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Insights Into Cultural Policies in Lebanon Edited by Hanane Hajj Ali and Nadia Von Maltzahn Insights into Cultural Policies in Lebanon edited by Hanane Hajj Ali and Nadia von Maltzahn An initiative of the working group on cultural policies in Lebanon www.mawred.org Orient-Institut Studies 6. Beirut: Lebanon, February 2021. editors: Hanane Hajj Ali, Nadia von Maltzahn translation from arabic : Ghada Haidar design: Khajak Apelian This research project was funded by Culture Resource. CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 DOI: https://doi.org/10.25360/01-2021-00004 ISSN: 2194-3400 www.mawred.org Introduction Hanane Hajj Ali & Nadia von Maltzahn 4 Legal Frameworks Regulating the Cultural Sector in Lebanon Nayla Geagea 18 Le fnancement public de la culture au Liban : Comprendre le système institutionnel et ses mécanismes Célia Hassani 77 Heritage and Policymaking in Lebanon Katarzyna Puzon 117 Introduction 3 Insights into Cultural Policies in Lebanon Introduction Hanane Hajj Ali & Nadia von Maltzahn For a little more than a decade now, between 2009 and 2020, cultural policies have been transformed from a term generally not known in the Arab world — or at best not used — to a subject many local, regional and international organisa- tions are interested in. States have put cultural policies on the agenda of their public policies, whether voluntarily or by force. This increased interest has become clearly visible in the revolutionary times that took many Arab states by surprise, and which pushed many civil society actors to demand either putting efective cultural policies in place where they were absent; to fundamentally change cultural policies supporting defunct regimes; or to introduce essential reforms on several levels, including legislation regulating cultural work, frame- works for fnancially supporting it, organisational structures of the ministry of culture and other concerned ministries, etc. The fnal demand was to establish strategic plans to make culture and arts a bearer for non-centralised sustainable economic development reaching both the centre and the margins. What has become of this interest in light of the relative or complete decline of the revolutionary movement, its fuctuation depending on the circumstances, its complete absence under the pressure of the “new” old totalitarian regimes, or as a result of the fragmentation of some Arab countries into semi-warring cantons? There is no simple answer, especially if we know that there are implicit policies1 made up of undeclared practices that both people in power and stake- holders agree on and that take the place of written laws and regulations. They allow multiple margins for action outside of politics and written laws either in accordance or in opposition to them, as it happens when political and social norms override basic principles of the constitution. We encourage researchers in politics to investigate these implicit policies and shed light on them. In addition, the multiplicity of views on the concept of culture in a single country, and the connection between transformations of these concepts and the political, social, economic and security transformations, further complicates the task. Regarding Lebanon, where the research studies we are introducing below took place, it is worth noting that the interest in the subject of cultural policies has grown with the start of the 17 October revolution, as has the interest of Lebanese society to review the overall political practices of the current regime, in order to monitor, understand, criticise, disapprove and repeal what exists and try to suggest alternatives at all levels. After the catastrophic explosion 1 von Maltzahn, Nadia. “What Cultural Policies?” Explicit and Implicit Cultural Policies in Lebanon, Middle East — Topics & Argu- ments, 2017, http://meta-journal.net/article/view/5088. Introduction 5 Insights into Cultural Policies in Lebanon of 4 August 2020, the priority was to put rescue policies in place before focus- ing on establishing development policies. However, the process of conducting research, gathering information, analysing numbers and comparing budgets in the absence of archives and transparency, and despite the dispersion of and conficting information in databases — if they exist — and the difculty in obtaining them, remains a necessary undertaking that is addressed by groups of activists, researchers, organisations and cultural institutions, both locally and internationally.2 In the following, we will lay out how interest in the topic of cultural policies has evolved in Lebanon throughout the last decade. To improve existing policies and create awareness about cultural policies in the Arab region, a project was launched in 2009 to research the state of cultural policies in a number of coun- tries. Following an open call, the regional NGO Culture Resource (Al-Mawred Al-Thaqafy) in close cooperation with the European Cultural Foundation selected researchers from Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Egypt, Palestine, Jordan, Lebanon and Syria to research their national cultural policies along the follow- ing axes: historical background, organization and infrastructure of institutions involved, objectives and principles, legal frameworks, the role of civil society and partnerships, and supporting creativity. A summary of the results was sub- sequently published in both Arabic and English, and a regional conference on cultural policies in the Arab World held in Beirut in June 2010.3 One recommendation of this conference was to set up an Arab group for cultural policies, consisting of representatives of participating countries who in turn would set up national working groups for cultural policies in their countries, to advance research and the debates on cultural policies. A second meeting was held in Amman in April 2011, at which the notion was reinforced that cultural work in the region sufered from similar problems, including lack of cooperation 2 The Basil Fuleihan Institute for Finance for instance has conducted a study on the creative and cultural industries entitled “Cul- tural and Creative Industries in Lebanon: Economic data, analyzing challenges and recommendations”, fnanced by the Institut français and the French Development Agency. The study has two main aims: to shed light quantitatively and qualitatively on the real economic weight of the cultural industries in Lebanon (theatre, festivals, fashion, jewelry design, cinema, video games and digital music broadcasting), and to lay the foundations for a suitable public policy to revive them. The Samir Kassir Foundation is launching a project in cooperation with the Friedrich Naumann Foundation, entitled “Mod- ernising Cultural Policy-Making in Lebanon.” This project aims to formulate and promote at least three ideas for cultural policy reform that have a benefcial and sustainable impact on the lives of Lebanese citizen, through a comprehensive set of incentives and organizational and practical measures. Célia Hassani, the author of the study on public fnancing of culture in this volume, is currently completing her PhD thesis at Aix-Marseille Université on the topic of the diferent initiatives that strive to develop cultural policies in Lebanon, entitled “La mobilisation d’intermédiaires de l’art pour le développement des politiques culturelles au Liban : nécessité d’une redéfnition de la place de l’art dans la société.” /available http://mawred.org/wordpress1/wp-content , حنان الحاج عل (تحرير), مدخل إل السياسات الثقافية ف العالم العرب, المورد الثقاف 2010 3 uploads/2009/12/An-Introduction-to-cultural-policies-in-the-Arab-world.pdf, last accessed 31 October 2018. Introduction 6 Insights into Cultural Policies in Lebanon between state institutions and the independent sector, a legislation that gave lit- tle room to artists and intellectuals, as well as fnancial restrictions. The change the region was going through at the time was seen as providing an opportunity to examine the organization and development of cultural work based on a well- grounded understanding of the present situation and a long-term vision, and to make recommendations for new or reformed infrastructures. The study on cultural policies in Lebanon conducted for Culture Resource in 2009 was undertaken by Watfa Hamadi and Rita Azar, and later updated by Mona Merhi in 2014 in the frame of the platform “Cultural Policy in the Arab Region” (http://www.arabcp.org/) that was set up following the initial studies.4 In 2010, the lawyers Nizar Saghieh, Rana Saghieh and Nayla Geagea published a study on censorship in Lebanon, funded by the German Heinrich Böll Foundation.5 This was the result of a number of meetings that were then referred to as “Observatory on Censorship of artistic work in Lebanon,” which included numerous cultural institutions working towards monitoring and reviewing laws concerning prior censorship of artistic works. Then, in early 2015, Hanane Hajj Ali, Nadia von Maltzahn and Nizar Saghieh started thinking about a series of research studies in the feld of cultural policy in Lebanon dealing with pressing issues, to further create awareness about cul- tural policies and encourage debate on the subject. The publication Insights into Cultural Policies in Lebanon is the result of this process, and comprises a series of research studies on diferent aspects of cul- tural policies in Lebanon. Cultural policy research is a new feld in Lebanon, and access to data is limited. The aim of this volume is to give initial insights and encourage further research on the frameworks guiding the cultural sector in Lebanon. It has been funded by Culture Resource within the frame of their support to national
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