The Geography of Gandhara
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Looking at Gandhāra
HISTORIA I ŚWIAT, nr 4 (2015) ISSN 2299-2464 Kumar ABHIJEET (Magadh University, India) Looking at Gandhāra Keywords: Art History, Silk Route, Gandhāra It is not the object of the story to convey a happening per se, which is the purpose of information; rather, it embeds it in the life of the storyteller in order to pass it on as experience to those listening. It thus bears the marks of the storyteller much as the earthen vessel bears the marks of the potter's hand. —Walter Benjamin, "On Some Motifs in Baudelaire" Discovery of Ancient Gandhāra The beginning of the 19th century was revolutionary in terms of western world scholars who were eager to trace the conquest of Alexander in Asia, in speculation of the route to India he took which eventually led to the discovery of ancient Gandhāra region (today, the geographical sphere lies between North West Pakistan and Eastern Afghanistan). In 1808 CE, Mountstuart Elphinstone was the first British envoy sent in Kabul when the British went to win allies against Napoleon. He believed to identify those places, hills and vineyard described by the itinerant Greeks or the Greek Sources on Alexander's campaign in India or in their memory of which the Macedonian Commanders were connected. It is significant to note that the first time in modern scholarship the word “Thupa (Pali word for stupa)” was used by him.1 This site was related to the place where Alexander’s horse died and a city called Bucephala (Greek. Βουκεφάλα ) was erected by Alexander the Great in honor of his black horse with a peculiar shaped white mark on its forehead. -
Reviews Reconfiguring the Silk Road. New
Reviews Reconfiguring the Silk Road. New Research on East-West Exchange in Antiquity. The Papers of a Symposium Held at the University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology March 19, 2011. Ed. Victor H. Mair; Jane Hickman. Philadelphia: Univ. of Pennsylvania Mu- seum of Archaeology and Anthropology, 2014. xvi + 104 pp. ISBN-13? 978-1-934536-68-1. he “Silk Road” as we thought we knew it has been sion of the silk roads (which were many and included T subject to “reconfiguring” for a good many years importantly maritime routes) should not just focus now, thanks in no small part to the prodigious efforts on Rome and China. The earlier history of western of Victor Mair, the convener of the symposium whose Asia and northeast Africa are important, as the evi- papers he and his colleague Jane Hickman (editor of dence for Eurasian exchange under the Achaemenids the Penn Museum’s excellent Expedition magazine) and Alexander’s successors makes very clear. Little of have edited into this attractively presented book. The this is news, but to have it emphasized in this way is occasion for the symposium was the exhibition of ar- valuable. tefacts excavated in Xinjiang which Mair organized The distinguished historian of Late Antiquity Peter and whose last stop on its U.S. tour was Philadelphia.1 Brown reminds readers how some of the most im- It is difficult to imagine a more appropriate and dis- portant early explorations of the Silk Road a century tinguished group of presenters, whose papers are here ago were inspired by the effort to find Late Antiquity published. -
Cultural Heritage Vs. Mining on the New Silk Road? Finding Technical Solutions for Mes Aynak and Beyond
Cultural Heritage vs. Mining on the New Silk Road? Finding Technical Solutions for Mes Aynak and Beyond Cheryl Benard Eli Sugarman Holly Rehm CONFERENCE REPORT December 2012 Cultural Heritage vs. Mining on the New Silk Road? Finding Technical Solutions for Mes Aynak and Beyond June 4-5, 2012 SAIS, Johns Hopkins University Washington, D.C. 20036 sponsored by Ludus and ARCH Virginia Conference Report Cheryl Benard Eli Sugarman Holly Rehm © Central Asia-Caucasus Institute & Silk Road Studies Program – A Joint Transatlantic Research and Policy Center Johns Hopkins University-SAIS, 1619 Massachusetts Ave. NW, Washington, D.C. 20036 Institute for Security and Development Policy, V. Finnbodav. 2, Stockholm-Nacka 13130, Sweden www.silkroadstudies.org “Cultural Heritage vs. Mining on the New Silk Road? Finding Technical Solutions for Mes Aynak and Beyond” is a Conference Report published by the Central Asia- Caucasus Institute and the Silk Road Studies Program. The Silk Road Papers Series is the Occasional Paper series of the Joint Center, and addresses topical and timely subjects. The Joint Center is a transatlantic independent and non-profit research and policy center. It has offices in Washington and Stockholm and is affiliated with the Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies of Johns Hopkins University and the Stockholm-based Institute for Security and Development Policy. It is the first institution of its kind in Europe and North America, and is firmly established as a leading research and policy center, serving a large and diverse community of analysts, scholars, policy-watchers, business leaders, and journalists. The Joint Center is at the forefront of research on issues of conflict, security, and development in the region. -
The Hephthalite Numismatics
THE HEPHTHALITE NUMISMATICS Aydogdy Kurbanov 1. Introduction Arabic – Haital, Hetal, Heithal, Haiethal, Central Asia and neighbouring countries have a Heyâthelites. In Arabic sources the Hephtha- very old and rich history. A poorly-studied and in- lites, though they are mentioned as Haitals, tricate period of this region is the early medieval are sometimes also refered to as Turks. period (4th - 6th centuries AD). During this time, In the 4th - 6th centuries AD the territory of Cen- “The Great movement of peoples”, the migration tral Asia included at least four major political en- of nomadic peoples (Huns) from Asia to Europe, tities, among them Kushans, Chionites, Kidarites, took place. In South and Central Asia, great em- and Hephthalites. Discussions about the origins pires existed, including Sasanian Iran, Gupta and of these peoples still continue. Ideas vary from some small states. Across Central Asia, mysteri- the Hephthalites considered as part of the Hun ous new peoples appeared: the Hephthalites, the confederation to different other origins. It is also Kidarites and the Chionites, among others. Their uncertain whether the Hephthalites, the Kidarites origins are still debated. Some scholars suppose and the Chionites had a common or different ori- that they were part of a Hun confederation, while gins – that is, are they three branches of the same others suppose they had different origins. ethnic group or are they culturally, linguistically, Generally, the early research on the Hephthalites and genetically distinct from one another? was based only on written sources. They were The Hephthalites are well represented in their mentioned for the fi rst time in AD 361 at the siege coins. -
Final Technical Report on the Results of the UNESCO/Korean Funds-In
UNESCO/Republic of Korea Funds-in-Trust Final Technical Report on the results of the UNESCO/Korean Funds-in-Trust Project: Support for the Preparation for the World Heritage Serial Nomination of the Silk Roads in South Asia, 2013- 2016 2016 Final Technical Report on the results of the UNESCO/Korean Funds-in-Trust project: Support for the Preparation for the World Heritage Serial Nomination of the Silk Roads in South Asia, 2013-2016 Executing Agency: • UNESCO World Heritage Centre, in collaboration with UNESCO Field Offices in Kathmandu and New Delhi Implementing partners: • National Commissions for UNESCO of Bhutan, China, India, and Nepal • Department of Archaeology of Nepal (DoA) • Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) • Division for Conservation of Heritage Sites, Department of Culture, Ministry of Home and Cultural Affairs, Royal Government of Bhutan • State Administration of Cultural Heritage of China • ICOMOS International • ICOMOS International Conservation Centre – Xi’an (IICC-X) • University College London, UK Written & compiled by: Tim Williams (Institute of Archaeology, University College London) Edited by: Tim Williams, Roland Lin Chih-Hung (Asia and the Pacific Unit, World Heritage Centre, UNESCO) and Gai Jorayev (Institute of Archaeology, University College London) Prepared for publication by Gai Jorayev at the Institute of Archaeology, University College London www.ucl.ac.uk/archaeology ISBN: 978-0-9956132-0-1 Creative commons licence: Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International. Share, copy and redistribute this publication in any medium or format under the following terms: Attribution — You must give appropriate credit and indicate if changes were made. NonCommercial — You may not use the material for commercial purposes. -
The Iconography of Headdresses at Bamiyan and What It Suggests
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Ai Khanoum After 145 Bc the Post-Palatial Occupation*
Ancient Civilizations from Scythia to Siberia 24 (2018) 354-419 brill.com/acss Ai Khanoum after 145 bc The Post-Palatial Occupation* Laurianne Martinez-Sève** University of Lille [email protected] Abstract The attack that caused the ruin of Ai Khanoum around 145 BC was a key event of its history. This was the beginning of the so-called post-palatial period, which is often considered of short duration. The article intends to provide a general study of this last stage of the history of the city, taking into account the information already published, but also the new evidence resulting from the ongoing study of its main sanctuary (henceforth the Sanctuary). The few inhabitants of Ai Khanoum still living in the city after 145 BC reoccupied its private and public buildings and were engaged in the recovering of all the riches of the former Graeco-Bactrian capital. They exploited the stone materials, the metallic objects, the furniture and even reused the ceramics abandoned in the town. The Sanctuary remained in activity for a while, under the control of an authority who undertook maintenance operations, but the religious conceptions of the population underwent some major changes. This study also enables to review the common assumptions regarding the role played by nomadic people during this period. Keywords Hellenistic Bactria – Ai Khanoum – Post-palatial period – the Temple with Indented Niches – cults – recovering activities – Yuezhi – Sakā * I wish to thank F. Grenet, G. Lecuyot, B. Lyonnet, M. Minardi, C. Rapin and S. Watson for their accurate assistance and comments. But I alone am responsible for the opinions expressed in the paper. -
Jahresbericht 2011 Kunsthistorisches Museum Mit MVK Und Ötm Jahresbericht 2011
M ÖT Sammlungen in der Neuen Burg www.khm.at Ephesos Museum Hofjagd- und Rüstkammer Sammlung alter Musikinstrumente 1010 Wien, Heldenplatz Kunsthistorisches Museum 1010 Wien, Maria Theresien-Platz Schatzkammer 1010 Wien, Hofburg – Schweizerhof Wagenburg 1130 Wien, Schloss Schönbrunn Museum für Völkerkunde 1010 Wien, Neue Burg, Heldenplatz Theseustempel Jahresbericht 1010 Wien, Volksgarten 2011 Schloss Ambras 6020 Innsbruck, Schlossstraße 20 978-3-99020-015-5 Österreichisches Theatermuseum 1010 Wien, Palais Lobkowitz, Lobkowitzplatz 2 Jahresbericht 2011 Kunsthistorisches Museum mit MVK und Jahresbericht 2011 2 SAMMLUNG Jahresbericht 2011 Kunsthistorisches Museum mit MVK und ÖTM IMPRESSUM MEDIENINHABER UND HERAUSGEBER Generaldirektorin Dr. Sabine HAAG REDAKTION Franz PICHORNER Elisabeth HERRMANN LEKTORAT Elisabeth HERRMANN Annette SCHÄFER ÜBERSETZUNGEN Elizabeth MORTIMER ART-DIREKTION Stefan ZEISLER FOTONACHWEIS ©, falls nicht anders angegeben: KHM Leitung Fotografie und Bildbearbeitung Stefan ZEISLER Bildbearbeitung Michael AUMÜLLER Fotografen Christian MENDEZ Thomas RITTER Alexander ROSOLI Andreas ULDRICH GRAFISCHE GESTALTUNG ATELIER SIMMA, Wien DRUCK Druckerei Walla GmbH www.khm.at © 2012 Kunsthistorisches Museum Wien Alle Rechte vorbehalten. INHALT 8 Geschäftsführung 17 Aus der Chronik von KHM, MVK und ÖTM 21 Sammlungen des Kunsthistorischen Museums 73 Sammlungen des Museums für Völkerkunde 91 Sammlungen des Österreichischen Theatermuseums 103 Abteilungen 137 Ausstellungen 169 Publikationen 173 Diverses 183 Mitarbeiterinnen und Mitarbeiter 187 English Summary Geschäftsbericht 6 SAMMLUNG SAMMLUNGEN KHM 7 GESCHÄFTSFÜHRUNG 8 VORWORT Seit 10 Jahren gibt das Kunsthistorische tungsphase ist ein problemloser Umzug aus im Fundraising und die wertvolle finanzielle Museum mit seinen angeschlossenen Museen den alten Depots erfolgt, wofür wir allen Unterstützung unseres Wiener Freundesver- jeweils einen Tätigkeitsbericht heraus, in Beteiligten unseren großen Dank aus- eins sowie der International Friends of KHM dem seine Forschungs-, Vermittlungs- und sprechen. -
4 the Kushano-Sasanian Kingdom
ISBN 978-92-3-103211-0 State organization and administration 4 THE KUSHANO-SASANIAN KINGDOM* A. H. Dani and B. A. Litvinsky Contents State organization and administration .......................... 107 Economy, society and trade ............................... 112 Religious life ...................................... 113 Cities, architecture, art and crafts ............................ 115 Languages and scripts .................................. 121 In the early centuries of the Christian era the names of two great empires stand out boldly in the history of Central Asia. The first was Kushanshahr, named after the Great Kushan emperors, who held sway from the Amu Darya (Oxus) valley to the Indus and at times as far as the Ganges. Here flourished the traditions of the Kushans, who had brought together the political, economic, social and religious currents of the time from the countries with which they had dealings (see Chapter 7). The second great empire (which rose to challenge Kushan power) was Eranshahr, which expanded both westward and eastward under the new Sasanian dynasty. Its eastern advance shook Kushan power to its foundation. State organization and administration According to Cassius Dio (LXXX, 4) and Herodian (VI, 2.2), Ardashir I (226– 241), who waged many wars, intended to reconquer those lands which had originally belonged to the Persians. He defeated the Parthian kings and conquered Mesopotamia – an event which led to his wars with the Romans. It is more difficult to judge his conquests in the east. According to the inscription of Shapur I (241–271) at Naqsh-i Rustam, ‘under the rule of * See Map 2. 107 ISBN 978-92-3-103211-0 State organization and administration shahanshah [king of kings] Ardashir’ were Satarop, king of Abrenak (i.e. -
LECTURE> "Buddhist Manuscript Discoveries at Mes Aynak: a Tricky Philological in Situ-Ation"
H-Buddhism LECTURE> "Buddhist Manuscript Discoveries at Mes Aynak: A Tricky Philological In Situ-ation" Charles DiSimone, May 11 2021 Discussion published by Charles DiSimone on Sunday, May 9, 2021 Dear Friends, I am sorry to inform you that Ingo Strauch has had to cancel his upcoming talk: “Newly discovered Śāradā documents from a private collection in the UK”, on short notice which was to be the eighth and final lecture in the Ghent Center for Buddhist Studies Spring Lecture Series (Permanent Training in Buddhist Studies (PTBS)) generously sponsored by the Tianzhu Foundation. Due to this absence, I will fill in with a talk on a somewhat similar theme that may be of interest to those who had planned to attend the scheduled lecture. The lecture will be on May 11, 2021 at 19.00 Belgian time. All lectures in this series will be held remotely over Zoom. Interested parties are welcome to attend the series or individual talks. To register to this talk and get the Zoom link, or if you would like to be informed of future talks in our next lecture series (Spring 2022), please write [email protected] . Please note, due to a recent cyber attack in Belgium, even if you registered for previous talks you should still register once again to attend. Buddhist Manuscript Discoveries at Mes Aynak: A Tricky Philological In Situ-ation Charles DiSimone Ghent University The ancient city of Mes Aynak, located about 40 km from Kabul in Afghanistan, sits atop the largest deposit of copper in the world. It has been an important location for copper mining and smelting from at least the late Bronze Age until perhaps around the 6th century CE and was continuously inhabited for several centuries thereafter. -
Castles, Walls, Fortresses. the Sasanian Effort to Defend the Territory
HISTORIA I ŚWIAT, nr 9 (2020) ISSN 2299 - 2464 Meysam LABBAF-KHANIKI (University of Tehran, Iran) Castles, Walls, Fortresses. The Sasanian Effort to Defend the Territory https://doi.org/10.34739/his.2020.09.03 Abstract: Defensive structures have been applied as the permanent elements of the Iranian urbanism, from the first phases of sedentism in the Neolithic period onwards. Following the Iranian tradition in architecture, Sasanian fortifications having local features were constructed in adaptation with the regional circumstances. Nevertheless, we can find some similarities in the components of the defensive installations. The defensive structures located within the Sasanian territory turned Iran into the unconquerable fortress providing Sasanians with military, political, cultural, and economic dominance over a vast area of the ancient world for more than four centuries. Key words: Fortress, Defensive Fortifications, Sasanian Period, Iran, Linear Walls Introduction Castles and defensive buildings have been playing an important role in the Iranian history of architecture. As an architectural tradition, almost all the historical settlements in Iran have been enclosed by the massive walls which were occasionally equipped with watchtowers and forts and because of the defensive appearance of the settlements, the modern Iranian villagers call still their settlements ‘Qal‘eh’ meaning castle in Persian. Due to the continuous tradition of defensive architecture over history, it is difficult to apply comparative methods to estimate the date of enclosing or linear walls, towers, and forts. On the other hand, the defensive structures were commonly erected over the ruins of ancient structures and therefore includes the various portions dating back to the different phases. -
Karakoram Himalayas and Central Asia. the Buddhist Connection
RUDN Journal of World History 2018 Vol. 10 No 2 109–125 Вестник РУДН. Серия: ВСЕОБЩАЯ ИСТОРИЯ http://journals.rudn.ru/world-history DOI: 10.22363/2312-8127-2018-10-2-109-125 KARAKORAM HIMALAYAS AND CENTRAL ASIA. THE BUDDHIST CONNECTION K. Warikoo Jawaharlal Nehru University New Delhi 110067, INDIA The Karakoram-Himalayan region is the cradle from where ancient Indian culture in- cluding Buddhism spread to different directions in Central Asia, East Asia and South East Asia. Gilgit, Chilas, Chitral, Baltistan, Ladakh, Zanskar and other frontier areas have been important mileposts on the famous Silk Route. Buddhist savants from India contributed to the spread of Buddhism in Central Asia and East Asia. One of the eminent scholars was Kumarajiva (344–413 AD) who broke political, geographical, cultural and linguistic barriers for propaga- tion of Buddhism. Hieun Tsiang mentions four important centres of Buddhism in Central Asia – Shan-shan (Kroraina), Khotan, Kucha and Turfan. Kashmir played an important role in intro- ducing Buddhism to Khotan, which in turn played a key role in the transmission of Buddhism to China. Several important places on the Silk Route system such as Kucha, Balkh, Bamiyan, Khotan, Kashgar etc. developed into important centres of Buddhism when parts of Central Asia and north-western India were integrated into a single kingdom under the Kushans.) Keywords: Karakoram-Himalayas, Gilgit, Chilas, Chitral, Baltistan, Zanskar, Ladakh, Kashmir, Kucha, Kashgar, Khotan, Buddhism, Kumarajiva, Hiuen Tsianmg, Lotus Sutra, Kan- ishka, Palola Sahis) Introduction. Abutting the borders of Afghanistan, China, Pakistan and India and being situated in close proximity to Central Asia, the Karakoram-Himalayan region has been an important constituent of India’s trans-Himalayan communica- tion network in the continent and beyond.