Index

Achistrum triassicum distribution 218-19 distribution/dispersal, disjunct 248-51 Acteonella trans-Pacific distribution 250 volcanothermal activity 247-8 Aegean, southern, late Cretaceous biogeography 275-80 metamorphism, HT-LP 41-3, 46-8 anecdotal analysis 278 stratigraphy and premier fiysch 43-6, 47 cladistic biogeography 280 African Plate, stress condition, 30 and endemicity 278 algae, Tethys-wide distribution 214-15 historical 276 Alpide orogenic system 119 fossils in 276-8 formation 120 provinces, biotic 268-9 sutures 144-8 range analysis 279 Alpine orogenic system see also parsimony analysis of endemicity; evolution 23 phytogeography suture zone, Africa/Alps collision 146 'Bohemian' fauna 193 ammonites boine snakes, see Madtsoia and Tibet, origin of 235-9 Borneo, south-west, terrane 106, 109 of western Tethys 225-34 botany, see angiosperms; palaeobotany, late Bajocian-Bathonian isolation/endemism 227 Palaeozoic Balkano-Moesian isolation 230 brachiopods Callovian/Oxfordian 227-9, 231 distribution and geographical cline 190 Caucaso-Dobrodgean furrow 230, 232 Jurassic 260 north-west margin 229-30 Ordovician, early, shallow-shelf 186 Pliensbachian endemism 226-7 Silurian/late Llandovery 194-5 qualitative/interpretative approaches 225 in Triassic Pangaea 255-6 amphibians of Turkey 241-5 interchanges, South America/African 265 Jurassic 260 Triassic 255-7 Calclamnoidea canalifera distribution 217-18 Angara Callovian ammonites boundaries, and palaeobotany 207-9 Tethys, western 227-9, 231 flora 201 Tibet 236-7, 238 angiosperm ranges 307-11 Calymenidae, early Ordovician, 186 evolution 307 Capitosauridae in Triassic Pangaea 256 fossil record 307 Caribbean Plate stress condition 30 Australian 309 Carpathians 147 fossils, need for 310 Cathaysia and the Malay Archipelago 308-9 boundaries and palaeobotany 206-9 origin/diversification 308 flora 201 and palaeoclimates 307-8 Caucaso-Dobrodgean furrow ammonites 230, 232 and palaeogeography 309-10 Caucasus suturing 139-40 taxonomic study, need for 310 Central Iranian Microcontinent 164 Antarctic/Africa, Euler poles 67 rotation 132 Apennines 146 China Asaphopsis shelf fauna 188-9 Cimmeride tectonics 133-9 Asia, see terranes, continental, south-east Asia palaeobotany and plate reconstruction 207 asthenosphere/lithosphere thermal boundary 6 Triassic dicynodonts in 258-9 aulacogens and fauna distribution 192-3 Cimmerian continent, rifting/drifting 112-13 Australia Cimmeride orogenic system 119 angiosperm fossil record 309 in China 133-9 trilobite faunas 189 collisions in Tethys evolution 161 see also Tethys, southern margin evolution formation 120 sutures 123-44 vs. Alpide 147-8 Balkano-Moesian ammonite isolation 230 mesozoic 128-44 Banda Arc, see Tethys, southern margin evolution palaeozoic 123-7 Basin and Range cladistic biogeography 280 extension prediction 34 cline, geographical, and faunal distribution 189-90 stress conditions 31 cluster analysis, multivariate, for fossil benthos, shallow, trans-Pacific 247-53 distribution 279-80 314 Index conifer studies, need for 310 in Triassic Pangaea 257 coprolites, anomuran, distribution 221-2 Fissobractites subsymmetrica distribution 218 crinoids, Tethys-wide distribution 215-17 floras, see angiosperms; palaeobotany, late crocodiles Palaeozoic in Cretaceous Gondwana 261 see also fauna categories dispersal 265-6 folding, see under Zagros South American/African 264-5 foraminifera, Tethyside 150-5 Cyclotosaurus in Triassic south-eastern Asia 259 Jurassic, early 152 Cynodonts in Triassic Gondwana 257 Jurassic/Neocomian 152-5 Cypeina besici Tethys-wide distribution 214-15 Permian, late 150-2 Cytherella acuta distribution 220 frogs, pelobactid, Cretaceous/Palaeocene dispersal 266

Dalmanella multiplicata, Caradoc 193 Dalmanitid-calymenacean shelf fauna, early Gigantopteris flora 201 Ordovician 186-8 on East Asian continent 115 Dead Sea Transform 33 Glossopteris flora 201 dendrograms of floristic provinces 205-6 distribution and plate reconstruction 206-7 Dice Similarity Index in dendrogram leaf identification 203-5 construction 205 graben formation and rifting 19 dicynodonts, Triassic graptolite faunas 185 in China 258-9 deep-water 190-1 in Pangaea 256 Silurian 196 dinosaurs gravity glide and plate tectonics 5-21 Cretaceous 261-2 calculation 11 interchanges, trans-Tethyan 262 continent splitting 11-14 Jurassic 260 dynamics of plate motion 17-19 in Triassic Pangaea 256 forces 5-7 dyke injection and continental extension 36 implications/applications 19-20 mechanism 8-11 stresses, lateral 7-8 echinoids, see parsimony analysis of endemicity distribution, glide-induced 14-15 endemicity in fossil distribution analysis 278 subduction zone initiation 15-16 see also parsimony analysis of endemicity Euler poles and rotation angles 65, 67 Euramerican flora 201 Himalayan neo-Tethys 145-6 Hirnantia and climatic cooling 193-4 facies and faunas, lower Palaeozoic 183-200 migration 186 biofacies 184-6 holothurians distribution 217-19 map 183-4 Holocrinus quinqueradiatus distribution 215-17 Ordovician, early 186-93 Hungarellinae 221 Asaphopsis 188-9 Hungioides pan-Gondwanan distribution 190 and aulacogens 192-3 hydrocarbon deposits and rifting 33-4 distribution 189-90 ocean/deeper shelf 190-3 shallow shelf Iceland and gravity glide 8-9 Ordovician, middle/end 193-7 India Caradoc interchanges 193 Eurasia collision 145 and climatic cooling 193-4 frog dispersal, Cretaceous/Palaeocene 266 orthid 'Bohemian' fauna 193 rotation/Euler angle 67 Silurian 194-7 Indian Ocean evolution 61-77 brachiopods 194-5 continental units 61-3 graptolites 196 palaeomagnetism 64-73 limestone 197 continental 70-3 Malvinokaffric 195 marine anomalies and fracture zones 64-70 and ocean widening 197 spreading anomalies 66-9 rhynchonellidae 195 indobrachyopidae in Triassic Pangaea 256 fauna categories 185 Indo-China terrane 106, 108 see also facies and faunas, lower Palaeozoic; intrusions, alkaline, and continental extension 36 palaeobotany, late Palaeozoic; Triassic Iran Tethys microfaunas Central Iranian Microcontinent 164 fish, freshwater rotation 132 in Cretaceous Gondwana 261 Cimmeride sutures 131-2 Index 315

Iran----cont. olivine strength 7-8 evolution 171 ophiolite obduction pan-African terranes 156-7 in Alpide suturing 145 in Tethyside collage evolution 157-65 and graben tectonic inversion 19 see also Zagros in Tethyside evolution 164 Ordovician faunas early 186-93 Judahella tuberculifera distribution 221 Asaphoosis 188-9 and aulacogens 192-3 distribution 189-90 Kuznetsk flora 201 shallow shelf 186-8 middle/end 193-7 and climatic cooling 193-4 interchanges, Caradoc 193 latitude change and plate stress 25 orthid 'Bohemian' 193 Laurasia orthid 'Bohemian' fauna 193 collisions in Tethyside evolution 161 ostracods distribution 219-21 dinosaurs, Cretaceous 261-2 Ovulites trans-Pacific distribution 250 faunal provinces, Triassic 257 margin, southern 140 Lhasa block 149 limestones Pacific and Cypeina besici distribution 214-15 benthos dispersal 248-51 Silurian, late 197 volcanothermal activity 247-8 lithospheric stress 7-8, 30-2 palaeobotany, late Palaeozoic 201-10 lizards, Eocene, Madagascar/South America 266-7 and plate reconstruction 206-9 lungfish, freshwater provinces, floristic 201-2, 205-6 of Cretaceous Gondwana 261 taxonomic problems 202-5 Triassic 257,259 palaeomagnetism, Indian Ocean 64-73 Lydekkerinidae in Triassic Pangaea 255-6 continental 70-3 Lyria trans-Pacific distribution 250 reliability of data 71-3 Lystrosaurus in Triassic China 258-9 marine anomalies and fracture zones 64-70 Cretaceous 68-9 Jurassic 69-70 Madagascar, fauna origin 266-7 mid-Eocene 66-8 Madtsoia 267 Pan-African orogenic system as Tethyside distribution 261 marker 155-7 interchange, Cretaceous-Eocene, South Parafavreina thoronetensis distribution 222 parsimony analysis of endemicity 281-99 American~African 265 in Senonian Madagascar 266 and biotic history 282-5 Malay Archipelago angiosperms 308-9 data for, echinoid/reef-coral 290, 302-3 Malaya, East, terrane 103, 105-6, 107 and Earth history 285-6 Malvinokaffric faunas Silurian precursors 195 and horizon, stratigraphic 287 mammal interchanges and locality 286-7 Eurasian/Africa 262-4 problems 287-90 European/South America 264 results 290-5 see also vertebrates, terrestrial Permian Tethys 211-12 mantle convection Persian Gulf and Zagros folding 51-2 vs. gravity glide 5 petroleum exploration and continental rifting 33-4 and stress generation 25 phenetics for fossil distribution analysis 279-80 marsupials, Eocene 261 Phyllotheca leaf taxonomic problems 202-3 African 265 phytochoria, Carboniferous/Permian 201-2 Madagascar, Senonian 266 phytosaurs, Triassic 257-8, 259 Mediterranean region in Tethyside evolution 161 plateaux, mantle-compensated, stress conditions 31 metamorphism, HT-LP, Aegean 41-3, 46-8 premier flysch, southern Aegean 43-6 metoposaurs in Triassic Gondwana 257-8 prosauropods in Triassic Pangaea 256 microcontinents Pyrenees 147 and Jurassic rifting 97 in Tethys southern margin evolution 79, 81 see also Central Iranian Microcontinent Qantang block of Tethyside collage 149-50

Neseuretus 186, 187-8 range analysis for fossil distribution 279 New Zealand 61 Raub Red Beds in East Malaysia Terrane 105-6 316 Index reef-corals, see parsimony analysis of endemicity North Australia margin 95-6 reptiles New Guinea, Jurassic 97 interchanges 264, 265 Permian/Cretaceous palaeogeography 97-8 Triassic 256-7 see also Permian Tethys; Triassic Tethys rhynchonellidae, Silurian 195 see also under ammonites Rhytidosteidae in Triassic Pangaea 256 Tethyside orogenic collage 119-81 rift valleys 32 blocks 148-57, 167-8 basement geology 155-7, 170 Carboniferous/Permian 148-52 salt sequences 36 Jurassic/Neocomian 152-5 sea-urchins, see parsimony analysis of endemicity palaeomagnetic data 155 Seismic profiles for extension values 34 Cimmeride/Alpide systems 119-20, 121 Selenopeltis 188 collisions Sibumasu block of Tethyside collage 150 and sea level 170 stratigraphy/palaentology and subduction zones 167 Silurian faunas 194-7 evolution 157-65, 170 brachiopods 194-5 Cimmeride collisions 161 graptolites 196 Cretaceous, late 164 limestone 197 Laurasia collisions 161 Malvinokaffric 195 Mediterranean region 161 and ocean widening 197 magmatism and collisions 165-6, 166-7 rhynchonellidae 195, 197 map, terrane 170 similarity coefficients in fossil distribution suture distribution 122 analysis 279-80 suture zones, 122, 165 snakes, see Madstoia Alpide 143-8, 165 splitting of continents 11-14, 32-3 Cimmeride 123-47, 148, 165 stress and deformation and tectonic cycles 23-40 strike/slip motion 168-70 extension Tethyan domain 120 buffering 34-5 Thyrastylon trans-Pacific distribution 249 calculation of 34 Tibet localization 32-4 Cimmeride suturing 142 geology evolution, intra-plate 35-6 Lhasa block 143 present-day regime 30-2 origin and ammonite biogeography 235-9 strains 23-4 plateau, stress conditions in 31 stress Timor metamorphism, HT-LP 47-8 limits/distribution 26-30 Torreites trans-Pacific dispersal 248 origins/magnitudes 24-6 Trematosauridae in Triassic Pangaea 256 subduction Triassic Tethys 213-23 forces 6 algae 214-15 initiation 15-16 coprolites, anomuran 221-2 and stress generation 26 crinoids 215-17 Tethyan ocean floor 146 ostracods 219-21 Sulawesi in Tethys evolution 92-3 similarity, Tethys-wide 213-14 stratigraphic correlation 94-5 trilobites distribution and geographical cline 189-90 Tasman Sea evolution 61 migration 185-6 terranes, continental, south-east Asia 101-18 oceanic/deeper shelf 191-2 assembly 112-13 shallow shelf 186-7 drifting 113-15 Turkey rifting 113 brachiopods, mesozoic, 241-5 origin 111-12 Cimmeride tectonics 139 stratigraphy/palaeontology 103-11 suturing East Malaya 103, 105-6, 107 Alpide 144-5 Indo-China 106, 108 palaeo-Tethyan 140-1 palaeomagnetic data 109-11 turtles in Cretaceous Gondwana 261 Sibumasu 103, 104, 105 South-west Borneo 106, 109 Tethys Valdosaurus polyphyletism 262 southern margin evolution 79-100 Vernedia trans-Pacific distribution 250 correlation sections 82-6, 93, 94-5 vertebrates, terrestrial 255-73 maps 87-91 Cretaceous-Eocene 260-7 microcontinents 81 exchanges, trans-Tethyan 262-6 North Australia/New Guinea margin 91-4 Gondwana 261-2 rifting India 266 Index 317 vertebrates---cont. Wilson Cycles 35 Madagascar 266-7 Jurassic 259-60 post-Eocene 267 Zagros Triassic and faunal provinces 255-9 folding, serial, Holocene 51-9 Asia, south-eastern 259 deformation rates 52-3 China 258-9 forces 53-8 Gondwana 257 and the Persian Gulf 51-2 Pangaea 255-7 rifting 132