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FITOSOCIOLOGIA DE LOS NOTHOFAGUS DE LA ZONA HIGROMORFICA CHILENA Plant Sociology of the Chilean Nothofagus of the Hygromorphic Zone

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FITOSOCIOLOGIA DE LOS NOTHOFAGUS DE LA ZONA HIGROMORFICA CHILENA Plant Sociology of the Chilean Nothofagus of the Hygromorphic Zone BOSQUE: (2): 127-132-1987 $/)ERVTXHYQ8 FITOSOCIOLOGIA DE LOS NOTHOFAGUS DE LA ZONA HIGROMORFICA CHILENA Plant sociology of the Chilean Nothofagus of the hygromorphic zone C.D.O.: 182-3 Carlos RAMÍREZ G.1 y Heriberto FIGUEROA S.2 1 Instituto de Botánica, 2 Instituto de Estadística, Universidad Austral de Chile, Casilla 567, Valdivia, Chile. SUMMARY The forest communities dominated by species mente se caracteriza el relieve, el clima, el sue­ of the Nothofagus genus in the chilean hygro­ lo y la cubierta vegetal de la región y se expone morphic zone are studied. The topography, cli- el uso actual de la tierra. mate, soil, vegetation cover of the soil and the Las especies de Nothofagus que prosperan en use given to the land are described. esta región son las siguientes: N. obliqua, N. al­ The Nothofagus species that thrive in this re­ pina, N. pumilio, N antarctica, N. dombeyi, N. gion are: Nothofagus obliqua, N. alpina, N. pu­ nitida y N. betuloides. Los dos primeros son milio, N. antarctica, N. dombeyi, N. nitida and caducifolios, de hoja ancha, típicos de un clima N. betuloides. The first two are deciduous, mediterráneo; los dos siguientes, caducifolios, with wide leaves, typical of a mediterranean cli- de hoja pequeña, propios, de condiciones mate; the following two are deciduous, of small subantárticas y los tres últimos, son árboles leaves, typical of subantarctic conditions and perennifolios de hoja chica adaptados a las the last three are perennial trees with small condiciones húmedo-templadas y frías de la leaves, adapted to the humid-temperate and región Valdiviana. cold conditions of the Valdivian region. Estas especies de Nothofagus se presentan These Nothofagus species are found forming formando partes importante de los siguiente 17 part of 17 sintaxa wich are: Nothofago-Persee- sintaxa: Nothofago-Perseetum lingue, Nothofa- tum lingue, Nothofagus Perseetum lingue bolde- go-Perseetum lingue boldetosum, Prummopyto- tosum, Prumnopyto-Nothofagetum obliquae, Nothofagetum obliquae, Podocarpo-Nothofage­ Podocarpo-Nothofagetum obliquae, Nothofage- tum obliquae, Nothofagetum alpino-procerae, tum alpino-procerae, Nothofagetum alpino-obli- Nothofagetum alpino-obliquae, Nothofagetum quae, Nothofagetum alpino-dombeyi, Nothofa- alpino-dombeyii, Nothofago-Eucryphietum cor­ go-Eucryphietum cordifoliae, Nothofago-Eucry- difoliae, Nothofago-Eucryphietum cordifoliae phietum cordifoliae myrceugenietosum, Chry- myrceugenietosum, Chrysosplenio-Nothofage- sosplenio-Nothofagetum dombeyii, Nothofage­ tum dombeyii, Nothofagetum dombeyii fitzro­ tum dombeyii fitzroyetosum, Austrocedro-No- yetosum, Austrocedro-Nothofagetum dombeyii, thofagetum dombeyii, Nothofagetum nitidae, Nothofagetum nitidae, Nothofagetum betuloi­ Nothofagetum betuloidis, Anemone-Nothofage- dis, Anemone-Nothofagetum pumilionis, Notho­ tum pumilionis, Nothofagetum pumilio-betu- fagetum pumilio-betuloidis y Chusqueo-Notho­ loidis and Chusqueo-Nothofagetum antarcticae. fagetum antarcticae. Lastly, the forest hygrophilic and swampy Por último, se analizan aquellas asociaciones communities in wich the Nothofagus genus is boscosas, higrófilas y pantanosas, en las cuales absent or is scarcely represented are analyzed. el género Nothofagus está ausente o escasamen­ te representado. RESUMEN Se estudian las comunidades boscosas nati­ INTRODUCCION vas dominadas por especies del género Notho­ En el presente estudio se analiza la vegetación fagus en la zona higromórfica chilena. Primera­ boscosa dominada por especies del género No- 127 C. RAMIREZ G., H. FIGUEROA. S. thofagus, en la zona higromórfica chilena, que en un parque con grandes extensiones de prade­ se extiende desde la X a la XII región de la ac­ ras permanentes y cultivos, que llevan ejempla­ tual división política-administrativa a Chile. El res maduros y aislados de Nothofagus obliqua relieve, en la parte norte del área, muestra los y Laurelia sempervirens. La Cordillera de la tres accidentes geológicos típicos de Chile cen­ Costa presentaba bosques perennifolios en casi tral: las dos cordilleras y la depresión interme­ toda su extensión, sólo localmente y a media al­ dia. Las planicies litorales están ausentes. La tura, en la parte norte, aparecen bosques caduci­ Cordillera de los Andes disminuye en altura y el folios. Gran parte de la vegetación original de límite del bosque se ubica alrededor de los 1200 esta cordillera ha sido destruida y en su lugar m de altura. Entre este límite y el de la vegeta­ aparecen praderas permanentes pobres, de esca­ ción hay una angosta faja de estepa alto andina, so valor forrajero y matorrales secundarios (Ra­ que desaparece a los 1400 m (Freiberg, 1985). mírez et al., 1985). La Cordillera de los Andes La Cordillera de la Costa es más baja y su ma­ ha conservado mejor su vegetación original, gra­ yor altura la presenta en la Cordillera Pelada, cias a su poca accesibilidad, sin embargo, en la al sur de Valdivia, que alcanza a 1000 m de XI Región ha habido gran destrucción de ella. altitud. Un elemento característico de esta re­ Desde la base y hasta casi el límite del bosque gión lo constituye la cadena de grandes lagos de está cubierto por bosques perennifolios, sólo en origen glaciar que se ubican en el borde oriental la cumbre y formando el límite de la vegetación de la depresión intermedia (Campos, 1984). arbórea se encuentran bosques caducifolios (Oberdorfer, 1960). El clima de esta zona es lluvioso templado y la precipitación llega a 4000 mm de promedio Al sur de Puerto Montt la depresión interme­ anual en las faldas occidentales de ambas cordi­ dia es ocupada por un sinnúmero de canales e lleras (Huber, 1970). El valle central y la ladera islas. La Cordillera de la Costa desaparece a par­ oriental de la Cordillera de la Costa son más se­ tir de Chiloé, presentando en esta isla una altu­ cos. Los suelos son de origen volcánico y se ra máxima de 600 m. La Cordillera de los An­ distinguen tres grupos principales: los trumaos des se mantiene a lo largo de todo el territorio, de la depresión intermedia, profundos y aptos aunque disminuyendo su altura. Esta región es para la ganadería; los ñadis que ocupan una fran­ poco poblada y también poco conocida desde el ja del Valle Central, inmediatamente antes de punto de vista ecológico. En general, se pueden los lagos, poco utilizables por ser muy secos en distinguir cuatro zonas: una región de islas ex­ verano y estar anegados en invierno; y los rojo puesta al Pacífico y cubierta de tundra subantár- arcillosos, propios de la cordillera costera, con tica (Godley, 1960); una región interior, junto aptitud forestal (Weinberger y Binsack, 1970). a los canales, con un bosque siempreverde que La depresión es usada en agricultura y gana­ no supera los 200 m de altitud; una región andi­ dería, y las laderas en cultivos forestales o explo­ na con bosques caducifolios subantárticos que taciones de bosque nativo. A esta región pene­ suben a mayor altura y, por último, una zona tran elementos caducifolios y esclerófilos del esteparia en Tierra del Fuego, situada allende de norte, por la depresión intermedia, y elementos los Andes (Pisano, 1977). caducifolios subantárticos, por la cumbre de En la región higromórfica chilena prosperan los Andes. El elemento mesófito (higrófilo pa­ siete especies de Nothofagus: Nothofagus obli­ ra algunos autores) ocupa las altitudes medias qua, N. alpina, N. pumilio, N. antarctica, N. de ambas cordilleras (Ramírez y Figueroa, 1985). dombeyi, N. nítida y N. betuloides (Ramírez, La depresión intermedia estuvo cubierta en 1987). Los dos primeros son caducifolios de el pasado por bosques parcialmente caducifolios, hoja ancha, típicos de la zona mediterránea y con excepción de las depresiones con mayor hu­ penetran hacia el sur por la depresión intermedia medad edáfica, ocupada por bosques pantano­ o a media altura en la cordillera. El primero tie­ sos de Mirtáceas perennifolias (Ramírez et al., ne su límite sur en el río Maullín y el segundo, 1983), de la cuenca inferior del Río Bueno con en el Bueno, por lo tanto sólo aparecen en la bosques esclerófilos (Ramírez y Romero, 1974) parte norte de la región estudiada. Los dos si­ y de algunos ñadis no muy extremos que tenían guientes son también caducifolios, pero de me­ bosques de Coihue y Ulmo (Ferrada, 1987). nor superficie foliar, y por lo tanto, típicos de Actualmente esta depresión está transformada condiciones subantárticas. El primero forma el 128 FITOSOCIOLOGIA NOTHOFAGUS ZONA HIGROMORFICA. limite del bosque en la cumbre de los Andes y munidad se ubica a media altura en los Andes, el segundo, es una especies muy polimorfa, que en al parte norte de la región investigada. Posi­ ocupa lugares extremos, que reúnen condicio­ blemente avance más al norte, pero aún es poco nes de estepa, de pantanos turbosos, de ñadis o conocida. de bolsón de frío (Ramírez et al., 1985). Los tres últimos son especies perennes de hoja chi­ 3. PODOCARPO-NOTHOFAGETUM OBLIQUAE ca, típicos de condiciones húmedo-templadas y Asoc. nueva prov. frías (Weinberger, 1973). Bosque de Roble y Mañío A continuación se describen las asociaciones Asoc. Nothofagus obliqua-Podocarpus salig- vegetales de esta región, integradas por especies nus (Gajardo, 1983). de Nothofagus en calidad de dominantes: Esta comunidad boscosa aparece en la base de la Cordillera de la Costa, entre 200 y 300 m 1. NOTHOFAGO-PERSEETUM LINGUE (Ober- de altitud. Se trata de una asociación interme­ dorfer, 1960) dia entre el bosque de Roble-Laurel-Lingue y el Bosque de Roble-Laurel-Lingue bosque de Coihue y Ulmo. Normalmente pros­ Esta asociación aparece sólo en la depresión pera en la parte norte de la región estudiada y intermedia de la parte norte de la región estudia­ sobre suelo rojo arcilloso. Las especies domi­ da. Se trata de un bosque alto, parcialmente nantes son Nothofagus obliqua y Podocarpus caducifolio y muy estratificado. La especie do­ salignus, acompañadas por gran cantidad de es­ minante es Nothofagus obliqua, acompañada de pecies leñosas entre las que destacan. Gevuina Laurelia sempervirens, Persea lingue, Lomatia avellana, Luma apiculata, Ugni molinae y Chus­ hirsuta, Luma apiculata y Gevuina avellana, en­ quea quila.
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