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Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Ankara Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Medya Ve Iletişim Çalişmalari Anabilim Dali

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Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Ankara Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Medya Ve Iletişim Çalişmalari Anabilim Dali TÜRKİYE CUMHURİYETİ ANKARA ÜNİVERSİTESİ SOSYAL BİLİMLER ENSTİTÜSÜ MEDYA VE İLETİŞİM ÇALIŞMALARI ANABİLİM DALI THE SHIFTS IN THE MEDIA PERCEPTION AND CONSTRUCTION OF RUSSIA IN THE AKP PERIOD: THE PREPONDERANCE OF THE REALPOLITIK Tezli Yüksek Lisans Tezi Gökçe Mustafa Sevinç Ankara, 2020 TÜRKİYE CUMHURİYETİ ANKARA ÜNİVERSİTESİ SOSYAL BİLİMLER ENSTİTÜSÜ MEDYA VE İLETİŞİM ÇALIŞMALARI ANABİLİM DALI THE SHIFTS IN THE MEDIA PERCEPTION AND CONSTRUCTION OF RUSSIA IN THE AKP PERIOD: THE PREPONDERANCE OF THE REALPOLITIK Tezli Yüksek Lisans Tezi Gökçe Mustafa Sevinç Doç.Dr. Cenk SARAÇOĞLU Ankara, 2020 TÜRKİYE CUMHURİYETİ ANKARA ÜNİVERSİTESİ SOSYAL BİLİMLER ENSTİTÜSÜ MEDYA VE İLETİŞİM ÇALIŞMALARI ANABİLİM DALI THE SHIFTS IN THE MEDIA PERCEPTION AND CONSTRUCTION OF RUSSIA IN THE AKP PERIOD: THE PREPONDERANCE OF THE REALPOLITIK Doç. Dr. Cenk SARAÇOĞLU Jüri Üyeleri İmza 1. Doç.Dr. Cenk Saraçoğlu 2. Prof.Dr. Besime Pınar Özdemir 3. Dr. Emel Uzun Avcı 4. 5. 30.10.2020 Special thanks to my parents Sümeray Koraltan and Ender Sevinç for their unconditional and constant support. I’d like to thank Fatma Yaman for her editing and corrections and my supervisor Cenk Saraçoglu for his visionary suggestions and his patience throughout the process and to all people that helped me to make this work a reality. Kind regards, Gökçe Mustafa Sevinç i LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS EU: European Union US: United States of America FETÖ: Fethullahçı Terör Örgütü/Gulenist Movement PKK: Partiya Karkerên Kurdistanê/Kurdistan Workers Party YPG: Yekîneyên Parastina Gel/ People's Protection Units ISIS: Islamic State AA: Anadolu Agency AKP: Adalet ve Kalkınma Partisi/ Justice and Development Party IR: International Relations USSR: Union of Soviet Sovereign Republics NATO: North Atlantic Treaty Organization IHA: İhlas Haber Ajansı/İhlas News Agency OEC: The Observatory of Economic Complexity DMG: Doğan Media Group MMG: Merkez Media Group SDIF: Saving Deposit Insurance Fund RP: Refah Partisi/Wellfare Party FP: Fazilet Partisi/Virtue Party ii CIS: Commonwealth of Independent States PKDW: Kurdish Parliament in Exile UN: United Nations TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................... 1 1.1. The Objective of the Research .......................................................................... 2 1.2. Methodology and Limitations ............................................................................ 4 2. MEDIA EFFECTS: HOW MEDIA AFFECTS FOREIGN POLICY & PUBLIC OPINION? ........................................................................................................................ 9 2.1. The CNN Effect ............................................................................................... 10 2.1.1. Aspects of the CNN Effect ....................................................................... 10 2.1.2. The Examples: Somalia, Bosnia and Rwanda .......................................... 11 2.1.3. Scholarly Debate ...................................................................................... 13 2.2. Propaganda Model and Manufacturing Consent.............................................. 14 2.2.1. Five Filters ................................................................................................ 14 2.2.2. Versions of the Manufacturing Consent: Elite and Executive ................. 15 2.3. AKP Government & Media Dominance .......................................................... 16 2.3.1. Foundation of AKP: Traditionists vs. Reformists .................................... 17 2.3.2. Means of Domination ............................................................................... 18 2.3.3. Three Examples ........................................................................................ 19 2.4. AKP Government, CNN Effect & Manufacturing Consent ............................ 22 3. HISTORY OF TURKISH-RUSSIAN RELATIONS ............................................. 25 3.1. LATE OTTOMAN ERA ................................................................................. 26 3.1.1. Crimean War (1853-1856) ....................................................................... 26 3.1.2. Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878) ............................................................. 27 3.2. Turning Tides: First World War and New Structures ...................................... 28 3.2.1.1. Caucasus Front (1914-1918) ................................................................. 28 3.2.2. A New Dawn for Nations ......................................................................... 29 3.2.3. Cold War Era ............................................................................................ 29 3.2.4. Fall of USSR and Modern Day Russia-Turkey Relations ........................ 32 3.2.4.1. South Caucasus Politics ........................................................................ 33 3.2.4.2. Rivalry in Central Asia ......................................................................... 34 3.2.4.3. Chechen and Kurdish Questions ........................................................... 35 iii 3.2.4.4. Middle East Politics .............................................................................. 37 3.2.4.5. Commercial Relations ........................................................................... 38 3.3. Construction of an Eternal Enemy ................................................................... 39 4. REPRESENTATION OF THE CRISIS ON THE PRO-GOVERNMENT MEDIA 41 4.1. Downing of the Russian Plane ......................................................................... 41 4.1.1. Reflections of Downing of Russian Plane on Pro-Government Media .... 42 4.1.2. The Aftermath of the Incident .................................................................. 48 4.1.3. Investigative News and Commentaries .................................................... 57 4.1.4. Overall Framing of Russia until the Normalization Period ...................... 66 4.2. Reconciliation Period ....................................................................................... 68 4.2.1. Internal Affairs, Reconciliation Period and Pro-Government Media ....... 71 4.2.2. Hard News of Reconciliation Period ........................................................ 72 4.2.3. Commentaries and Investigative Journalism Pieces ................................. 79 4.2.4. Overall Framing of Reconciliation Period ............................................... 88 4.3. From Reconciliation to Alliance: Acquirement of S-400 System from Russia 90 4.3.1. Hard News about ‘’Acquiring S-400 Systems’’ from Russia .................. 92 4.3.2. Commentaries and Investigative Journalism Pieces ............................... 105 4.3.3. Overall Framing of the ‘’Acquirement’’ Era .......................................... 112 5. CONCLUSION ..................................................................................................... 114 5.1. For Further Research ..................................................................................... 121 BIBLIOGRAPHY ........................................................................................................ 128 ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................. 133 ÖZET ............................................................................................................................ 134 iv LIST OF TABLES Table 1: A comprehensive look into how Russia and Turkey relations between 1920- 1960 (Ulgul, 2010). ........................................................................................................ 31 Table 2: Visualization of the framing towards US/NATO and Russia between 2015- 2019 .............................................................................................................................. 117 TABLE OF FIGURES Figure 1: US plans to help to Turkey against USSR ...................................................... 32 Figure 2: Initial reports of Güneş and Sabah about the plane downing ......................... 47 Figure 3: Report of Akşam regarding the oil of Syria .................................................... 50 Figure 4: Report of Yeni Şafak about ''Russia's awaited apology''. ............................... 51 Figure 5: Report of Vatan about Erdoğan's statements of ''They should apologise!'' .... 52 Figure 6: Reports of Yeni Şafak, Yeni Akit and Vatan about Erdogan's warning. ........ 54 Figure 7: S-400's specifications which created by Yeni Şafak ....................................... 93 Figure 8: Physical versions of the newspapers Sabah, Akşam, Milliyet and Star reporting the agreement of S-400 ................................................................................... 95 v 1. INTRODUCTION Throughout history, Russian and Turkish states have always had a recondite relationship. This relationship can be spotted at both political and public levels. Both nations have ‘’changed skin’’ throughout the relationship. Ottoman Empire could not stand the test of time and transformed into Turkey with democracy and a free-market economy, and Russia faced a revolution and abandoned its ‘’Westernisation agenda’’ in the face of heavy losses in World War I, which led to the Russian Revolution and from that, USSR was born. However, these two nations never ceased to hold a certain level of relationship, which can be either ‘’co-operation’’ or ‘’war’’ or both. Rooted deeply in history, these types of relations can be
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