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Marks Dissertation Post-Defense Playfighting: Encountering Aviddhakarṇa and Bhāvivikta in Śāntarakṣita's Tattvasaṃgraha and Kamalaśīla's Pañjikā By James Michael Marks A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the Requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy In Buddhist Studies In the Graduate Division Of the University of California, Berkeley Committee in charge: Professor Alexander von Rospatt, Chair Professor Robert H. Sharf Professor Mark Csikszentmihalyi Professor Robert P. Goldman Professor Isabelle Ratié Spring 2019 Abstract Playfighting: Encountering Aviddhakarṇa and Bhāvivikta in Śāntarakṣita's Tattvasaṃgraha and Kamalaśīla's Pañjikā by James Michael Marks Doctor of Philosophy in Buddhist Studies University of California, Berkeley Professor Alexander von Rospatt, Chair The present study collects, translates, and analyzes the surviving fragments of two lost Naiyāyika authors, Aviddhakarṇa and Bhāvivikta, principally as they have been preserved in the works of the eighth-century Buddhist philosophers Śāntarakṣita and Kamalaśīla. (The present study argues, without coming to a definite conclusion as yet, that there is strong evidence Aviddhakarṇa and Bhāvivikta are not two distinct authors but different names for the same man.) The fragments themselves often contain fascinating and idiosyncratic arguments but are also often difficult to interpret. Unpacking them requires close consultation of major Nyāya-Vaiśeṣika works, primarily the Nyāyasūtra, Vātsyāyana’s Nyāyabhāṣya, which is the direct source material for most of the fragments, Uddyotakara’s Nyāyavārttika, which often parallels the arguments in the fragments, and Praśastapāda’s Padārthadharmasaṃgraha, which clarifies much of the technical terminology tersely packed into the most difficult of the fragments. The majority of the fragments are preserved in Kamalaśīla’s Pañjikā, his commentary on his teacher Śāntarakṣita’s Tattvasaṃgraha. Śāntarakṣita invokes, and Kamalaśīla cites, Aviddhakarṇa and Bhāvivikta in chapters concerning cosmology (2), the self (7), momentariness (8), the Vaiśeṣika categories of substance (10), quality (11), and universals (13), and the epistemological issues of perception (17), inference (18), and the existence of other means of knowledge (19). The fragments, accordingly, cover an extremely broad range of issues and, so, serve as an occasion to consider a number of questions about the intellectual commitments of the early Nyāya-Vaiśeṣika community and various disputes between Buddhists and Naiyāyikas. Several of the fragments also derive from Aviddhakarṇa’s Cārvāka commentary, allowing for a discussion of the relation between Brahmanical philosophical traditions and the materialist Cārvāka philosophy. Finally, because the fragments are preserved in the Pañjikā, they make possible a thorough analysis of the structure and style of the Tattvasaṃgraha as a whole, as well as the way the Buddhists represent the many rival thinkers they cite. The present study mirrors the structure of the Tattvasaṃgraha, using the fragments as anchor points in a reading of the text’s overall engagement with Nyāya-Vaiśeṣika, in order to argue that Śāntarakṣita organizes his work in a dialogical manner. 1 CONTENTS Contents .................................................................................................................................................... i Abbreviations ............................................................................................................................................ iv INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................. 1 § Subject and Purpose ................................................................................................................................ 1 Religious Reading, Attentive Reading ....................................................................................................................... 5 The Fruits of Our Labor ......................................................................................................................................... 8 § Debates about Debate ........................................................................................................................... 12 Setting the Terms .................................................................................................................................................. 13 Playfighting .......................................................................................................................................................... 18 § Aviddhakarṇa and Bhāvivikta ................................................................................................................ 22 Methodology .......................................................................................................................................................... 30 Why Uncertainty .................................................................................................................................................. 35 MAṄGALA ..................................................................................................................................... 37 Genre conventions, technical terms, and notes on the translations ............................................................................. 37 Translation: Maṅgala (verses 1–6) ................................................................................................................... 40 §0. The overall structure of the Tattvasaṃgraha ........................................................................................41 IŚVARA .......................................................................................................................................... 48 Translation: Examination of Īśvara (vv. 46–93) ................................................................................................ 51 §1. Av6 and Av7: God and other potters ....................................................................................................56 Interlude: Inherence in Vaiśeṣika ............................................................................................................................ 58 Creation in Vaiśeṣika ............................................................................................................................................. 62 Creation in Nyāya ................................................................................................................................................. 64 ĀTMAN ......................................................................................................................................... 68 Translation: Examination of Self as Imagined by Nyāya-Vaiśeṣika (171–221) ....................................................... 72 §2. Av8: Me, my self, and my cognitions ...................................................................................................76 Categorizing the Categories .................................................................................................................................... 77 Knowledge and Ignorance ....................................................................................................................................... 79 Mineness ............................................................................................................................................................... 81 Time and Memory ................................................................................................................................................. 83 §3. Av9 and Av10: Mine means mine ........................................................................................................87 The Number of Sense Faculties ............................................................................................................................... 88 Body and Mind ..................................................................................................................................................... 91 §4. Bh4 and Bh5: Bhāvivikta on the self ...................................................................................................93 STHIRABHĀVA ............................................................................................................................. 103 Translation: Examination of Permanence, excerpts (350–384; 461–475) ........................................................... 106 §5. Av11: Destruction ..............................................................................................................................110 Interruptions ....................................................................................................................................................... 111 Interlude: Kamalaśīla as Editor ............................................................................................................................ 114 §6. Bh6 and Bh7: Moon-gazing ..............................................................................................................118 DRAVYA ...................................................................................................................................... 126 Translation: Examination of Substance, excerpt (546–603) .............................................................................. 128 i §7. Av12: Permanence .............................................................................................................................133
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