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Research on Potential Evaluation and Sustainable Development of Rural Biomass Energy in Gansu Province of China

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Research on Potential Evaluation and Sustainable Development of Rural Biomass Energy in Gansu Province of China sustainability Article Research on Potential Evaluation and Sustainable Development of Rural Biomass Energy in Gansu Province of China Sheng Zhong 1,*, Shuwen Niu 1,2 and Yipeng Wang 1 1 College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, 222 Tianshui S Rd, Chengguan Qu, Lanzhou 730000, China; [email protected] (S.N.); [email protected] (Y.W.) 2 Key Laboratory of Western China’s Environmental Systems (Ministry of Education), Lanzhou University, 222 Tianshui S Rd, Chengguan Qu, Lanzhou 730000, China * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +86-150-0250-8523 Received: 20 September 2018; Accepted: 17 October 2018; Published: 20 October 2018 Abstract: The development and utilization of renewable energy is an important way to solve the environmental dilemma. Biomass energy is a kind of renewable energy and one of the most widely distributed and easily accessible energy forms. It has currently become a main direction of renewable energy development. This paper took Gansu Province of China as the research object to calculate its theoretical reserves of biomass energy resources and then evaluate its potential of biomass energy development by using TOPSIS method under different agricultural development and geographical environmental conditions. Spatial autocorrelation analysis was also performed to reveal the spatial distribution and temporal evolution of the potential of biomass energy development in Gansu Province. The results show that: (1) The total reserves of biomass energy resources from agricultural wastes in Gansu Province reach 7.28 × 107 t/year, with equivalent biogas production of about 10 3 1.95 × 10 m /year. (2) In most counties of Gansu Province, the Ci value is smaller than 0.5000, indicating that the potential of biomass energy development is relatively low in Gansu Province. (3) The spatial agglomeration of biomass energy development potential occurs mainly in the Hexi area, the Gannan area and the Loess Plateau area of East Gansu Province. (4) There is an area with obvious high-low (H-L) agglomeration of biomass energy development potential to the north-west side of the Gannan area with low-low (L-L) agglomeration of biomass energy development potential. It is a key zone to help drive biomass energy development in the Gannan area. (5) The spatial range of positive correlation (high-high and low-low agglomeration) areas shrunk during the evaluation period. Keywords: biomass energy; rural energy; potential evaluation; spatial-temporal analysis; growth pole; Gansu province; the northwest region of China 1. Introduction The development and utilization of renewable energy is an important way to solve the environmental dilemma [1]. It could help promote economic diversification, raise productivity and enhance environmental quality and energy justice [2]. Biomass energy is a kind of renewable energy among many other renewable energy forms (wind, solar, hydraulic, geothermal, etc.) [3] and is also one of the most widely distributed and easily accessible energy forms. Biomass is almost the most important source of renewable energy in rural areas. Therefore, biomass energy has become a main direction of renewable energy development. Sustainability 2018, 10, 3800; doi:10.3390/su10103800 www.mdpi.com/journal/sustainability Sustainability 2018, 10, 3800 2 of 20 Biomass energy is one of the oldest energy resources used by humankind [4]. As humans just learned how to use fire, biomass energy began to be used for cooking and lighting. After the rise of agriculture, agricultural residues played an important role in energy supply [5]. To date, in many remote areas, biomass energy still dominates the energy sector, particularly as the main source of energy for cooking and heating [6]. For example, in Sub-Saharan Africa, people relying on the traditional use of biomass to obtain energy account for 80% of total population [6,7]. Biomass energy mainly comes from surplus agricultural land, agricultural residues and wastes and forestry residues [8]. The main processes for obtaining energy from biomass include direct combustion, pyrolysis, gasification, hydro gasification, liquefaction, anaerobic digestion, alcoholic fermentation and trans-esterification [9]. Developing biomass energy is conducive to the sustainable development of human society as it can solve problems such as environmental degradation and resource depletion [10]. Europe is one of the regions where biomass energy was developed relatively earlier than in other areas. AEBIOM estimated a potential in the EU at about 78 billion Nm3 of biomethane, of which 58.9 billion Nm3 derived from agriculture (27.2 billion Nm3 from crops, 10 billion Nm3 from straw, 20.5 billion Nm3 from manure and 1.2 billion Nm3 from landscape management) and 19 billion Nm3 from waste (10.0 billion Nm3 from MSW, 3.0 billion Nm3 from industrial waste and 6.0 billion Nm3 from sewage sludge). From this potential, 46 billion Nm3 could be used until 2020 [11]. A spatial information system-based approach was used to evaluate biogas potential in Europe and spatial data on European-wide livestock and poultry were used for analysis. Results showed that the theoretical biogas potential of manure was estimated at 26 billion m3 biomethane in Europe (23 billion m3 biomethane in the EU) and the realistic biogas potential, counting on collectible manure, was assessed at 18 billion m3 biomethane in Europe (16 billion m3 biomethane in the EU) [12]. Fuel wood from forestry residues plays an important role in the development of biomass energy in Europe. If household fuelwood is included in energy wood, then wood biomass could satisfy 2–18% of world’s primary energy needs in 2050 [13]. In Turkey, fuel wood is considered the most noteworthy biomass energy because its share of the total energy production is as high as 14% in Turkey [14]. In Southeast Asia, especially Malaysia, oil palm waste is the most important source of biomass energy. It is estimated that Malaysia has the potential to generate around 15 billion m3 of biogas annually [15] and oil palm waste accounts for around 98.7% of total biomass energy potential in Sabah of Malaysia [16]. China is also a country with high biomass energy potential. In China, annual biogas potential from agricultural wastes is approximately (3350.58 ± 669.28) × 108 m3 (equal to 239.22 ± 47.78 million tons of standard coal) and such potential was underutilized in the past [17]. Among them, only livestock and poultry dung are expected to provide 110 billion m3 biogas equivalent by 2020 [18]. Besides, the total potential from crop residues (30%) and energy crops (70%) is equivalent to 1/4 of the total annual oil consumption of China [19]. Northwest China is an economically underdeveloped and ecologically fragile region, where the development of biomass energy is urgently needed to improve residents’ quality of life. At present, however, little attention has been paid to the development and utilization of biomass energy in this region. Some scholars have explored the extension and environmental impact of biomass energy development projects in this region [20]. However, there is almost no research on the assessment of biomass energy resource reserves and exploitation potential in this region, which is an obvious research gap that needs to be filled. Moreover, most scholars tend to calculate the specific value of theoretical biomass energy resource reserves in a region and then take this value as the actual potential of biomass energy development in the corresponding region. There are also some scholars who use spatial data to evaluate biomass energy development potential [12] but they only calculate the theoretical reserves of biomass energy resources in different areas and then explore the spatial distribution of biomass energy resources reserves. Current research rarely considers the influence of the agricultural development and geographical conditions on the actual potential of biomass energy development in a region. The calculated theoretical biomass resource reserves cannot reflect the actual potential of biomass energy development in a certain area, thus the actual biomass energy development potential should be evaluated. Therefore, this paper is devoted to filling above research gaps. Sustainability 2018, 10, 3800 3 of 20 Sustainability 2018, 10, x FOR PEER REVIEW 3 of 21 2. Overview of Study Region 2. Overview of Study Region Gansu Province is located at northwest China, near Shaanxi Province in the east, Qinghai Province and SichuanGansu Province is in located the south, at Xinjiangnorthwest Province China, near in the Shaanxi west and Province Ningxia in Provincethe east, andQinghai Inner MongoliaProvince and Autonomous Sichuan Province region in in the the south, north Xinjiang (Figure 1Province). Gansu in the Province west and has Ningxia a total Province land area and of 4.56Inner× Mongolia105 km2, mostly Autonomous located region on the in second the north ladder (Figure of China’s 1). Gansu terrain, Province with has an average a total land elevation area of of 4.56 × 105 km2, mostly located on the second ladder of China’s terrain, with an average elevation of 1500–2000 m. Its length from east to west was more than 1600 km. Its shape is like a bone, on the 1500–2000 m. Its length from east to west was more than 1600 km. Its shape is like a bone, on the northwest border of the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau. Since ancient times, it has been a main route from the northwest border of the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau. Since ancient times, it has been a main route from Western region
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