The history of women's higher education in modern Lebanon and its social implications Item Type text; Dissertation-Reproduction (electronic) Authors Lattouf, Mirna Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 04/10/2021 01:38:30 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/288958 INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced fix>m the microfilm master. UMI fihns the text directfy from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter &ce, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reprodnction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. 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Contact UMI directly to order. UMI A Bdl & Howell Infimnadon C(niq>aiiy 300 NoithZed> Road, Ann Aibor MI 48106-1346 USA 313/761-4700 800/521-0600 THE HISTORY OF WOMEN'S HIGHER EDUCATION IN MODERN LEBANON AND ITS SOCIAL IMPUCATIONS By Mirna Lattouf Copyright © Mima Lattouf 1999 A Dissertation submitted to the Faculty of the DEPARTMENT OF NEAR EAST STUDIES In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy In the Graduate College THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA 1999 UMX Nundaer: 9927452 Copyrigh.t 1999 by Lattouf / Mima All rights reserved. UMI Microform 9927452 Copjrright 1999, by UMI Company. All rights reserved. This microform edition is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. UMI 300 North Zeeb Road Ann Arbor, MI 48103 2 THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA « GRADUATE COLLEGE As members of the Final Examination Committee, we certify that we have read the dissertation prepared by Mirna Lattouf entitled The History of Women's Higher Education in Modern Lebanon and Its Socila Implications and recommend that it be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation requirement for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy <• - H- Williamr ./^j^ilson /f Datfe A/rA ^ Adel damal P f hit 1 f Date Richard Ruiz Date Date Final approval and acceptance of this dissertation is contingent upon the candidate's submission of the final copy of the dissertation to the Graduate College. I hereby certify that I have read this dissertation prepared under my direction and recommend that it be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation requirement. tf!(It Dissert^irar Director Date ' Wil3>i^ J. Wilson, Chair 3 STATEMENT BY AUTHOR This dissertation has been submitted in partial fiilfiUment of requirements for an advanced degree at the University of Arizona and is deposited in the University of Arizona Main Library to be made available to borrowers under the rules of the library. Brief quotations from this dissertation are allowable without special permission, provided that accurate acknowledgment of source is made. Requests for permission for extended quotation from or reproduction of this manuscript in whole or in part may be granted by the copyright holder. Signed: 4 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I wish to first thank the University of Arizona, Graduate College for allowing me to further my education. Thanks also goes to the Department of Near East Studies and its faculty for accepting me into the Ph.D. program, and providing me with the academic, financial, and personal support which allowed me to focus on my studies. I am gratefiil to the Rotary International Foundation for awarding me the Rotary Ambassadorial Scholarship which allowed me to travel to Lebanon and pursue my research. Their interest in my project, devotion to education, and commitment to intercultural interaction have inspired me to better myself. Finally, I wish to extend my thanks to the personnel at al-Raida Joumal, especially Laurie King Irani and Ghena Ismail. I would like to acknowledge my grateiulness to Dr. Munir Bashshur and Dr. Adnan al-Amine of the Department of Education, at the American University of Beirut for allowing me unlimited access to their libraries, their time, and direction. Without them I am sure I would not have been able to gather much of the information for this dissertation. 1 wish to express my deep appreciation and gratitude to all my committee members and advisors for their patience and dedication. A special thanks goes to Dr. Julia Clancy-Smith. Dr. Clancy-Smith helped me shape the dissertation as she patiently and diligently read through many chapters and versions, editing, commenting, and critiquing constructively. Another special thanks is extended to Dr. Adel Gamal, my graduate advisor, for his support, interest, and guidance throughout my years at The University of Arizona. I also want to offer my gratitude and appreciation to Dr. Anne Betteridge, my mentor, for her unfailing support and for providing me with an exemplary role model. 5 Finally, mere words could not express my infinite debt to my family for their lifelong support, unconditional love, and persevering encouragement. I hope my dad is smiling. DEDICATION I would like to dedicate this dissertation to my best friend, life partner, and husband, Kenneth Daniel Mazze. He believed in me and had faith in my ability when I questioned myself and was willing to give up hope. He persistently supported my academic and professional goals, putting his dreams aside. Ken has taught me what true love is. I would also like to dedicate this dissertation in the memory of my grandmother Mariam, my guardian angel. I know she has and will always watch over me. 6 TABLE OF CONTENTS Statement 003 Acknowledgment 004 Dedication 005 List of Tables 010 List of Appendices Oil Abstract 012 Introduction Global Situation 014 Thesis 017 Research Design and Methodology 021 Personal Notes 024 Approach 026 Chapter One: Theoretical Foundations Introduction 028 Education- Formal Learning 030 Global 030 Middle East 032 Lebanon 033 Siunmary 034 Socialization- Informal Learning 035 Global 035 The System: Patriarchy and Education 039 Global 039 Middle East and Lebanon 043 Socialization and the Idealization of the Female 044 Global 044 Middle East and Lebanon 045 The Shaping of Gynocentric Voices Through Symbolism 046 Global 046 Middle East and Lebanon 052 Conclusion 055 7 TABLE OF CONTENTS - Continued Chapter Two: Lebanese Women: Patriarchy, Law, Htunan Rights, and Socialization Introduction 058 Patriarchy and Women 061 Patriarchy in Lebanese Society 061 Honor, Shame and the Female Body 066 The Place of the Female in Lebanese Society 067 Women and the Law 073 Women in the Lebanese Legal System 073 Religious Law 076 Secular Law 082 Bias in the Law 084 Law and Human Rights 089 Conclusion 090 Historical Outline 092 Chapter Three: Social History of Women's Education- the 19^ Century Introduction 094 Historical Backgrovmd 096 Pre-Nineteenth Century Empire 097 Ottoman Empire 097 Ottoman Education 099 The Foimdations for the Cultural Awakening in the Lebanon 104 Education in Mount Lebanon Before the Nineteenth Century 107 The Nineteenth Century 108 Ottoman Empire 108 Nineteenth Century Lebanon 109 The Mutassariffiya (1861-1921) Ill Lebanese Cultural Awakening 115 Formal Education in the Nineteenth Century 118 Western Missionary Education in Lebanon 118 Educational Opportunities for Girls and Women in the Middle East. 122 Introduction to Girls' Formal Education in Lebanon 125 Girls' Secondary Education in Lebanon 127 The First CoUeges 133 The Dawn of the Twentieth Century 137 Conclusion 141 g TABLE OF CONTENTS - Continued Chapter Four: Women's Higher Education in the Twentieth Century Introduction 144 The French Mandate Period (1^0-1943) 148 Lebanon Under French Mandate 148 Education Under the Mandate 149 The First Women's College 154 Other Educational Developments 159 Independence (1943-1975) 162 Lebanon After Independence 162 Education After Independence 164 The Lebanese National University 166 Private and/ or Foreign Universities 170 The War (1975-1990) 175 The War of 1975 175 Lebanese Higher Education during the War 177 The Second Republic 183 Lebanon in the 1990s 183 Higher Education in the 1990s 184 The First Comprehensive Study on Higher Education 185 Summary and Conclusion 189 Statistical and Other Information 194 Chapter Five: The Perception of Lebanese Women in the 1990s Introduction 199 Socialization of the Female 201 Women and Sexuality 201 Femaleness and Lebanese Society 203 The Image of the Female in Oral and Print Culture 205 Women in Fiction 214 Women, Education, Socialization, and the Labor Market 221 Post War Labor