Pamela Siegel YOGA E SAÚDE: O DESAFIO DA INTRODUÇÃO DE

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Pamela Siegel YOGA E SAÚDE: O DESAFIO DA INTRODUÇÃO DE UNIVERSIDADE ESTADUAL DE CAMPINAS FACULDADE DE CIÊNCIAS MÉDICAS DEPARTAMENTO DE MEDICINA PREVENTIVA E SOCIAL PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM SAÚDE COLETIVA Pamela Siegel YOGA E SAÚDE: O DESAFIO DA INTRODUÇÃO DE UMA PRÁTICA NÃO-CONVENCIONAL NO SUS Orientador Prof. Nelson Filice de Barros 26 de julho 2010 i UNIVERSIDADE ESTADUAL DE CAMPINAS FACULDADE DE CIÊNCIAS MÉDICAS DEPARTAMENTO DE MEDICINA PREVENTIVA E SOCIAL PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM SAÚDE COLETIVA Pamela Siegel YOGA E SAÚDE: O DESAFIO DA INTRODUÇÃO DE UMA PRÁTICA NÃO-CONVENCIONAL NO SUS Tese apresentada ao Programa de Pós- Graduação em Saúde Coletiva, da Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, da Unicamp para obtenção do título de Doutor em Saúde Coletiva, Área de concentração em Saúde Coletiva. Orientador Prof. Nelson Filice de Barros 26 de julho 2010 iii FICHA CATALOGRÁFICA ELABORADA PELA BIBLIOTECA DA FACULDADE DE CIÊNCIAS MÉDICAS DA UNICAMP Bibliotecário: Sandra Lúcia Pereira – CRB-8ª / 6044 Siegel, Pamela Si15y Yoga e saúde: o desafio da introdução de uma prática não- convencional no SUS / Pamela Siegel. Campinas, SP : [s.n.], 2010. Orientador: Nelson Filice de Barros Tese (Doutorado) Universidade Estadual de Campinas. Faculdade de Ciências Médicas. 1. Terapias mente corpo. 2. Medicina integrativa. 3. Yoga. I. Barros, Nel son Filice de. II. Universidade Estadual de Campinas. Faculdade de Ciências Médicas. III. Título. Título em inglês : Yoga and health: the challenge of integrating a non-conventional practice into the Brazilian National Health System. Keywords: • Mind body therapies • Integrative medicine • Yoga Titulação: Doutor em Saúde Coletiva Área de concentração: Saúde Coletiva Banca examinadora: Prof. Dr. Nelson Filice de Barros Prof. Dr. Everardo Nunes Profa. Dra. Marília Vieira Soares Prof. Dr. Silas Guerriero Prof. Dr. Charles Dalcanale Tesser Data da defesa: 26-07-2010 iv v Agradecimentos _______________________________________________________________ Gostaria de deixar aqui os meus agradecimentos para: Joel de Moraes e Katia Jaisa Machado, amigos, pelo apoio logístico recebido em São Paulo, durante a etapa das entrevistas com os líderes yogues. Floriano T. Moncorvo, empresário, pelo apoio para ida a congressos, com o intuito de apresentar resultados parciais desta pesquisa. Luis González Reimann, professor da UC Berkeley, pela sua indicação bibliográfica e pelas suas explicações sobre temas de hindologia, incluídas no texto. Barbara Windisch e Nina Archambeault, minhas irmãs, que me apoiaram de diversas maneiras. A Capes por me haver concedido uma bolsa que me possibilitou concretizar esta tese. Prof. Dr. Nelson Filice de Barros, pelo seu infatigável trabalho de orientação. vii Resumo O yoga é uma prática psico-física sistematizada por Patanjali, sábio hindu, que viveu no século II a.C.. Em 1893 o yoga chega às Américas com a vinda do Swami Vivekananda aos Estados Unidos e no Brasil, nos anos de 1940, Caio Miranda começa a ensinar a prática no Rio de Janeiro. Portanto, o yoga é praticado há sessenta anos no país e há, ainda, poucas pesquisas sobre o mesmo no campo da saúde coletiva, razão esta que justificou o nosso interesse. Além do que em 2002 a Organização Mundial de Saúde incluiu o yoga no conjunto das práticas mente-corpo e estimulou seus países membros a pesquisar e adotar esta prática nos seus sistemas de saúde pública. O objetivo desse trabalho é analisar as percepções dos líderes das principais tradições do yoga em São Paulo sobre a possibilidade da inserção dessa prática como política pública no Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) e seus processos de formação e profissionalização. Foram identificadas 21 tradições principais, das quais 18 líderes foram entrevistados e três não o foram por diferentes razões. Foram realizadas entrevistas em profundidade em janeiro/fevereiro de 2006; em setembro/outubro de 2008 e abril de 2009, com roteiro construído em três secções: a) Identificação pessoal; b) A prática do yoga e c) Yoga e saúde. As entrevistas tiveram duração média de 1,5h e aconteceram em diferentes locais da cidade de São Paulo, de acordo com os apontamentos dos entrevistados. Todas foram gravadas, transcritas e analisadas com base na tradição da análise temática da pesquisa qualitativa. A maioria dos instrutores tem curso superior, formação em yoga adquirida no Brasil e em países estrangeiros, em cursos nos EUA e na Índia, viagens e retiros. Em relação à profissionalização, alguns dos entrevistados tiveram contato muito cedo com o yoga, seja através de leituras, influências familiares, inclinações místicas, estados de saúde delicados ou simples curiosidade. Outros entraram em contato com a prática na idade adulta e decidiram se dedicar à docência do yoga. Os entrevistados atuam em escolas particulares de yoga ou em organizações que promovem diferentes tradições do yoga, dando aulas, palestras, cursos de formação, cursos intensivos e de férias, bem como organizando retiros, viagens, seminários, e alguns escrevem artigos e traduzem livros sobre temas do universo do yoga. Todos os entrevistados aprovam a inclusão do yoga no SUS e elaboraram sugestões sobre: como a prática poderia ser ofertada, o público alvo, as técnicas de yoga a serem ensinadas, a duração das aulas, etc. Algumas áreas em que o yoga poderia fazer importantes contribuições seriam: vegetarianismo; correção postural e integração dos movimentos; cultura de paz; cultivo de valores; abstenção de vícios; consciência espiritual; integração do si; cultivo da atenção, oxigenação cerebral; cultivo de uma disciplina e melhoria da qualidade de vida. Conclui-se que o yoga é visto como um conjunto de práticas físicas, sociais e filosóficas úteis para o campo da saúde, todavia com muitos desafios para a sua integração no SUS, devido à sua identificação com a cultura alternativa e distanciamento das bases epistemológicas da medicina complementar e integrativa. ix Abstract Background: Yoga is a psycho-physical practice systematized by Patanjali, a Hindu sage, who lived in the second century BCE. In 1983, yoga was brought to America by Swami Vivekananda. In Brazil, around 1940, Caio Miranda began teaching the practice in Rio de Janeiro. Thus yoga has been practiced for the last sixty years in the biggest urban centers of the country and there are very few academic studies on the subject in the health field, which is the main reason to justify our interest in the study. Besides, in 2002, the World Health Organization included yoga in the group of the mind-body practices and stimulated its members to study and adopt these practices in the national health systems. Objective : This article explores the São Paulo yoga leaders’ perceptions regarding the potential insertion of yoga as a public policy into the Brazilian National Health System, and their process of professionalization. Methods: Twenty one main traditions were identified, of which 18 leaders were interviewed, and the other three didn’t participate for different reasons. In- depth interviews were carried out in January/February 2006; September/October 2008 and April 2009, through the application of a questionnaire divided into three sections: (a) personal identification; (b) yoga practice; and (c) yoga and health. The interviews lasted approximately 1.5 hr and took place in various locations in São Paulo city, according to appointments arranged by the interviewees and after they had signed a voluntary consent form. All the interviews were tape-recorded, transcribed, and analyzed according to the qualitative research tradition. Most yoga leaders have college education and acquired their yoga training in Brazil and in foreign countries, like USA and India, and through trips and retreats. Concerning their professionalization, some of the interviewees came in contact with yoga at a young age either through books, family influences, mystical inclinations, delicate states of health or simply curiosity. Others discovered yoga as adults and decided to become yoga teachers. They work in private yoga schools or for organizations which promote different yoga traditions, teaching, giving lectures, courses for teachers, intensive and vacation courses, and they also organize retreats, trips and seminars; some of them write articles and translate books on different themes pertaining to the yoga field. Results : All the interviewees approve the inclusion of yoga in the Brazilian National Health System and suggested how the practice could be applied, the main public, the yoga techniques, the duration of the classes, etc. Areas in which yoga was perceived as being able to make important contributions included: vegetarianism; postural correction and integration of movements; peace culture; the cultivation of virtuous values; abstention from addictive substances; spiritual consciousness; integration of the self; cultivation of awareness; brain oxygenization; cultivation of discipline and improved quality of life. Conclusion : Yoga is seen as a group of useful physical, social, and philosophical practices for the health field. However, challenges to its integration into the BNHS include its maintenance as an alternative culture practice and its distance from the epistemological bases of present complementary and integrative medicine. xi LISTAS _________________________________________________________________________ Abreviações a.C.: antes de Cristo CBO: Classificação Brasileira de Ocupações CONFEF: Conselho Federal de Educação Física CREFs: Conselhos Regionais de Educação Física d.C.: depois de Cristo EUA: Estados Unidos da América Gita: Baghavad-Gita, obra indiana que contém o diálogo entre
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