TERRAMIN AUSTRALIA LTD

BIRD-IN-HAND GOLD PROJECT

Flora and Fauna Survey 2014

October 2014

COOE Pty Ltd ABN 65 147 909 751 www.cooe.com.au | +61 8 8362 4282 | [email protected]

Suite 613, 147 Pirie Street, Adelaide SA 5000

BIRD-IN-HAND GOLD PROJECT

Flora and Fauna Survey 2014

Terramin Australia Ltd

October 2014

COOE Pty Ltd ABN 65 147 909 751

Suite 613 147 Pirie Street Adelaide SA 5000 PO Box 591 Littlehampton SA 5250 Telephone +61 8 8362 4282 Mobile (Sean Steed, Director) +61 4 17 778 020 Email (Sean Steed, Director) [email protected]

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Document Information Client Terramin Australia Ltd Project Bird-in-Hand Gold Project Document Title Flora and Fauna Survey 2014 Document Distribution Date 25 October 2016 (deferred at request of Client) Document Version 1.3 File Name TER.BIH.4_FloraFaunaSurveyRpt2014_20161025_FINAL

Document Control Version Issue Date Author/s Reviewer/s Date Reviewed Amendment Type 1.0 20150504 AD, DH, SG SS 20150504 Draft not for distribution (deferred at request of Client) 1.1 20160714 AD Draft revised for Client (deferred at request of Client) 1.2 20160814 AD Final draft revised for Client 1.3 20161025 AD Finalised for Client

Distribution Version Date of Issue Copies, Format Recipient/s 1.0 20150504 Soft copy via email Mr Matthew Daniel, Environmental Superintendent 1.1 20160714 Soft copy via email Mr Matthew Daniel 1.2 20160814 Soft copy via email Mr Matthew Daniel Ms Katy Fechner, Environment & Community 1.3 20161025 Soft copy via email Mr Matthew Daniel Ms Katy Fechner, Environment & Community

COOE Disclaimer, Confidentiality & Copyright Statement

This document and the information contained within were produced by COOE Pty Ltd solely for the use of the Client identified on the cover sheet for the purpose for which it has been prepared. In preparing this document COOE Pty Ltd obtained and purchased data from third party sources including government agencies, the Client and its consultants, research organisations and generally published literature as identified herein.

COOE undertakes no duty to or accepts any responsibility to any third party who may use information from this document. Further, such information, findings, observations and conclusions in this document are based solely on information available to COOE Pty Ltd and its consultants at the time of this study.

Document Owner

COOE Pty Ltd ABN 65 147 909 751 Suite 613, 147 Pirie Street, Adelaide, SA 5000 PO Box 591, Littlehampton, SA 5250 Tel: +61 8 8362 4282 Email: [email protected] www.cooe.com.au

Report for Terramin Australia Ltd Bird-in-Hand Gold Project Flora and Fauna Survey October 2014

ABBREVIATIONS AND GLOSSARY

BDBSA Biological Databases of South Australia AMLR Adelaide and Mount Lofty Ranges BoM Bureau of Meteorology COOE Pty Ltd Care of Our Environment Pty Ltd CP Conservation Park DEWNR South Australian Department of Environment, Water and Natural Resources EML Extractive Minerals Lease EPBC (Act) Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (Cth) GPS Global Positioning System ha Hectares IBRA Interim Biogeographic Regionalisation for Australia IBRA Bioregions Continental scale (1:1 000 000) ecosystems that range in size from one to 20 million hectares. They are distinguished from adjacent regions by their broad physical and biological characteristics. They may include more than 30 landforms and 50 vegetation associations. IBRA Landsystems Regional scale (1:250 000) ecosystems that occur within IBRA subregions, ranging in size from 2000 to five million hectares. IBRA Subregions Sub-continental scale (1:500 000) ecosystems that range in size from 100 000 to seven million hectares. They occur within IBRA bioregions and may include up-to 15 landforms and 30 vegetation associations. km Kilometre km2 Square kilometre m Metre MC Mineral Claim ML Mining Lease MLR Mount Lofty Ranges mm Millimetre MNES Matters of National Environmental Significance (EPBC Act) MPL Miscellaneous Purposes Licence NPW Act National Parks and Wildlife Act 1972 (SA) NRM Natural Resources Management NRM Act Natural Resources Management Act 2004 (SA) NVMP Native Vegetation Management Plan PEPR Program for Environment Protection and Rehabilitation PMR Protected Matters Report (EPBC Act) PMST Protected Matters Search Tool (EPBC Act) SAMDB South Australian Murray-Darling Basin SEB Significant Environmental Benefit WEC Wildlife Ethics Committee WGS World Geodetic System

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Report for Terramin Australia Ltd Bird-in-Hand Gold Project Flora and Fauna Survey 2014

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

This report documents the 2014 flora and fauna study undertaken by COOE Pty Ltd (COOE) for the Terramin Australia Ltd (Terramin) Bird-in-Hand Gold Project (BIH Project or BIH). The Bird-in-Hand Gold Project is a proposed underground operation, located approximately 3 km east of the Woodside township in South Australia (SA). Characterising the historical and existing environment is a key milestone in the development of a mining project and flora and fauna studies are a component of this characterisation. The 2014 study, conducted in October, provides the first year of baseline data.

The study will assist to validate and improve existing knowledge of the key ecological attributes of the BIH Project site, through acquisition of more recent and spatially targeted flora and fauna data. The Project site was assessed for the presence of vegetation associations, flora and fauna species (including listed species) and key threatening processes (such as introduced plants and animals). Ultimately, the information presented in this report will contribute to the assessment of potential environmental constraints relating to the BIH Project.

The Commonwealth Protected Matters Search Tool (PMST) and the South Australian Department of Environment, Water and Natural Resources Biological Databases of South Australia (BDBSA) identified 15 Commonwealth-listed and 57 SA-listed threatened flora species as potentially occurring within or surrounding the BIH Project site. The Stiff White Spider-orchid (Caladenia rigida), listed as Endangered under the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (Cth) (EPBC Act) and Behr's Cowslip Orchid (Diuris behrii), listed as Vulnerable under the National Parks and Wildlife Act 1972 (SA) (NPW Act) were previously recorded (in 2009) within the BIH Project site.

During the 2014 survey, four SA-listed flora species were recorded, namely the Vulnerable D. behrii, Pale Wood- rush (Luzula flaccida) and Blue Star Sun-orchid (Thelymitra latifolia) and the Rare Pink Gum (Eucalyptus fasciculosa). An additional eight recorded flora species are regionally-listed (AMLR) as Rare and one species is listed as Endangered. Following the October 2014 study, Terramin personnel have captured flora and fauna species records opportunistically (and during active inspections within peak detectability periods), whilst onsite. In conducting an active inspection in September 2015, C. rigida was recorded onsite by Terramin personnel. The Maroon-hood (Pterostylis viriosa), regionally-listed as Vulnerable was also captured.

The Commonwealth-listed threatened fauna species provided by the PMST and BDBSA comprised seven birds, three mammals, one reptile, one frog and one fish. Fourteen Commonwealth-listed migratory birds were also identified. Thirty fauna species listed under the NPW Act were identified by the BDBSA, comprising 27 birds, two mammals and one amphibian species. The 2014 survey recorded four SA-listed species, comprising the Vulnerable Yellow-tailed Black Cockatoo (Calyptorhynchus funereus) and Rare White-winged Chough (Corcorax melanorhamphos), Crested Shriketit (Falcunculus frontatus) and Common Brushtail Possum (Trichosurus vulpecula). Nine regionally-listed (AMLR) species were recorded, comprising the Rare Brown Tree Frog (Litoria ewingii), Common Ringtail Possum (Pseudocheirus peregrinus) and seven bird species listed as Rare and higher.

A total of nine broad vegetation associations were identified across the Project site, predominantly comprising minor variations in Eucalyptus leucoxylon ssp. leucoxylon and E. camaldulensis ssp. Woodland. The Project site is considered to contain areas of high conservation value, with suitable habitat for listed flora and fauna species. In particular, listed flora and fauna species were recorded throughout the central parcel of native vegetation within the Project site (comprising five vegetation associations), while SA-listed bird species were recorded within the creekline of Lot 10 (Association 9). A total of 166 flora species have been recorded within the BIH Project site, including 38 introduced species, five of which are declared under the NRM Act. An additional 10 native flora species (all from the Orchidaceae family) not recorded during the October 2014 have been identified as known to occur within the Project site.

The Project site was surveyed for mammals, reptiles, frogs and birds using a range of methodologies for four consecutive nights. A total of 1308 observations from 85 species within 46 families were recorded during the fauna survey. Five bat species from two families were also identified from 2033 echolocation call sequences. A total of 62 bird, 17 mammal, seven reptile and four amphibian species were recorded. Eight of the 17 mammal species comprised bats and of the nine ground-dwelling mammals, four were introduced species. There were two introduced bird species observed from the 62 records.

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Report for Terramin Australia Ltd Bird-in-Hand Gold Project Flora and Fauna Survey October 2014

TABLE OF CONTENTS

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ...... II 1. INTRODUCTION ...... 1 1.1 Objectives ...... 1 2. LEGISLATIVE CONTEXT ...... 1 3. DESCRIPTION OF THE EXISTING ENVIRONMENT ...... 5 3.1 Location...... 5 3.2 Land Use ...... 5 3.3 Landscape ...... 5 3.4 Climate… ...... 9 3.4.1 Rainfall ...... 9 3.4.2 Temperature ...... 11 3.4.3 Monitoring conditions ...... 12 3.5 State of the Environment ...... 12 4. METHODOLOGY ...... 12 4.1 Desktop Study ...... 12 4.2 Flora Survey ...... 13 4.2.1 Listed threatened species ...... 13 4.2.2 Broad-level vegetation association mapping ...... 13 4.2.3 Scattered tree assessment...... 15 4.3 Fauna survey...... 15 4.3.1 Site selection ...... 15 4.3.2 Trapping ...... 15 4.3.3 Bat Surveys ...... 18 4.3.4 Bird surveys ...... 20 4.3.5 Active searching and spotlighting ...... 20 4.3.6 Opportunistic observations ...... 21 4.4 Species records post-survey ...... 21 4.5 Identification and species nomenclature ...... 21 4.6 Flora and Fauna Study Limitations ...... 21 5. RESULTS ...... 21 5.1 Desktop Study ...... 21 5.1.1 Vegetation characteristics ...... 22 5.1.2 EPBC Act Protected Matters Search and Biological Databases of South Australia Summary... 22 5.1.3 Listed ecological communities...... 23 5.1.4 Listed flora ...... 24 5.1.5 Listed fauna ...... 24 5.1.6 Introduced flora ...... 31

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5.1.7 Introduced vertebrates ...... 32 5.2 Flora Survey ...... 33 5.2.1 Vegetation association descriptions ...... 33 5.2.2 Native flora ...... 33 5.2.3 Introduced Flora ...... 39 5.3 Fauna Survey ...... 40 5.3.1 Mammals ...... 41 5.3.2 Reptiles ...... 46 5.3.3 Frogs ...... 48 5.3.4 Birds ...... 49 6. DISCUSSION ...... 56 6.1 Flora……………………..… ...... 56 6.2 Fauna………………..… ...... 56 6.2.1 Ground and tree-dwelling mammals ...... 56 6.2.2 Insectivorous bats (microbats) ...... 56 6.2.3 Reptiles and frogs ...... 57 6.2.4 Birds ...... 57 7. RECOMMENDATIONS ...... 57 7.1 Increasing Biodiversity Knowledge ...... 57 7.2 Ecological Constraints ...... 58 8. REFERENCES ...... 59

APPENDICES ...... 61

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1. Regional location BIH Project...... 6

Figure 2. Land use BIH Project...... 7

Figure 3. IBRA Associations BIH Project...... 8

Figure 4. Comparison of historic mean monthly rainfall (1884 to 2015), to total rainfall per month for the 12 months preceding survey (Oct. 2013 – Sept. 2014) (Woodside No. 23829) (Bureau of Meteorology 2015)...... 10

Figure 5. Annual average pan evaporation (BoM 2006)...... 11

Figure 6. Comparison of historic mean monthly temperature (1884 to 2015), to mean monthly temperature for the 12 months preceding survey (Oct. 2013 – Sept. 2014) (Mount Barker No. 23733) (Bureau of Meteorology 2015). 11

Figure 7. Database searches BIH Project...... 14

Figure 8. Location of fauna sites...... 16

Figure 9. Schematic layout of trap-lines used in the survey (not to scale)...... 17

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Figure 10. Images of: (a) a pitfall trap connected by a fly-wire fence and (b) placement of an Elliott trap...... 17

Figure 11. Harp traps set at: (a) Site 2, (b) Track site and (c) the small freshwater soak located near Site 2...... 19

Figure 12. Bat detectors in weatherproof plastic boxes attached to trees at (a) Site 1, (b) Site 2 and (c) Site 3...... 19

Figure 13. Image of Echidna species captured by Terramin personnel, post October 2014 survey...... 43

Figure 14. Images of Bat species captured during the survey...... 44

Figure 15. Sonogram recorded on 8 October 2014 at Site 2 displaying echolocation calls produced by multiple individuals of at least three taxa. The lowest frequency calls (13–20 kHz) are Austronomus australis, the middle frequency calls (~28 kHz) are likely to be either Chalinolobus gouldii or Mormopterus palniceps, and highest frequency calls (~45 kHz) Vespadelus spp. AnalookW settings: call sequence compressed and displayed at ratio F7...... 46

Figure 16. Images of reptile species captured during the survey...... 48

Figure 17. Images of frog species captured during the survey (C. signifera) and post survey (L. dumerilii)...... 49

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1. Relevant legislation and planning framework under which approvals for BIH may be required, or considered against...... 2

Table 2. Land use within the Bird-in-Hand Gold Project site (DEWNR 2013)...... 5

Table 3. IBRA Associations 7.0 description for the Bird-in-Hand Gold Project site (DEWNR 2015)...... 9

Table 4. Total rainfall (mm) per month recorded from the Woodside weather station (No. 23829) for October 2013, up-to and including September 2014...... 10

Table 5. Weather conditions recorded from the Mount Barker weather station (No. 023733) (Bureau of Meteorology 2015) during the 2014 survey...... 12

Table 6. Trap effort undertaken during the survey...... 18

Table 7. Bat trapping effort...... 18

Table 8. Bat detector effort...... 20

Table 9. Vegetation types and associated environmental descriptions identified on the Bird-in-Hand Gold Project site through desktop study (DEWNR 2014)...... 22

Table 10. Pre-European vegetation and environmental descriptions for the Bird-in-Hand Gold Project site (DEWNR 2014)...... 22

Table 11. Summary of the results of the EPBC Act Protected Matters Search (5 km buffer)...... 23

Table 12. Listed threatened ecological communities and their likelihood of occurrence within the Bird-in-Hand Gold Project site...... 23

Table 13. Listed flora species provided in the PMR and BDBSA and their likelihood of occurrence within the Bird- in-Hand Gold Project site...... 25

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Table 14. Commonwealth-listed threatened fauna species provided in the PMR and BDBSA and their likelihood of occurrence within the Bird-in-Hand Gold Project site...... 27

Table 15. Commonwealth-listed migratory species provided in the PMR and BDBSA and their likelihood of occurrence within the Bird-in-Hand Gold Project site...... 28

Table 16. South Australian-listed threatened fauna species provided in the PMR and BDBSA and their likelihood of occurrence within the Bird-in-Hand Gold Project site ...... 29

Table 17. Weeds of National Significance identified in PMR and corresponding management requirements in South Australia...... 31

Table 18. Invasive vertebrate species identified in PMR and corresponding management requirements in South Australia...... 32

Table 19. Vegetation associations identified within the Bird-in-Hand Gold Project site...... 34

Table 20. Additional flora species from the Orchidaceae family not recorded during the October 2014 survey, but known to occur within the Bird-in-Hand Gold Project site...... 39

Table 21. Introduced flora species observed within the Bird-in-Hand Gold Project site...... 39

Table 22. Summary of fauna observations recorded during the field survey...... 41

Table 23. Summary of trap success during the field survey...... 41

Table 24. Mammal species recorded during the field survey...... 41

Table 25. Ground and tree-dwelling mammal species recorded during the field survey...... 42

Table 26. Number of ground-dwelling mammal records during the field survey...... 43

Table 27. Bat species captured during the field survey...... 44

Table 28. Number of bats caught in traps during the field survey...... 44

Table 29. Bat species detected from echolocation call sequences during the field survey...... 45

Table 30. Number of echolocation call sequences recorded over four consecutive nights at each site during the survey period: 7–10 October 2014...... 45

Table 31. Echolocation call sequence identification by site...... 46

Table 32. Reptile species recorded during the field survey...... 47

Table 33. Number of reptile records during the field survey...... 47

Table 34. Frog species recorded during the field survey...... 48

Table 35. Number of frog records during the field survey...... 49

Table 36. Bird species recorded during the field survey...... 50

Table 37. Number of bird records during the field survey...... 53

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LIST OF APPENDICES

APPENDIX A – CHARACTERISTICS USED TO IDENTIFY BAT CALL SEQUENCES TO SPECIES OR SPECIES GROUP LEVEL ...... 61

APPENDIX B – LIST OF FLORA SPECIES RECORDED WITHIN THE BIRD-IN-HAND GOLD PROJECT SITE ...... 62

APPENDIX C – NATIVE FLORA SPECIES PHOTOGRAPHS (IN ALPHABETICAL ORDER OF SPECIES NAME) ... 68

APPENDIX D – EXAMPLE SONOGRAMS OF ALL SPECIES RECORDED DURING THE BAT DETECTOR SURVEY ...... 72

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1. INTRODUCTION

COOE Pty Ltd (COOE) was engaged by Terramin Australia Limited (Terramin) to undertake studies to establish a baseline of flora and fauna data for the proposed Bird-in-Hand Gold Project (BIH Project or BIH), located approximately 3 km east of the Woodside township in South Australia (SA). Flora and fauna studies are typically required as part of mining tenement approval processes in SA and in some instances, environmental assessments nationally, namely, under the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (Cth) (EPBC Act).

It is anticipated that BIH will involve mining of the Mineral Resource by underground methods and transporting run-of-mine ore to the Angas Zinc Mine (Angas) site for crushing, grinding, gravity separation and floatation and sale of gold and silver products to domestic and international markets. Mineral Claim (MC) 4113, occupying 195.9 hectares (ha), remains active to enable exploration activities for BIH and comprised the flora and fauna study area (hereafter referred to as, ‘MC 4113’ or ‘Project site’).

The flora and fauna study involved a desktop assessment to characterise the historical and existing environment, including the likelihood of occurrence of flora and fauna species and ecological communities. This was followed- by a field survey of flora and fauna species and vegetation communities within the Project site. Ultimately, the study will identify the flora and fauna sensitive receptors and inform the project risk assessment for quantifying the potential impact of mining during construction, operations and closure phases. From this, appropriate mitigation and management measures will be adopted.

1.1 Objectives

The flora and fauna study was undertaken to improve the understanding of biodiversity within the Project site and describe the environment, thereby informing the BIH environmental assessment process. The flora and fauna study operated under the following objectives:

 Review existing data and literature on flora and fauna (native and introduced) found within the Project site and surrounds  Survey the vegetation and fauna habitat within the Project site to define and map associations and communities  Record field observations, including: - Presence of native and introduced species - Physical environment - Presence or absence of disturbances - Determine the presence or likely presence of flora and fauna species and ecological communities listed under South Australian and Commonwealth legislation.

2. LEGISLATIVE CONTEXT

The principal legislation for mining regulation in South Australia is the Mining Act 1971 (SA) (Mining Act), administered by the South Australian Department of State Development. In order to proceed with a mining project under the Mining Act, a proponent must apply for and be granted a mining tenement. Mining tenement types include a mining lease (ML), extractive minerals lease (EML), retention lease (RL) and miscellaneous purposes licence (MPL). Once mining tenements are granted, a proponent must submit and gain approval for a Program for Environment Protection and Rehabilitation (PEPR).

In addition to the primary approval and regulation of mining projects under the Mining Act, there are a number of other South Australian and Commonwealth Acts, regulatory processes and planning frameworks that apply to activities associated with mining projects. Table 1 provides a preliminary examination of the legislation and planning framework that the construction and operation of the BIH Project may be considered against.

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Table 1. Relevant legislation and planning framework under which approvals for BIH may be required, or considered against. Legislation, Planning Administrator Pinpoint Pinpoint Name Requirement, Purpose Project Relevance Environment Australian ch 2 Protecting the Under the provisions of the Commonwealth Environment Where there is the potential for an action to have a significant Protection and Government environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (EPBC Act), impact on a matter of national environmental significance, an action Biodiversity Department of actions that have, or are likely to have, a significant impact on a must be referred to the Minister for a decision on whether Conservation Act 1999 the matter of national environmental significance (MNES) require assessment and approval is required under the EPBC Act. (Cth) Environment approval from the Australian Government Minister for the Environment. The nine MNES to which the EPBC Act applies are:  World Heritage properties  National Heritage places  Ramsar wetlands of international importance  Threatened species and ecological communities  Migratory species  Nuclear actions  Commonwealth marine areas  The Great Barrier Reef Marine Park  A water resource, in relation to coal seam gas development and large coal mining development. Mining Act 1971 (SA) DSD pt 6 Mining leases Application for a ML requires supporting documentation in the It is expected that assessment of BIH will principally occur under the form of a Mining Lease Proposal (MLP). The aim of the MLP is to Mining Act, where the two-stage process for approval will require identify the environmental and social risks associated with the submission of a ML application, followed by a Program for project and set appropriate standards (outcomes) that are Environment Protection and Rehabilitation (PEPR). acceptable to stakeholders, and demonstrate a net public benefit if the MLP were to proceed. The MLP is placed on public exhibition and referred to relevant state government agencies for comment. In assessing and granting a ML, DSD considers the available information, including the application, the MLP and submissions in order to establish ML conditions. Environment EPA SA s 25 General Imposes a duty on all persons undertaking an activity that The Bird-in-Hand Gold Project will be assessed to ensure activities Protection Act 1993 environmental pollutes, requiring them to take all reasonable and practicable are undertaken in accordance with Terramin’s general environmental (SA) duty measures to prevent or minimise any resulting environmental duty. harm. sch 1 pt A Prescribed Defines a range of commercial or industrial activities (prescribed The prescribed activities of environmental significance commonly activities of activities of environmental significance) for which a licence from associated with mining operations are: environmental the EPA is required.  mineral works significance  chemical works  fuel burning  waste or recycling depots

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Legislation, Planning Administrator Pinpoint Pinpoint Name Requirement, Purpose Project Relevance  tailings from mineral processing  sewage treatment  activities producing listed wastes. pt 6 Environmental Under certain circumstances, environmental and development Environmental authorisations in the form of works approvals and authorisations and authorisations are required to control risks and reduce licences are required for various elements of mine operations. development environmental impacts of activities. authorisations pt 5 Environment Sets-out the procedure for making, amending and revoking There are a number of environment protection policies relevant to protection policies environment protection policies. mining operations and mineral processing. These include:

Environment Protection (Air Quality) Policy 2016 (SA) Environment Protection (Noise) Policy 2007 (SA) Environment Protection (Water Quality) Policy 2015 (SA) Environment Protection (National Pollutant Inventory) Policy 2008 (SA).

National Parks and DEWNR SA schs 3–4, National parks, Allows for the establishment and maintenance of a system of The Bird-in-Hand Gold Project is not located within reserves or Wildlife Act 1972 (SA) 7–9 Conservation reserves, as well as the protection of threatened species of flora sanctuaries administered under the National Parks and Wildlife Act parks, Endangered, and fauna. 1972 (SA). Vulnerable, Rare species, It is expected that threatened species will form part of flora and respectively fauna management considerations for BIH. Native Vegetation Act NVC SA and pt 5 Clearance and Regulates the clearance of native vegetation throughout Mining operations that involve the clearance of native vegetation 1991 (SA) DEWNR SA enforcement South Australia. must be undertaken in accordance with an approved native vegetation management plan (NVMP) that the NVC is confident will result in a significant environmental benefit (SEB). Provision of the SEB can involve an offset of native vegetation undertaken by Terramin, the offset of native vegetation elsewhere and/or a payment of money to the NVC (DWLBC 2005) or an accredited SEB provider. Natural Resources DEWNR SA s 127 Water affecting Permits are required for the construction of water In October 2005, the water resources of the Western Mount Lofty Management Act 2004 and NRM activities harvesting/extracting facilities (such as wells) and water licences Ranges were prescribed under the authority of the Minister and in (SA) Council SA are required, along with any endorsed water allocation for water accordance with the Natural Resources Management Act 2004 (SA). use from any prescribed water resource. The Bird-in-Hand Gold Project is located within the Western Mount Lofty Ranges prescribed water resources area for which the Natural Resources Management Act 2004 (SA) Water Allocation Plan for the Western Mount Lofty Ranges Prescribed Water Resources Area (AMLR NRMB 2013) exists.

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Legislation, Planning Administrator Pinpoint Pinpoint Name Requirement, Purpose Project Relevance

ch 8 Control of animals Approximately 110 species are declared under the NRM Act, It is expected that declared species will form part of pest plant and and plants including weeds such as bridal creeper, salvation jane, animal management considerations for BIH. wheel cactus, caltrop and African boxthorn (Biosecurity SA 2012). Landowners have the legal responsibility to control declared plants. The NRM Boards coordinate and enforce control programs for declared plants. Planning Framework* South Australia’s Department of N/A N/A A Government-wide plan, built around interrelated objectives to The Bird-in-Hand Gold Project is expected to contribute to Strategic Plan the Premier improve South Australia economically, socially and South Australia’s Strategic Plan’s first key objective – and Cabinet, environmentally. Growing Prosperity and also (in accordance with relevant legislation) SA 2011 targets within Attaining Sustainability. Adelaide Hills Council Department of N/A N/A Outlines what types of development are envisaged for particular It is expected that mining objectives and principles of development Development Plan Planning, zones, and provides objectives, principles and policies related to control will form part of considerations in planning BIH. Transport and development control. Infrastructure, SA 2014 Adelaide and Mount AMLR NRMB N/A N/A Provides a strategic basis for improving the natural resources of The Bird-in-Hand Gold Project falls predominantly within the AMLR Lofty Ranges Natural 2014 the AMLR NRM region. NRM region, but is also partially intersected by the SAMDB Resources NRM region. Management Plan – Strategic Plan South Australian SAMDB NRMB N/A N/A Sets-out how the environment in the SAMDB NRM region Murray-Darling Basin 2009 should be managed to ensure balance is achieved between the Natural Resources collective need for resources and the needs of the environment. Management Board Regional NRM Plan *Additional planning frameworks relevant to BIH may include: Biodiversity Plan for the South Australian Murray-Darling Basin (DENR 2001); No Species Loss: A Nature Conservation Strategy for South Australia 2007-2017 (DEH 2007); Regional Recovery Plan for Threatened Species and Ecological Communities of Adelaide and the Mount Lofty Ranges, South Australia (Willson and Bignall 2009); Strategic Infrastructure Plan for South Australia (DTEI 2005).

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3. DESCRIPTION OF THE EXISTING ENVIRONMENT

3.1 Location

The proposed BIH Project is located approximately 30 km east of Adelaide in South Australia, 3 km east of the Woodside township and 30 km north of Terramin’s existing mining and processing facilities at the Angas Zinc Mine, located near the Strathalbyn township. Occupying approximately 195.9 hectares (ha) of predominantly freehold agricultural land, MC 4113 is bounded by Pfeiffer Road to the north-west, Reefton Road to the north-east, Donoghue Road to the south-east and is intersected by Bird In Hand Road (Figure 1).

The Project site falls primarily within the Adelaide and Mount Lofty Ranges (AMLR) Natural Resources Management (NRM) Region (approximately 164 ha, 84%) and is also partially intersected by the South Australian Murray-Darling Basin (SAMDB) NRM Region (approximately 31.9 ha, 16%).

3.2 Land Use

Broad-scale clearance has removed a large proportion of native vegetation within the AMLR Region, with approximately 14% of the pre-European native vegetation cover remaining (AMLR NRMB 2008). Isolated areas of remnant native vegetation are predominantly surrounded by agricultural land (AMLR NRMB 2008) (Figure 2). Table 2 describes land use within the 195.9 ha BIH Project site, including approximate hectare and percentage values.

Table 2. Land use within the Bird-in-Hand Gold Project site (DEWNR 2013). No. Land Use Description (Tertiary) Land Use Description (Primary) Area (ha) Area (%) Production from dryland and irrigated 1. Grazing modified pastures 117.03 59.74 agriculture and plantations Production from dryland and irrigated 2. Irrigated sown grasses 39.12 19.97 agriculture and plantations 3. Residual native cover Conservation and Natural Environments 29.87 15.25 Production from dryland and irrigated 4. Irrigated perennial vine fruits 5.17 2.64 agriculture and plantations 5. Roads Intensive uses 3.65 1.86 6. Water storage – intensive use/farm dams Water 0.79 0.4 7. Urban residential Intensive uses 0.27 0.14 TOTAL 195.9 100

3.3 Landscape

The Interim Biogeographic Regionalisation of Australia (IBRA) establishes a hierarchy of ecosystem classification for which physical, climatic and biological characteristics are described (Department for Environment and Heritage 2009). The Project site falls within the Kanmantoo IBRA Bioregion, Fleurieu IBRA Sub-region and Eden Valley IBRA Association (Table 3). Please see Figure 3 for delineation of the bioregions within and surrounding the Project site.

The Eden Valley IBRA Association (Eden Valley) comprises 68 708 ha, with approximately 3 964 ha (6%) mapped as remnant native vegetation. Areas of this remnant vegetation comprising 128 ha (3%) have undergone formal protection. One National Parks and Wildlife Act 1972 (SA) (NPW Act) reserve occurs within the Eden Valley Association, namely the Charleston Conservation Park (Park), located approximately 6 km north-east of the Project site.

In addition to the six existing Heritage Agreements that occur, the Native Vegetation Council has recommended to the Minister for Environment & Conservation that a Heritage Agreement be entered into over 13.8 ha of native vegetation contained within the BIH Project site. As of the date of this Report, the outcome of this Heritage Agreement is pending Ministerial Approval.

Commercial-in-Confidence Page 5 Figure 1. Project location. Figure 2. Land use. Figure 3. IBRA Associations. Report for Terramin Australia Ltd Bird-in-Hand Gold Project Flora and Fauna Survey October 2014

Table 3. IBRA Associations 7.0 description for the Bird-in-Hand Gold Project site (DEWNR 2015). IBRA Association: Eden Valley IBRA Aspect IBRA Region: Kanmantoo IBRA Sub-region: Fleurieu Landtype Erosional, depositional or volcanic Erosional/Depositional Landscape Low hills Low hills Landform Central Island; dissected tableland with moderate to Undulating upland plain with broad interfluves and very steep slopes. Coastal fringe and eastern area; occasional higher hills. Hills and valleys; alternating coastal dune formations with small plains, swamps, subparallel hilly ridges and valleys with a general N-S lagoons, lunettes. Undulating old dune formations trend in north. In south, hilly dissected tableland. largely stripped of sands exposing dune limestone. Geology Small areas of sandy acidic yellow soils, with a laterite Metasediments and alluvium. Dissected lateritized layer on the tableland remnants. Ironstone gravels on surface in south. tableland. Commercial gypsum mining. Soil Calcareous sand soil of minimal development, Hard pedal mottled-yellow duplex soils, bleached coherent sandy soils, sand-soils with mottled yellow sands and reddish weakly structured sandy soils. Hard clayey subsoils, cracking clays. setting loams with red clayey subsoils, highly calcareous loamy earths, hard setting loams with mottled yellow clayey subsoil, coherent sandy soils, cracking clays. Vegetation Mallee Woodland and Shrubland Eucalyptus woodlands with a shrubby understorey. Woodlands of SA Blue Gum and woodlands of River Red Gum. Climate Classic, ‘Mediterranean’ climate with peak of growth in Classic, ‘Mediterranean’ climate with peak of growth in autumn and spring and moderate growth in winter. autumn and spring and moderate growth in winter.

3.4 Climate…

The Mediterranean climatic conditions within the AMLR NRM Region generally produce hot, dry summers and cool, wet winters, with a general trend of increasing rainfall from west to east (Wilson and Bignall 2009). There is significant variation in both temperature and rainfall across the region, due to the topographic variability within relatively small geographic areas (Department for Environment and Heritage 2008). The relatively high rainfall and hilly topography within the AMLR NRM Region is unique to South Australia (Department for Environment and Heritage 2008).

For the purposes of extracting temperature readings, the Lenswood Research Centre (No. 23801) (Lenswood) is the closest weather station, located 6.6 km from the township of Woodside. However, long-term temperature data provided by Lenswood is from 1967 to 1999 only (Bureau of Meteorology 2015). The Mount Barker weather station (No. 23733) is the next closest, located 13.9 km from Woodside and provides comprehensive temperature data from 1957 to 2016. As such, for the purposes of this report, maximum and minimum temperatures provided are based on long-term data (59 years) from Mount Barker (No. 23733). Rainfall data is extracted from the Woodside weather station (No. 23829) from 1884 to 2015 (Bureau of Meteorology 2015), located 0.5 km from the township of Woodside. The Bureau of Meteorology does not provide temperature data from this station.

3.4.1 Rainfall

Figure 4 compares the historic mean monthly rainfall (1884 to 2015), to total rainfall per month for the 12 months preceding survey (from October 2013, up-to and including September 2014). The long-term mean annual rainfall for Woodside is 807.9 mm (from 1884 to 2015). Annual average pan evaporation for the Adelaide area is between 1600 mm and 1800 mm, based on at least 10 years of records from 1975 to 2005 (BoM 2006) (Figure 5).

Table 4 and Figure 4 provide the total rainfall in millimetres per month recorded from October 2013, up-to and including September 2014. The average monthly rainfall for October 2013, up-to and including September 2014 is 61.5 mm (BoM 2015). The highest total monthly rainfall recorded from Woodside (No. 23829) during the aforementioned 12-month period was 164.8 mm in July 2014, followed-by 151.2 mm in June. Following July 2014, a total of 65.8 mm was recorded for the two months preceding monitoring.

Commercial-in-Confidence Page 9 Report for Terramin Australia Ltd Bird-in-Hand Gold Project Flora and Fauna Survey October 2014

Table 4. Total rainfall (mm) per month recorded from the Woodside weather station (No. 23829) for October 2013, up- to and including September 2014. 2013 2014 Date Total Ave. Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sept Rainfall 53.0 16.8 16.2 14.4 133.8 23.4 38.8 59.6 151.2 164.8 31.0 34.8 737.8 61.5 (mm)

Nine of the 12 months showed lower total monthly rainfall than long-term mean rainfall. In particular, total monthly rainfall received for August and September 2014 was 31 mm and 34.8 mm, well below the historic mean rainfall of 112.1 mm and 90.6 mm, respectively. The remaining total monthly rainfall readings (February, June and July 2014) were above the historic mean rainfall, as shown in Figure 4. This is particularly the case for February, where the total monthly rainfall for 2014 was 133.8 mm, compared to mean rainfall of 28.8 mm.

Figure 4. Comparison of historic mean monthly rainfall (1884 to 2015), to total rainfall per month for the 12 months preceding survey (Oct. 2013 – Sept. 2014) (Woodside No. 23829) (Bureau of Meteorology 2015).

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Figure 5. Annual average pan evaporation (BoM 2006).

3.4.2 Temperature

The long-term mean annual maximum and minimum temperatures recorded for the Mount Barker weather station (No. 23733) are 20°C and 8°C, respectively. Figure 6 shows mean monthly temperatures for the 12 months preceding survey (from October 2013, up-to and including September 2014) are similar to historic mean monthly temperatures (1884 to 2015). January 2013 produced the highest mean monthly maximum and minimum temperatures of 29.5°C and 13.8°C, respectively. The lowest mean monthly maximum and minimum temperatures of 13.4°C and 4°C were recorded in July and August 2014, respectively.

Figure 6. Comparison of historic mean monthly temperature (1884 to 2015), to mean monthly temperature for the 12 months preceding survey (Oct. 2013 – Sept. 2014) (Mount Barker No. 23733) (Bureau of Meteorology 2015).

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3.4.3 Monitoring conditions

Rainfall data from the Mount Barker weather station are provided in Table 5. Weather conditions encountered during the survey were cool to warm. Temperatures ranged from 13.4°C, up-to 18.4°C at 0900 hours and 16.3°C, up-to 29°C at 1500 hours (Table 5). Wind speeds during monitoring were between 4 km/h and 15 km/h.

Table 5. Weather conditions recorded from the Mount Barker weather station (No. 023733) (Bureau of Meteorology 2015) during the 2014 survey. Temp Temp Wind Wind Speed Temp Wind Wind Speed Date Rain (mm) (°C) (°C) Dir (km/h) (°C) Dir (km/h) Min. Max. 0900 hours 1500 hours 7/10/2014 0.6 8.9 17.4 12.8 S 11 16.3 SW 15 8/10/2014 0 4.8 20.3 13.8 W 4 19.3 SW 7 9/10/2014 0 4 27.5 16 N 7 26.5 Calm 10/10/2014 0 11 30 18.4 SW 4 29 W 4 11/10/2014 0 10.8 22 13.4 E 11 21.5 NE 4

3.5 State of the Environment

The Environment, Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (Cth) identifies Key Threatening Processes which, ‘threaten or may threaten the survival, abundance or evolutionary development of a native species or ecological community’ (AMLR NRMB 2008). The following Key Threatening Processes under the EPBC Act and of relevance to the AMLR Region have been identified in the AMLR NRMB Volume A – State of the Region Report (2008):

 Competition and land degradation by feral goats  Competition and land degradation by feral rabbits  Dieback caused by the root-rot fungus (Phytophthora cinnamomi)  Predation by feral cats  Predation by the European Red Fox (Vulpes vulpes)  Infection of amphibians with chytrid fungus resulting in chytridiomycosis  Psittacine circoviral (beak and feather) disease affecting endangered psittacine species.

In addition to the nationally listed Key Threatening Processes, a wide range of other threatening processes operate in the Region including, but not limited to vegetation clearance, edge effects, habitat fragmentation and total grazing pressure (AMLR NRMB 2008).

4. METHODOLOGY

4.1 Desktop Study

A desktop study of the Project site and surrounds was undertaken to identify the nature and condition of the existing environment, including vegetation associations and habitat and to develop a list of flora and fauna species that may occur in the area, based on existing records. Literature reviews and database searches have been conducted, consisting of the following:

 The EPBC Act Protected Matters Search Tool – to determine if matters of national environmental significance have the potential to occur within the proposed project area  Species Profile and Threats Database – to gather information on the statutory, biological and ecological status of species protected under the EPBC Act  Biological Databases of South Australia – to access spatial datasets, including records of previous survey efforts and species observed within the area

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 NatureMaps and Data.SA (South Australian Government Data Directory) – Spatial datasets  Accessible published and unpublished literature, including the AMLR NRM Plan, associated recovery plans and previous survey assessments.  Aerial imagery and mapping.

The Commonwealth Department of the Environment’s Protected Matters Search Tool (PMST) was used to generate a Protected Matters Report (PMR), to help determine potential matters of national environmental significance (MNES) in the area of interest. The area nominated in the PMR was the aforementioned Bird-in-Hand Gold Project site (also referred to as, ‘MC 4113’ or ‘Project site’). The search was conducted based on the coordinates of MC 4113, with a five kilometre buffer (Figure 7).

A search of a wider area utilising the Biological Databases of South Australia (hereafter referred to as, ‘BDBSA’ or ‘BioData’) was also undertaken to collate flora and fauna records from within the Project site and surrounds (Figure 7). Upon request, BioData records are provided by the South Australian Department of Environment, Water and Natural Resources (DEWNR). The records were utilised to indicate the likelihood of occurrence (unlikely, possible, likely or confirmed) of species listed under the EPBC Act and the National Parks and Wildlife Act 1972 (SA) on the Project site. The likelihood assessment was based on proximity of the Project site to extant and historical records, habitat preferences and capacity for recruitment and increased distribution.

4.2 Flora Survey

A preliminary field reconnaissance was undertaken on 15 September 2014 to gain familiarity with the site and record the location of some listed threatened flora species during peak detectability. The flora survey was subsequently undertaken on 8 October 2014. The flora survey was undertaken to compile an annotated inventory of vegetation types, and vascular plant taxa, including listed threatened and introduced species. A review of existing information, assessing the ecological aspects of the Project site, identified species and vegetation associations likely to occur. Results of the desktop study were utilised to validate and improve existing knowledge of:

 Vegetation associations present  Flora and fauna species (including listed species) known or likely to occur in the area  Key Threatening Processes that may require specific management, such as introduced flora and fauna  Potential ecological constraints for the Project.

4.2.1 Listed threatened species

The preliminary field reconnaissance assisted to record the location of listed threatened flora species during peak detectability, namely, Diuris behrii (Behr’s Cowslip Orchid). During the reconnaissance, COOE obtained information from local landholders regarding their knowledge of species in the area, in particular the location of orchid species. The flora survey was subsequently targeted to confirm the presence and likelihood of occurrence of additional listed threatened species to better inform ecological constraints of the Project.

4.2.2 Broad-level vegetation association mapping

The Project site was traversed on-foot and by vehicle by two field surveyors (Botanist and Field Assistant), recording the vascular plant species of each of the defined the vegetation associations. A hand-held GPS was used to record the occurrence of visible changes in vegetation characteristics.

Once the field survey was complete, the list of vegetation associations present was finalised and a list of all vascular plant species compiled. The associations were mapped using spatial GIS data and satellite imagery. The distribution and extent of the broad vegetation associations within the Project site were finalised with reference to the results of the desktop study.

Commercial-in-Confidence Page 13 Database Searches BIH Project (Scale 1:110000)

Map data is compiled from a variety of sources and hence its accuracy is variable. Compiled: 27-Apr-2015 Generated at: www.naturemaps.sa.gov.au AW Region - 2007 and Arid Lands - 2007 Imagery (Copyright © JAXA) cannot be used for commercial purposes Datum: Geocentric Datum of Australia, 1994 Projection: Lambert Conformal Conic Copyright © Department of Environment, Water and Natural Resources 2015. All Rights Reserved. All works and information displayed are subject to Copyright. For the reproduction or publication beyond that permitted by the Copyright Act 1968 (Cwlth) written permission must be sought from the Department. Although every effort has been made to ensure the accuracy of the information displayed, the Department, its agents, officers and employees make no representations, either express or implied, 0 6 Kms that the information displayed is accurate or fit for any purpose and expressly disclaims all liability for loss or damage arising from reliance upon the information displayed.

Figure 7. Database searches. Report for Terramin Australia Ltd Bird-in-Hand Gold Project Flora and Fauna Survey October 2014

4.2.3 Scattered tree assessment

Scattered trees were assessed using the Scattered Tree Clearance Assessment in South Australia – Streamlining, Guidelines for Assessment and Rural Industry Extension (Cutten and Hodder 2002). Trees were assessed individually, or as a group. When trees were assessed as a group, an average measurement of all trees was taken for each attribute (height, trunk circumference, canopy radius, hollows, nests, beehives and dieback). The data collected identifies the habitat value of scattered trees and aligns with the aforementioned method, should calculations to determine Significant Environmental Benefit requirements be required in future.

4.3 Fauna survey

The techniques adopted for the fauna survey were in accordance with the relevant Wildlife Ethics Committee policies for wildlife research, the Guidelines for Vertebrate Surveys in South Australia Using the Biological Survey of South Australia (Owens 2000) (hereafter referred to as, ‘Vertebrate Survey Guidelines’) and advice from the South Australian Museum. Pitfall traps, Elliott traps, cage traps, spotlighting and active searching were employed at selected sites to determine presence of fauna species. Opportunistic sightings of fauna not detected or captured by the abovementioned methods were also recorded if animals were seen whilst transiting between sites. Bats were surveyed using bat detectors (Anabat), harp nets and mist nets at selected sites. The survey was carried-out under:

 South Australian Wildlife Ethics Committee Approval of a Project Involving Animals (Project Number 35/2014)  South Australian Department of Health Licence to Possess and Administer an S4 Drug (Licence Number 2013-81155)  Permit to Undertake Scientific Research (Permit Number M26333-1)  Licence to Use Animals for Teaching, Research or Experimental Purposes (Licence Number 278).

4.3.1 Site selection

Sites were selected within the Project site to conduct ground-dwelling mammal, reptile and bat trapping and passive bat and bird surveys. Four sites were originally deemed suitable for trapping activities within MC 4113, based on vegetation associations that represent a range of the habitats present in the area. That is, those sites assessed as having a higher likelihood of presence due to fauna refuge potential. Due to private land access constraints restricting allowable activities, Site 4 became an active search, spotlighting and passive bird survey site.

Active searching was conducted throughout the Project site, including potential habitat within the land parcel of proposed BIH activities. Placement of harp traps for the bat survey were targeted and dependent upon the particular features of the survey area, such as potential flight paths between trees or adjacent to trees with obvious hollows, the occurrence of dense corridors of vegetation and the presence of water sources. Please see Figure 8 for survey site locations.

4.3.2 Trapping

As required in the Vertebrate Survey Guidelines’ standard methodology for agricultural regions (Owens 2000), one trap-line was installed at each accessible site within the dominant habitat type. Survey effort was equal across the sites, with trap-lines consisting of one pit-line (six pitfall traps), one Elliott trap-line (15 Elliot traps) and two cage traps, maintained for four consecutive days and nights (Figure 9). All traps were checked twice each day, in the early morning and in the late afternoon.

Commercial-in-Confidence Page 15 Figure 8. Location of fauna sites within identified vegetation associations. Report for Terramin Australia Ltd Bird-in-Hand Gold Project Flora and Fauna Survey October 2014

Figure 9. Schematic layout of trap-lines used in the survey (not to scale).

One standard pitfall-line consisted of six pitfall traps (287 mm diameter, 315 mm deep, with a metal fly-wire bottom measuring approximately 10 mm in diameter) placed in the ground, flush with the surface, at 10 m intervals. The six pitfall traps were connected by a continuous 60 m fly-wire fence measuring 300 mm in height (Figure 10). Approximately 75 mm of the fly-wire fence was buried to allow stability and to increase the chance of trap success by encouraging fauna to trail the fence and subsequently fall into the pits. Loose soil was spread at the bottom of each pitfall hole to form a soft, but level surface. Nesting material such as leaves and grass was also placed at the bottom of the trap to provide some protection.

Fifteen Elliott traps (type A, 330 mm long x 100 mm high x 90 mm wide) were distributed on either side (in a parallel manner) of each pitfall-line, approximately 10 m apart and 10 m from the pitfall-line. A small ball of peanut paste and oats was used as bait, placed in the Elliott trap opposite to the treadle mechanism end. All traps were placed under cover of vegetation or fallen timber to provide shaded cover and sufficiently marked with flagging tape to identify their location (Figure 10).

Two standard cage traps comprising a wire cage with a trip-plate release, measuring 220 mm wide x 220 mm in height x 550 mm long were placed at potentially advantageous points within the quadrat. Cage traps were baited with the same mixture used for Elliott traps and covered by a hessian sack to provide shelter from the weather and placed under vegetation to provide additional cover.

(a) Pitfall trap with drift fence (b) Elliott trap placement Figure 10. Images of: (a) a pitfall trap connected by a fly-wire fence and (b) placement of an Elliott trap.

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4.3.2.1 Trap effort summary

A total of 180 Elliott, 72 pitfall and 24 cage trap nights were conducted during the survey (Table 6). Survey effort was equal across the accessible three sites. Site 4, subject to concentrated active searching, spotlighting and passive bird observations due to survey activity restrictions, has been included in Table 6 for completeness.

Table 6. Trap effort undertaken during the survey. Elliott Pitfall Cage Site Nights TOTAL NIGHTS No. Nights No. Nights No. Nights 1 4 15 60 6 24 2 8 92 2 4 15 60 6 24 2 8 92 3 4 15 60 6 24 2 8 92 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 TOTAL 45 180 18 72 6 24 276

4.3.3 Bat Surveys

4.3.3.1 Harp Trapping and Mist Netting

The bat trapping survey was undertaken using harp traps and mist nets, with an additional three opportunistic sites selected to optimise results. Harp traps are a rectangular aluminium frame, with two banks of tightly stretched fine fishing line, leading into a catching bag (Austbat P/L, Bairnsdale, Victoria, modified from Tidemann and Woodside 1978) (Figure 11). Harp traps were set in potential flight paths between trees or adjacent to trees with obvious hollows. A total of 18 harp trap-nights were undertaken for the survey, as follows:

 Two harp traps were set for four nights (7–10 October 2014) along a faint walking track  Two traps were set for two nights (8–9 October 2014) at Site 2  Two traps were set for two nights (9–10 October 2014) at Site 3  One trap was set at a small freshwater soak near Site 2 for two nights (10–11 October 2014).

Mist nets were also used during the survey, set next to a farm dam for one night (8 October 2014) and along a walking track at Site 3 for one night (9 October 2014) (Table 7).

Table 7. Bat trapping effort.

Additional Location Harp Harp Mist Mist TOTAL Site Easting Northing Nights No. Nights Nights No. Nights NIGHTS 1 309363.00 6129955.00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 309148.00 6129856.00 2 2 4 0 0 0 4 3 308903.00 6129868.00 2 2 4 1 1 1 5 4 309179.00 6129014.00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Track 308862.47 6129762.28 4 2 8 0 0 0 8 Soak 309110.96 6129888.73 2 1 2 0 0 0 2 Dam 308831.58 6129726.63 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 TOTAL 10 7 18 2 2 2 20

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Trapped bats were identified, aged, sexed, weighed, measured and their reproductive condition assessed based on external appearance (Churchill 2008). Age was assessed by the degree of ossification of the finger joints, a characteristic that can only be used to recognise juveniles up to four months of age (Anthony 1988). Females were classified as pre-parous (not bred before), pregnant, lactating, or post-lactating (bred previously but not currently in breeding condition) (Racey 2009). To temporarily mark captured animals a small patch of fur on the rump was coloured with a black permanent marker. All bats were released at the capture site the following evening within two hours of sunset.

(a) Harp traps at Site 2 (b) Harp traps at Track site (c) Harp traps at Soak site Figure 11. Harp traps set at: (a) Site 2, (b) Track site and (c) the small freshwater soak located near Site 2.

4.3.3.2 Bat detectors

Echolocation calls were used to document diversity and activity patterns of insectivorous bats at four sites. Calls were recorded using AnaBat SD1 bat detectors (Titley Electronics, Lawnton, Queensland). Bat activity was recorded from sunset to sunrise for four consecutive nights (7–10 October 2014) at the four survey sites (one detector per site) (Table 8). Detectors were placed inside a plastic weatherproof box with the microphone angled upwards at approximately 45° (Figure 12). Prior to the survey, detectors were calibrated by adjusting their sensitivity levels against an ultrasound frequency generator (AnaBat Chirper 2, Titley Electronics) (Hayes 1997).

(a) Bat detector at Site 1 (b) Bat detector at Site 2

(c) Bat detector at Site 3 (d) Example of bat detector in close-range Figure 12. Bat detectors in weatherproof plastic boxes attached to trees at (a) Site 1, (b) Site 2 and (c) Site 3.

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Echolocation call data were downloaded to a computer using CFCread version 4.3s, then analysed using AnalookW version 3.8m (C. Corben, www.hoarybat.com). Sonograms of recorded bat call sequences were sorted and identified by one observer (SG). A call sequence was defined as a file containing at least three echolocation pulses (frequency sweeps) identified as bat echolocation calls (Hourigan et al. 2008), and each call sequence separated by > 5 s was designated a unique file (Turbill 2008). During analysis, the number of call sequences was noted for each species (sometimes two or more species can occur in a single recording; in that case, one sequence was recorded for each species or species group).

Several taxa present in the Adelaide Hills region are difficult to distinguish, based solely on characteristics of echolocation calls. Therefore, some call sequences were assigned to a species group. For example, call sequences containing structural elements consistent with both Gould’s Wattled Bats (Chalinolobus gouldii) and Southern Free-tailed Bats (Mormopterus planiceps) i.e. 26–30kHz without an alternating pulse, but not distinctly flattened, were recorded as the species group C. gouldii/M. planiceps. Similarly, calls with elements consistent with Large Forest Bats (Vespadelus darlingotni), Southern Forest Bats (Vespadelus regulus) and Little Forest Bats (Vespadelus vulturnus) were recorded as the species group Vespadelus spp. A conservative approach to species identification was taken and any calls lacking adequate information for definitive identification were not identified. A description of the characteristics used to identify call sequences to species or species group level is provided in Appendix A.

Table 8. Bat detector effort.

Additional Location Bat Detector TOTAL Site Location Descrp. Bat Detector Nights Easting Northing No. Nights NIGHTS 1 309363.00 6129955.00 - 4 1 4 4 2 309148.00 6129856.00 - 4 1 4 4 3 308903.00 6129868.00 - 4 1 4 4 4 309179.00 6129014.00 - 0 0 0 0 Track 308862.47 6129762.28 Along walking track 4 1 4 4 Soak 309110.96 6129888.73 Small freshwater soak 0 0 0 0 Dam 308831.58 6129726.63 Next to farm dam 0 0 0 0 TOTAL 16 4 16 16

4.3.4 Bird surveys

The bird survey was conducted by a single observer over two days on 8 – 9 October 2014. Passive bird surveys were conducted throughout the entire MC using the point-count method. Site data was collected for each of the four sites and opportunistic data was collected throughout the MC. Weather conditions were considered optimal for bird observations, being calm and clear. Point-count surveys were carried-out in Sites 1 to 4, with most time spent in Sites 1 to 3, which still retain some undergrowth, providing valuable habitat and breeding locations for birds. Time was also spent observing birds in scattered trees in paddocks, planted woodlots and dams. Observation times were chosen to reflect times when birds are most active; for example early morning and late afternoon.

4.3.5 Active searching and spotlighting

Concentrated active searching and spotlighting was the primary method for locating fauna species within Site 4 and the land parcel of proposed BIH activities. The observations made in Site 4 using this methodology were recorded as specific site data. Throughout the remainder of the Project site and survey period, active day searches were frequently undertaken as an additional method of locating species.

Physical searches were conducted under shrubs, animal holes, and any natural or man-made debris to identify species and tracks, scats, owl pellets, scratchings, burrows and skulls. Concentrated active searching and spotlighting was conducted for between two and three hours, with search effort divided into multiple sessions to optimise searching conditions. All active searches were conducted on-foot and spotlighting was undertaken using a Led Lenser head torch (H7.2, 250 Lumen).

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4.3.6 Opportunistic observations

Fauna species not caught in traps, nor observed through active searching were recorded as opportunistic observations. Opportunistic observations, known as chance sightings of fauna by field surveyors whilst onsite, most commonly occurred when checking traps and travelling between trapping sites.

4.4 Species records post-survey

Subsequent to the October 2014 ecological survey, Terramin personnel have captured flora and fauna species records opportunistically (and during additional inspections within peak detectability periods), whilst onsite. At the request of Terramin, records and corresponding photographs (where available) of species captured by Terramin personnel have been incorporated into this Report. As such, all confirmed records of flora and fauna have been included in the Results section.

4.5 Identification and species nomenclature

Where fauna species were not required as voucher specimens, the necessary details were recorded and a temporary mark was applied and the animal released promptly at the site. A non-toxic 'permanent' marker pen was used to draw a bar on the tail of small mammals and reptiles. Captured animals were released as close as possible to the point of capture, in an appropriately sheltered spot. The collection and processing of specimens was undertaken in accordance with consultation with the SA Museum, the WEC Collection of Voucher Specimens and Euthanasia of Research Animals in the Field Policies (DEWNR 2013) and the Vertebrate Survey Guidelines (Owens 2000).

Species names were updated to current nomenclature following the South Australian Department of Environment, Water and Natural Resources’ Vascular Plants Biological Database – Taxonomy; and the Vertebrates Biological Database of South Australia (2015).

4.6 Flora and Fauna Study Limitations

Seasonality and environmental conditions influence the presence and abundance of flora and fauna species. Climate, particularly rainfall patterns, air temperature and humidity are major factors that determine plant germination, population establishment, survival and viable seed set. Time since rainfall, frequency, and rainfall volume and evaporation rates are all critical factors. As such, some species and population numbers of species that may occur within the Project site at different times or environmental conditions to those during the survey are unlikely to have been detected.

It is possible that not all flora species present within the survey area were observed. Some species may not have been visible or lacked distinguishing characteristics such as seeds and flowers for identification at the time of survey. Additional migratory, nomadic and vagrant species not observed during the October 2014 survey may occur within the Project site. Surveys conducted during varied seasonal and environmental conditions are likely to result in the detection of additional species.

A large proportion (33%) of bat call sequences could not be identified, particularly sequences containing calls by multiple species and individuals simultaneously (Figure 15). Additionally, some activities were restricted due to landholder access limitations and existing agricultural activities (in particular, livestock) being undertaken throughout the Project site at the time of survey.

5. RESULTS

5.1 Desktop Study

The natural resources of the BIH Project site and surrounds have been characterised by DEWNR and provided as accessible data through the NatureMaps spatial datasets, BDBSA and the resources identified in Section 3.1. The existing information from DEWNR provided background and assisted in the design of the flora and fauna study.

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5.1.1 Vegetation characteristics

Vegetation and associated environmental descriptions for the patches identified on the Project site are provided in Table 9. Floristic vegetation mapping and vegetation descriptions of the Project site is based on DEWNR’s NatureMaps Vegetation Mapping data including Broad Vegetation Description and Roadside Vegetation Mapping (DEWNR 2014).

At the time of conducting the desktop study, of the 195.9 ha identified for the BIH Project site, approximately 29.87 (15.25%) comprised native vegetation cover. The native vegetation is broadly characterised by eucalypt- dominant vegetation groups, with structural formations of mid woodland and low open forest.

Table 9. Vegetation types and associated environmental descriptions identified on the Bird-in-Hand Gold Project site through desktop study (DEWNR 2014). No. Vegetation Description Environmental Description Eucalyptus leucoxylon ssp. mid woodland over Acacia pycnantha over Olearia Hill slopes; soils ranging from loamy 1. ramulosa mid shrubs over Briza maxima, Arthropodium strictum, +/-Hibbertia sand to clay loam exutiacies, Senecio pterophorus mid tussock grasses Eucalyptus leucoxylon ssp. low open forest over Medicago sp., Bromus rubens, Hill crests; soils silty loams 2. Avena barbata, Lolium sp. mid tussock grasses Eucalyptus camaldulensis var. camaldulensis, Eucalyptus leucoxylon ssp. mid Flat; soils clayey sand 3. woodland over Medicago sp., Bromus rubens, Avena barbata, Lolium sp. low tussock grasses

5.1.1.1 Remnant Native Vegetation

Within the AMLR, vegetation clearance has been extensive since European settlement and only 12% of the original native vegetation of the region remains. Approximately 90% of vegetation remnants are less than 31 ha in size and half of those (45%) are less than six hectares. The largest native vegetation remnants in the AMLR include Deep Creek Conservation Park and the Scott Creek CP/Mount Bold Reservoir complex.

The remnant vegetation reflects the selective and disproportionate clearance patterns – areas of productive soils that were most suitable for agricultural production (Wilson & Bignall 2009). Prior to European settlement, the BIH Project site (in its entirety) comprised eucalypt open forest and woodlands (Table 10).

Table 10. Pre-European vegetation and environmental descriptions for the Bird-in-Hand Gold Project site (DEWNR 2014). No. Vegetation Description Environmental Description 1. Eucalyptus camaldulensis var. camaldulensis Woodland Not available Eucalyptus leucoxylon ssp. leucoxylon Woodland over a grassy and herbaceous understorey and sparse cover of shrubs (eg. Cheilanthes austrotenuifolia, Themeda 2. Not available triandra, Lomandra multiflora ssp dura, Dodonaea viscosa ssp. spathulata, Acacia paradoxa, Gonoca Eucalyptus obliqua Open Forest over a sclerophyll shrub understorey (eg. Exocarpos Occurs on the highest ridges cupressiformis, Olearia grandiflora, O. ramulosa, Acacia myrtifolia, Hakea rostrata, 3. of the higher rainfall areas Leucopogon virgatus, Daviesia leptophylla, Banksia marginata, Pultenaea

daphnoides

5.1.2 EPBC Act Protected Matters Search and Biological Databases of South Australia Summary

The results of the EPBC Act Protected Matters Search are summarised in

Table 11. The Protected Matters Search Tool identified 23 Commonwealth-listed threatened species and two Commonwealth-listed threatened ecological communities as being potentially present within five kilometres of the Project site. Listed threatened species identified in the PMR comprise five birds, one fish, one frog, one mammal and 15 plant species.

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The BDBSA search provided a total of 1287 flora species records from 129 families distributed within and surrounding the Project site. A total of 250 fauna species records were provided by the BDBSA, comprising 29 mammal, 27 reptile, seven frog and 187 bird species.

Table 11. Summary of the results of the EPBC Act Protected Matters Search (5 km buffer). Search Area (5 km buffer) Matters of NES and Other Matters Result 1. World Heritage Properties None 2. National Heritage Properties None 3. Wetlands of International Importance 1 4. Great Barrier Reef Marine Park None 5. Commonwealth Marine Areas None 6. Listed Threatened Ecological Communities 2 7. Listed Threatened Species 23 8. Listed Migratory Species 11 9. Commonwealth Land 2 10. Commonwealth Heritage Places None 11. Listed Marine Species 11 12. Whales and other Cetaceans None 13. Critical Habitats None 14. Commonwealth Reserves Terrestrial None 15. Commonwealth Reserves Marine None 16. Places on the Register of the National Estate 7 17. State and Territory Reserves None 18. Regional Forest Agreements None 19. Invasive Species 40 20. Nationally Important Wetlands None 21. Key Ecological Features (Marine) None

5.1.3 Listed ecological communities

The Protected Matters Search Tool identified two Commonwealth-listed threatened ecological communities as being potentially present within five kilometres of the Project site (Table 12). The type of presence of the listed threatened ecological communities in the area according to the PMR is also provided in Table 12.

The River Murray and associated wetlands, floodplains and groundwater systems, from the junctions with the Darling River to the sea ecological community was listed as critically endangered from 10 August 2013 to 11 December 2013. The listing was disallowed on 11 December 2013. It is no longer a matter of National Environmental Significance under the EPBC Act.

Table 12. Listed threatened ecological communities and their likelihood of occurrence within the Bird-in-Hand Gold Project site. Listing Status Type of Presence Recorded during Likelihood of Ecological Community (EPBC Act) (PMR 5 km Buffer) Survey (2014) Occurrence Peppermint Box (Eucalyptus odorata) Grassy Community may CR No Unlikely Woodland of South Australia occur within area River Murray and associated wetlands, floodplains and groundwater systems, from Approval Community likely to No N/A the junctions with the Darling River to the Disallowed occur within area sea

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5.1.4 Listed flora

The Commonwealth PMST provided 15 Commonwealth-listed threatened plant species as possibly occurring within or surrounding the Project site (Table 13). Of the 15 listed threatened plant species, seven were also provided by the BDBSA. In the BDBSA search of a wider area, records of 56 flora species listed under the National Parks and Wildlife Act 1972 (SA) (NPW Act) were provided from within the Project site and surrounds. An additional species, the Cowslip Orchid (Diuris chryseopsis), listed as Endangered under the NPW Act, was identified as likely to occur within the Project site (R Bates 2014, personal communication, 9 March). The Stiff White Spider-orchid (Caladenia rigida), listed as Endangered under the EPBC Act and Behr's Cowslip Orchid (Diuris behrii), listed as Vulnerable under the NPW Act also have extant records located within the Project site.

Table 13 examines the likelihood of occurrence (unlikely, possible, likely or confirmed) of these species on the Project site, based on proximity to extant and historical records, habitat preferences and capacity for recruitment and increased distribution.

5.1.5 Listed fauna

5.1.5.1 Commonwealth-listed threatened fauna

The PMST provided eight Commonwealth-listed threatened fauna species, comprising five birds, one mammal, one frog and one fish (Table 14). Of the five listed threatened bird species, one is also listed as migratory terrestrial and one as migratory wetland. One of the listed threatened migratory birds is also listed as a marine species under Other Matters Protected by the EPBC Act. Biological Data (BDBSA) was also obtained and provided an additional five Commonwealth-listed threatened fauna species records, comprising two birds, two mammals and one reptile. Of all 13 Commonwealth-listed fauna species identified in the PMST and BDBSA, 10 of these species are also listed under the NPW Act.

5.1.5.2 Commonwealth-listed migratory fauna

The PMST provided 11 Commonwealth-listed migratory species potentially occurring within a five kilometre radius of the Project site (Table 15). One marine bird, six terrestrial species (all birds) and four wetlands species (all birds) were listed in the PMR. The Pandion haliaetus was identified in the PMR as a marine species only, but is listed as migratory and marine under the EPBC Act and has been given full consideration as a migratory marine bird in Table 15.

One terrestrial species and one wetlands species are also listed as threatened under the EPBC Act and have been assessed in Table 14. All 11 of the Commonwealth-listed marine species under Other Matters Protected by the EPBC Act are also provided in the list of migratory species and so have been covered in Table 15 in their entirety.

At the time of receiving BDBSA data, an additional three migratory marine bird records were provided, namely the Australian Reed Warbler (Acrocephalus australis), Common Sandpiper (Actitis hypoleucos) and Common Greenshank (Tringa nebularia), bringing the total number of migratory marine birds to five. However, as at 5 August 2014, Acrocephalus australis is no longer listed migratory for the purposes of the EPBC Act. The species is now marine only. This is particularly relevant, as this species was recorded during the October 2014 surveys. As such, the total number of listed migratory species considered in Table 15 is therefore 14.

5.1.5.3 South Australian-listed threatened fauna

A total of 38 fauna species listed under the NPW Act were identified by the PMR and BDBSA, comprising 35 birds, two mammals and one amphibian species (Table 16). Of the 38 species identified, seven were provided by the PMR only and the remaining 31 species were provided by the BDBSA only.

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Table 13. Listed flora species provided in the PMR and BDBSA and their likelihood of occurrence within the Bird-in-Hand Gold Project site.

Listing Source Latest Recorded Distance from Recorded during Survey No. BDBSA No. Species Common BDBSA within MC MC (km) (BDBSA (2014) and Additional Likelihood EPBC NPW AMLR PMR BDBSA Records Record (BDBSA 2014) 2014)* Inspections Listed Threatened Under the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (Cth) 1. Acacia menzelii Menzel's Wattle VU V RA   4 2012 N 11 – 12 N Unlikely 2. Caladenia argocalla White Beauty Spider-orchid EN E CR   4 2000 N 4 – 12 N Possible 3. Caladenia behrii Pink-lip Spider-orchid EN E EN   2 1995 N 14 N Unlikely 4. Caladenia gladiolata Bayonet Spider-orchid EN E CR   0 - - - N Unlikely 5. Caladenia rigida Stiff White Spider-orchid EN E EN   3 2009 Y 0 – 9 Y Confirmed^ 6. Caladenia tensa Inland Green-comb Spider-orchid EN - RA   0 - - - N Unlikely 7. Euphrasia collina ssp. osbornii Osborn's Eyebright EN E EN   0 - - - N Unlikely 8. Glycine latrobeana Clover Glycine VU V RA   4 2003 N 7 – 9 N Possible 9. Olearia pannosa ssp. pannosa Silver Daisy-bush VU V EN   0 - - - N Unlikely 10. Prasophyllum murfetii Maroon Leek-orchid CR E CR   0 - - - N Unlikely

11. Prasophyllum pallidum Pale Leek-orchid VU R EN   2 1993 N 5 – 9 N Possible# 12. Pterostylis cucullata ssp. sylvicola Leafy Greenhood VU E RE   10 2005 N 7 – 8 N Unlikely 13. Thelymitra epipactoides Metallic Sun-orchid EN E RE   0 - - - N Unlikely 14. Thelymitra matthewsii Spiral Sun-orchid VU E RE   0 - - - N Unlikely 15. Veronica derwentiana ssp. homalodonta Mt Lofty Speedwell CR E EN   0 - - - N Unlikely Listed Threatened Under the National Parks and Wildlife Act 1972 (SA) 1. Acacia gunnii Ploughshare Wattle - R EN   3 1976 N 7 – 8 N Unlikely 2. Acacia iteaphylla Flinders Ranges Wattle - R -   2 2012 N 11 – 12 N Unlikely 3. Amphibromus archeri Pointed Swamp Wallaby-grass - R RA   4 2008 N 5 – 6 N Possible 4. Amphibromus macrorhinus Long-nosed Swamp Wallaby-grass - R VU   4 1992 N 5 N Unlikely 5. Austrostipa densiflora Fox-tail Spear-grass - R RA   1 1953 N 9 N Possible 6. Austrostipa gibbosa Swollen Spear-grass - R VU   1 - N 9 N Unlikely 7. Austrostipa tenuifolia - - R RA   1 1953 N 9 N Unlikely 8. Baumea acuta Pale Twig-rush - R VU   2 1979 N 9 N Unlikely 9. Blechnum nudum Fishbone Water-fern - R RA   2 1977 N 9 – 12 N Unlikely 10. Bothriochloa macra Red-leg Grass - R RA   2 2007 N 8 – 15 N Unlikely 11. Brachyscome parvula var. lissocarpa (NC) Coast Daisy - R EN   1 1990 N 5 N Possible 12. Brachyscome diversifolia Tall Daisy - E EN   1 1946 N 9 N Unlikely 13. Caladenia vulgaris Plain Caladenia - R EN   1 2004 N 6 N Unlikely 14. Crassula peduncularis Purple Crassula - R RA   2 2003 N 9 – 10 N Possible 15. Deyeuxia densa Heath Bent-grass - R RA   8 2000 N 6 – 12 N Possible 16. Dianella longifolia var. grandis Pale Flax-lily - R VU   2 2012 N 11 – 12 N Possible 17. Diuris behrii Behr's Cowslip Orchid - V VU   19 2009 Y 0 – 12 Y Confirmed 18. Diuris chryseopsis Cowslip Orchid - E RE   - 2011 Y - N Likely 19. Echinopogon ovatus Rough-beard Grass - R EN   1 2000 N 11 N Unlikely 20. Eryngium ovinum Blue Devil - V EN   2 2009 N 9 N Unlikely 21. Eucalyptus dalrympleana ssp. dalrympleana Candlebark Gum - R VU   39 2012 N 5 – 11 N Unlikely 22. Eucalyptus fasciculosa Pink Gum - R NT   85 2012 N 2 – 14 Y Confirmed 23. Eucalyptus viminalis ssp. viminalis Manna Gum - R VU   69 2012 N 2 – 12 N Possible 24. Gonocarpus micranthus ssp. micranthus Creeping Raspwort - R VU   1 1978 N 9 N Unlikely 25. Helichrysum rutidolepis Pale Everlasting - E EN   2 1986 N 6 – 9 N Unlikely

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Listing Source Latest Recorded Distance from Recorded during Survey No. BDBSA No. Species Common BDBSA within MC MC (km) (BDBSA (2014) and Additional Likelihood EPBC NPW AMLR PMR BDBSA Records Record (BDBSA 2014) 2014)* Inspections 26. Hypericum japonicum Matted St John's Wort - R VU   2 2012 N 9 – 12 N Unlikely 27. Hypolepis rugosula Ruddy Ground-fern - R VU   1 1976 N 12 N Unlikely 28. Juncus australis Austral Rush - R RA   4 1987 N 9 – 12 N Possible 29. Lagenophora gracilis Slender Bottle-daisy - V VU   2 1991 N 7 – 12 N Unlikely 30. Lawrencia berthae Showy Lawrencia - R -   1 1990 N 8 N Unlikely 31. Luzula flaccida Pale Wood-rush - V VU   2 2003 N 9 – 10 Y Confirmed 32. Luzula ovata Clustered Wood-rush - R EN   5 2004 N 5 – 10 N Possible 33. Maireana excavata Bottle Fissure-plant - V -   1 2009 N 12 N Unlikely 34. Montia fontana ssp. chondrosperma Waterblinks - V EN   1 1972 N 5 N Possible 35. Myriophyllum integrifolium Tiny Milfoil - R VU   3 2003 N 5 – 10 N Unlikely 36. Oreomyrrhis eriopoda Australian Carraway - E EN   1 2005 N 6 N Unlikely 37. Ottelia ovalifolia ssp. ovalifolia Swamp Lily - R RA   1 2012 N 11 N Unlikely 38. Pentapogon quadrifidus var. quadrifidus Five-awn Spear-grass - R VU   1 1936 N 12 N Unlikely 39. Phyllangium distylis Tiny Mitrewort - R VU   1 1990 N 5 N Unlikely 40. Poa umbricola Shade Tussock-grass - R RA   6 2012 N 6 – 12 N Unlikely 41. Potamogeton ochreatus Blunt Pondweed - R RA   3 1989 N 6 – 12 N Unlikely 42. Prasophyllum australe Austral Leek-orchid - R EN   1 1910 N 11 N Unlikely 43. Pterostylis curta Blunt Greenhood - R VU   4 2009 N 7 – 12 N Unlikely 44. Pterostylis foliata Slender Greenhood - R RA   1 2012 N 11 N Unlikely 45. Ptilotus erubescens Hairy-tails - R RA   1 1990 N 5 N Possible 46. Thelymitra aristata Great Sun-orchid - E* -   2 1987 N 8 – 9 N Unlikely 47. Thelymitra batesii - - R RA   1 2010 N 11 N Possible 48. Thelymitra flexuosa Twisted Sun-orchid - R NT   4 2004 N 6 – 9 N Possible 49. Thelymitra grandiflora Great Sun-orchid - R RA   5 1971 N 9 – 11 N Possible 50. Thelymitra ixioides Spotted Sun-orchid - E* NE   1 1987 N 8 N Unlikely 51. Thelymitra latifolia Blue Star Sun-orchid - V RA   4 2004 N 6 – 9 Y Confirmed 52. Thelymitra peniculata Blue Star Sun-orchid - V VU   1 1969 N 9 N Unlikely 53. Thysanotus tenellus Grassy Fringe-lily - R VU   1 2012 N 12 N Unlikely 54. Veronica gracilis Slender Speedwell - V EN   4 1994 N 7 – 8 N Possible 55. Viminaria juncea Native Broom - R VU   2 1935 N 3 – 7 N Unlikely 56. Viola betonicifolia ssp. betonicifolia Showy Violet - E CR   4 1913 N 3 – 11 N Unlikely 57. Xanthorrhoea semiplana ssp. tateana Tate's Grass-tree - R RA   1 1979 N 10 N Unlikely Species nomenclature has been updated to reflect the DEWNR Vascular Plants Biological Database – Taxonomy (2015). *Distances have been rounded. #Species originally deemed ‘unlikely’, but subsequently flagged as ‘possible’ after consultation with AMLR NRM. ^Recorded post Oct. 2014 survey (20150923) – photographed during site inspection by Terramin personnel. Listing status: EPBC (National – Australia): Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (Cth). NPW (State – South Australia): National Parks and Wildlife Act 1972 (SA). AMLR (Regional – Adelaide and Mount Lofty Ranges Region): regional conservation status from DEWNR (2013). Listing status codes: CR: Critically Endangered. DD: Data Deficient. E: Endangered. E*: Extinct. EN: Endangered. EX: Extinct. LC: Least Concern. NE: Not Evaluated. NT: Near Threatened. V: Vulnerable. VU: Vulnerable. R: Rare. RA: Rare. RE: Regionally Extinct.

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Table 14. Commonwealth-listed threatened fauna species provided in the PMR and BDBSA and their likelihood of occurrence within the Bird-in-Hand Gold Project site.

Listing Source Recorded Distance from Recorded during No. BDBSA Latest No. Species Common within MC MC (km) Survey (2014) and Likelihood EPBC NPW AMLR PMR BDBSA Records Record (BDBSA 2014) (BDBSA 2014)* Add. Inspections Listed Threatened Under the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (Cth) BIRDS 1. Anthochaera phrygia Regent Honeyeater EN E RE   1 1900 N 10 N Unlikely 2. Botaurus poiciloptilus Australasian Bittern EN V CR   - - - - N Unlikely 3. Calamanthus (Hylacola) pyrrhopygius parkeri Chestnut-rumped Heathwren (MLR ssp.) EN E EN   - - - - N Unlikely 4. Cinclosoma punctatum anachoreta Spotted Quail-thrush (MLR ssp.) CR E CR   3 1900 N 6 – 11 N Unlikely 5. Halobaena caerulea Blue Petrel VU, Ma - -   1 1982 N 8 N Unlikely 6. Leipoa ocellata Malleefowl VU, Mi (T) V EN   - - - - N Unlikely 7. Rostratula australis= Rostratula benghalensis (sensu lato) Australian Painted-snipe EN, Mi (W), Ma V EN   - - - - N Unlikely MAMMALS

8. Isoodon obesulus obesulus Southern Brown Bandicoot (SA mainland and KI ssp.) EN V EN   2 1992 N 9 – 11 N Unlikely 9. Macrotis lagotis Greater Bilby (Bilby) VU V RE   1 1922 N 8 N Unlikely 10. Pteropus poliocephalus Grey-headed Flying-fox VU R RA   2 2011 N 7 – 9 N Possible REPTILES 11. Notechis scutatus Eastern Tiger Snake VU - EN   12 2002 N 1 – 8 N Possible AMPHIBIANS

12. Litoria raniformis Southern Bell Frog VU V RE   2 1979 N 7 – 11 N Unlikely FISH 13. Maccullochella peelii peelii Murray Cod VU - RE   - - - - N Unlikely Species nomenclature has been updated to reflect the DEWNR Vertebrates Biological Database of South Australia (2015). MC: Mineral Claim. Add.: Additional. Listing status: EPBC (National – Australia): Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (Cth). NPW (State – South Australia): National Parks and Wildlife Act 1972 (SA). AMLR (Regional – Adelaide and Mount Lofty Ranges Region): regional conservation status from DEWNR (2013). Listing status codes: CR: Critically Endangered. DD: Data Deficient. E: Endangered. E*: Extinct. EN: Endangered. EX: Extinct. LC: Least Concern. Ma: Marine. Mi: Migratory. Mi (Ma): Migratory Marine. Mi (T): Migratory Terrestrial. Mi (W): Migratory Wetlands. NE: Not Evaluated. NT: Near Threatened. V: Vulnerable. VU: Vulnerable. R: Rare. RA: Rare. RE: Regionally Extinct.

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Table 15. Commonwealth-listed migratory species provided in the PMR and BDBSA and their likelihood of occurrence within the Bird-in-Hand Gold Project site.

Listing Source Recorded Distance from MC Recorded during No. BDBSA Latest No. Species Common within MC (km) (BDBSA Survey (2014) and Likelihood EPBC NPW AMLR PMR BDBSA Records Record (BDBSA 2014) 2014)* Additional Inspections Listed Migratory Under the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (Cth) MIGRATORY MARINE SPECIES 1. Actitis hypoleucos Common Sandpiper Mi (Ma), Ma R EN   2 2001 N 12 N Possible 2. Apus pacificus Pacific Swift (Fork-tailed Swift) Mi (Ma), Ma - -   - - - - N Possible 3. Pandion haliaetus Osprey Mi (Ma), Ma E VU   - - - - N Unlikely 4. Tringa nebularia Common Greenshank Mi (Ma), Ma - VU   1 2003 N 1 N Possible MIGRATORY TERRESTRIAL SPECIES 5. Haliaeetus leucogaster White-bellied Sea-Eagle Mi (T), Ma E EN   - - - - N Unlikely 6. Hirundapus caudacutus White-throated Needletail Mi (T), Ma - CR   - - - - N Possible 7. Leipoa ocellata Malleefowl VU, Mi (T) V EN   - - - - N Unlikely 8. Merops ornatus Rainbow Bee-eater Mi (T), Ma - VU   11 2012 N 5 – 10 N Possible 9. Myiagra cyanoleuca Satin Flycatcher Mi (T), Ma E -   - - - - N Unlikely 10. Rhipidura rufifrons Rufous Fantail Mi (T), Ma - -   - - - - N Unlikely MIGRATORY WETLANDS SPECIES 11. Ardea alba Great Egret Mi (W), Ma - VU   4 2001 N 4 – 10 N Unlikely 12. Ardea ibis Cattle Egret Mi (W), Ma R VU   - - - - N Unlikely 13. Gallinago hardwickii Latham’s Snipe Mi (W), Ma R EN   - - - - N Unlikely 14. Rostratula australis = Rostratula benghalensis (sensu lato) Australian Painted-snipe = Painted Snipe EN, Mi (W), Ma V EN   - - - - N Unlikely Species nomenclature has been updated to reflect the DEWNR Vertebrates Biological Database of South Australia (2015). Listing status: EPBC (National – Australia): Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (Cth). NPW (State – South Australia): National Parks and Wildlife Act 1972 (SA). AMLR (Regional – Adelaide and Mount Lofty Ranges Region): regional conservation status from DEWNR (2013). Listing status codes: CR: Critically Endangered. DD: Data Deficient. E: Endangered. E*: Extinct. EN: Endangered. EX: Extinct. LC: Least Concern. Ma: Marine. Mi: Migratory. Mi (Ma): Migratory Marine. Mi (T): Migratory Terrestrial. Mi (W): Migratory Wetlands. NE: Not Evaluated. NT: Near Threatened. V: Vulnerable. VU: Vulnerable. R: Rare. RA: Rare. RE: Regionally Extinct.

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Table 16. South Australian-listed threatened fauna species provided in the PMR and BDBSA and their likelihood of occurrence within the Bird-in-Hand Gold Project site Listing Source Recorded during Recorded Distance from No. BDBSA Latest Survey (2014) No. Species Common within MC MC (km) Likelihood Records Record and Additional EPBC NPW AMLR PMR BDBSA (BDBSA 2014)* (BDBSA 2014) Inspections Listed Threatened Under the National Parks and Wildlife Act 1972 (SA) BIRDS

1. Accipiter novaehollandiae Grey Goshawk - E -   1 1998 N 5 N Unlikely 2. Actitis hypoleucos Common Sandpiper Mi (Ma), Ma R EN   2 2001 N 12 N Possible 3. Anas rhynchotis Australasian Shoveler - R RA   78 2007 N <1 – 12 N Possible 4. Anhinga novaehollandiae Australasian Darter - R VU   2 2003 N 9 – 12 N Unlikely 5. Ardea ibis Cattle Egret Mi (W), Ma R VU   - - - - N Unlikely 6. Ardea intermedia Intermediate Egret Ma R -   2 2001 N 10 N Unlikely 7. Biziura lobata Musk Duck Ma R VU   31 2007 N 1 – 12 N Possible 8. Calyptorhynchus funereus Yellow-tailed Black Cockatoo - V VU   111 2012 N 35 – 360 Y Confirmed 9. Cereopsis novaehollandiae Cape Barren Goose Ma R RA   1 1994 N 8 N Unlikely 10. Corcorax melanorhamphos White-winged Chough - R RA   35 2012 N 2 – 14 Y Confirmed 11. Coturnix ypsilophora Brown Quail - V RA   1 1998 N 6 N Possible 12. Falco peregrinus Peregrine Falcon - R RA   10 2003 N 1 – 12 N Likely 13. Falcunculus frontatus Crested Shriketit - R EN   43 2004 N <1 – 9 Y Confirmed 14. Gallinago hardwickii Latham’s Snipe Mi (W), Ma R EN   - - - - N Unlikely 15. Gerygone olivacea White-throated Gerygone - R RA   6 1998 N 6 – 7 N Possible 16. Glossopsitta pusilla Little Lorikeet - E CR   2 1950 N 2 – 12 N Unlikely 17. Haliaeetus leucogaster White-bellied Sea-Eagle Mi (T), Ma E EN   - - - - N Unlikely 18. Leipoa ocellata Malleefowl VU, Mi (T) V EN   - - - - N Unlikely 19. Melithreptus gularis gularis Black-chinned Honeyeater (south east ssp.) - V CR   16 2009 N 5 – 10 N Possible 20. Microeca fascinans fascinans Jacky Winter (south east ssp.) - R CR   4 1999 N 6 – 12 N Possible 21. Myiagra cyanoleuca Satin Flycatcher Mi (T), Ma E -   - - - - N Unlikely 22. Myiagra inquieta Restless Flycatcher - R CR   12 1997 N 5 – 12 N Possible 23. Neophema elegans Elegant Parrot - R VU   2 2002 N 5 – 8 N Possible 24. Oriolus sagittatus Olive-backed Oriole - R RA   1 2002 N 12 N Possible 25. Oxyura australis Blue-billed Duck - R VU   15 2004 N 1 – 12 N Possible 26. Pandion haliaetus Osprey Mi (Ma), Ma E VU   - - - - N Unlikely 27. Petroica boodang boodang Scarlet Robin (eastern ssp.) - R VU   94 2007 N 5 – 12 N Possible 28. Petroica phoenicea Flame Robin Ma V CR   5 2000 N 7 – 9 N Possible 29. Podiceps cristatus Great Crested Grebe - R VU   2 2000 N 7 – 8 N Unlikely 30. Porzana tabuensis Spotless Crake Ma R EN   4 2006 N 12 N Unlikely 31. Rostratula australis = Rostratula benghalensis (sensu lato) Australian Painted-snipe = Painted Snipe EN, Mi (W), Ma V EN   - - - - N Unlikely 32. Stagonopleura guttata Diamond Firetail - V EN   17 2002 N 5 – 12 N Likely 33. Stictonetta naevosa Freckled Duck - V VU   7 2003 N 1 – 4 N Possible 34. Turnix varius Painted Buttonquail - R VU   5 1977 N 1 – 5 N Unlikely 35. Zoothera lunulata Bassian Thrush - R EN   10 2005 N 6 – 12 N Possible MAMMALS

36. Antechinus flavipes Yellow-footed Antechinus - V RA   5 1999 N 7 – 13 N Unlikely 37. Trichosurus vulpecula Common Brushtail Possum - R RA   17 2002 N 5 – 12 Y Confirmed AMPHIBIANS 38. Pseudophryne bibronii Brown Toadlet - R VU   2 2001 N 6 – 7 N Possible

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Species nomenclature has been updated to reflect the DEWNR Vertebrates Biological Database of South Australia (2015). Listing status: EPBC (National – Australia): Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (Cth). NPW (State – South Australia): National Parks and Wildlife Act 1972 (SA). AMLR (Regional – Adelaide and Mount Lofty Ranges Region): regional conservation status from DEWNR (2013). Listing status codes: CR: Critically Endangered. DD: Data Deficient. E: Endangered. E*: Extinct. EN: Endangered. EX: Extinct. LC: Least Concern. Ma: Marine. Mi: Migratory. Mi (Ma): Migratory Marine. Mi (T): Migratory Terrestrial. Mi (W): Migratory Wetlands. NE: Not Evaluated. NT: Near Threatened. V: Vulnerable. VU: Vulnerable. R: Rare. RA: Rare. RE: Regionally Extinct.

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5.1.6 Introduced flora

The PMST identified 18 invasive plant species as potentially occurring within a five kilometre radius of the Project site (Table 17). Species reported in the PMST encompass the 20 weeds of national significance (WoNS), along with other introduced plants that are considered in South Australia to pose a particularly significant threat to biodiversity. Policies are adopted by the Minister for Sustainability, Environment and Conservation for the management of plants declared under the Natural Resources Management Act 2004 (SA) (NRM Act) and for some plants that are not declared.

Declared species are regarded as particularly invasive and pose significant economic and environmental risk, therefore requiring a level of mandatory control of their infestation. Policies are reviewed periodically in consultation with regional NRM boards. Table 17 identifies requirements from PIRSA’s declared plants list and also the AMLR NRM Board’s pest management hierarchy. The pest management hierarchy recommends management actions for target pest plants and animals.

Table 17. Weeds of National Significance identified in PMR and corresponding management requirements in South Australia. SA Manage. Reqs. Recorded No. Family Scientific Name Common Name during Survey NRM Act AMLR (2014) 1. ALISMATACEAE Sagittaria platyphylla Arrowhead D M N S - N 2. CACTACEAE Opuntia spp. Prickly Pear C M S - N Chrysanthemoides Bitou bush/ 3. COMPOSITAE C M S Protect Sites N monilifera Boneseed Chrysanthemoides 4. COMPOSITAE Boneseed C M S Protect Sites N monilifera ssp. monilifera 5. GRAMINEAE Nassella neesiana - D M N S Destroy N 6. LEGUMINOSAE Cytisus scoparius English Broom Cp M S Contain Y 7. LEGUMINOSAE Genista monspessulana Montpellier Broom Cp M S Destroy N Genista sp. X Genista 8. LEGUMINOSAE Broom Cp M S Destroy N monspessulana 9. LEGUMINOSAE Ulex europaeus Gorse Cp M S Protect Sites Y 10. LILIACEAE Asparagus asparagoides Bridal Creeper Cp M S Eradicate N 11. OLEACEAE Olea europaea Olive Cp Protect Sites N 12. PINACEAE Pinus radiata Radiata Pine - - N 13. ROSACEAE Rubus fruticosus aggregate Blackberry Cp M S Contain N

Salix spp. except Willows except S.babylonica, S.x Weeping Willow, 14. SALICACEAE S Protect Sites N calodendron & S.x Pussy Willow and reichardtii Sterile Pussy Willow 15. SOLANACEAE Lycium ferocissimum African Boxthorn Cp M S Contain N Silver-leaf 16. SOLANACEAE Solanum elaeagnifolium C M N S Destroy N Nightshade 17. TAMARICACEAE Tamarix aphylla Athel Pine Cp M S Protect Sites N 18. VERBENACEAE Lantana camara Common Lantana M S - N Species nomenclature has been updated to reflect the DEWNR Vascular Plants Biological Database – Taxonomy (2015). SA Manage. Reqs.: NRM Act (State – South Australia): Natural Resources Management Act 2004 (SA). AMLR (Regional – Adelaide and Mount Lofty Ranges Region): Pest Prioritisation Management Actions (AMLR NRM Board 2009). SA Manage. Reqs. codes: C: Control required in whole of State. Cn: Control not required (but sale prohibited). Cp: Control required in part of State. D: Must be destroyed. M: Movement into control area prohibited. N: Notifiable throughout the State. Np: Notifiable in part of the State only. P: Possession prohibited. R: Release prohibited. S: Sale prohibited.

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5.1.7 Introduced vertebrates

The PMST identified 22 invasive vertebrate species potentially occurring within a five kilometre radius of the BIH Project site, comprising 11 birds and 11 mammals (Table 18). Table 18 identifies requirements from PIRSA’s declared animals list and also the AMLR NRM Board’s pest management hierarchy. The pest management hierarchy recommends management actions for target pest plants and animals.

Table 18. Invasive vertebrate species identified in PMR and corresponding management requirements in South Australia. SA Manage. Reqs. Recorded No. Family Scientific Name Common Name during Survey NRM Act AMLR (2014) BIRDS 1. ALAUDIDAE Alauda arvensis Eurasian Skylark C R Manage Sites N Mallard (Northern C R 2. ANATIDAE Anas platyrhynchos Manage Pests N Mallard) Feral Pigeon [Rock C R 3. COLUMBIDAE Columba livia Manage Pests N Dove] 4. COLUMBIDAE Spilopelia chinensis Spotted Dove C R Contain N 5. FRINGILLIDAE Carduelis carduelis European Goldfinch C R - N European (Common) C R 6. FRINGILLIDAE Chloris chloris - N Greenfinch 7. PASSERIDAE Passer domesticus House Sparrow C R Manage Pests Y 8. PYCNONOTIDAE Pycnonotus jocosus Red-whiskered Bulbul - - N Common (Indian) - 9. STURNIDAE Sturnus tristis - N Mynah 10. STURNIDAE Sturnus vulgaris Common Starling M R Manage Pests N 11. TURDIDAE Turdus merula Common Blackbird C R Manage Pests Y MAMMALS 12. BOVIDAE Bos taurus Cattle (European Cattle) C R - N 13. BOVIDAE Capra hircus Goat (Feral Goat) Cp Np P R Contain N 14. CANIDAE Canis lupus familiaris Feral Dog C R Protect Sites N 15. CANIDAE Vulpes vulpes Fox (Red Fox) C M P R S Protect Sites Y 16. FELIDAE Felis catus Domestic Cat (Feral Cat) C R Manage Pests N 17. LEPORIDAE Lepus europaeus European Brown Hare C M P R S Protect Sites Y Rabbit (European C M P R S 18. LEPORIDAE Oryctolagus cuniculus Destroy Y Rabbit) 19. MURIDAE Mus musculus House Mouse P R Protect Sites N Brown Rat (Sewer Rat, P R 20. MURIDAE Rattus norvegicus Manage Pests N Norway Rat) Black Rat (Ship Rat, Roof P R 21. MURIDAE Rattus rattus Manage Pests Y Rat) 22. SUIDAE Sus scrofa Pig (Feral Pig) C R Manage Pests N Species nomenclature has been updated to reflect the DEWNR Vertebrates Biological Database of South Australia (2015). SA Manage. Reqs.: NRM Act (State – South Australia): Natural Resources Management Act 2004 (SA). AMLR (Regional – Adelaide and Mount Lofty Ranges Region): Pest Prioritisation Management Actions (AMLR NRM Board 2009). SA Manage. Reqs. codes: C: Control required in whole of State. Cn: Control not required (but sale prohibited). Cp: Control required in part of State. D: Must be destroyed. M: Movement into control area prohibited. N: Notifiable throughout the State. Np: Notifiable in part of the State only. P: Possession prohibited. R: Release prohibited. S: Sale prohibited.

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5.2 Flora Survey

5.2.1 Vegetation association descriptions

A total of nine broad vegetation associations were identified across the Project site. As identified in the results of the desktop survey, the Project site is dominated by Eucalyptus leucoxylon ssp. leucoxylon and E. camaldulensis ssp. Woodland, with generally minor variations in structural formation throughout. Such variations are attributable to historic and current land use activities and natural disturbances, such as fire. The Project site also comprises variations of planted native and introduced trees and shrubs (Acacia, Casuarina, Eucalyptus, Melaleuca), with scattered E. leucoxylon ssp. leucoxylon, E. camaldulensis ssp. and emergent Acacia paradoxa and A. pycnantha. There are over 250 scattered trees throughout the Project site, predominantly comprising Eucalyptus camaldulensis ssp., with E. leucoxylon ssp. leucoxylon to a lesser extent. The floristic vegetation mapping and key vegetation characteristics of the Project site are provided in Figure 8 and Table 19.

Areas of the site are considered to have high conservation value, with suitable habitat for listed flora and fauna species. In particular, the central parcel of native vegetation (equating to approximately 23 ha), bounded by Bird-In- Hand Road to the south and intersected by Reefton Road has extant records of listed flora and fauna (please see Section 5.2.2 for listed flora results). Of the nine vegetation associations recorded during survey, five associations (numbered 1 to 3, followed-by 7 and 8) were recorded in this area. Association 2 provided the greatest species richness of all nine sites, with 85 native species recorded, followed-by Association 1, with 56 native species. Associations 3, 8 and 9 provided 26, 28 and 24 native species, respectively. Associations 4 to 6 provided low native flora species richness, with high abundance of introduced ground cover species (please see Section 5.2.3 for introduced flora results). However, Associations 4 and 9 recorded one ground-dwelling mammal and three bird species (respectively) listed under the NPW Act (please see Section 5.3 for fauna results), indicating valuable habitat potential.

5.2.2 Native flora

A total of 128 native flora species were recorded within the Bird-in-Hand Gold Project site during the October 2014 survey. An additional six native species were subsequently recorded onsite by Terramin personnel in September 2015, bringing the total number of species recorded to 134. Appendix B lists the 134 species and Appendix C provides photographs of some native species taken by Terramin personnel (and inserted into the Report at Terramin’s request).

Of the 15 Commonwealth-listed and 57 SA-listed threatened flora species identified as possibly occurring within or surrounding the BIH Project site, the survey confirmed the presence of four SA-listed species. The Vulnerable Behr's Cowslip Orchid (Diuris behrii), Pale Wood-rush (Luzula flaccida) and Blue Star Sun-orchid (Thelymitra latifolia) and the Rare Pink Gum (Eucalyptus fasciculosa) were recorded within the Project site. The D. behrii was recorded in Associations 1, 2 and 8, with L. flaccida and T. latifolia also recorded in Association 8 and E. fasciculosa recorded in Association 2.

At the time of survey, the results of both the desktop and field assessment identified that additional listed flora species potentially occur within the Project site. In particular, an additional 10 native flora species (all from the Orchidaceae family) not recorded during the October 2014 have been identified as likely to occur (Table 20). This includes the Stiff White Spider-orchid (Caladenia rigida), listed as Endangered under the EPBC Act (with an extant record dated 2009) and the Cowslip Orchid (Diuris chryseopsis), listed as Endangered under the NPW Act. The C. rigida has since been recorded onsite by Terramin personnel in September 2015 (see Appendix C for photographs).

Three Commonwealth-listed and 17 SA-listed species were assessed as possibly occurring during the desktop study. After completing the survey, the likelihood of the listed flora species provided in Section 4.1.4 utilising the Project site was assessed and subsequently deemed consistent with the assessments provided in Table 13.

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Table 19. Vegetation associations identified within the Bird-in-Hand Gold Project site. No. No. Introduced No. Declared No. Native No. Unique No. Photograph Reference Example Site Ref. Listed Flora Listed Fauna Sites Flora Species Flora Species Species Native Species 1. South Australian Blue Gum (Eucalyptus leucoxylon ssp. leucoxylon) +/- Rough-bark Manna Gum (E. viminalis ssp. cygnetensis) woodland over a mid-dense sclerophyll shrub understorey 2 1A; 1B Site 1A: Diuris behrii Site 1A: Trichosurus 11 0 56 13 (V NPW Act; >100) vulpecula (MAMM; x2; R NPW Act); Falcunculus frontatus (AVES; x4; R NPW Act)

2. South Australian Blue Gum (Eucalyptus leucoxylon ssp. leucoxylon) +/- Rough-bark Manna Gum (E. viminalis ssp. cygnetensis) woodland over an open shrub understorey 1 2A Site 2A: Diuris behrii Site 2A: Trichosurus 12 1 (Watsonia 85 35 (V NPW Act; >300); vulpecula (MAMM; meriana var. Eucalyptus x2; R NPW Act) bulbillifera) fasciculosa (R NPW Act; scattered; creekline)

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No. No. Introduced No. Declared No. Native No. Unique No. Photograph Reference Example Site Ref. Listed Flora Listed Fauna Sites Flora Species Flora Species Species Native Species 3. River Red Gum (Eucalyptus camaldulensis ssp.) woodland over an open grassy/herbaceous understorey 2 3A; None recorded Site 3A: Trichosurus 13 2 (Ulex 26 3 3B vulpecula (MAMM; europaeus; x1; R NPW Act) Watsonia Site 3B: Trichosurus meriana var. vulpecula (MAMM; bulbillifera) x1; R NPW Act)

4. River Red Gum (Eucalyptus camaldulensis ssp.) +/- South Australian Blue Gum (Eucalyptus leucoxylon ssp. leucoxylon) woodland over exotic understorey (open pasture) 4 4A; None recorded Site 4A: Trichosurus 5 0 2 0 4B; vulpecula (MAMM; x5; R NPW Act) 4C; 4D

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No. No. Introduced No. Declared No. Native No. Unique No. Photograph Reference Example Site Ref. Listed Flora Listed Fauna Sites Flora Species Flora Species Species Native Species 5. South Australian Blue Gum (Eucalyptus leucoxylon ssp. leucoxylon) woodland over exotic understorey (open pasture) 1 5A None recorded None recorded 4 0 1 0

6. South Australian Blue Gum (Eucalyptus leucoxylon ssp. leucoxylon), River Red Gum (Eucalyptus camaldulensis ssp.) woodland over mixed exotic/native understorey 1 6A None recorded None recorded 4 0 8 1

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No. No. Introduced No. Declared No. Native No. Unique No. Photograph Reference Example Site Ref. Listed Flora Listed Fauna Sites Flora Species Flora Species Species Native Species 7. South Australian Blue Gum (Eucalyptus leucoxylon ssp. leucoxylon), River Red Gum (E. camaldulensis ssp.) open woodland over emergent Acacia spp. 1 7A None recorded Site 7A: Trichosurus 12 3 (Cynara 7 0 vulpecula (MAMM; cardunculus x3; R NPW Act) ssp. flavescens; Ulex europaeus; Watsonia meriana var. bulbillifera)

8. River Red Gum (Eucalyptus camaldulensis ssp.), South Australian Blue Gum (E. leucoxylon ssp. leucoxylon) open woodland, with mixed exotic/native planted/regenerated trees and shrubs 1 8A Site 8A: Diuris behrii Site 8A: Trichosurus 11 1 (Watsonia 28 5 (V NPW Act; patch); vulpecula (MAMM; meriana var. Luzula flaccida (V x2; R NPW Act) bulbillifera) NPW Act); Thelymitra latifolia (V NPW Act)

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No. No. Introduced No. Declared No. Native No. Unique No. Photograph Reference Example Site Ref. Listed Flora Listed Fauna Sites Flora Species Flora Species Species Native Species 9. Mixed exotic/native planted+/-regenerated trees and shrubs, with scattered River Red Gum (Eucalyptus camaldulensis ssp.) +/- South Australian Blue Gum (E. leucoxylon ssp. leucoxylon) 10 9A to 9J None recorded Site 9E (Creekline): 11 2 (Rubus sp.; 24 12 Calyptorhynchus Silybum 9E located funereus (AVES; x3; marianum) in altered V NPW Act); creekline. Corcorax melanorhamphos (AVES; x7; R NPW Act)

Site 9J (Reefton Road; Petaluma): Falcunculus frontatus (AVES; x2; R NPW Act)

Species nomenclature has been updated to reflect the DEWNR Vascular Plants Biological Database – Taxonomy (2015).

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Table 20. Additional flora species from the Orchidaceae family not recorded during the October 2014 survey, but known to occur within the Bird-in-Hand Gold Project site. Listing No. Family Plant Form Scientific Name Common Name EPBC NPW AMLR 1. ORCHIDACEAE Orchids Acianthus pusillus Mosquito Orchid - - LC

2. ORCHIDACEAE Orchids Caladenia rigida^ Stiff White Spider-orchid EN E E 3. ORCHIDACEAE Orchids Calochilus robertsonii Purplish Beard-orchid - - VU 4. ORCHIDACEAE Orchids Cyrtostylis reniformis Small Gnat-orchid - - LC 5. ORCHIDACEAE Orchids Diuris behrii X Diuris orientis - - - - 6. ORCHIDACEAE Orchids Diuris chryseopsis Cowslip Orchid - E RE 7. ORCHIDACEAE Orchids Eriochilus cucullatus Parson's Bands - - LC 8. ORCHIDACEAE Orchids Thelymitra antennifera Lemon Sun-orchid - - LC 9. ORCHIDACEAE Orchids Thelymitra luteocilium Yellow-tuft Sun Orchid - - NT 10. ORCHIDACEAE Orchids Thelymitra pallidifructus - - - NT Species nomenclature has been updated to reflect the DEWNR Vascular Plants Biological Database – Taxonomy (2015). ^Recorded post Oct. 2014 survey (20150923) – photographed during site inspection by Terramin personnel. Listing status: EPBC (National – Australia): Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (Cth). NPW (State – South Australia): National Parks and Wildlife Act 1972 (SA). AMLR (Regional – Adelaide and Mount Lofty Ranges Region): regional conservation status from DEWNR (2013). Listing status codes: RE: Regionally Extinct. E: Endangered. EN: Endangered. LC: Least Concern. NT: Near Threatened. VU: Vulnerable.

5.2.3 Introduced Flora

A total of 38 introduced flora species were recorded within the Bird-in-Hand Gold Project site (Table 21). Of the 38 species, five are declared under the NRM Act. The Bulbil Watsonia (Watsonia meriana var. bulbillifera) was the most ubiquitous, recorded in four Associations (2, 3, 7 and 8), followed-by Gorse (Ulex europaeus), recorded in two Associations (3 and 7). Blackberry (Rubus sp.) and Variegated Thistle (Silybum marianum) were recorded in Association 9 and Artichoke Thistle (Cynara cardunculus ssp. flavescens) in Association 7.

Table 21. Introduced flora species observed within the Bird-in-Hand Gold Project site. Plant No. Family Species Common Name Introduced Declared Form Acacia dealbata ssp. 1. LEGUMINOSAE Legumes Silver Wattle Y N dealbata 2. LEGUMINOSAE Legumes Acacia saligna Golden Wreath Wattle Y-Planted N 3. COMPOSITAE Daisies Arctotheca calendula Cape Weed Y N 4. GRAMINEAE Grass Avena barbata Bearded Oat Y N 5. GRAMINEAE Grass Avena sp. Oat Y N 6. GRAMINEAE Grass Briza maxima Large Quaking-grass Y N 7. GRAMINEAE Grass Bromus sp. Brome Y N Common Water 8. CALLITRICHACEAE Aquatic Callitriche stagnalis Y N Starwort 9. CASUARINACEAE Trees Casuarina cunninghamiana River Sheoak Y-NSW N Herbs & 10. CARYOPHYLLACEAE Cerastium sp. Chickweed Y N Forbs Herbs & Cynara cardunculus ssp. 11. COMPOSITAE Artichoke Thistle Y Y Forbs flavescens 12. GRAMINEAE Grass Dactylis glomerata Cocksfoot Y N Y-Lofty 13. MYRTACEAE Myrtles Eucalyptus cladocalyx ssp. Sugar Gum N Region 14. MYRTACEAE Myrtles Eucalyptus globulus Tasmanian Blue Gum Y N 15. MYRTACEAE Myrtles Eucalyptus spp. N/A* Y N Herbs & 16. IRIDACEAE Freesia sp. Freesia Y N Forbs 17. COMPOSITAE Daisies Hypochaeris radicata Rough Cat's Ear Y N

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Plant No. Family Species Common Name Introduced Declared Form Herbs & 18. IRIDACEAE Iris germanica Flag Iris Y N Forbs 19. MYRTACEAE Myrtles Leptospermum sp. Tea-tree Y-WA N 20. GRAMINEAE Grass Lolium sp. Ryegrass Y N 21. LEGUMINOSAE Legumes Medicago sp. Medic Y N 22. MYRTACEAE Myrtles Melaleuca spp. Tea-tree Y-Planted N Herbs & 23. IRIDACEAE Moraea setifolia Thread Iris Y N Forbs Herbs & 24. OXALIDACEAE Oxalis pes-caprae Soursob Y N Forbs Herbs & 25. OXALIDACEAE Oxalis purpurea One-o'clock Y N Forbs 26. GRAMINEAE Grass Pentaschistis sp. Y N

27. PINACEAE Trees Pinus sp. Pine Y-Planted N Herbs & Plantago lanceolata var. 28. PLANTAGINACEAE Ribwort Y N Forbs lanceolata Herbs & 29. ROSACEAE Rubus sp. Blackberry Y Y Forbs 30. COMPOSITAE Daisies Senecio pterophorus African Daisy Y N 31. COMPOSITAE Daisies Silybum marianum Variegated Thistle Y Y 32. SOLANACEAE Shrubs Solanum nigrum Black Nightshade Y N Herbs & 33. IRIDACEAE Sparaxis sp. Sparaxis Y N Forbs 34. TYPHACEAE Sedges Typha sp. Bulrush Y-Planted N 35. LEGUMINOSAE Legumes Ulex europaeus Gorse Y Y 36. APOCYNACEAE Shrubs Vinca major Blue Periwinkle Y N 37. GRAMINEAE Grass Vulpia sp. Fescue Y N Herbs & Watsonia meriana var. 38. IRIDACEAE Bulbil Watsonia Y Y Forbs bulbillifera Species nomenclature has been updated to reflect the DEWNR Vascular Plants Biological Database – Taxonomy (2015).

5.3 Fauna Survey

A total of 1308 observations from 85 species within 46 families were recorded during the October 2014 fauna survey, distributed between the major vertebrate groups identified in Table 22. An additional five bat species from two families identified from 2033 echolocation call sequences are not included in Table 22. These species have instead been included in Table 24 in order to provide a complete mammal list. Bat detector survey results are presented in Section 5.3.1.3. For all other species, where evidence of presence was found, the number observed for the species was recorded as one. All opportunistic observations have been included in Table 22 and have been further analysed throughout Section 5.3.

The Common Brushtail Possum (Trichosurus vulpecula) was recorded, listed as Rare under both the NPW Act and the DEWNR Regional Species Conservation Assessments – Adelaide and Mount Lofty Ranges Project Region (hereafter referred to as ‘AMLR’) (2013). The Brown Tree Frog (Litoria ewingii) and Common Ringtail Possum (Pseudocheirus peregrinus) were recorded during the survey and are listed as regionally Rare within AMLR (2013). Three bird species listed under the NPW Act were recorded, comprising the Vulnerable Yellow-tailed Black Cockatoo (Calyptorhynchus funereus) and Rare White-winged Chough (Corcorax melanorhamphos) and Crested Shriketit (Falcunculus frontatus).

After completing the survey, the likelihood of the listed fauna species provided in Section 4.1.5 utilising the Project site was assessed and subsequently deemed consistent with the assessments provided in Table 14 and Table 15. Table 18 and Table 17 provides the introduced fauna species that are declared under the NRM Act and pose a threat within the AMLR Region.

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Table 22. Summary of fauna observations recorded during the field survey. No. Vertebrate Group Families Native Spp. Introduced Spp. Native Obs. Introduced Obs. 1. Ground-dwelling mammals 8 5 4 68 11 2. Bats 1 3 0 8 0 3. Reptiles 2 7 0 46 0 4. Amphibians 2 4 0 80 0 5. Aves 33 60 2 1083 12 TOTAL 46 79 6 1285 23

The 180 Elliott, 72 pitfall and 24 cage trap nights undertaken during the survey resulted in a total of 52 captures (Table 23). Pitfall trapping was the most effective method, with 33 reptile and nine amphibian captures. Ground and tree-dwelling mammals were captured using the cage trap method only, with no recorded Elliott or pitfall captures. Bats were only captured in harp traps, with no mist net captures during the survey. A total of 2033 echolocation call sequences were recorded during the bat detector survey.

Table 23. Summary of trap success during the field survey. Capture Method No. Vertebrate Group TOTAL Elliott Pitfall Cage Harp Mist 1. Ground and tree-dwelling mammals 0 0 2 - - 2 2. Bats - - - 8 0 8 3. Reptiles 0 33 0 - - 33 4. Amphibians 0 9 0 - - 9 5. Aves ------TOTAL 0 42 2 8 0 52

5.3.1 Mammals

In total, 17 mammal species from 10 families were recorded during the survey, comprising 13 native and four introduced species (Table 24). Five native bat species identified from echolocation call sequences are also included in Table 24 in order to provide a complete mammal list. The Common Brushtail Possum (Trichosurus vulpecula) was recorded, listed as Rare under both the NPW Act and regionally within AMLR (2013). No mammal species listed under the EPBC Act were recorded during the survey.

Table 24. Mammal species recorded during the field survey. Listing No. Family Scientific Name Common Name EPBC NPW AMLR 1. CANIDAE Vulpes vulpes* Fox (Red Fox) - - - 2. LEPORIDAE Lepus europaeus* European Brown Hare - - - 3. LEPORIDAE Oryctolagus cuniculus* Rabbit (European Rabbit) - - - 4. MACROPODIDAE Macropus fuliginosus Western Grey Kangaroo - - LC 5. MOLOSSIDAE Austronomus australis White-striped Free-tailed Bat - - LC 6. MOLOSSIDAE Mormopterus planiceps Southern Free-tailed Bat - - LC 7. MURIDAE Rattus rattus* Black Rat (Ship Rat, Roof Rat) - - - 8. PHALANGERIDAE Trichosurus vulpecula Common Brushtail Possum - R RA 9. PHASCOLARTIDAE Phascolarctos cinereus Koala - - LC 10. PSEUDOCHEIRDAE Pseudocheirus peregrinus Common Ringtail Possum - - RA 11. TACHYGLOSSIDAE Tachyglossus aculeatus Short-beaked Echidna - - NT 12. VESPERTILIONIDAE Chalinolobus gouldii Gould's Wattled Bat - - LC 13. VESPERTILIONIDAE Chalinolobus morio Chocolate Wattled Bat - - LC

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14. VESPERTILIONIDAE Nyctophilus geoffroyi Lesser Long-eared Bat - - LC 15. VESPERTILIONIDAE Vespadelus darlingtoni Large Forest Bat - - LC 16. VESPERTILIONIDAE Vespadelus regulus Southern Forest Bat - - LC 17. VESPERTILIONIDAE Vespadelus vulturnus Little Forest Bat - - DD Species nomenclature has been updated to reflect the DEWNR Vertebrates Biological Database of South Australia (2015). *Introduced species. Listing status: EPBC (National – Australia): Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (Cth). NPW (State – South Australia): National Parks and Wildlife Act 1972 (SA). AMLR (Regional – Adelaide and Mount Lofty Ranges Region): regional conservation status from DEWNR (2013). Listing status codes: R: Rare. RA: Rare. NT: Near Threatened. LC: Least Concern. DD: Data Deficient.

5.3.1.1 Ground and tree-dwelling mammals

Nine ground and tree-dwelling mammal species from eight families were recorded during the survey (Table 25), with a total of 79 individual observations (Table 26). The results of both the desktop and field assessment identified the possibility that the Grey-headed Flying-fox (Pteropus poliocephalus), listed as Vulnerable under the EPBC Act may periodically utilise the Project site. The P. poliocephalus was recorded in 2011 within 7 km of the Project site.

Table 25. Ground and tree-dwelling mammal species recorded during the field survey. Listing No. Family Scientific Name Common Name EPBC NPW AMLR 11. CANIDAE Vulpes vulpes* Fox (Red Fox) - - - 12. LEPORIDAE Lepus europaeus* European Brown Hare - - - 13. LEPORIDAE Oryctolagus cuniculus* Rabbit (European Rabbit) - - - 14. MACROPODIDAE Macropus fuliginosus Western Grey Kangaroo - - LC 15. MURIDAE Rattus rattus* Black Rat (Ship Rat, Roof Rat) - - - 16. PHALANGERIDAE Trichosurus vulpecula Common Brushtail Possum - R RA 17. PHASCOLARTIDAE Phascolarctos cinereus Koala - - LC 18. PSEUDOCHEIRDAE Pseudocheirus peregrinus Common Ringtail Possum - - RA 19. TACHYGLOSSIDAE Tachyglossus aculeatus Short-beaked Echidna - - NT Species nomenclature has been updated to reflect the DEWNR Vertebrates Biological Database of South Australia (2015). *Introduced species. Listing status: EPBC (National – Australia): Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (Cth). NPW (State – South Australia): National Parks and Wildlife Act 1972 (SA). AMLR (Regional – Adelaide and Mount Lofty Ranges Region): regional conservation status from DEWNR (2013). Listing status codes: R: Rare. RA: Rare. NT: Near Threatened. LC: Least Concern.

Sites 1 and 4 provided the highest total records and Sites 2 and 4 provided the greatest diversity. The most observed native ground-dwelling mammal was the Western Grey Kangaroo (Macropus fuliginosus), with 37 records distributed across all four sites. The Common Brushtail Possum (Trichosurus vulpecula), listed as Rare under the NPW Act, was the second most observed species, with 17 records. The T. vulpecula was captured and observed at Sites 2 and 4, respectively and also recorded opportunistically during spotlighting activities. A single observation of fresh diggings indicating the presence of the Short-beaked Echidna (Tachyglossus aculeatus) was recorded at Site 3. Following the October 2014 survey, a visual observation of an Echidna was made onsite by Terramin personnel (Figure 13).

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Figure 13. Image of Echidna species captured by Terramin personnel, post October 2014 survey.

Four of the nine species were introduced, with the European Brown Hare (Lepus europaeus) and the European Rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) equally the most observed species. Of the two Black Rat (Rattus rattus) observations, one was recorded as roadkill adjacent MC 4113 on Pfeiffer Road. Droppings at Site 2 indicated the presence of the Fox (Vulpes vulpes). All four introduced mammal species are declared under the NRM Act.

Table 26. Number of ground-dwelling mammal records during the field survey. Sites – Obs. Sites – Sign Total No. Scientific Name Common Name Total Total 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 Opp. Site Site European Brown 1. Lepus europaeus* 1 2 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 1 Hare Western Grey 2. Macropus fuliginosus 12 3 2 5 22 0 0 0 0 0 15 Kangaroo Rabbit (European 3. Oryctolagus cuniculus* 0 1 0 2 3 0 0 0 0 0 1 Rabbit) 4. Phascolarctos cinereus Koala 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 2 Common Ringtail 5. Pseudocheirus peregrinus 0 0 0 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 8 Possum Black Rat (Ship 6. Rattus rattus* 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 Rat, Roof Rat) Short-beaked 7. Tachyglossus aculeatus 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 Echidna Common Brushtail 8. Trichosurus vulpecula 0 1 0 5 6 0 0 0 0 0 11 Possum 9. Vulpes vulpes* Fox (Red Fox) 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 DIVERSITY (NO. SPECIES) 2 4 2 4 6 1 1 1 0 3 7 TOTAL RECORDS 13 7 3 14 37 1 1 1 0 3 39 *Introduced species.

5.3.1.2 Insectivorous bats (microbats) – trapping

A total of eight bats comprising three species were caught during 18 trap-nights (one trap/site/night) and no individuals were recaptured during the survey (Table 27). Of the three species trapped, all individuals were adults. No bats were captured in mist nets and no bat species listed under the EPBC Act or the NPW Act were recorded during the survey. Three species identified by echolocation call sequences were not captured during the trapping survey: Chalinolobus morio, Mormopterus planiceps and Austronomus australis.

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Table 27. Bat species captured during the field survey. Listing No. Family Scientific Name Common Name EPBC NPW AMLR 1. VESPERTILIONIDAE Nyctophilus geoffroyi Lesser Long-eared Bat - - LC 2. VESPERTILIONIDAE Vespadelus darlingtoni Large Forest Bat - - LC 3. VESPERTILIONIDAE Vespadelus vulturnus Little Forest Bat - - DD Species nomenclature has been updated to reflect the DEWNR Vertebrates Biological Database of South Australia (2015). Listing status: EPBC (National – Australia): Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (Cth). NPW (State – South Australia): National Parks and Wildlife Act 1972 (SA). AMLR (Regional – Adelaide and Mount Lofty Ranges Region): regional conservation status from DEWNR (2013). Listing status codes: LC: Least Concern. DD: Data Deficient.

The most commonly caught bat species was the Large Forest Bat (Vespadelus darlingtoni), with three adult males and one adult female captured, comprising 50% of all captures (Table 28 and Figure 14). The Lesser Long-eared Bat (Nyctophilus geoffroyi) was the second most commonly caught species (37.5% of captures): two adult females and one adult male. A single adult female Little Forest Bat (Vespadelus vulturnus) was captured at the harp trap site located along an existing walking track. Two V. darlingonti (one male and one female) and the single female V. vulturnus were euthanised and kept as voucher specimens for the South Australian Museum.

Table 28. Number of bats caught in traps during the field survey. Sites – Obs. Add. Locations No. Scientific Name Common Name Total Site 1 2 3 4 Track Soak Dam 1. Nyctophilus geoffroyi Lesser Long-eared Bat - 1 0 - 0 2 0 3 2. Vespadelus darlingtoni Large Forest Bat - 0 0 - 4 0 0 4 3. Vespadelus vulturnus Little Forest Bat - 0 0 - 1 0 0 1 DIVERSITY (NO. SPECIES) - 1 0 - 2 1 0 3 TOTAL RECORDS - 1 0 - 5 2 0 8 ‘-‘: Denotes no trapping was undertaken at this site.

Adult male Large Forest Bat (Vespadelus darlingtoni) Adult female Lesser Long-eared Bat (Nyctophilus geoffroyi) Figure 14. Images of Bat species captured during the survey.

5.3.1.3 Insectivorous bats (microbats) – detector

Table 29 provides the taxa identified from echolocation call sequences. A total of 2033 echolocation call sequences from eight bat species were recorded over four nights at the four bat detector sites (Table 30). Some level of activity occurred at all sites on all nights, with a maximum of 273 calls at Site 2 on 7 October 2014 and a minimum of eight calls at Site 3 on 9 October 2014. The greatest overall level of activity occurred at Site 1, with similar levels of activity at Sites 2 and 3, and the lowest activity at the track site.

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Table 29. Bat species detected from echolocation call sequences during the field survey. Listing No. Family Scientific Name Common Name EPBC NPW AMLR 1. MOLOSSIDAE Austronomus australis White-striped Free-tailed Bat - - LC 2. MOLOSSIDAE Mormopterus planiceps Southern Free-tailed Bat - - LC 3. VESPERTILIONIDAE Chalinolobus gouldii Gould's Wattled Bat - - LC 4. VESPERTILIONIDAE Chalinolobus morio Chocolate Wattled Bat - - LC 5. VESPERTILIONIDAE Nyctophilus geoffroyi Lesser Long-eared Bat - - LC 6. VESPERTILIONIDAE Vespadelus darlingtoni Large Forest Bat - - LC 7. VESPERTILIONIDAE Vespadelus regulus Southern Forest Bat - - LC 8. VESPERTILIONIDAE Vespadelus vulturnus Little Forest Bat - - DD Species nomenclature has been updated to reflect the DEWNR Vertebrates Biological Database of South Australia (2015). Listing status: EPBC (National – Australia): Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (Cth). NPW (State – South Australia): National Parks and Wildlife Act 1972 (SA). AMLR (Regional – Adelaide and Mount Lofty Ranges Region): regional conservation status from DEWNR (2013). Listing status codes: LC: Least Concern. DD: Data Deficient.

Table 30. Number of echolocation call sequences recorded over four consecutive nights at each site during the survey period: 7–10 October 2014. Date Site TOTAL 7/10/2014 8/10/2014 9/10/2014 10/10/2014 1 13 440 134 49 636 2 273 80 41 146 540 3 181 194 8 112 495 4 - - - - - Track 87 80 111 84 362 Soak - - - - - Dam - - - - - TOTAL 554 794 294 391 2033 ‘-‘: Denotes no detectors were installed at this site.

The most commonly recorded taxa was the Chalinolobus gouldii / Mormopterus planiceps species group (27.9% of call sequences), Vespdaleus spp. (21.6% of call sequences), and Austronomus australis (8.7% of call sequences). As fifty call sequences were identified as M. planiceps, with no call sequences positively identified as C. gouldii, it is likely that the majority of calls assigned to this species group were in fact produced by M. planiceps. However, being one of the most common and abundant species in urban and peri urban areas across Australia, C. gouldii is likely to occur in the region.

Most call sequences assigned to the Vespadelus species group were in the 40–45kHz range and were therefore likely to have been produced by either V. darlingtoni or V. regulus. This is supported by the trapping survey, where V. darlingtoni was the most commonly caught species. While there were no call sequences in the 45–53kHz range with structural elements characteristic of V. vulturnus (i.e. distinguishing them from Chalinolobus morio call sequences), a single individual was captured in a harp trap. Therefore, some of the call sequences assigned to the Vespadelus species group may have been produced by V. vulturnus.

While C. morio, M. planiceps and N. geoffroyi were also recorded at the majority of sites, they contributed a lower proportion of overall total calls (Table 31). The presence of A. australis was also confirmed during nocturnal spotlight surveying by its audible (10–15kHz) echolocation call.

A large proportion (33%) of call sequences could not be identified, particularly sequences containing calls by multiple species and individuals simultaneously (Figure 15). Example sonograms of all species recorded during the bat detector survey are provided in Appendix D (Australasian Bat Society 2006).

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Table 31. Echolocation call sequence identification by site.

Sites – Obs. Add. Locations Total No. Scientific Name Common Name 1 2 3 4 Track Soak Dam Site White-striped Free- 1. Austronomus australis 91 9 46 - 30 - - 176 tailed Bat Chalinolobus gouldii/ Gould's Wattled Bat/ 567 2. Mormopterus planiceps Southern Free-tailed 273 207 41 - 46 - - species group Bat species group Chocolate Wattled 3. Chalinolobus morio 4 19 26 - 1 - - 50 Bat Southern Free-tailed 4. Mormopterus planiceps 14 25 3 - 8 - - 50 Bat Lesser Long-eared 5. Nyctophilus geoffroyi 27 47 7 - 0 - - 81 Bat Vespadelus species Forest Bat species 6. 115 77 58 - 189 - - 439 group group 7. Unidentified Unidentified 112 156 314 - 88 - - 670 TOTAL 636 540 495 - 362 - - 2033 ‘-‘: Denotes no detectors were installed at this site.

Figure 15. Sonogram recorded on 8 October 2014 at Site 2 displaying echolocation calls produced by multiple individuals of at least three taxa. The lowest frequency calls (13–20 kHz) are Austronomus australis, the middle frequency calls (~28 kHz) are likely to be either Chalinolobus gouldii or Mormopterus palniceps, and highest frequency calls (~45 kHz) Vespadelus spp. AnalookW settings: call sequence compressed and displayed at ratio F7.

5.3.2 Reptiles

The survey recorded a total of seven reptile species from two families (Table 32). Figure 16 provides images of reptile species captured during the survey. No species listed under the EPBC Act or the NPW Act were recorded. In undertaking the listed species assessment upon completion of the survey, the Commonwealth-listed Vulnerable Eastern Tiger Snake (Notechis scutatus) was identified as possibly occurring within the Project site.

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Table 32. Reptile species recorded during the field survey. Listing No. Family Scientific Name Common Name EPBC NPW AMLR 1. ELAPIDAE Parasuta flagellum Little Whip Snake - - LC 2. ELAPIDAE Pseudonaja textilis Eastern Brown Snake - - LC 3. SCINCIDAE Hemiergis decresiensis Three-toed Earless Skink - - LC 4. SCINCIDAE Lampropholis guichenoti Garden Skink - - LC 5. SCINCIDAE Menetia greyii Dwarf Skink - - NT 6. SCINCIDAE Tiliqua rugosa Sleepy Lizard - - LC 7. SCINCIDAE Tiliqua scincoides Eastern Bluetongue Lizard - - LC Species nomenclature has been updated to reflect the DEWNR Vertebrates Biological Database of South Australia (2015). Listing status: EPBC (National – Australia): Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (Cth). NPW (State – South Australia): National Parks and Wildlife Act 1972 (SA). AMLR (Regional – Adelaide and Mount Lofty Ranges Region): regional conservation status from DEWNR (2013). Listing status codes: NT: Near Threatened. LC: Least Concern.

A total of 46 individual observations from seven species of reptile were recorded (Table 33). There were 42 records of five species from trapping sites, whilst four records of three species were made opportunistically within and adjacent MC 4113. Site 2 provided the highest diversity and number of records, closely followed-by Site 1. There were no reptile observations recorded at Site 4 during active searching and spotlighting.

The most abundant species was the Garden Skink (Lampropholis guichenoti), followed-by the Three-toed Earless Skink (Hemiergis decresiensis) with 26 and 13 records, respectively. Hemiergis decresiensis was trapped at Sites 1, 2 and 3 and also captured opportunistically.

The Little Whip Snake (Parasuta flagellum) and Sleepy Lizard (Tiliqua rugosa) were recorded in low abundance. The single records of the Eastern Brown Snake (Pseudonaja textilis) and Eastern Bluetongue Lizard (Tiliqua scincoides) were opportunistic roadkill observations made adjacent MC 4113 on Pfeiffer Road.

Table 33. Number of reptile records during the field survey. Sites – Obs. No. Scientific Name Common Name Total Site Total Opp. 1 2 3 4 1. Hemiergis decresiensis Three-toed Earless Skink 1 5 5 0 11 2 2. Lampropholis guichenoti Garden Skink 13 10 3 0 26 0 3. Menetia greyii Dwarf Skink 2 0 0 0 2 0 4. Parasuta flagellum Little Whip Snake 0 1 0 0 1 0 5. Pseudonaja textilis Eastern Brown Snake 0 0 0 0 0 1 6. Tiliqua rugosa Sleepy Lizard 1 1 0 0 2 0 7. Tiliqua scincoides Eastern Bluetongue Lizard 0 0 0 0 0 1 DIVERSITY (NO. SPECIES) 3 4 2 0 5 3 TOTAL RECORDS 16 17 8 0 42 4

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Garden Skink (Lampropholis guichenoti) Dwarf Skink (Menetia greyii)

Top to bottom: Three-toed earless Skink (Hemiergis Left to right: Three-toed earless Skink (Hemiergis decresiensis), Garden Skink (Lampropholis guichenoti), decresiensis), Garden Skink (Lampropholis guichenoti), Dwarf Skink (Menetia greyii) Dwarf Skink (Menetia greyii) Figure 16. Images of reptile species captured during the survey.

5.3.3 Frogs

A total of four frog species from two families were recorded during the survey (Table 34). Figure 17 provides images of frog species captured during the survey. No species listed under the EPBC Act or the NPW Act were recorded. The Brown Tree Frog (Litoria ewingii) was recorded during the survey and is listed regionally Rare within AMLR (2013).

Table 34. Frog species recorded during the field survey. Listing No. Family Scientific Name Common Name EPBC NPW AMLR 1. HYLIDAE Litoria ewingii Brown Tree Frog - - RA 2. MYOBATRACHIDAE Crinia signifera Common Froglet - - LC 3. MYOBATRACHIDAE Limnodynastes dumerilii Banjo Frog - - LC 4. MYOBATRACHIDAE Limnodynastes tasmaniensis Spotted Marsh Frog - - LC Species nomenclature has been updated to reflect the DEWNR Vertebrates Biological Database of South Australia (2015). Listing status: EPBC (National – Australia): Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (Cth). NPW (State – South Australia): National Parks and Wildlife Act 1972 (SA). AMLR (Regional – Adelaide and Mount Lofty Ranges Region): regional conservation status from DEWNR (2013). Listing status codes: RA: Rare. LC: Least Concern.

A total of 80 individual observations from four species of frog were recorded (Table 35). There were nine records of one species captured, whilst a total of 71 records of all four species were made opportunistically. The Common Froglet (Crinia signifera) was the most common species, with nine captures recorded at Site 3 and 66 opportunistic records. All opportunistic records were from species’ calls. Records of the Banjo Frog (Limnodynastes dumerilii), Spotted Marsh Frog (Limnodynastes tasmaniensis) and Brown Tree Frog (Litoria ewingii) were low in comparison to

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C. signifera. Following the October 2014 survey, a visual observation of a Banjo Frog was made onsite by Terramin personnel (Figure 13).

Table 35. Number of frog records during the field survey. Sites – Obs. No. Scientific Name Common Name Total Site Total Opp. 1 2 3 4 1. Crinia signifera Common Froglet 0 0 9 0 9 66 2. Limnodynastes dumerilii Banjo Frog 0 0 0 0 0 2 3. Limnodynastes tasmaniensis Spotted Marsh Frog 0 0 0 0 0 2 4. Litoria ewingii Brown Tree Frog 0 0 0 0 0 1 DIVERSITY (NO. SPECIES) 0 0 1 0 1 4 TOTAL RECORDS 0 0 9 0 9 71

Three morphs or colour pattern forms of the Common Common Froglet (Crinia signifera). Froglet (Crinia signifera).

Observation of a Banjo Frog made onsite by Terramin personnel. Figure 17. Images of frog species captured during the survey (C. signifera) and post survey (L. dumerilii).

5.3.4 Birds

Sixty-two bird species from 33 families were recorded during the field survey (Table 36), with a total of 1095 records from the point count surveys (687) and opportunistic (408) observations (Table 37). Three bird species listed under the NPW Act were recorded, comprising the Vulnerable Yellow-tailed Black Cockatoo (Calyptorhynchus funereus) and Rare White-winged Chough (Corcorax melanorhamphos) and Crested Shriketit (Falcunculus frontatus). These species are also listed regionally within AMLR as Vulnerable, Rare and Endangered, respectively. Table 36 provides the remaining seven bird species with an AMLR listing status of Rare and above. Nine species listed as Marine under the EPBC Act and four species listed as Unprotected under Schedule 10 of the NPW Act were recorded and have been reported in Table 36 for report completeness.

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Two introduced species were recorded during the survey, namely the House Sparrow (Passer domesticus) and Common Blackbird (Turdus merula).

Table 36. Bird species recorded during the field survey. Listing No. Family Scientific Name Common Name EPBC NPW AMLR 1. ACANTHIZIDAE Acanthiza chrysorrhoa Yellow-rumped Thornbill - - NT 2. ACANTHIZIDAE Acanthiza lineata Striated Thornbill - - LC 3. ACANTHIZIDAE Sericornis frontalis White-browed Scrubwren - - LC 4. ACCIPITRIDAE Accipiter cirrocephalus Collared Sparrowhawk - - LC 5. ACCIPITRIDAE Aquila audax Wedge-tailed Eagle - - LC 6. ACROCEPHALIDAE Acrocephalus australis Australian Reed Warbler Ma - LC 7. AEGOTHELIDAE Aegotheles cristatus Australian Owlet-nightjar - - RA 8. ANATIDAE Anas castanea Chestnut Teal - - LC 9. ANATIDAE Anas gracilis Grey Teal - - LC 10. ANATIDAE Anas superciliosa Pacific Black Duck - - VU 11. ANATIDAE Aythya australis Hardhead - - LC Maned (Australian Wood 12. ANATIDAE Chenonetta jubata - - LC Duck) 13. ANATIDAE Malacorhynchus membranaceus Pink-eared Duck - - RA 14. ARDEIDAE Egretta novaehollandiae White-faced Heron - - LC 15. ARTAMIDAE Artamus cyanopterus Dusky Woodswallow - - RA 16. ARTAMIDAE Gymnorhina tibicen Australian Magpie - - LC 17. ARTAMIDAE Strepera versicolor Grey Currawong - - LC 18. CACATUIDAE Cacatua galerita Sulphur-crested Cockatoo - - LC ^sch 19. CACATUIDAE Eolophus roseicapilla Galah - LC 10 ^sch 20. CACATUIDAE Cacatua sanguinea Little Corella - LC 10 Yellow-tailed Black 21. CACATUIDAE Calyptorhynchus funereus - V VU Cockatoo 22. CAMPEPHAGIDAE Coracina novaehollandiae Black-faced Cuckoo-shrike Ma - LC 23. CHARADRIIDAE Vanellus miles Masked Lapwing - - LC 24. COLUMBIDAE Phaps chalcoptera Common Bronzewing - - LC 25. CORCORACIDAE Corcorax melanorhamphos White-winged Chough - R RA Ma ^sch 26. CORVIDAE Corvus mellori Little Raven LC 10 27. CUCLIDAE Chalcites basalis Horsfield's Bronze-Cuckoo Ma - NT 28. ESTRILDIDAE Neochmia temporalis Red-browed Finch - - NT 29. HALCYONIDAE Dacelo novaeguineae Laughing Kookaburra - - LC 30. HIRUNDINIDAE Hirundo neoxena Welcome Swallow - - LC 31. HIRUNDINIDAE Petrochelidon nigricans Tree Martin Ma - NT 32. MALURIDAE Malurus cyaneus Superb Fairy-wren - - LC 33. MEGALURIDAE Megalurus gramineus Little Grassbird - - LC 34. MELIPHAGIDAE Acanthorhynchus tenuirostris Eastern Spinebill - - LC ^sch 35. MELIPHAGIDAE Anthochaera carunculata Red Wattlebird - LC 10 36. MELIPHAGIDAE Lichenostomus chrysops Yellow-faced Honeyeater - - LC

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Listing No. Family Scientific Name Common Name EPBC NPW AMLR 37. MELIPHAGIDAE Lichenostomus penicillatus White-plumed Honeyeater - - LC 38. MELIPHAGIDAE Manorina melanocephala Noisy Miner - - LC 39. MELIPHAGIDAE Melithreptus brevirostris Brown-headed Honeyeater - - NT 40. MELIPHAGIDAE Melithreptus lunatus White-naped Honeyeater - - VU 41. MELIPHAGIDAE Phylidonyris novaehollandiae New Holland Honeyeater - - LC 42. MONARCHIDAE Grallina cyanoleuca Magpielark - - LC 43. NEOSITTIDAE Daphoenositta chrysoptera Varied Sittella - - VU 44. PACHYCEPHALIDAE Colluricincla harmonica Grey Shrikethrush - - LC 45. PACHYCEPHALIDAE Falcunculus frontatus Crested Shriketit - R EN Australian Golden Whistler 46. PACHYCEPHALIDAE Pachycephala pectoralis - - LC (Golden Whistler) 47. PARDALOTIDAE Pardalotus striatus Striated Pardalote - - LC 48. PASSERIDAE *Passer domesticus House Sparrow - - - 49. PODICIPEDIDAE Tachybaptus novaehollandiae Australasian Grebe - - LC 50. PSITTACIDAE Glossopsitta concinna Musk Lorikeet - - LC 51. PSITTACIDAE Platycercus elegans Crimson Rosella - - LC 52. PSITTACIDAE Psephotus haematonotus Red-rumped Parrot - - NT 53. PSITTACIDAE Trichoglossus haematodus Rainbow Lorikeet - - LC 54. RALLIDAE Fulica atra Eurasian Coot - - LC 55. RALLIDAE Gallinula tenebrosa Dusky Moorhen - - LC 56. RHIPIDURIDAE Rhipidura albiscapa Grey Fantail - - LC 57. RHIPIDURIDAE Rhipidura leucophrys Willie Wagtail - - NT 58. STRIGIDAE Ninox novaeseelandiae Southern Boobook Ma - NT 59. THRESKIORNITHIDAE Threskiornis molucca Australian White Ibis Ma - LC 60. THRESKIORNITHIDAE Threskiornis spinicollis Straw-necked Ibis Ma - NT 61. TIMALIIDAE Zosterops lateralis Silvereye Ma - VU 62. TURDIDAE *Turdus merula Common Blackbird - - - Species nomenclature has been updated to reflect the DEWNR Vertebrates Biological Database of South Australia (2015). *Introduced species. ^Identified in NPW Act as Unprotected Species. Listing status: EPBC (National – Australia): Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (Cth). NPW (State – South Australia): National Parks and Wildlife Act 1972 (SA). AMLR (Regional – Adelaide and Mount Lofty Ranges Region): regional conservation status from DEWNR (2013). Listing status codes: EN: Endangered. LC: Least Concern. Ma: Marine. NT: Near Threatened. V: Vulnerable. VU: Vulnerable. R: Rare. RA: Rare.

Site 1 provided the greatest abundance and diversity with 224 records and 30 species including those records, where calls were heard only. This was closely followed-by Site 2, with 213 records and 27 species in total. Site 4 provided the lowest abundance and diversity, with 98 records and 12 species (Table 37). At Site 1, 11 species were recorded as being both observed and heard, 17 species were recorded as being observed only and two species were recorded as being heard only, namely the Sulphur-crested Cockatoo (Cacatua galerita) and the Common Bronzewing (Phaps chalcoptera). The most abundant species in Site 1 was the New Holland Honeyeater (Phylidonyris novaehollandiae), with 64 records. Site 1 also provided two records of the Rare (NPW Act) Crested Shriketit (Falcunculus frontatus).

In addition to the two records of F. frontatus at Site 1 during the point-count survey, there were four opportunistic records of the species, namely two within Site 1 and two adjacent MC 4113 on Reefton Road (Figure X). A total of five records were made of the Vulnerable Yellow-tailed Black Cockatoo (Calyptorhynchus funereus). All records of C. funereus were opportunistic and comprised of three observations within the creekline of Lot 10 within MC 4113 (Association 9) and two located south of Bird-In-Hand Road on private land within scattered Eucalyptus camaldulensis ssp. All seven records of the Rare White-winged Chough (Corcorax melanorhamphos) were

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From the 1095 bird records, birds from the Meliphagidae family were the most diverse group observed during the survey, with eight species recorded. The New Holland Honeyeater (Phylidonyris novaehollandiae) was the most recorded species, with 122 observations in total across Sites 1, 2 and 3 and an additional seven opportunistic records. The least recorded species with single opportunistic records were the Eastern Spinebill (Acanthorhynchus tenuirostris), Australian Reed Warbler (Acrocephalus australis), Dusky Moorhen (Gallinula tenebrosa) and Australian White Ibis (Threskiornis molucca). Birds heavily reliant on undergrowth for habitat were almost absent, the only exception being the White-browed Scrubwren (Sericornis frontalis).

Six species were recorded across all four sites, the most abundant of which was the Crimson Rosella (Platycercus elegans) with 79 records excluding opportunistic observations, closely followed-by the Red Wattlebird (Anthochaera carunculata) with 61 records. Twenty-two of the 62 bird species were recorded opportunistically only, including the Vulnerable (NPW Act) Yellow-tailed Black Cockatoo (Calyptorhynchus funereus) and Rare (NPW Act) White-winged Chough (Corcorax melanorhamphos).

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Table 37. Number of bird records during the field survey. Sites – Obs. Sites – Sign No. Scientific Name Common Name 1 2 3 4 Total Site Total Opp. 1 2 3 4 Total Site Total Opp. 1. Acanthiza chrysorrhoa Yellow-rumped Thornbill 4 2. Acanthiza lineata Striated Thornbill 11 10 21 6 3. Acanthorhynchus tenuirostris Eastern Spinebill 1 4. Accipiter cirrocephalus Collared Sparrowhawk 1 1 5. Acrocephalus australis Australian Reed Warbler 1 6. Aegotheles cristatus Australian Owlet-nightjar 1 1 7. Anas castanea Chestnut Teal 5 8. Anas gracilis Grey Teal 11 9. Anas superciliosa Pacific Black Duck 13 10. Anthochaera carunculata Red Wattlebird 11 26 19 5 61 8 1 1 11. Aquila audax Wedge-tailed Eagle 2 12. Artamus cyanopterus Dusky Woodswallow 4 2 3 9 2 13. Aythya australis Hardhead 2 14. Cacatua galerita Sulphur-crested Cockatoo 2 1 4 7 1 1 15. Cacatua sanguinea Little Corella 6 1 7 4 2 2 16. Calyptorhynchus funereus Yellow-tailed Black Cockatoo 5 17. Chalcites basalis Horsfield's Bronze-Cuckoo 1 1 2 1 1 18. Chenonetta jubata Maned (Australian Wood Duck) 98 19. Colluricincla harmonica Grey Shrikethrush 3 3 6 1 1 1 2 20. Coracina novaehollandiae Black-faced Cuckoo-shrike 2 2 4 2 21. Corcorax melanorhamphos White-winged Chough 7 22. Corvus mellori Little Raven 1 2 8 11 3 23. Dacelo novaeguineae Laughing Kookaburra 2 2 24. Daphoenositta chrysoptera Varied Sittella 11 21 32 4 1 1 25. Egretta novaehollandiae White-faced Heron 2 26. Eolophus roseicapilla Galah 11 11 8 27. Falcunculus frontatus Crested Shriketit 2 2 3 1

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Sites – Obs. Sites – Sign No. Scientific Name Common Name 1 2 3 4 Total Site Total Opp. 1 2 3 4 Total Site Total Opp. 28. Fulica atra Eurasian Coot 5 29. Gallinula tenebrosa Dusky Moorhen 1 30. Glossopsitta concinna Musk Lorikeet 2 5 7 13 27 17 1 1 31. Grallina cyanoleuca Magpielark 2 2 2 32. Gymnorhina tibicen Australian Magpie 2 2 7 8 19 18 2 2 33. Hirundo neoxena Welcome Swallow 1 1 34. Lichenostomus chrysops Yellow-faced Honeyeater 12 4 16 4 35. Lichenostomus penicillatus White-plumed Honeyeater 5 19 6 30 10 36. Malacorhynchus membranaceus Pink-eared Duck 1 37. Malurus cyaneus Superb Fairy-wren 8 15 9 32 14 1 1 2 38. Manorina melanocephala Noisy Miner 7 7 10 39. Megalurus gramineus Little Grassbird 2 40. Melithreptus brevirostris Brown-headed Honeyeater 2 2 4 41. Melithreptus lunatus White-naped Honeyeater 11 10 21 7 1 42. Neochmia temporalis Red-browed Finch 6 10 16 9 43. Ninox novaeseelandiae Southern Boobook 2 44. Pachycephala pectoralis Australian Golden Whistler (Golden Whistler) 2 2 2 1 1 2 45. Pardalotus striatus Striated Pardalote 14 11 4 15 44 25 1 1 46. Passer domesticus House Sparrow 2 2 47. Petrochelidon nigricans Tree Martin 2 2 4 7 48. Phaps chalcoptera Common Bronzewing 1 1 3 1 1 49. Phylidonyris novaehollandiae New Holland Honeyeater 64 42 16 122 7 50. Platycercus elegans Crimson Rosella 17 14 31 17 79 28 1 1 51. Psephotus haematonotus Red-rumped Parrot 2 1 52. Rhipidura albiscapa Grey Fantail 6 5 1 12 6 1 1 53. Rhipidura leucophrys Willie Wagtail 1 3 4 3 54. Sericornis frontalis White-browed Scrubwren 2 2 4 2 1 1 55. Strepera versicolor Grey Currawong 2 2 1 1 1

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Sites – Obs. Sites – Sign No. Scientific Name Common Name 1 2 3 4 Total Site Total Opp. 1 2 3 4 Total Site Total Opp. 56. Tachybaptus novaehollandiae Australasian Grebe 6 57. Threskiornis molucca Australian White Ibis 1 58. Threskiornis spinicollis Straw-necked Ibis 2 59. Trichoglossus haematodus Rainbow Lorikeet 2 8 14 2 26 4 1 1 60. Turdus merula Common Blackbird 3 2 2 7 3 61. Vanellus miles Masked Lapwing 4 62. Zosterops lateralis Silvereye 3 2 5 3 DIVERSITY (NO. SPECIES) 28 27 20 12 39 52 13 3 3 1 18 6 TOTAL RECORDS 210 210 146 98 664 400 14 3 4 2 23 8 *Introduced species; Obs. = Observed; Sign = Sign.

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6. DISCUSSION

6.1 Flora……………………..…

A total of nine broad vegetation associations were identified across the Project site, predominantly comprising minor variations in Eucalyptus leucoxylon ssp. leucoxylon and E. camaldulensis ssp. Woodland. Of the 166 flora species recorded, 128 were native and 38 were introduced, with five introduced species declared under the NRM Act.

The Project site is considered to contain areas of high conservation value, with suitable habitat for listed flora and fauna species. In particular, listed flora and fauna species were recorded throughout the central parcel of native vegetation within the Project site (comprising five vegetation associations), while SA-listed bird species were recorded within the creekline of Lot 10 (Association 9).

Of the 15 Commonwealth-listed and 57 SA-listed threatened flora species identified as potentially occurring within or surrounding the BIH Project site, the October 2014 survey confirmed the presence of four SA-listed species. The Vulnerable Behr's Cowslip Orchid (Diuris behrii), Pale Wood-rush (Luzula flaccida) and Blue Star Sun- orchid (Thelymitra latifolia) and the Rare Pink Gum (Eucalyptus fasciculosa) were recorded within the Project site. The results of both the desktop and field assessment identified that additional listed flora species potentially occur within the Project site. In particular, there are extant records of the Stiff White Spider-orchid (Caladenia rigida), listed as Endangered under the EPBC Act. The SA-listed Endangered Cowslip Orchid (Diuris chryseopsis) has also been assessed as likely to occur within the Project site and three Commonwealth-listed and 17 SA-listed species were assessed as possibly occurring.

6.2 Fauna………………..…

A total of 62 bird, 17 mammal, seven reptile and four amphibian species were recorded during the survey. Eight of the 17 mammal species comprised bats and of the nine ground-dwelling mammals, four were introduced species (all declared under the NRM Act). There were two introduced bird species observed from the 62 records.

6.2.1 Ground and tree-dwelling mammals

Sites 1 and 4 provided the highest total ground-dwelling mammal records and Sites 2 and 4 provided the greatest diversity. The most observed and ubiquitous native ground-dwelling mammal was the Western Grey Kangaroo (Macropus fuliginosus). The Common Brushtail Possum (Trichosurus vulpecula), listed as Rare under the NPW Act, was the second most observed species. Four of the nine species were introduced, including the European Brown Hare (Lepus europaeus), European Rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) and Fox (Vulpes vulpes), all declared under the NRM Act.

Of the three Commonwealth-listed and two SA-listed mammal species identified as potentially occurring within or surrounding the BIH Project site, the October 2014 survey confirmed the presence of one SA-listed species, namely the Common Brushtail Possum (Trichosurus vulpecula). The regionally Rare Common Ringtail Possum (Pseudocheirus peregrinus) was also recorded. It was identified as possible that the Grey-headed Flying-fox (Pteropus poliocephalus) may periodically utilise the Project site.

6.2.2 Insectivorous bats (microbats)

The majority of micobat taxa regarded as resident in the Adelaide Hills region were identified by echolocation call sequences. However, the majority of call sequences (49.5%) could only be identified to the level of species group rather than species.

There was a relatively low capture success during the harp trapping, and no bats were captured during mist netting. The predominantly open canopy structure of the Eucalypt woodland across the survey area is likely to have influenced the low numbers of bats caught in harp traps. The abundance of permanent sources of standing water (e.g. farm dams) within the survey area, and on adjacent properties, is likely to have influenced the lack of capture success during mist netting. Conducting additional mist net surveys at water bodies during the hottest

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6.2.3 Reptiles and frogs

Sites 1 and 2 provided the highest total reptile records, with Site 2 providing the greatest number of species. The most abundant species was the Garden Skink (Lampropholis guichenoti). All nine frog captures occurred at Site 3, with the remaining records occurring opportunistically. No reptile or frog species recorded during the October 2014 survey were listed under the EPBC Act or the NPW Act. The Brown Tree Frog (Litoria ewingii) was recorded during the survey and is listed as regionally Rare within AMLR. In undertaking the threatened fauna assessment, the Commonwealth-listed Vulnerable Eastern Tiger Snake (Notechis scutatus) was identified as possibly occurring within the Project site.

6.2.4 Birds

During the field survey a relatively high level of bird activity was observed, indicating relatively high bird diversity in consideration of the condition of some of the vegetation throughout the Project site. Site 1 provided the greatest abundance and diversity, with 30 species. This was closely followed-by Site 2, with Site 4 providing the lowest abundance and diversity. Birds from the Meliphagidae family were the most diverse group observed, with the New Holland Honeyeater (Phylidonyris novaehollandiae) the most recorded species. Two introduced species were recorded during the survey, namely the House Sparrow (Passer domesticus) and Common Blackbird (Turdus merula).

Of the seven Commonwealth-listed threatened, 14 migratory and 27 SA-listed threatened bird species identified as potentially occurring within or surrounding the BIH Project site, the October 2014 survey confirmed the presence of three SA-listed species. The Vulnerable Yellow-tailed Black Cockatoo (Calyptorhynchus funereus) and Rare White-winged Chough (Corcorax melanorhamphos) and Crested Shriketit (Falcunculus frontatus) were recorded within the Project site. Of the five C. funereus records, three were identified within the creekline of Lot 10 within MC 4113 (Association 9). All seven records of C. melanorhamphos were also located in the creekline of Lot 10, in addition to two C. melanorhamphos nests in the same vicinity, indicating the habitat value provided by this area.

7. RECOMMENDATIONS

Having undertaken the October 2014 flora and fauna study, key recommendations have been suggested, including (but not limited to) opportunities for further enhancement of the understanding of biodiversity within the Project site and surrounds and capacity to contribute to environmental assessment of the BIH Project.

7.1 Increasing Biodiversity Knowledge

It is possible that additional species not recorded at the time of survey may occur periodically or otherwise within the Project site. Such species may include migratory, nomadic and vagrant fauna species and some flora species that fluctuate in distribution and abundance. In particular, many other bird species are expected to occur within the Project site and further bird surveying is likely to result in additional species being identified. Additionally, conducting further mist net surveys at water bodies during the hottest summer months may yield a greater capture rate and provide a more accurate representation of the diversity and abundance of microbat species present in the region.

As with many developing projects, details of the BIH Project will be refined over time and proposed activities may evolve or change as further investigations and the detailed design of the Project is carried-out. In particular, it is expected that infrastructure requirements for BIH will continue to be refined during the pre-feasibility and feasibility stages. Placement of individual structures will be determined in consideration of operational efficiencies, rehabilitation considerations, topographic and environmental features and may vary.

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If, in determining placement of infrastructure, clearance of native vegetation is required, once the specific area to be developed has been defined, further assessment and review of the intended clearance should be conducted. Significant environmental benefit data should be revisited for closer consideration and calculation. The possibility of future flora monitoring requirements should also be considered. Any future ecological monitoring should be commensurate with any perceived impact, ensuring methodologies are appropriately designed to adequately address possible compliance obligations.

7.2 Ecological Constraints

To minimise the possibility of complex project approval requirements relating to native flora and fauna, including Significant Environmental Benefit (SEB) requirements and to contribute to the preservation of biodiversity values in the area, where possible, restrict clearance of areas deemed to be of habitat value. It is recommended that the following areas should be avoided, where possible:

 Extant listed flora and fauna records  Native vegetation of good to excellent condition  Woodland habitats  Significant roadside sites  Scattered trees  Water sources, including creeklines – planted or otherwise.

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8. REFERENCES

AMLR NRMB 2008 Volume A – State of the Region Report.

AMLR NRM Board 2009 Pest Prioritisation Management Actions.

Anthony, E. L. P. (1988). Age determination in bats. Pp. 47–58. In: Kunz, T. H. (ed.). Ecological and Behavioural Methods for the Study of Bats. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C.

Australasian Bat Society (2006). Recommendations of the Australasian Bat Society Inc for reporting standards for insectivorous bat surveys using bat detectors. The Australasian Bat Society Newsletter 27, 6–9.

Bureau of Meteorology 2015 Climate Data.

Churchill, S. K. (2008). Australian Bats. Allen and Unwin, NSW.

Cutten and Hodder 2002 Scattered tree clearance assessment in South Australia streamlining, guidelines for assessment and rural industry extension.

Department for Environment and Heritage 2009 IBRA.

Department for Environment and Heritage (2008). A Biodiversity Strategy for Adelaide and the Mount Lofty Ranges. Unpublished Draft.

DEWNR 2013 Land uses within MC 4113, including approximate hectare and percentage values.

DEWNR 2013 Regional Species Conservation Assessments – Adelaide and Mount Lofty Ranges Project Region.

DEWNR 2013 WEC Collection of Voucher Specimens and Euthanasia of Research Animals in the Field Policies.

DEWNR 2015 NatureMaps IBRA Associations 7.0.

DEWNR 2014 NatureMaps Vegetation Types.

DEWNR 2015 Vascular Plants Biological Database – Taxonomy and the Vertebrates Biological Database of South Australia.

Regional Species Conservation Assessments Adelaide and Mount Lofty Ranges Project Region (DEWNR 2013)

Hayes, J. P. (1997). Temporal variation in activity of bats and the design of echolocation-monitoring studies. Journal of Mammalogy 78, 514–524.

Hourigan C. L., Catterall C. P., Jones D. and Rhodes, M. (2008). A comparison of the effectiveness of bat detectors and harp traps for surveying bats in an urban landscape. Wildlife Research 35, 768–74.

Native Vegetation Council 2012 Assessment of Proposed Heritage Agreement Area.

Owens 2000 Vertebrate Survey Guidelines.

Pennay, M., Law, B. and Reinhold, K. (2004). Bat calls of New South Wales: Region based guide to the echolocation calls of microchiropteran bats. Hurstville, NSW Department of Environment and Conservation.

Racey, P. (2009). Reproductive assessment of bats. Pp. 249–264. In: Kunz, T. H. and Parson, S. (eds.). Ecological and Behavioural Methods for the Study of Bats. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C.

Reardon, T. and Butler, G. (2001). Bats of the Mount Lofty Ranges South Australia. Birdwood, Upper River Torrens Landcare Group.

Scanlon, A. T. (2006). Factors affecting urban insectivorous bat activity and implications for habitat management in the City

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of Adelaide, South Australia. B.App.Sc. (Honours) Thesis. University of South Australia, Adelaide.

Scanlon, A. T. and Petit, S. (2008). Effects of site, time, weather and light on urban bat activity and richness: considerations for survey effort. Wildlife Research 35, 821–834.

Tidemann, C. R., and Woodside, D. P. (1978). A collapsible bat-trap and a comparison of results obtained with the trap and with mist-nets. Australian Wildlife Research 5, 355–362.

Turbill, C. (2008). Winter activity of Australian tree-roosting bats: influence of temperature and climatic patterns. Journal of Zoology 276, 285–90.

Willson, A. and Bignall, J. (2009) Regional Recovery Plan for Threatened Species and Ecological Communities of Adelaide and the Mount Lofty Ranges, South Australia. Department for Environment and Heritage, South Australia.

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APPENDICES

Appendix A – Characteristics used to identify bat call sequences to species or species group level

List of microbat species likely to occur in the Adelaide Hills region of South Australia. Species distributions derived from Churchill (2008) and on advice from T. Reardon (South Australian Museum). Frequency Scientific name Common name Echolocation call characteristics* range (kHz) VESPERTILIONIDAE Chalinolobus gouldii Gould’s wattled bat Calls often overlap with Mormopterus 25–34 sp4, but distinguishable by alternating frequency.

Chalinolobus morio chocolate wattled bat Calls curve downward with a down- 47–53 sweeping tail.

Vespadelus darlingtoni/ large forest bat/ southern Curvilinear calls, tail sometimes absent 38–53 Vespadelus regulus forest bat but usually up sweeping.

Vespadelus vulturnus little forest bat Curvilinear calls with prominent up- 43–53 sweeping tail.

Nyctophilus geoffroyi lesser long-eared bat Highly vertical calls, which can be 35–70 confused with attack-phase calls from other species. MOLOSSIDAE Mormopterus planiceps southern free-tailed bat Similar to C. gouldii, no alternating pulse, 24–30 calls generally flatter at low frequency.

Austronomus australis white-striped free-tailed bat Very distinctive low frequency calls, 10–15 typically flat or slightly curvilinear.

*Echolocation and frequency characteristics from Reardon and Butler (2001), Pennay et al. (2004) Scanlon (2006), and Scanlon and Petit (2008).

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Appendix B – List of flora species recorded within the Bird-in-Hand Gold Project site

Flora species recorded within the Bird-in-Hand Gold Project site. Listing Introduced Declared Association No. Family Name Plant Form Species Common Name EPBC NPW AMLR (Y/N) (Y/N) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1. LEGUMINOSAE Legumes Acacia acinacea Wreath Wattle RA N-Planted •

2. LEGUMINOSAE Legumes Acacia dealbata ssp. dealbata Silver Wattle Y N •

3. LEGUMINOSAE Legumes Acacia melanoxylon Blackwood LC N-Planted •

4. LEGUMINOSAE Legumes Acacia paradoxa Kangaroo Thorn LC • • • •

5. LEGUMINOSAE Legumes Acacia pycnantha Golden Wattle LC • • • • • •

6. LEGUMINOSAE Legumes Acacia retinodes Wirilda RA •

7. LEGUMINOSAE Legumes Acacia saligna Golden Wreath Wattle Y-Planted N •

8. LEGUMINOSAE Legumes Acacia verticillata ssp. ovoidea Prickly Moses NT N-Planted •

9. ROSACEAE Herbs & Forbs Acaena echinata Sheep's Burr LC • • •

10. ROSACEAE Herbs & Forbs Acaena novae-zelandiae Biddy-biddy LC •

11. ROSACEAE Herbs & Forbs Acaena ovina Downy Sheep's Burr NT •

12. ROSACEAE Herbs & Forbs Acaena sp. Sheep's Burr N-Planted •

13. EPACRIDACEAE Shrubs Acrotriche serrulata Cushion Ground-berry LC •

14. CASUARINACEAE Trees Allocasuarina sp. Sheoak/Oak-bush N-Planted • • •

15. CASUARINACEAE Trees Allocasuarina verticillata Drooping Sheoak LC • •

16. GRAMINEAE Grass Anthosachne multiflora ssp. multiflora Native Wheat-grass •

17. GRAMINEAE Grass Anthosachne scabra Native Wheat-grass LC • •

18. CENTROLEPIDACEAE Sedges Aphelia pumilio Dwarf Aphelia NT •

19. COMPOSITAE Daisies Arctotheca calendula Cape Weed Y N • •

20. LILIACEAE Shrubs Arthropodium strictum Common Vanilla-lily LC • • •

21. GRAMINEAE Grass Austrostipa mollis Soft Spear-grass LC • •

22. GRAMINEAE Grass Austrostipa nodosa Tall Spear-grass LC •

23. GRAMINEAE Grass Austrostipa semibarbata Fibrous Spear-grass LC •

24. GRAMINEAE Grass Austrostipa sp. Spear-grass • •

25. GRAMINEAE Grass Avena barbata Bearded Oat Y N • •

26. GRAMINEAE Grass Avena sp. Oat Y N •

27. PROTEACEAE Shrubs Banksia sp. Banksia N-Planted • • •

28. PITTOSPORACEAE Shrubs Billardiera sp. Apple-berry •

29. GRAMINEAE Grass Briza maxima Large Quaking-grass Y N • • • •

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Listing Introduced Declared Association No. Family Name Plant Form Species Common Name EPBC NPW AMLR (Y/N) (Y/N) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 30. GRAMINEAE Grass Bromus sp. Brome Y N • •

31. GOODENIACEAE Shrubs Brunonia australis Blue Pincushion LC •

32. LILIACEAE Shrubs Bulbine bulbosa Bulbine-lily NT • • • •

33. PITTOSPORACEAE Shrubs Bursaria spinosa ssp. spinosa Sweet Bursaria LC N-Planted • •

34. LILIACEAE Shrubs Caesia calliantha Blue Grass-lily LC • • •

35. ORCHIDACEAE Orchids Caladenia carnea Pink Fingers NT • • • •

36. ORCHIDACEAE Orchids Caladenia rigida^ Stiff White Spider-orchid EN E EN 37. ORCHIDACEAE Orchids Caladenia tentaculata King Spider-orchid NT •

38. CALLITRICHACEAE Aquatic Callitriche stagnalis Common Water Starwort Y N •

39. CUPRESSACEAE Trees Callitris gracilis Southern Cypress Pine LC •

40. CYPERACEAE Sedges Carex spp. Sedge • •

41. CYPERACEAE Sedges Carex tereticaulis Rush Sedge LC • •

42. CASUARINACEAE Trees Casuarina cunninghamiana River Sheoak Y-NSW N •

43. CARYOPHYLLACEAE Herbs & Forbs Cerastium sp. Chickweed Y N •

44. LILIACEAE Shrubs Chamaescilla corymbosa var. corymbosa Blue Squill LC • •

45. COMPOSITAE Daisies Coronidium scorpioides Button Everlasting LC •

46. RUTACEAE Shrubs Correa sp. Correa N-Planted •

47. ORCHIDACEAE Orchids Corybas diemenicus Veined Helmet-orchid LC •

48. COMPOSITAE Daisies Craspedia variabilis Billy-buttons LC •

49. CRASSULACEAE Herbs & Forbs Crassula colligata ssp. N/A* LC •

50. CRASSULACEAE Herbs & Forbs Crassula colorata var. Dense Crassula LC •

51. CRASSULACEAE Herbs & Forbs Crassula decumbens var. decumbens Spreading Crassula LC •

52. CRASSULACEAE Herbs & Forbs Crassula sp. Crassula/Stonecrop •

53. CRASSULACEAE Herbs & Forbs Crassula tetramera Australian Stonecrop DD •

54. COMPOSITAE Herbs & Forbs Cynara cardunculus ssp. flavescens Artichoke Thistle Y Y •

55. BORAGINACEAE Herbs & Forbs Cynoglossum suaveolens Sweet Hound's-tongue NT •

56. GRAMINEAE Grass Dactylis glomerata Cocksfoot Y N •

57. GOODENIACEAE Shrubs Dampiera dysantha Shrubby Dampiera LC • •

58. MYRTACEAE Shrubs Darwinia sp. Darwinia •

59. LILIACEAE Shrubs Dianella revoluta var. revoluta Black-anther Flax-lily LC • • •

60. ORCHIDACEAE Orchids Diuris behrii Behr's Cowslip Orchid V VU • • •

61. ORCHIDACEAE Orchids Diuris orientis Wallflower Donkey-orchid LC • • • •

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Listing Introduced Declared Association No. Family Name Plant Form Species Common Name EPBC NPW AMLR (Y/N) (Y/N) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 62. SAPINDACEAE Shrubs Dodonaea sp. Hop-bush N-Planted •

63. DROSERACEAE Herbs & Forbs Drosera macrantha ssp. planchonii Climbing Sundew LC •

64. DROSERACEAE Herbs & Forbs Drosera peltata Pale Sundew NE •

65. DROSERACEAE Herbs & Forbs Drosera whittakeri^ LC 66. MYOPORACEAE Shrubs Eremophila sp. Emubush/Turkey-bush •

67. MYRTACEAE Myrtles Eucalyptus camaldulensis ssp. River Red Gum NT • • • • • • •

68. MYRTACEAE Myrtles Eucalyptus cladocalyx ssp. Sugar Gum Y-Lofty Region N • •

69. MYRTACEAE Myrtles Eucalyptus fasciculosa Pink Gum R NT •

70. MYRTACEAE Myrtles Eucalyptus globulus Tasmanian Blue Gum Y N • •

71. MYRTACEAE Myrtles Eucalyptus leucoxylon ssp. leucoxylon South Australian Blue Gum NT • • • • • • • • •

72. MYRTACEAE Myrtles Eucalyptus spp. N/A* Y N •

73. MYRTACEAE Myrtles Eucalyptus viminalis ssp. cygnetensis Rough-bark Manna Gum NT • •

74. SANTALACEAE Shrubs Exocarpos cupressiformis Native Cherry LC • •

75. IRIDACEAE Herbs & Forbs Freesia sp. Freesia Y N •

76. RUBIACEAE Herbs & Forbs Galium gaudichaudii ssp. gaudichaudii Rough Bedstraw LC •

77. GERANIACEAE Herbs & Forbs Geranium potentilloides var. potentilloides Downy Geranium LC •

78. GERANIACEAE Herbs & Forbs Geranium retrorsum Grassland Geranium LC • • •

79. GERANIACEAE Herbs & Forbs Geranium solanderi var. solanderi Austral Geranium LC •

80. GERANIACEAE Herbs & Forbs Geranium spp. Geranium • •

81. ORCHIDACEAE Orchids Glossodia major Purple Cockatoo LC • •

82. HALORAGACEAE Herbs & Forbs Gonocarpus tetragynus Small-leaf Raspwort LC • •

83. PROTEACEAE Shrubs Grevillea lavandulacea ssp.^ Spider-flower LC 84. PROTEACEAE Shrubs Grevillea sp. Grevillea N-Planted • •

85. DILLENIACEAE Shrubs Hibbertia crinita N/A* NT • • •

86. DILLENIACEAE Shrubs Hibbertia exutiacies Prickly Guinea-flower LC • • •

87. UMBELLIFERAE Herbs & Forbs Hydrocotyle spp. Pennywort •

88. GUTTIFERAE Herbs & Forbs Hypericum gramineum Small St John's Wort LC •

89. COMPOSITAE Daisies Hypochaeris radicata Rough Cat's Ear Y N • • • • •

90. HYPOXIDACEAE Herbs & Forbs Hypoxis glabella^ Tiny Star LC 91. IRIDACEAE Herbs & Forbs Iris germanica Flag Iris Y N • •

92. JUNCACEAE Sedges Juncus subsecundus Finger Rush LC • • • •

93. LEGUMINOSAE Legumes Kennedia prostrata Scarlet Runner LC •

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Listing Introduced Declared Association No. Family Name Plant Form Species Common Name EPBC NPW AMLR (Y/N) (Y/N) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 94. COMPOSITAE Daisies Lagenophora huegelii Coarse Bottle-daisy LC •

95. LILIACEAE Shrubs Laxmannia orientalis^ Dwarf Wire-lily LC 96. CYPERACEAE Sedges Lepidosperma carphoides Black Rapier-sedge LC • • •

97. CYPERACEAE Sedges Lepidosperma curtisiae Little Sword-sedge NT • • • •

98. CYPERACEAE Sedges Lepidosperma sp. Sword-sedge/Rapier-sedge • • •

99. ORCHIDACEAE Orchids Leptoceras menziesii Hare Orchid LC •

100. COMPOSITAE Daisies Leptorhynchos squamatus ssp. squamatus Scaly Buttons LC •

101. MYRTACEAE Myrtles Leptospermum myrsinoides Heath Tea-tree LC N-Planted • •

102. MYRTACEAE Myrtles Leptospermum sp. Tea-tree Y-WA N •

103. EPACRIDACEAE Shrubs Lissanthe strigosa ssp. subulata Peach Heath NT • •

104. GRAMINEAE Grass Lolium sp. Ryegrass Y N • • •

105. LILIACEAE Shrubs Lomandra collina Sand Mat-rush RA •

106. LILIACEAE Shrubs Lomandra densiflora Soft Tussock Mat-rush LC • • • • •

107. LILIACEAE Shrubs Lomandra micrantha ssp. Small-flower Mat-rush LC • •

108. LILIACEAE Shrubs Lomandra sororia Sword Mat-rush NT •

109. LILIACEAE Shrubs Lomandra sp. Mat-rush • • • •

110. JUNCACEAE Sedges Luzula densiflora Dense Wood-rush RA •

111. JUNCACEAE Sedges Luzula flaccida Pale Wood-rush V VU •

112. LEGUMINOSAE Legumes Medicago sp. Medic Y N • •

113. MYRTACEAE Myrtles Melaleuca decussata Totem-poles NT N-Planted •

114. MYRTACEAE Myrtles Melaleuca spp. Tea-tree Y-Planted N • •

115. VIOLACEAE Herbs & Forbs Melicytus dentatus Tree Violet RA N-Planted •

116. GRAMINEAE Grass Microlaena stipoides var. stipoides Weeping Rice-grass LC • • •

117. COMPOSITAE Daisies Microseris lanceolata Yam Daisy LC •

118. ORCHIDACEAE Orchids Microtis arenaria Notched Onion-orchid LC • •

119. ORCHIDACEAE Orchids Microtis frutetorum N/A* NT • •

120. ORCHIDACEAE Orchids Microtis parviflora Slender Onion-orchid LC • •

121. ORCHIDACEAE Orchids Microtis sp. Onion-orchid LC • •

122. IRIDACEAE Herbs & Forbs Moraea setifolia Thread Iris Y N •

123. GRAMINEAE Grass Neurachne alopecuroidea Fox-tail Mulga-grass LC • •

124. COMPOSITAE Daisies Olearia ramulosa Twiggy Daisy-bush LC • • • •

125. RUBIACEAE Herbs & Forbs Opercularia ovata Broad-leaf Stinkweed RA •

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Listing Introduced Declared Association No. Family Name Plant Form Species Common Name EPBC NPW AMLR (Y/N) (Y/N) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 126. OXALIDACEAE Herbs & Forbs Oxalis perennans Native Sorrel LC • •

127. OXALIDACEAE Herbs & Forbs Oxalis pes-caprae Soursob Y N • • • • •

128. OXALIDACEAE Herbs & Forbs Oxalis purpurea One-o'clock Y N • •

129. GRAMINEAE Grass Pentaschistis sp. Y N • • • • •

130. THYMELAEACEAE Shrubs Pimelea humilis Low Riceflower LC •

131. PINACEAE Trees Pinus sp. Pine Y-Planted N •

132. PLANTAGINACEAE Herbs & Forbs Plantago gaudichaudii Narrow-leaf Plantain NT •

133. PLANTAGINACEAE Herbs & Forbs Plantago hispida Hairy Plantain NT •

134. PLANTAGINACEAE Herbs & Forbs Plantago lanceolata var. lanceolata Ribwort Y N • • • • •

135. PLANTAGINACEAE Herbs & Forbs Plantago sp. B (R.Bates 44765) Little Plantain RA •

136. ORCHIDACEAE Orchids Pterostylis nana Dwarf Greenhood NE •

137. ORCHIDACEAE Orchids Pterostylis nutans Nodding Greenhood LC • •

138. ORCHIDACEAE Orchids Pterostylis pedunculata Maroon-hood LC • • •

139. ORCHIDACEAE Orchids Pterostylis viriosa^ Maroon-hood VU 140. LEGUMINOSAE Legumes Pultenaea daphnoides Large-leaf Bush Pea LC N-Planted •

141. LEGUMINOSAE Legumes Pultenaea pedunculata Matted Bush-pea NT • •

142. RANUNCULACEAE Herbs & Forbs Ranunculus sp. Buttercup •

143. CHENOPODIACEAE Chenopods Rhagodia crassifolia Fleshy Saltbush RA N-Planted •

144. ROSACEAE Herbs & Forbs Rubus sp. Blackberry Y Y •

145. GRAMINEAE Grass Rytidosperma sp. Wallaby-grass • •

146. GOODENIACEAE Shrubs Scaevola albida Pale Fanflower LC • •

147. CYPERACEAE Sedges Schoenus apogon Common Bog-rush LC •

148. COMPOSITAE Daisies Senecio hispidulus Rough Groundsel LC •

149. COMPOSITAE Daisies Senecio phelleus Woodland Groundsel NT •

150. COMPOSITAE Daisies Senecio picridioides Purple-leaf Groundsel LC • •

151. COMPOSITAE Daisies Senecio pterophorus African Daisy Y N • • • • •

152. COMPOSITAE Daisies Senecio quadridentatus Cotton Groundsel LC •

153. COMPOSITAE Daisies Silybum marianum Variegated Thistle Y Y •

154. SOLANACEAE Shrubs Solanum nigrum Black Nightshade Y N •

155. IRIDACEAE Herbs & Forbs Sparaxis sp. Sparaxis Y N • • • •

156. STACKHOUSIACEAE Herbs & Forbs Stackhousia aspericocca ssp. Bushy Candles LC •

157. ORCHIDACEAE Orchids Thelymitra albiflora N/A* NT •

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Listing Introduced Declared Association No. Family Name Plant Form Species Common Name EPBC NPW AMLR (Y/N) (Y/N) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 158. ORCHIDACEAE Orchids Thelymitra bracteata Slender Sun-orchid NT •

159. ORCHIDACEAE Orchids Thelymitra brevifolia N/A* NT •

160. ORCHIDACEAE Orchids Thelymitra exigua N/A* EN •

161. ORCHIDACEAE Orchids Thelymitra latifolia Blue Star Sun-orchid V RA •

162. ORCHIDACEAE Orchids Thelymitra pauciflora Slender Sun-orchid LC • •

163. ORCHIDACEAE Orchids Thelymitra rubra Salmon Sun-orchid LC • •

164. ORCHIDACEAE Orchids Thelymitra X chasmogama Globe-hood Sun-orchid •

165. LILIACEAE Shrubs Thysanotus patersonii Twining Fringe-lily LC • • •

166. LILIACEAE Shrubs Tricoryne elatior Yellow Rush-lily NT •

167. TYPHACEAE Sedges Typha sp. Bulrush Y-Planted N •

168. LEGUMINOSAE Legumes Ulex europaeus Gorse Y Y • •

169. APOCYNACEAE Shrubs Vinca major Blue Periwinkle Y N • • • • •

170. GRAMINEAE Grass Vulpia sp. Fescue Y •

171. IRIDACEAE Herbs & Forbs Watsonia meriana var. bulbillifera Bulbil Watsonia Y Y • • • •

172. LILIACEAE Shrubs Wurmbea dioica ssp. dioica Early Nancy • •

Species nomenclature has been updated to reflect the DEWNR Vascular Plants Biological Database – Taxonomy (2015). ^ & / Recorded post Oct. 2014 survey (20150923) – photographed during site inspection by Terramin personnel. Location record not provided. Listing status: EPBC (National – Australia): Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (Cth). NPW (State – South Australia): National Parks and Wildlife Act 1972 (SA). AMLR (Regional – Adelaide and Mount Lofty Ranges Region): regional conservation status from DEWNR (2013). Listing status codes: DD: Data Deficient. EN: Endangered. LC: Least Concern. NE: Not Evaluated. NT: Near Threatened. V: Vulnerable. VU: Vulnerable. R: Rare. RA: Rare.

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Appendix C – Native flora species photographs (in alphabetical order of species name)

Stiff White Spider-orchid (Caladenia rigida) Stiff White Spider-orchid (Caladenia rigida) (EPBC: EN; NPW: E; AMLR: EN) (EPBC: EN; NPW: E; AMLR: EN)

King Spider-orchid (Caladenia tentaculata) (AMLR: NT) King Spider-orchid (Caladenia tentaculata) (AMLR: NT)

Billy-buttons (Craspedia variabilis) (AMLR: LC)

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Behr's Cowslip Orchid (Diuris behrii) (NPW: V; AMLR: VU) Behr's Cowslip Orchid (Diuris behrii) (NPW: V; AMLR: VU)

Wallflower Donkey-orchid (Diuris orientis) (AMLR: LC) Wallflower Donkey-orchid (Diuris orientis) (AMLR: LC)

Climbing Sundew (Drosera macrantha) (AMLR: LC) Drosera whittakeri (AMLR: LC)

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Purple Cockatoo (Glossodia major) (AMLR: LC) Spider-flower (Grevillea lavandulacea ssp.) (AMLR: LC)

Tiny Star (Hypoxis glabella) (AMLR: LC) Dwarf Wire-lily (Laxmannia orientalis) (AMLR: LC)

Peach Heath (Lissanthe strigosa) (AMLR: NT)

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Mat-rush (Lomandra sp.) Mat-rush (Lomandra sp.)

Nodding Greenhood (Pterostylis nutans) (AMLR: LC) Maroon-hood (Pterostylis viriosa) (AMLR: VU)

Wurmbea dioica ssp.

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Appendix D – Example sonograms of all species recorded during the bat detector survey

Sonogram of an echolocation call sequence identified as a chocolate wattled bat (Chalinolobus morio). AnalookW settings: call sequence compressed and displayed at ratio F8.

Sonogram of an echolocation call sequence identified as a southern free-tailed bat (Mormopterus planiceps). AnalookW settings: call sequence compressed and displayed at ratio F7.

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Sonogram of an echolocation call sequence typical of the Chalinolobus gouldii / Mormopterus planiceps species group. AnalookW settings: call sequence compressed and displayed at ratio F7.

Sonogram (a)

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Sonogram (b)

Sonograms of echolocation call sequences typical of the Vespadelus species group: (a) characteristic frequency at 40kHz, (b) characteristic frequency at 43kHz. AnalookW settings: call sequence compressed and displayed at ratio F8.

Sonogram of an echolocation call sequence produced by a white-striped free-tailed bat (Austronomus australis). AnalookW settings: call sequence compressed and displayed at ratio F7.

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Figure Sonogram of an echolocation call sequence produced by a lesser long-eared bat (Nyctophilus geoffroyi). AnalookW settings: call sequence compressed and displayed at ratio F8.

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