealismo italiano • Teoría clásica (años 40): movimiento definido por sus temas • Marcado por sus temas, compromiso social, realismo, humanismo… • Teoría André Bazin (años 50): movimiento estético y formal Con el Neorrealismo ya no se representaba o reproducía lo real sino que «se apuntaba» a él. En vez de representar un real ya descifrado, el neorrealismo apuntaba a un real a descifrar, siempre ambiguo; de ahí que el plano-secuencia tendiera a reemplazar al montaje de representaciones. En ambas teorías, Neorrealismo ofrece un plus de realidad, formal o material. • Teoría Gilles Deleuze (años 80): realidad “mental”, a nivel de pensamiento • Consciencia de la realidad por parte del espectador • Se rompe la causalidad del cine clásico de Hollywood • Personaje transformado en espectador!! • Lo importante es cómo los personajes asimilan e interpretan su realidad!! Neorrealismo italiano • Cine de resistencia. Godard en Histoire(s) du cinema: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oWL2qrclZrU • Ejemplos clásico: Roma, ciudad abierta o Ladrón de bicicletas http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-5MMIMKhJNs http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ybzRkFGHc6Q#t=1h16m38 • Ejemplo para explicar la teoría neorrealista de Deleuze ¿Qué quiere decir Zavattini cuando define el neorrealismo como un arte del encuentro, encuentros fragmentarios, efímeros, entrecortados, malogrados? • Escena Pompeya Te querré siempre http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9DW-Zb-HESo • Escena joven criada de Umberto D www.youtube.com/watch?v=YE_vhIB6yAo Roberto Rossellini • Cineasta más influyente de la modernidad • Trilogía que inaugura el Neorrealismo: Roma, ciudad abierta (45), Paisá (46), Alemania año 0 (48) • Época Ingrid Bergman (se fue de Hollywood por el impacto que le causó ver Roma, ciudad abierta. • Stromboli (49), Francisco, juglar de Dios (50) (interludio sin I. Bergman), Europa 51 (51), La paura (54), Te querré siempre (Viaggio in Italia, 54) • Innovación total del lenguaje • Soledad, angustia ante el mundo contemporáneo, existencialismo, crisis moral, . • El mundo en constante descubrimiento. • Época didáctica: desengañado, solo quiere instruir Documentales TV • Teorías clásicas clasifican su primera trilogía neorrealista, pero defienden que luego se aleja del movimiento. (Incluso cuestionan Alemania, año 0) • Deleuze dice que su época de Ingrid Bergman perfecciona el Neorrealismo y lo lleva a su máxima expresión • “Con Te querré siempre, todas las películas han envejecido 30 años de golpe”, dijo Jacques Rivette Roberto Rossellini • Ejemplos escenas. Análisis. Ecos y resonancias. • Te querré siempre -Un couple parfait y Copia certificada http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LsyBaEVAObU http://www.allocine.fr/video/player_gen_cmedia=18410123&cfilm=1084 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oyACcpvvszI Cine nórdico clásico • Dos nombres fundamentales. La influencia del cine clásico nórdico se manifiesta casi íntegramente a través de ellos: • Dinamarca: Carl Theodore Dreyer • Suecia: Ingmar Bergman • Semejanzas: metafísica. Importancia de la fe, de la existencia de Dios. Estilo muy personal de cada uno • Dreyer empieza en el mudo. • Otra obra importante del mudo danés es Haxan (La brujería a través de los tiempos, Christensen,1922) Carl Theodore Dreyer • Estilo inimitable, metafísico, místico • Más allá del realismo o de la estilización • Su carrera fue una evolución desde el mudo hacia la absoluta depuración • La pasión de Juana de Arco (28) fue clave en el cine mudo por el uso expresivo del primer plano 1505 planos en 110 minutos (ASL=3,1) • Solo rodó 4 películas sonoras: perfeccionismo y difícil financiación por la dificultad de sus obras y su mínimo impacto comercial • Vampyr (31) • Dies Irae (43) Sus dos últimas películas son sus grandes obras maestras, hitos de la historia del cine: • Ordet (La palabra) (55) • Gertrud (64) 83 planos en 116 minutos (ASL=82,4) • Paul Schrader calificó su estilo, junto con el de Ozu y Bresson, como “estilo trascendental” • Dreyer.
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