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FISHES of the VERDIGRIS RIVER in OKLAHOMA by GEORGE HAMS

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FISHES of the VERDIGRIS RIVER in OKLAHOMA by GEORGE HAMS FISHES OF THE VERDIGRIS RIVER IN OKLAHOMA By GEORGE HAMS WALLEY Bachelor of Science Oklahoma State University Stillwater, Oklahoma 1956 Submitted to the faculty of the Graduate School of the Oklahoma State University of Agriculture and Applied Sciences in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE May, 1958 Name: George Hames Wallen Date of Degree: May 25, 1958 Institution: Oklahoma State University Location: Stillwater, Oklahoma Title of Study: FISHES OF THE VERDIGRIS RIVER IN OKLAHOMA Pages in Study: 57 Candidate for the Degree of Master of Science Major Field: Zoology Scope of Study: The Verdigris River Drainage was surveyed during the summer of 1956 to determine the number of species of fishes pre- sent and the relative abundance of each species. Eighty-eight locations were sampled by using seines, rotenone and gill nets. Findings and Conclusions: An annotated list was prepared including ecological data, of fishes collected in the Verdigris River Drainage in Oklahoma during the summer of 1956 and spring of 1957. A total of 39,649 fish were taken, including 14 families, 32 genera, 68 species and 4 hytrid combinations. ADVISER'S APPROVAL FISHES OF THE VERDIGRIS RIVER IN OKLAHOMA Thesis Approved: Thesis Adviser Dean of the Graduate School TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter Page I. INTRODUCTION ........................................... 1 A. Review of previous collections and collection sites . 1 B. Statement of the problem ....................... 2 C. Description of the River ....................... 2 D. Acknowledgements ............................... 4 II. MATERIALS AND METHODS .................................. 5 A. Collection .................................... 5 B. Preservation .................................. 6 C. Identification ................................ 6 III. OBSERVATIONS AND RESULTS ................................ 10 A. Annotated list of collecting sites .............. 10 B. Annotated list of species collected .............. 28 C. Hybrid combinations ............................. 50 4 IV. DISCUSSION ............................................. 52 V. BIBILIOGRAPHY .......................................... 55 iii LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page 1. The Verdigris River in Oklahoma ......................... 11 iv INTRODUCTION The fishes of the Verdigris River have received little attention from ichthyologists. Early explorers failed to preserve fishes from the river, possibly because of transportation difficulties. Some officers of the United States Army, during., the middle of the 19th century, did show an interest. Captains W. A. Whipple and R. B. Marcy, Lieutenant H.. B. Molihausen and Dr. G. G. Shumard were interested in the wildlife of .the. Indian Territory, but their activities did not include the. basin of the Verdigris. In the latter part of the 19th century and the early years of the 20th century, ichthyologists, Drs. S. E. Meek, D. S. Jordan, and C. H. Gilbert, collected fishes in some streams of Indian Territory, but they too did not include the Verdigris River on their itineraries. The first paper listing species of fishes collected from the Verdigris River is that of Hubbs and Ortenburger (1929b). One col- lecting site in. the Verdigris River proper and one on Hominy Creek, a tributary, yielded a total of 19 species. In addition to the above paper,. Oklahoma fisheries biologists have mentioned some fishes of the Verdigris River in their population and age and growth studies in Oklahoma lakes. Jenkins (1949), re- ported 16 species of fishes, taken by means of rotenone, from Lake Claremore. Hall (1951) and Thompson and Hutson (1951) each listed eight species. collected. in Lake PaWhuska. McCoy (1953) studied the 1 2 age and growth of flathead catfish from Lake Pawhuska. There are some mimeographed reports on fishes of the river written by the personnel of the Oklahoma Game and Fish Department. A survey was undertaken during the summer of 1956 to make a more complete. list and to roughly determine the relative abundance of species from the Oklahoma. portion of the river. A related study of the age and growth of the game fishes of the Verdigris River was made by the Oklahoma Game. and. Fish Department under the direction of Mt. Robert M. Jenkins of. the Fisheries Research Laboratory at Norman, Oklahoma. A comparison of the fish fauna present after the Army Engineers complete construe-40/1_0f a dam near Oologah, Oklahoma, with that revealed in the present study, is proposed. The following data are taken from a report of the U. S. Army Engineers (Anon. 1931). The Verdigris River rises in the Flint Hills of east-central Kansas and flows a total distance of 351 miles, finally emptying into the Arkansas River 63.3 Miles downstream from Tulsa and 0.9 mile up- stream from the mouth of the Grand River. The stream flows generally south through southeastern Kansas and northeastern Oklahoma, draining an. area of 8,150 square miles. The drainage basin, which is approxi- mately 46 miles in average width and 175 miles long, forms 5.1 per- cent of the total drainage area of the Arkansas River. The elevation of the Verdigris River is 1,375 feet above mean sea level at its source. and 480 feet above mean sea level at its mouth for an average fall of 2.6 feet per mile throughout its length. The average gradi- ent in Oklahoma is 1.2 feet per mile. 3 The channel of the Verdigris River is usually well defined between high,. stable banks. The stream bed is either rock or shale for most of the distance. In Kansas the course of the river is winding, the height of the banks varying, from 10 to 14 feet and the width of the channel from 150 to 500 feet. In Oklahoma the banks are higher than in Kansas. In Oklahoma, the course of the stream_is a series of wide bends connect- ed by straight segments with a varying width of channel between 200 and 500 feet. The Verdigris River is subject to uncontrolled flooding. The range between the maximum high and minimum low-water levels is 46 feet at the state line, 48 feet at the town of Catoosa (about half way through its course in Oklahoma) and 42 feet near the mouth. In general the width of the Verdigris. River valley in Oklahoma is one and one-half to two miles, however, at a few localities the valley is three to four miles wide. Most of the valley land is used for agricultural purposes, although a thriving oil business supports many people in some areas. According to a U. S. Geological Survey study (Anon.,1955), the geologic, formation of the area is of sedimentary origin. Blue shale and limestone are the principal outcroppings. The alluvial soil, found in the river and creek bottoms, is a heavy black loam which is resist- ant to erosion. The quality of the water in the Verdigris River is rated, by the Quality of Water Branch, Geological Survey (Anon., 1955), as excellent. The combined sulphate and chloride concentrations are less than 250 ppm and dissolved solids less than 500 ppm. 4 The writer is indebted to the U. S. Army Corps of Engineers and the Oklahoma Game and Fish Department for financial assistance and equipment. The assistance of Dr. John S. Mecham, Mr. Milton R. Ourd, and Mr. Joe C. Finnell in making the collections is appreciated. The guidance of Dr. George A. Moore in identification of the fishes and in writing this paper is gratefully acknowledged. MATERIALS AND METHODS Most of the fishes were collected with a short, bobbinet seine made from nylon netting cut approximately four feet in length by six feet in depth and sewn to brailes four feet long. A covered cotton cord, sewed to the top of the seine, served as a float. A heavy lead line was used at the bottom of the seine. In addition to the smaller seine, 10-, 15-, and 25-foot minnow seines were used where stream con- ditions permitted. Rotenone, in the form of five percent powdered derris root and liquid "Pro-Nox-Fish", was used extensively in collecting fishes. The powder was mixed with water in buckets and spread over the water from which fishes were desired. The "Pro-Noe-Fish" was mixed at tile rate of about one part of poison to 25 parts of water and sprayed upon the collection area with a portable five-gallon sprayer: The liquid rotenone proved more effective and easier to use that the‘powder. The fishes killed by rotenone were picked up with fine-mesh and large-mesh dip_net a. Seven gill'hets of variable sizes of mesh were used to obtain samples of the larger fishes. These were Set with one end tied to the bank. and the other anchored near the middle of the river. For transportation, the survey crew used a carryall truck, furnish- ed by the Oklahoma Game and Fish Department and a 1/4-ton pickup 5 6 truck furnished by the U. S. Army Corps of Engineers. For water travel, a 14-foot round-bottom boat, a small aluminum flat-bottom boat and a five-horsepower motor were provided. After collection the fishes were initally preserved in 10 percent formalin.. Fishes over 10 inches long were cut open along the right _Bide of the body cavity In ardertalacilitate the penetration of formalin. The fishes were washed in water and preserved in 50 percent isopropanol. They were then stored in jars in the Oklahoma State University Museum. of Zoology and later, in large part, transferred to the University. of Oklahoma Museum of Zoology. Lengths weights and scales were taken from the larger fishes in the field. The fishes were sorted, counted, measured, and the identifications checked in the laboratory. PREVIOUS COLLECTORS Published and unpublished records of the fishes of the Verdigris River are few. The following is a list of known previous collectors both from the literature and unpublished records from Oklahoma State University Museum, Oklahoma Game and Fish. Department and Dr. A. P.
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