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Home , Cruelty to animals, In Defense of Animals

© Northwest AssociationforBiomedical Research Timeline EventCards TEACHER RESOURCE3.2 TIME PERIODI the heartinpumpingbloodthroughout thebody. of executedcriminals.Hediscovered thetruerole of performed animalvivisectionanddissectedthecorpses British physicianand of importance ofautopsiesandvivisectioninthestudy structures.living internal Vesalius wrote aboutthe experimental purposesonalivingorganismtoview issurgeryconductedfor sort ofanesthesia. practiced vivisectiononanimals non-living organisms) circulation by Belgian doctorAndreas Vesalius studiedblood Roman Empire duetomoral concerns. forbidden throughout therest ofEgyptandinthe Human dissectionandvivisectionwere generally subjected tovivisectionwhiletheywere alive Historians believe structures.organism toviewlivinginternal conducted forexperimentalpurposesonaliving and animalswere issurgery vivisected.Vivisection At themedicalschoolinAlexandria,Egypt,humans anatomy Mistreatment •Laws&RegulationsProtest Mistreatment •Laws&RegulationsProtest Views ofAnimals•ContributionstoHealth Views Views ofAnimals•Contributions toHealth Views Third andsecondcenturiesB.C.E. (internal structures (internal andsystems). performing autopsies TIME PERIODI TIME PERIODI thatmore than anatomist William Harvey Harvey anatomistWilliam onhumancorpses 1500s 600 criminalswere withoutusingany (dissectionson . Healso . science wellintotheMiddleAges. and teachingsformedthebasisofWesternmedical the presence ofbloodinside arteries.Galen’s writings animals structuresdiscoveries abouttheinternal of Galen made oxen, anddogs. particular, Galenvivisectedgoats,,monkeys, structures.organism toviewlivinginternal In conducted forexperimentalpurposesonaliving issurgery vivisection onanimals.Vivisection The Greek physicianGalenfrequently practiced moral concerns. moral concerns. manner ofexperimentsonliveanimalswithoutany machines. Thisallowedresearchers toperformall believed thatanimalswere unthinking,unfeeling French Mistreatment •Laws&RegulationsProtest Mistreatment •Laws&RegulationsProtest Views ofAnimals•Contributions toHealth Views ofAnimals•ContributionstoHealth Views philosopher , suchastheimportanceofbrainand some * TIMEPERIODI TIME PERIODI important anatomical RenéDescartesandhisfollowers 1596 –1650 ANIMAL RESEARCH | 150 –200

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spread spread American © Northwest Association for Biomedical Research first 1881 1866 was the TIME PERIOD I the beating of came about the beating of horses * TIME PERIOD I * TIME Views of Animals • Contributions to Health Views of Animals • Contributions to Health Mistreatment • Laws & Regulations • Mistreatment Mistreatment • Laws & Regulations • Protest Mistreatment American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty the Prevention American Society for French scientist Louis Pasteur proved the the Louis Pasteur proved scientist French caused by theory that diseases were controversial organisms (“germs”). Using yeast, microscopic microbes silkworms, and , Pasteur found that the air and that the could travel through by sterilization of disease could be controlled which includes the use of heat, chemicals, pressure, remove or kill microbes. irradiation, or filtration to This discovery had wide application to surgical techniques and medicine. The to Animals (ASPCA) America. Humane treatmentto be established in North care. and animals with respect means treating A law to prevent law was this ASPCA. Later, early action from through her who was beating a parent used to prosecute preventing no laws at the time were child, as there Nine years later the the of children. of Cruelty to Children Society for the Prevention was founded. , Jeremy Jeremy

. Vivisection is philosopher 1871 1764 François-Marie Arouet de François-Marie Arouet . The new anti-vivisection groups tried,. The new anti-vivisection groups TIME PERIOD I New England Anti-Vivisection * TIME PERIOD I * TIME American Anti-Vivisection Society -vivisection groups were founded were -vivisection groups century, British century, anti and the philosopher Views of Animals • Contributions to Health Views of Animals • Contributions to Health Mistreatment • Laws & Regulations • Protest Mistreatment Mistreatment • Laws & Regulations • Protest Mistreatment | ANIMAL RESEARCH Society for the Prevention of Massachusetts Society for the Prevention Society (NEAVS) to outlaw the practice of vivisection. unsuccessfully, Various Various including the (AAVS) (MSPCA) conducted for experimental purposes on a living organism to view living internal structures. Harvard University founded one of the first vivisection University Harvard despite opposition from laboratories in the country, the Later in the his thoughts on the subject:Bentham summarized can they Nor, “The question is not, can they reason? talk? but, can they suffer?” conducted for experimental purposes on a living conducted for experimental internal organism to view living structures. French French of organs noted that vivisection uncovered Voltaire not animals were that feeling in animals, proving beings. Vivisectionmachines, but feeling is surgery 90

RESOURCE © Northwest AssociationforBiomedical Research awarded theNobelPrizeinmedicineforhisdiscoveries. of malariainPanamaandelsewhere. Rosswas control program whichgreatly reduced theincidence salivary glandofthemosquito.Thisledtoamosquito Ross tobelievethattheparasiteaccumulatedin crows, sparrows, pigeons,weaverbirds, andlarksled avian (bird) formofmalariainthecrow. Work with might becausedbymosquitobitesstudyingthe Biologist Ronald hospitalized formalariasometimeduringtheirwork. working onthisstrategicproject, over21,000were bite ofaninfectedmosquito.Ofthe26,000people caused byaparasitethatistransmittedthrough the the PanamaCanal.Malariaisaninfectiousdisease Controlling known andacceptedfacts. for thepurposeofteachingordemonstratingwell- outlawed Legislation waspassedintheUnitedStatesthat Mistreatment •Laws&RegulationsProtest Mistreatment •Laws&RegulationsProtest Views ofAnimals•ContributionstoHealth Views Views ofAnimals•Contributions toHealth Views repetition ofpainfulanimalexperiments malaria Ross tested the theory that malaria Rosstestedthetheorythatmalaria TIME PERIODI TIME PERIODI wasvitaltothebuildingof 1890s 1906 to theissueofanimalexperimentation. welfarists were pleasedthatitbrought publicattention condemned theworkasoverlysentimental,butanimal performed bythescientisttoimpress hisfriends.Critics own puppyblindedandkilledduringanexperiment the family’s babyfrom anurseryfire butlaterseesher that liveswiththefamilyofascientist.Thedogsaves use inresearch. Itistoldfrom theviewpointofadog was writtento called “ADog’s Tale” inHarper’s Magazine.Thestory Writer MarkTwain (1835–1910)publishedashortstory product wassafeoreffective. however, require anytypeoftestingtoensure thata animal feedandveterinarydrugs.Theactdidnot, applied to“manandotheranimals,”italsocovered false ormisleadingclaimsaboutafooddrug.Asit Act (PFDA) The U.S.Congress passed the Mistreatment •Laws&RegulationsProtest Mistreatment •Laws&RegulationsProtest Views ofAnimals•Contributions toHealth Views ofAnimals•ContributionstoHealth Views whichmadeitagainstthelawtouse protest crueltytoanimals * TIMEPERIODI TIME PERIODI ANIMAL RESEARCH | 1903 1906 Pure FoodandDrug and their andtheir

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RESOURCE © Northwest Association for Biomedical Research 1922 1913 TIME PERIOD I TIME PERIOD Frederick Banting extracted insulin Frederick t Emil von Behring found that low t Emil von Behring found * TIME PERIOD I , a disease in which a person has high is a highly contagious childhood illness childhood illness is a highly contagious Views of Animals • Contributions to Health Views of Animals • Contributions to Health diabetes Mistreatment • Laws & Regulations • Protest Mistreatment Mistreatment • Laws & Regulations • Protest Mistreatment colleagues won the Nobel Prize for their work. For 150 years, doctors had been researching ways to For 150 years, doctors had been researching treat usually fallblood sugar levels. Juvenile diabetics would ofinto a coma and die a year or two after symptoms studies with dogs, Through the disease first appeared. an important produced it was known that the pancreas blood sugar. substance (“insulin”) that regulated Canadian doctor and used it to successfully beef pancreases from a 14-year old boy dying of diabetes, who at treat the time weighed only 65 pounds. Families with The for treatment. rushed to Toronto diabetic children Star called the extract “one of the greatest Toronto achievements in modern Banting and medicine.” Once known as the “strangling angel of children,” “strangling angel of children,” Once known as the diphtheria disease would The dreaded caused by a bacteria. symptoms and lead to death in begin with cold-like rates for diphtheria were as little as a week. Death a vaccine was clear. high, and the need for German scientis (a damaging substance doses of modified toxin by diphtheria bacteria) injected naturally produced them to protect into rats, mice, or rabbits appeared than 15 years of research, illness. After more the from long-lasting immunity in von Behring produced research guinea pigs, monkeys, and donkeys. This on humans. was used in the first vaccination studies high started to . Doctors reported . Doctors reported

1907 1920s and 1930s TIME PERIOD I TIME PERIOD * TIME PERIOD I regulations for the humane for the humane regulations harmful to the eyes of animals used in medical schools. of animals used in medical such as silver, lead acetate, or rat poison. such as silver, Views of Animals • Contributions to Health Views of Animals • Contributions to Health Mistreatment • Laws & Regulations • Protest Mistreatment Mistreatment • Laws & Regulations • Protest Mistreatment American Medical Association American Medical | ANIMAL RESEARCH products to be tested on animals before being put on to be tested on animals before products the market for human use. on dangerous drugs and personal products sold drugs and personal products on dangerous opposed by powerful to Americans, but they were calls for Injuries also prompted marketing groups. cosmetic products of the time contained cosmetic products concentrations of toxic (damaging or poisonous) chemicals to crack down Doctors lobbied the U.S. Congress known to be thousands of eye injuries and even deaths after serious infections. Other popular patients suffered A cosmetics company introduced a brand of eyelash A cosmetics company introduced The dye contained dye called Lash-Lure. and eyebrow well- chemicals (aniline compounds) that were Humane treatment means treating animals with animals means treating Humane treatment and care. respect The with animals research of advocate for the benefits and developed treatment 92

RESOURCE © Northwest AssociationforBiomedical Research TIME PERIODII isolated and,eventually, avaccinetobedeveloped. the poliovirus.Thesetechniquesallowedvirusestobe order tocheckthatscientistswere actuallyworkingwith the cultures wasinjectedintomiceandmonkeysin seen withavailabletechnology, thefluidextractedfrom tissue cultures. Becausetheviruswastoosmalltobe Scientists grew an or “iron lung.” affected withitcouldnotbreathe withoutaventilator the spinalcord andbrain.Somepeoplewhowere the poliovirus parks, beaches,andotherpublicplacesas go toswimmingpools,movietheaters,amusement During the1950s,manychildren were notallowedto Act) The federal original and pressured theU.S.Congress tostrengthen the not beentestedonanimals.Thepublicwasoutraged requirements forsafetytesting.Theproduct hadalso or damagingtohealth.Atthetime,there were no for toxicity—thedegree towhichitwaspoisonous tested forflavor, appearance,andfragrance,butnot (poisonous) chemicalfoundinantifreeze. Ithadbeen medicine containeddrugsdissolvedinthesametoxic treat sore throats calledElixirofSulfanilamide.The drinking araspberry-flavored product usedto Nearly 100people(mostlychildren) diedafter waspassed,containinga Mistreatment •Laws&RegulationsProtest Views ofAnimals•Contributions toHealth Views Mistreatment •Laws& Regulations •Protest Food andDrugAct Views ofAnimals•ContributionstoHealth Views Food, Drug,andCosmeticAct(FDC fordrugs. grew. Thiscripplingdiseaseinvolved TIME PERIODII TIME PERIODII d extracted the virus from cell and d extractedthevirusfrom celland 1937-1938 1950s andincludecosmetics. requirement for fear of for animalresearch One ofthetenpointscodestateda was widelyadoptedinscientific research communities. describe ethicalconductinhumanresearch. TheCode In response, the survived were disfigured. died intheseexperiments,andmanyofthosewho being testsubjects.Severaltensofthousandspeople disabled, orchildren. Theseprisonerswere forced into Jewish, homosexual,mentallydisabled,physically gruesome During World II,GermanNazidoctorsperformed in research. are theprinciplescurrently guidingtheuseofanimals by scientificcommunities.Inmanycountries,the3Rs Reduction, andRefinement),becamewidelyaccepted One ofitscore messages, the The PrinciplesofHumaneExperimentalTechnique. Members oftheresearch communitypublished minimize theharmtohumans. Mistreatment •Laws&RegulationsProtest Views ofAnimals•Contributions toHealth Views Mistreatment •Laws& Regulations •Protest Views ofAnimals•ContributionstoHealth Views experiments onprisoners * TIMEPERIODII “Nuremberg Code” was developed to “Nuremberg Code”wasdevelopedto TIME PERIODII before humanresearch to ANIMAL RESEARCH | 1947 1959 3 Rs (Replacement, whowere requirement

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RESOURCE The The , which tells , which tells Animal Care Animal Care © Northwest Association for Biomedical Research of the National 1963 1961 101 Dalmatians TIME PERIOD II TIME PERIOD TIME PERIOD II * had played a large part in animal part in animal had played a large . Currently, the Guide informs scientists the Guide informs scientists . Currently, increasing the budget increasing Views of Animals • Contributions to Health Views of Animals • Contributions to Health and soon published the first edition of and soon published the first edition of Mistreatment • Laws & Regulations • Protest Mistreatment Mistreatment • Laws & Regulations • Protest Mistreatment A group of formed the A group Panel Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals housing of various animals, good on the proper training requirements practices of veterinary care, and more. of caretakers, After World War II, the Federal government II, the Federal began War After World it never had in ways research supporting biomedical before, 150-fold between 1945 and Institutes of Health (NIH) a demand money created 1961. Additional research animals. research for more Dogs, which after. especially sought in the past, were research in the reflected of dog-napping are fears People’s 1961 Disney movie villain. the story of dogs stolen by a cruel . At the for testing in 1960 when she

Thalidomide . This amendment did . This amendment did 1962 1960s elsewhere resulted in more than in more resulted elsewhere effective TIME PERIOD II TIME PERIOD II TIME PERIOD Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (FDC Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (FDC As a result, new guidelines As a result, Views of Animals • Contributions to Health Views of Animals • Contributions to Health Mistreatment • Laws & Regulations • Protest Mistreatment Mistreatment • Laws & Regulations • Protest Mistreatment was amended to require that all drugs not that all drugs not was amended to require | ANIMAL RESEARCH not distinguish between medicines for humans humans not distinguish between medicines for and animals. Regulations for animal drugs, medicated feed, and veterinary food additives strengthened. were The federal Act) only be safe but the effects of drugs on animal reproduction and fetal of drugs on animal reproduction the effects incorporated. development were or legs. Although the drug had been extensively or legs. Although the drug had been extensively on pregnant tested on animals, it had not been tested animals. Thalidomide’s approval for use in the U.S. approval Thalidomide’s The use of this drug 10,000 deformed babies, many born without arms in Canada and Europe to treat nausea in pregnant in pregnant nausea to treat in Canada and Europe drug metabolism in work with women. Her previous so she held back rabbits made her cautious, pregnant Food and Drug Administration a drug, was asked to evaluate use in widespread already time, Thalidomide was Francis Oldham Kelsey was a new employee at the Francis Oldham Kelsey 94

RESOURCE © Northwest AssociationforBiomedical Research not includerats,mice,andbirds. several otherwarm-bloodedanimals,thoughitdid cats, primates,guineapigs,hamsters,rabbits,and licensed andinspected USDA. Animaldealersandlaboratorieshadtobe handling, andtreatment” ofsuchanimalsbythe “transportation, purchase, sale,housing,care, of animalsinresearch facilitiesandregulated the (AWA) what wouldbecomethe the article’s publication,theU.S.Congress passed dealer’s facility. increased publicpressure With after Camps forDogs,”describingapoliceraidondog Life magazinerananarticlecalled“Concentration research usingdogs. more accountabilityinanimalresearch, especially publicized andan she didnotsurvive.Pepper’s storywaswidely a pace-makerexperimentonherheart,which her toahospitalinNewYork Citythatconducted tracked thedogtoananimaldealerwhohadsold family’s backyard inPennsylvania.Thefamily Pepper, aDalmatiandog,disappeared from her Mistreatment •Laws&RegulationsProtest Mistreatment •Laws&RegulationsProtest Views ofAnimals•ContributionstoHealth Views Views ofAnimals•Contributions toHealth Views . Itcalledforhumanecare andtreatment * TIMEPERIODII * TIMEPERIODII outraged public 1966 1965 . Theactappliedtodogs, Act demanded treatment ofanimals was committedtothe Accreditation assured thepublicthatinstitution accreditation or“sealofapproval” from AAALAC. the minimumsrequired bylaw, theyreceived an demonstrated awillingnesstogoaboveandbeyond of care inresearch institutions.Ifinstitutions organization workingtoincrease thestandards of LaboratoryAnimalCare (AAALAC) Association forAssessmentandAccreditation A group ofscientistsandveterinariansformthe significantly inthenext30years. dogs andcatsusedinresearch willcontinuetofall other animalmodels,suchasmice.Thenumberof trends, institutionalpolicies, andtheincreased useof begins todeclineduepublicopinion,research The demandfordogsandcatsasresearch subjects Mistreatment •Laws&RegulationsProtest Mistreatment •Laws&RegulationsProtest Views ofAnimals•Contributions toHealth Views ofAnimals•ContributionstoHealth Views * TIMEPERIODII TIME PERIODII ANIMAL RESEARCH | responsible useand 1966 on inscience. 1965 , anonprofit

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RESOURCE Animal too high a © Northwest Association for Biomedical Research is founded. ALF is 1977 1975 ’s book Peter Singer’s to end the use of animals on all TIME PERIOD II TIME PERIOD II TIME PERIOD to pay for scientific research. to pay for scientific philosopher brought more coverage to the use of more brought Views of Animals • Contributions to Health Views of Animals • Contributions to Health Mistreatment • Laws & Regulations • Protest Mistreatment Mistreatment • Laws & Regulations • Protest Mistreatment Front (ALF) that believed in militant and an group means extreme involved in various acts, members were ALF fronts. windows of and breaking including tires facilities, research to animal hunters’ cars, setting fire or and gun shops, releasing raiding breeders fur farms, and verbally harassing taking animals from of the groups employees of such institutions. Spin-off ALF also sent letter bombs to various companies and researchers. under the cars of placed firebombs Australian Liberation included The book research. animals in scientific and descriptions of animalsdisturbing photographs for sorts of painful procedures being subjected to all Singer argued that the painquestionable purposes. animals was inflicted on the and moral price World World

. 1977 1973 , the disease is considered , the disease is considered g with a leukemia mouse model g with a leukemia mouse TIME PERIOD II * TIME PERIOD II * TIME developed through over 250 years of developed through three out of ten children die from die from of ten children out three is a cancer of the blood or bone marrow. or bone marrow. is a cancer of the blood Views of Animals • Contributions to Health Views of Animals • Contributions to Health Mistreatment • Laws & Regulations • Protest Mistreatment Mistreatment • Laws & Regulations • Protest Mistreatment | ANIMAL RESEARCH Health Organization the planet eradicated from research that, at various times, used cows, prisoners, that, at various research and orphans as test subjects. The last case children, in Somalia. smallpox is treated of naturally-acquired After a ten-year vaccination campaign by the scars and one-third of survivors were blinded. of survivors were scars and one-third A vaccine was times and large-scale epidemics are thought to have times and large-scale epidemics are The most virulent the course of history. affected strain would kill 20-60% of those infected; (strongest) left with disfiguring of those who survived, most were Smallpox is an infectious disease caused by a virus. ItSmallpox is an infectious disease caused by skin, blindness,causes rashes, fluid-filled bumps on the since ancientand death. Smallpox had been a scourge Today, about Today, this form of leukemia. combination of drugs that kills cells that divide rapidly, divide rapidly, combination of drugs that kills cells that including cancer cells. every single malignant (cancerous) cell in a patient’s cell in a patient’s (cancerous) every single malignant divide and eventually as just one cell can body, and other discoveries were kill the patient. This a crucial to advancements in cancer chemotherapy, Scientists workin importance of killing the named Skipper discovered At this time, nine out of ten children with the most of ten children At this time, nine out (acute lymphocyticcommon form of leukemia the disease. leukemia) died from Leukemia 96

RESOURCE © Northwest AssociationforBiomedical Research TIME PERIODIII adopt thesepracticesandseekAAALACaccreditation. manyprivate facilities by thefederalgovernment, Though notrequired ofprivatecompaniesnotfunded not associatedwiththeinstitutionoranimalresearch. one ,andatleastcommunitymember one scientistfamiliarwithanimalresearch, atleast regulate animalwelfare atthatinstitution—atleast IACUC hastoincludefivememberswithexpertise backbones (includingrats,mice,fishandbirds). The oversee theuseofallvertebrates—animalswith Animal Care andUseCommittee (IACUC) federal moneyisrequired tohavean Each research institutionthatusesanimalsandreceives their intentiontoceaseanimaltesting. companies, includingRevlonandAvon, announced to animals cosmetics companieswere accusedofbeing full-page advertisementsinmajornewspapers, which chemicalswere putintotheeyesofrabbits.In cosmetics Animal activistsbrought awareness tothe Mistreatment •Laws&RegulationsProtest Mistreatment •Laws&RegulationsProtest Views ofAnimals•ContributionstoHealth Views Views ofAnimals•Contributions toHealth Views on animals, particularly the , in onanimals,particularlytheDraizetest,in . Publicresponse wasimmediate.Several * TIMEPERIODIII * TIMEPERIODIII 1979 1977 Institutional Institutional testing of testingof cruel cruel to to mice, rabbits,andhamsters.Dr. Steptoe’s colleague work wasmadepossiblebydecadesofresearch with resulted inthefirstsuccessful “ placed backintoLesley’s uterusandthepregnancy body withJohn’s sperm.Thetwo-day-oldembryowas from oneofherovariesandfertilizedoutside fertilization procedure inwhichaneggwasextracted underwent theveryexperimental referred toDr. PatrickSteptoe.In1977,LesleyBrown from doctortoforhelpnoavail,shewas Brown hadblockedfallopiantubes.Havinggone been unabletoconceiveachildfornineyears.Lesley Lesley andJohnBrown, ayoungEnglishcouple,had in research are mice. choice. Currently, transgenic effectively studyhumandiseasesandcures, these Scientists create its offspring. change, geneticdisorder, etc.)whichcanbepassedto organism toexhibitanewproperty (immunesystem or modified.ThechangeinDNAwillcausethe gene regulatory regions, havebeenadded,removed, organism isalivinginwhichgenes,or The firsttransgenicmouseiscreated. Atransgenic won theNobelPrize. Mistreatment •Laws&RegulationsProtest Mistreatment •Laws&RegulationsProtest Views ofAnimals•Contributions toHealth Views ofAnimals•ContributionstoHealth Views micebecometheresearch subjectof * TIMEPERIODIII micewithhumangenes.To more TIME PERIODIII more than90% ANIMAL RESEARCH | 1977 1980 test tubebaby in vitro ofanimalsused (“inglass”) .” This

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RESOURCE . AZT gained . People for the © Northwest Association for Biomedical Research treatment for HIV treatment , loss of funding, and the 1986 1981 Azido-thymidine (AZT) TIME PERIOD III TIME PERIOD * TIME PERIOD III , which affected about 10,000 people , which affected Views of Animals • Contributions to Health Views of Animals • Contributions to Health Silver Springs Case Mistreatment • Laws & Regulations • Protest Mistreatment Mistreatment • Laws & Regulations • Protest Mistreatment Research on rats, mice, dogs and primates led to Research the development of drug became the first approved and AIDS worldwide at this time. Originally developed in the 1960s as an anti-cancer agent but never licensed, AZT of HIV in humans. Six months slowed the progress into a human clinical trial, only one member of the to 19 deaths in died, compared AZT receiving group in the study (the people enrolled the placebo group AZT). for comparison purposes who did not receive positive, the trial was stopped were Since the results early so that AZT could be given to the placebo giving them a better chance of survival. group, A little-known organization called A little-known organization of Animals (PETA) Ethical Treatment that exposé on research with an national prominence of sensory input into their involved depriving monkeys arms. The monkeys to give them numbed spinal cords wounds. A arms, producing gnawed and licked their worked as a laboratory assistant, co-founder of PETA the lab then reported photographed the monkeys, raid led to the filing of to authorities. A subsequent animal cruelty charges The incident came to be known end of the research. as the at Center

animals with non-animal animals with non-animal minimize animal pain minimize animal pain 1985 1981 methods to make them less replace the numbers of animals used in the numbers of animals TIME PERIOD III TIME PERIOD * TIME PERIOD III whenever possible through use of use of whenever possible through Cosmetics, Toiletries, and Fragrance Cosmetics, Toiletries, funded the founding of the funded the founding refine reduce Views of Animals • Contributions to Health Views of Animals • Contributions to Health Mistreatment • Laws & Regulations • Protest Mistreatment Mistreatment • Laws & Regulations • Protest Mistreatment | ANIMAL RESEARCH and primates used in research work. The act also work. The act also and primates used in research for ways employee training and searching addressed animal use. or replace to reduce anesthesia (numbing drugs), analgesics (painkilling (painkilling anesthesia (numbing drugs), analgesics drugs), and humane euthanasia (drugs that cause added regarding were death). New requirements the physical and psychological well-being of dogs Congress amended the Animal Welfare Act to Act to amended the Animal Welfare Congress that researchers require and distress painful or stressful to the animals involved painful or stressful find new ways to methods, or research, science by supporting the development and use of science by supporting safety product alternativesto animals in research, They work with scientists to testing, and education. Association (CAAT) for Alternatives to Animal Testing humane promotes CAAT Johns Hopkins University. The national 98

RESOURCE © Northwest AssociationforBiomedical Research researchers useonly zebrafishintheir research. 600 laboratories biology andmodelinghumandisease.Currently, there are atleast were therefore particularlyattractiveforstudyingdevelopmental are transparent, andcanbegeneticallymanipulated.Zebrafish Their eggsareandembryosdevelopquickly, fertilizedexternally have genesmore closelyrelated tohumansthanfruitfliesorworms. aquaria. Theyare small,hardy, breed readily, laymanyeggs,and organism. Zebrafishare commonlyfoundinpetshopsandhome Many scientists molecular level,andwell-studiedbyotherscientists. to houseandmaintain,ablebemanipulatedgeneticallyonthe small, abletoreproduce rapidlywithmanyoffspring, inexpensive more ethicalresearch subject to studyratherthanhumansandhigherorganisms,makingita that couldfunctionasamodelorganism Scientists search foravertebrate(havingbackbone) now usedwidelywithstroke patients. unlikely. The knowledge gainedfrom thisresearch is (“neuroplasticity”) thatwas previously thoughttobe showed aremarkable degree ofbrainrestructuring monkeys were euthanizedandautopsied.Analysis been disabledwere giventoazoo.Theresearch courts forthemonkeys,monkeysthathadnot After almostadecadeofcustodybattlesinthe fell tothelabassistantwhotookexposéphotos. while hewasonvacationandthecare oftheanimals scientifically validandthemonkeyswere neglected by 1983.Theresearcher contendedhisworkwas of monkeysinaresearch lab)were overturned Silver SpringsMonkeyCase All chargesagainsttheresearcher involvedinthe Mistreatment •Laws&RegulationsProtest Mistreatment •Laws&RegulationsProtest Views ofAnimals•ContributionstoHealth Views Views ofAnimals•Contributions toHealth Views advocate for the use of zebrafish as a model advocatefortheuseofzebrafishasamodel around the world that use zebrafish, and several around theworldthatusezebrafish,andseveral * TIMEPERIODIII TIME PERIODIII 1995 1990 . A tends to be . Amodelorganismtendstobe (inhumanetreatment because it is easier becauseitiseasier animal animal , , fairs,andothers. fiber production, research, testing,,aquaria, enterprise.” Animalenterprisesincludedfoodand physical disruptiontothefunctioningofananimal enterprise terrorism.” Thelawprohibits “causing Protection Act by animalactivists,the In response to letters, faxes,ande-mails. companies) andfloodedthemwiththreatening HLS (banks,brokerage houses,andinvestment SHAC alsopicketedcompanieswithtiesto windows, andsettingoff smokebombsinoffices. homes withpaint,fillinglocksglue,breaking homes sometimes the U.S.HLSemployeeswere employing animalresearch inEnglandandlater Life Sciences(HLS),oneofthelargestcompanies radical andviolentmeansagainstHuntington Huntingdon AnimalCruelty(SHAC) A newanimalrightsgroup callingitself Mistreatment •Laws&RegulationsProtest Mistreatment •Laws&RegulationsProtest Views ofAnimals•Contributions toHealth Views ofAnimals•ContributionstoHealth Views vandalized assaulted * TIMEPERIODIII destruction anddamage wasenactedagainst“animal TIME PERIODIII . Actionsincludedsplattering ANIMAL RESEARCH | . Carswere Animal Enterprise 1992 1999 harassed firebombed beganusing and caused Stop and

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RESOURCE whole . Currently, . Currently, © Northwest Association for Biomedical Research . They also implement . They also implement bans the use of animals bans the use of animals 2009 with which “virtual” experiments Current to Future TIME PERIOD III TIME PERIOD III TIME PERIOD include computer models of future Views of Animals • Contributions to Health Views of Animals • Contributions to Health Mistreatment • Laws & Regulations • Protest Mistreatment Mistreatment • Laws & Regulations • Protest Mistreatment As technology and information improve, so do As technology and information improve, models used to carry out simulated experiments in place of experiments on animals and actions of new computers model the structure A model of the human their safety. drugs and predict affecting problems placenta and fetus helps treat unborn human skin model babies. A 3-dimentional has been internationally for assessing approved Hopes new drugs and products. skin irritation from for the biological systems can be conducted as alternatives to experiments on animals. The (EU) The European to test cosmetic ingredients the sale of products prohibits a “marketing ban” that tested ingredients outside the EU that contain from ban will be implemented on animals. The marketing tests allowed until 2013. with some animal slowly, whether the 2013 Union is uncertain The European tests have because replacement deadline can be met The ban also contradicts not yet been fully developed. safety testing of certain chemicals. laws requiring

Save animals are animals are

. TCF was also cited 2002 Current TIME PERIOD III TIME PERIOD III TIME PERIOD , an organization that had formed a Views of Animals • Contributions to Health Views of Animals • Contributions to Health violations of the Animal Welfare Act (AWA) Act Welfare violations of the Animal Mistreatment • Laws & Regulations • Protest Mistreatment Mistreatment • Laws & Regulations • Protest Mistreatment healthy and well-maintained | ANIMAL RESEARCH institutions voluntarily comply with regulations that institutions voluntarily comply with regulations above and beyond what is mandated by law. are The vast majority of the scientific community agrees agrees The vast majority of the scientific community that Most research. beneficial to and necessary for quality small, well-respected chimp sanctuary in southern small, well-respected TCF. , raised millions of dollars to buy out also in trouble with the Food and Drug Administration with the Food also in trouble its animal testing procedures. (FDA) regarding the Chimps called for housing and care times by the USDA numerous qualified veterinarians. TCF was violations and lack of hundreds of primates. These facilities were closed facilities were of primates. These hundreds after group to light by an animal welfare brought were The Coulston Foundation (TCF) facilities housed The Coulston Foundation 100

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