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Heterosexual Havana: Ideals and Hierarchies of Gender and Sexuality

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Heterosexual Havana: Ideals and Hierarchies of Gender and Sexuality Heterosexual Havana Silje Lundgren Heterosexual Havana Ideals and hierarchies of gender and sexuality in contemporary Cuba Dissertation presented at Uppsala University to be publicly examined in Geijersalen, Eng6/1023, Campus Engelska Parken, Thunbergsvägen 3, entré 3P, Uppsala, Friday, May 6, 2011 at 10:15 for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. The examination will be conducted in English. Abstract Lundgren, S. 2011. Heterosexual Havana. Ideals and hierarchies of gender and sexuality in contemporary Cuba. (La Habana heterosexual. Ideales y jerarquías de género y sexualidad en la Cuba contemporánea). Department of Cultural Anthropology and Ethnology, Uppsala University. 216 pp. Uppsala. ISBN 978-91-506-2201-0. Drawing on two periods of ethnographic fieldwork in Vedado, Havana, in 2004–2007, this dissertation analyses the interconnections between gender, sexuality, and heterosexuality. With theoretical inspiration from the works of Stevi Jackson and Beverley Skeggs, it discusses how the logics underlying heterosexual relations also regulate hierarchical gendered ideals. It examines how gendered conceptions of sexuality confirm a position of heterosexual desirability, and traces a specifically heterosexual gender construction of men and women as oppositional forces, glued together in a relationship of eroticized complementarity. Moreover, the dissertation shows that the everyday negotiation of ideals around gender and sexuality is characterized by constant hierarchization. It explores how the emic concept of ‘cultural level’ is used in a process of othering to mark moral distance and create a position of superiority. It also suggests that in post-crisis Cuba, the body has become a new site on which to inscribe distinction and mark privilege, as a way of navigating in a context of new and unfamiliar differentiations. The dissertation demonstrates how female eroticism, male eroticized performances in street interaction, and the female body ideal are central sites for establishing an image of national particularity. In this historic moment, these have also become sites for marking difference and creating hierarchies. The dissertation argues that inclusive and unifying conceptions of ‘Cubanness’ are both delineated and reinforced through exclusion and the demarcation of difference within this collectivity. This notion of the nation carries gendered and sexualized inscriptions. It has been constructed through the historical exclusion of non-heterosexuality, which has been closely connected to the consolidation of a specific ideal of masculinity. The dissertation analyses the destabilizing potential of a shift in Cuban sexual politics during the last two decades and explores how this might imply a new configuration of the relationship between gender and sexuality. Keywords: Havana, Vedado, Cuba, heterosexuality, gender, sexuality, eroticism, masculinity, homosociality, hierarchy, hierarchization, ‘cultural level’, sexual politics, sexual education, piropos, reggaetón, body, soap opera Silje Lundgren, Department of Cultural Anthropology and Ethnology, Cultural Anthropology, Box 631, Uppsala University, SE-75126 Uppsala, Sweden. © Silje Lundgren 2011 Printed in Sweden by Edita Västra Aros, a climate neutral company, Västerås 2011. ISBN 978-91-506-2201-0 urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-150223 (http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-150223) Resumen Lundgren, Silje 2011. La Habana heterosexual. Ideales y jerarquías de género y sexualidad en la Cuba contemporánea. Partiendo de dos períodos de trabajo de campo etnográfico en El Vedado, La Habana, 2004– 2007, esta tesis analiza las interconexiones entre género, sexualidad y heterosexualidad. Con inspiración teórica en Stevi Jackson y Beverley Skeggs, se examina cómo las lógicas subyacentes en las relaciones heterosexuales regulan ideales jerárquicos de género. Analiza cómo las concepciones generizadas de sexualidad confirman una posición de deseabilidad heterosexual, y examina la construcción de género específicamente heterosexual de hombres y mujeres como fuerzas opuestas, atados en una relación de complementariedad erotizada. La tesis muestra que la negociación cotidiana de ideales de género y sexualidad se caracteriza por una jerarquización constante. Explora cómo el concepto émico de ‘nivel cultural’ es utilizado en un proceso de otredad para marcar distancia moral y crear una posición de superioridad. También sugiere que en la Cuba post-crisis, el cuerpo es un nuevo sitio donde se inscriben signos de distinción y privilegio, como una manera de navegar en un contexto de nuevas diferenciaciones. La tesis demuestra cómo el erotismo femenino, los actos erotizados masculinos en la calle y el ideal del cuerpo femenino son sitios centrales para establecer una imagen de particularidad nacional. En este momento histórico, éstos se han convertido también en sitios donde se marcan diferencias y jerarquías. La tesis sostiene que las concepciones incluyentes y unificadoras de ‘cubanía’ son delineadas y reforzadas a través de la exclusión y demarcación de diferencias dentro de esa noción colectiva. Esta noción de nación posee inscripciones generizadas y sexualizadas. Se ha construido históricamente a través de la exclusión de la no-heterosexualidad, estrechamente vinculada a la consolidación de un ideal específico de masculinidad. La tesis analiza el potencial desestabilizador de un cambio en la política sexual cubana, y explora cómo esto podría implicar una nueva configuración de la relación entre género y sexualidad. Palabras clave: Habana, Vedado, Cuba, heterosexualidad, género, sexualidad, erotismo, masculinidad, homosocialidad, jerarquía, jerarquización, ‘nivel cultural’, política sexual, educación sexual, piropos, reguetón, cuerpo, telenovela © Silje Lundgren 2011 Contents 1. Introduction ................................................................................................. 9 Questions at issue ................................................................................ 10 Theoretical framework ......................................................................... 12 Research background ........................................................................... 17 ‘Insider’/‘outsider’ ............................................................................... 20 Outline ................................................................................................. 22 2. Background and methods .......................................................................... 25 Historical threads ................................................................................. 25 The field and my material .................................................................... 38 Methods and ethics .............................................................................. 42 Reflexive positions .............................................................................. 47 3. Couplehood and control ............................................................................ 51 Jealousy ............................................................................................... 52 Gendered conceptions of sexuality ...................................................... 54 Heterosexual desirability ..................................................................... 59 Economic conditions ........................................................................... 62 Housing and interdependence .............................................................. 68 Couplehood meets motherhood ........................................................... 71 ¿Entre marido y mujer nadie se debe meter? ...................................... 77 4. Reggaetón and sexual othering ................................................................. 78 Reggaetón ............................................................................................ 78 Sexual education .................................................................................. 83 Hierarchical female eroticism .............................................................. 85 Gendered violence ............................................................................... 91 Positive eroticism versus ‘oversexualization’ ...................................... 94 5. Street interaction and male hierarchies ..................................................... 96 La calle ................................................................................................ 96 Piropos ................................................................................................. 97 Piropos bonitos ............................................................................... 99 Piropos groseros ........................................................................... 103 Negotiating positions among men ..................................................... 105 ‘Idiosyncrasy’ .................................................................................... 109 Challenging strategies ........................................................................ 111 Harassment ........................................................................................ 114 Tiradores ....................................................................................... 114 Camello ......................................................................................... 115 6. Hierarchical homosocial bodies .............................................................. 119 ‘Corporeal capital’ ............................................................................
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