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GSI Local Guide UNIX Primer GSI Local Guide GSI Computing Center Version 2.0 This is draft version !!! Preface: More than one year ago, we published our ®rst version of the Unix primer, which has been used in the meantime by many people at GSI and even in the outside HEP community. Nowadays, as more and more physicists have access to a Unix computer either via a X-terminal or use their own workstation, and as the installed computing power has increased by a large factor, we have revised the ®rst version of our Unix primer. We tried to re¯ect the changes in the installedhardware, like the installationof the 11 machine AIX cluster, and the installationof new software products, as the batch system for job submission, new backup and restore products and the graphics system IDL. Almost all chapters have been revised, and some have undergone substantial changes like the introduction, the section about experimental data and tape handling and the chapter about the editors, where more editors are described in detail. Although many topics are still missing or could be improved, we decided to publishthe second edition of the Unix primer now in order to give a guide to the rapidly increasing Unix user community at GSI. As for the ®rst edition, many people again have contributed to this document: Wolfgang Ahner, Eliete Bertulani, Michael Dahlinger, Matthias Feyerabend, Ingo Giese, Horst GÈoringer, Eva Hocks, Peter Malzacher, Udo Meyer, Kerstin Schiebel, Kay Winkler and Heiko Weber. Preface for Version 1.0: In early summer 1991 the GSI Computing Center started a Unix Pilot Project investigating the hardware and software possibilities of centrally operated unix workstation systems. A few machines from DEC, HP and IBM have been installed in the central computer room and have since been used as development platforms by the computer centers application software-, telecommunication-, and systems groups. We feel that now the moment has come topublishourexperience withthe pilotproject. At the same time we want to make the machines available to a larger number of users at GSI and - hence - have chosen the form of this booklet, the Unix Primer - GSI Local Guide as our publication medium. We do not consider the present version as complete but rather as a working document, which will be updated at regular intervals. As you can easily see when reading, the primer is the product of many authors. A common style is only evolving. However, as it gives the answer to many "frequently asked questions" we have chosen to publish version 1.0 in the state it is in now. We hope that nevertheless the Primer will be helpful to many users. Any readers are welcome to comment and make suggestions. We will gratefully accept mail, printed copies with corrections or personal visits at the help desk (alias Benutzerberatung). The following people have made contributions to version 1.0 of the primer: Michael Dahlinger, Hans DÈobbeling, Horst GÈoringer, Richard Herrmann, Eva Hocks, Frank Kraske, Peter Malzacher, Udo Meyer, Thomas Schwab, Heiko Weber. This document has been produced with the LATEX macro package. The style used (gsiman.sty) has been derived from CERN's cernman style. We acknowledge the support of M.Goossens and A.Samarin [4] from CERN/CN. Michael Dahlinger has coordinated this project and has taken care of the ®nal editing. Printed copies of this document can be obtained from the computer centers help desk. Print your own copy via World Wide Web : http://www.gsi.de/computing/unix/primer/primer.html A copy of this document can also be obtained via anonymous ftp on internet node ftp.gsi.de as /dist/doc/primer.ps. Unix Primer, Version 2 formatted at GSI: 17th July 1995 i If You Need Help User Registration New users-IDs may be obtained by NN (Room 2.243, Tel. 2552). Registration forms are also available at the help desk. Operating - Hardware Problems For hardware and networking problems, repairs and printer maintenance, please contact the central operating Tel. 2515, machine-room, SÈudbau, ground-¯oor, Monday ± Friday 6:00 to 23:00. Help Desk - Software Problems There is a help desk (Benutzerberatung) for all general computing related questions. Telephone 2555, Of®ce 2.244, SÈudbau, ®rst ¯oor. The opening hours are 9:30 to 11:30 and 14:00 to 16:30 except Tuesdays (a.m. closed because of the DV & EE Palaver) and Fridays (until 16:00). If the help desk cannot help you, they will refer you to the appropriate specialist. UNIX related staff 1 If you need help, please contact the help desk ®rst. The DV & EE department at GSI supports the GSI local networks and various computing environments (MVS on an IBM mainframe, VMS on VAX computers, Open VMS on DEC AXP computers, UNIX on IBM RS/6000 (AIX), HP 9000 (HP-UX) and DEC 9000 (Ultrix) workstations. The following people have at least part of their time UNIX related responsibilities. Name Phone Wolfgang Ahner 2548 Integrated Network and System Management Gerhard Aker 2497 Local Networks Michael Dahlinger 2546 Data Analysis, CERN Software Hans Essel 2491 OS/9, Lynx, CVC Matthias Feyerabend 2519 Backup, Archive Ingo Giese 2547 Graphics, CATIA Horst GÈoringer 2553 Experiment Data Handling, Tapes, Data Analysis Eva Hocks 2701 System Management (AIX, HP-UX, Ultrix), DCE Peter Malzacher 2551 Application Software, Mathematical Libraries Udo Meyer 2525 Operating, External Networks NikolausKurz 2979 Lynx,CVC Kerstin Schiebel 2703 Textprocessing Wolfgang Schiebel 2498 Local Networks H.G. Schmidt 2498 Local Networks Heiko Weber 2556 System and Data Management AIX, DCE Kay Winkler 2551 Application Software, WWW 1 Noneof us is assmart as all of us. ii Manual Conventions: Throughout this manual the following typographical conventions are used: If You See This ... It Means ... $ what you type underlined text is used in dialog examples to distinguishwhat you type from what the computer displays $ command parameter italic text is used to denote parameters which must be speci®ed on commands Esc q you press the escape key on the keyboard followed by key q. The escape key usually sits on the top left of a PC-like keyboard or on the top center coinciding with F11 on a VT200-like keyboard Ctrl - c you press and hold-down the control key and simultaneously press the c key. Alt - d you press and hold-down the alt key and simultaneously press the d key. The alt key - if it exists - is next to the space bar on both VT200-like and PC-like keyboards Tab you press the Tab key Backspace you press the Backspace key Del you press the Delete key Mb1 the left mouse button Mb2 the center mouse button Mb3 the right mouse button iii Table of Contents 1 How to get started 1-1 1.1 How to obtainan Account 1-1 1.2 Login 1-1 1.2.1 Connection via XDMCP 1-1 1.2.2 Connection via Telnet 1-3 1.2.3 The Login Procedure 1-4 1.2.4 Locking your Terminal Screen 1-4 1.2.5 Logout 1-5 1.3 Accessing Unix via X-Windows 1-5 1.3.1 X-server 1-5 1.3.2 Window Manager 1-5 1.3.3 Creating Terminal Windows 1-5 1.4 Unix Shells 1-6 1.5 Desktop Environments 1-6 1.5.1 HP Visual User Environment 1-6 1.6 Some initialHints 1-7 1.6.1 The ®rst Commands 1-7 1.6.2 Handling Motif Windows 1-7 1.7 GSI Customization 1-8 1.7.1 Environment Variables 1-8 1.7.2 The Pro®le Files 1-10 1.7.3 Command Line Editing 1-10 2 UNIX Commands 2-1 2.1 Constructinga command line 2-1 2.1.1 Redirection of Input and Output 2-1 2.1.2 Pipelines 2-1 2.2 Regular Expressions 2-1 2.3 Quick Reference of Commands 2-2 2.3.1 Managing Directories 2-2 2.3.2 Managing Files 2-2 2.3.3 Managing Jobs 2-2 2.3.4 On-lineHelp 2-2 2.3.5 System Information 2-2 2.3.6 Utility Programs 2-2 2.3.7 Directory Identi®ers 2-3 2.3.8 Special Characters 2-3 2.4 Shell Scripts 2-3 iv 3 Files and Directories 3-1 3.1 The UNIX File System 3-1 3.1.1 Naming Directories and Files 3-1 3.1.2 Rules for Naming and Accessing Files 3-1 3.2 Working with Directories 3-1 3.2.1 Displayingthe contents of a directory: ls 3-1 3.2.2 Changing the Working Directory: cd 3-1 3.2.3 Determining Your Working Directory: pwd 3-2 3.2.4
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