DOCSLIB.ORG

S U S T a I N a B

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
S U S T a I N a B Glossary of terms used in the 2006 Kyushu Electric Power Environment Action Report Glossary booklet and basic terms concerning the environment and related issues sustainable Azaleas on Mt. Hiiji, one of the Kuju Mountains Kyushu Electric Power 2006 Environment Action Report KYUSHU ELECTRIC POWER CO., INC. Glossary Asphalt filler conventional methods, as the heat source by utilizing a ) A fine gravel used to adjust asphalt blends. Powder ground medium with a low boiling point. from broken concrete can also be used. Acid rain Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) Defined as rain having a pH of 5.6 or lower. Pollutants from Award system for employees who devote The amount of oxygen consumed by microorganisms factories such as sulfur oxides or nitrogen oxides form a themselves to the local community (Award during decomposition of pollutants (organic matter) in river mist of sulfuric acid or nitric acid in the atmosphere. When System for Local Community Contributors) water or industrial wastewater. It is a commonly applied the mist comes in contact with rainwater, the rain will be Established by Kyushu Electric Power in 1984. Employees parameter for river pollution under environmental standards strongly acidic. Acid rain damages the ecosystems of who have contributed to enhancing the corporate image or and the most stringent limit is set as 1mg /liter or less. lakes, marshes and forests as well as architectural company reputation through long-range activities in local structures. communities are awarded. The objective is to encourage Biological diversity employees to be actively involved in social activities. Diversity in the living organisms on earth and the living Agenda 21 environment. Intraspecific, interspecific and ecosystem A specific action plan to achieve sustainable development, diversities are included. adopted at the United Nations Conference on Environment * and Development held in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil in 1992. Biomass Basel Convention Organic materials of biological origin used as energy Air pollution / air pollutant An international agreement adopted by the United Nations sources which include debris from thinned woods, sawdust Atmospheric pollution caused by the combustion of fossil Environment Programme (UNEP) in 1989, officially called from lumbering, pruned plants, construction waste, manure fuel in economic and social activities. Major pollutants are the Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary from the livestock industry, organic matter collected in sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, Movement of Hazardous Wastes and Their Disposal. It sewage treatment facilities and kitchen garbage. suspended particulate matter and photochemical oxidants. imposes strict controls on trans-border transport and disposal of hazardous wastes by stipulating the obligation Bisphenol A epoxy resin Air Pollution Control Law to get export permission and give advance notice as well as An epoxide polymer used for adhesives, paints and One of its purposes is to protect public health and preserve to re-import in the case of improper exports or disposals. electrical insulant. It has a strong adhesive ability on the living environment with respect to air pollution: by bonded surfaces and excellent resistance to chemicals and controlling emissions of soot, smoke and particulate from Basic Environment Law electrical insulating properties. the business activities of factories and business Established by the government in 1993 to define a basic establishments; by controlling emissions of particulate in policy for environmental issues. The law provides Blue tide the demolishing of buildings; by promoting various fundamental principles for environmental conservation and Abnormal discoloration in seawater caused by the rise of measures concerning hazardous air pollutants; and, by also defines the responsibilities of the state, local hypoxic water mass due to the decomposition of plankton setting maximum permissible limits for automobile exhaust governments, businesses and citizens, respectively, as sedimentation in eutrophic coastal waters, a process which gas, etc. The law is also focused on helping victims of air well as basic matters to be pursued by local governments, consumes a significant amount of oxygen. Dissolved pollution-related health damage by defining corporate businesses and citizens. oxygen depletion produces hydrogen sulfide that affects liability for compensation of such damage. the aquatic ecosystem. Basic Environment Plan Allowances for publicly recognized licenses Basic plan established by the government to promote the Boron and boron compounds and qualifications comprehensive and systematic implementation of An element occurring naturally only in combi-nation, such Rewarding system implemented by Kyushu Electric Power. environmental conservation-related policies in accordance as borax, and found in river water, groundwater, seawater Allowances or rewards are paid to personnel who have with the Basic Environment Law. and soil, particularly in volcanic zones. Boron and its acquired a license or qualification related to their jobs or for compounds are used as glass material, solvents for self-development. It is aimed at motivating employees to Basic Law for Environmental Pollution Control plating, preservatives, pesticides and a neutron absorber educate themselves to deal effectively with diversified A law established in 1967 for pollution control/prevention. It for nuclear power plants. operations and tasks. defines environmental pollution and the responsibility of businesses, national and local governments and citizens Alternative Freons with a view to preventing pollution, in particular, types of + Manufactured by adding hydrogen partially or entirely, instead pollution that have a direct impact on the environment. In of the chlorine usually contained in specific Freons. HCFC years to follow, social and economic activities based on Cadmium (hydrochlorofluorocarbon) and HFC (hydrofluorocarbons) are mass-production, consumption and waste aggravated A heavy metal found in great amounts in zinc ore and used alternative Freons that contribute less to ozone layer pollution in urban areas, and issues such as global warming in plating and rechargeable batteries, etc. Over long depletion than specific Freons (ozone depletion potential of and ozone layer depletion emerged. To address these periods of time, large amounts of cadmium in the body act HCFC is 1/20 - 1/50 of that of CFC while that of HFC is zero). issues, the Basic Environment Law was enacted in 1993 to as a chronic toxin, leading to kidney failure, emphysema However, they still pose a threat in terms of global warming. replace the Basic Law for Environmental Pollution Control. and albuminuria. Ambient radiation Basic Law for Establishing a Recycling-based Calculation, reports and publishing section Radiation existing in the atmosphere such as gamma rays Society Based on laws relating to the promotion of revised and cosmic rays emitted from space and the earth. A law providing a basic framework for a recycling-oriented strategies for global warming (the Law Concerning the society in which few resources are consumed and in which Promotion of the Measures to Cope with Global Warming), Artificial zeolite the environmental load is reduced. In order to reduce the as of 1 April 2006, parties emitting large volumes of Zeolite was discovered as an ore in Iceland in 1756 by volume of waste finally disposed, the following priorities greenhouse gases (specified emitters) are now required to Swedish mineralogist Cronstedt. Given the appearance of have been determined: (1) controlling (reducing) waste estimate and report to the national government their own foaming water and steam when crystals of water within the generation, (2) reusing used goods as is, (3) recycling volumes of greenhouse gas emissions, such that the ore are heated, its name is derived from the Greek words used goods as raw materials, (4) heat recovery (thermal government can compile and report that information. for boiling (zeo) rock (lythos). There are three types of recycling), and (5) proper disposal. zeolite: naturally occurring, alloyed and artificial. Artificial Capacity factor zeolite is made through an alkaline process on coal ash Binary-cycle generation The ratio of average power generated, for a period of time that includes silicon and aluminum. It is a very stable A method of power generation in which turbines are considered, to the total installed supply capacity of power substance. rotated with the steam produced by heating and plants or substations for the same period. It indicates the evaporating liquids with a low boiling point. It is called effectiveness of facility utilization. The efficient use of Asbestos binary-cycle generation since electricity is produced with facilities and improvement of the capacity factor must be An extremely fine, fibrous mineral with excellent heat and two heat cycles; the heat source system and the medium pursued through load leveling and rationalization of chemical resistance and insulation properties. When system. It is used in geothermal power generation and periodic inspections to ensure efficient power supply. absorbed in large amounts, asbestos can increase the risk binary-cycle geothermal generation uses low-temperature of diseases such as lung cancer. steam and hot water, which were not usable in 01 Glossary Carbon dioxide (CO2) misconduct and enhance reliability among interested parties. A colorless, odorless gas and one of the greenhouse
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Ammonia As a Refrigerant
    1791 Tullie Circle, NE. Atlanta, Georgia 30329-2305, USA www.ashrae.org ASHRAE Position Document on Ammonia as a Refrigerant Approved by ASHRAE Board of Directors February 1, 2017 Expires February 1, 2020 ASHRAE S H A P I N G T O M O R R O W ’ S B U I L T E N V I R O N M E N T T O D A Y © 2017 ASHRAE (www.ashrae.org). For personal use only. Additional reproduction, distribution, or transmission in either print or digital form is not permitted without ASHRAE’s prior written permission. COMMITTEE ROSTER The ASHRAE Position Document on “Ammonia as a Refrigerant” was developed by the Society’s Refrigeration Committee. Position Document Committee formed on January 8, 2016 with Dave Rule as its chair. Dave Rule, Chair Georgi Kazachki IIAR Dayton Phoenix Group Alexandria, VA, USA Dayton, OH, USA Ray Cole Richard Royal Axiom Engineers, Inc. Walmart Monterey, CA, USA Bentonville, Arkansas, USA Dan Dettmers Greg Scrivener IRC, University of Wisconsin Cold Dynamics Madison, WI, USA Meadow Lake, SK, Canada Derek Hamilton Azane Inc. San Francisco, CA, USA Other contributors: M. Kent Anderson Caleb Nelson Consultant Azane, Inc. Bethesda, MD, USA Missoula, MT, USA Cognizant Committees The chairperson of Refrigerant Committee also served as ex-officio members: Karim Amrane REF Committee AHRI Bethesda, MD, USA i © 2017 ASHRAE (www.ashrae.org). For personal use only. Additional reproduction, distribution, or transmission in either print or digital form is not permitted without ASHRAE’s prior written permission. HISTORY of REVISION / REAFFIRMATION / WITHDRAWAL
    [Show full text]
  • LIFE Country Overview Italy 2021
    Italy Overview This document provides an overview of LIFE in Italy. It showcases key data and some of the latest LIFE projects. You will also find contact details and other useful resources and a full list of current and recently-finished LIFE projects. Every year calls for project proposals are launched covering the LIFE programme’s priority areas. ABOUT LIFE The LIFE programme is the EU's funding instrument for the environment and climate action. It has been running since 1992 and has co-financed more than 5 400 projects across the EU and in third countries, mobilising over €12 billion and contributing more than €5.64 billion to the protection of the environment and climate. Types of LIFE project: Other types of LIFE funding: Traditional (Environment and Resource Efficiency; Nature NGO operating grants and Biodiversity; Environmental Governance and Natural Capital Financing Facility (NCFF) Information; Climate Change Mitigation; Climate Change Private Finance for Energy Efficiency (PF4EE) Adaptation; Climate Governance and Information). Integrated (Environment, Nature or Climate Action) NCFF and PF4EE are joint initiatives with the European Preparatory Investment Bank, which manages the two funds. Capacity-building For more information visit: https://cinea.ec.europa.eu/life_en Last update: 28/05/21 European Commission/CINEA (https://cinea.ec.europa.eu/life_en) – Page 1 – LIFE Environment and Resource Efficiency This LIFE priority area is aimed at developing, testing and demonstrating best practices, solutions and integrated approaches to environmental challenges, as well as improving the related knowledge base. To date, the LIFE Environment and Resource Efficiency strand (formerly the LIFE Environment Policy and Governance component) has co-financed 530 projects in Italy, representing a total investment of €964 million, of which €415 million has been provided by the EU.
    [Show full text]
  • 60 Examples of Natural Refrigerant Stories in Article 5 Countries and Eits July 2012 Ŝŷƚƌžěƶđɵžŷ !"#$%&"#'"$(
    60 EXAMPLES OF NATURAL REFRIGERANT STORIES IN ARTICLE 5 COUNTRIES AND EITS JULY 2012 ŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶ !"#$%&"#'"$( dŚĞƵƐĞŽĨŽnjŽŶĞͲĚĞƉůĞƟŶŐĂŶĚŚŝŐŚͲŐůŽďĂůǁĂƌŵŝŶŐƐƵďƐƚĂŶĐĞƐŚĂƐďĞĐŽŵĞĂƌŝƐ) ŝŶŐĐŽŶĐĞƌŶƚŽƚŚĞŝŶƚĞƌŶĂƟŽŶĂůĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƚLJ͕ŐŝǀĞŶƚŚĞŝƌĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚĂůŝŵƉĂĐƚĨƌŽŵ ĞdžƚĞŶĚĞĚƵƐĞ͕ĐŽŵďŝŶĞĚǁŝƚŚƟŐŚƚĞŶŝŶŐƐƵƉƉůLJĂŶĚƌŝƐŝŶŐƌĂǁŵĂƚĞƌŝĂůƐĐŽƐƚ͘&Ɛ͕ ,&ƐĂŶĚ,&ƐƵƐĞĚĂƐƌĞĨƌŝŐĞƌĂŶƚƐĂƌĞĞŝƚŚĞƌĂůƌĞĂĚLJĐŽǀĞƌĞĚďLJŐůŽďĂůĂŐƌĞĞ) ŵĞŶƚƐŽƌĐƵƌƌĞŶƚůLJĚŝƐĐƵƐƐĞĚƵŶĚĞƌƉŚĂƐĞͲŽƵƚƐĐŚĞĚƵůĞƐ͘tŚĞƌĞŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůƌƟĐůĞ ϱĐŽƵŶƚƌŝĞƐŚĂǀĞƚĂŬĞŶƚŚĞůĞĂĚƚŽďĂŶƚŚĞƵƐĞŽĨĂůůŇƵŽƌŝŶĂƚĞĚŐĂƐĞƐŝŶƚŚĞĐŽŵŝŶŐ LJĞĂƌƐ͕ĂŵĂũŽƌŝƚLJŝƐƐƟůůŚĞƐŝƚĂƟŶŐĂƐƚŽǁŚĞƚŚĞƌŶŽŶͲŇƵŽƌŝŶĂƚĞĚƌĞĨƌŝŐĞƌĂŶƚƐĐŽŶƐƟ) ƚƵƚĞĂǀŝĂďůĞĂůƚĞƌŶĂƟǀĞŝŶĂůůĞŶĚͲƵƐĞƐĂŶĚĐŝƌĐƵŵƐƚĂŶĐĞƐ͘ dŚĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĐŽůůĞĐƟŽŶŽĨĂƌƟĐůĞƐŝƐŝŶƚĞŶĚĞĚĨŽƌƉŽůŝĐLJŵĂŬĞƌƐŝŶƐĞĂƌĐŚŽĨƐŽůŝĚ ƉƌŽŽĨĨŽƌƚŚĞǀŝĂďŝůŝƚLJŽĨƚŚĞŶĂƚƵƌĂůƐƵďƐƚĂŶĐĞƐĂŵŵŽŶŝĂ͕ĐĂƌďŽŶĚŝŽdžŝĚĞĂŶĚŚLJĚƌŽ) ĐĂƌďŽŶƐƵƐĞĚĂƐƌĞĨƌŝŐĞƌĂŶƚƐŝŶƚŚĞŚĞĂƟŶŐ͕ƌĞĨƌŝŐĞƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚĐŽŽůŝŶŐŝŶĚƵƐƚƌLJǁŽƌůĚ) ǁŝĚĞ͘dŚĞĐŽŵƉŝůĂƟŽŶǁĂƐƉƌĞƉĂƌĞĚĂŌĞƌĚĞĐŝƐŝŽŶŵĂŬĞƌƐƌĞƉĞĂƚĞĚůLJĞdžƉƌĞƐƐĞĚ ŝŶƚĞƌĞƐƚŝŶŚĂǀŝŶŐŽŶĞƌĞĨĞƌĞŶĐĞĚŽĐƵŵĞŶƚƚŽƐƵŵŵĂƌŝƐĞďĞƐƚͲƉƌĂĐƟĐĞĞdžĂŵƉůĞƐĂŶĚ ĂĚĚƌĞƐƐƚŚĞǀĂƌŝŽƵƐŝƐƐƵĞƐĐƵƌƌĞŶƚůLJƚŚŽƵŐŚƚƚŽƉƌĞǀĞŶƚƚŚĞƵƐĞŽĨŶĂƚƵƌĂůǁŽƌŬŝŶŐ ŇƵŝĚƐŝŶƌƟĐůĞϱĐŽƵŶƚƌŝĞƐ͗ĂǀĂŝůĂďŝůŝƚLJ͕ĐŽƐƚ͕ƚĞĐŚŶŽůŽŐLJ͕ƐĂĨĞƚLJ͕ůĞŐŝƐůĂƟŽŶ͕ƚƌĂŝŶŝŶŐ ΘŬŶŽǁͲŚŽǁĂŶĚŵĂƌŬĞƚͲďĂƐĞĚďĂƌƌŝĞƌƐ͘dŚĞĐŽůůĞĐƟŽŶĂŝŵƐƚŽŚŝŐŚůŝŐŚƚŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝ) ƟĞƐďƵƚůŝŬĞǁŝƐĞŽƵƚůŝŶĞĐŚĂůůĞŶŐĞƐĞŶĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĞĚŝŶĂĚŽƉƟŶŐK*(%+,-ĂŶĚ,ƐĂƐ ƌĞĨƌŝŐĞƌĂŶƚƐ͘ dŚĞĂƌƟĐůĞƐůŝƐƚĞĚŝŶƚŚŝƐĐŽůůĞĐƟŽŶĂƌĞƚĂŬĞŶĨƌŽŵƚŚĞŽŶůŝŶĞŝŶĚƵƐƚƌLJƉůĂƞŽƌŵƐ ǁǁǁ͘ĂŵŵŽŶŝĂϮϭ͘ĐŽŵ͕ǁǁǁ͘ŚLJĚƌŽĐĂƌďŽŶƐϮϭ͘ĐŽŵĂŶĚǁǁǁ͘Zϳϰϰ͘ĐŽŵͲĞĂĐŚ ƐƉĞĐŝĂůŝƐĞĚŽŶŽŶĞƌĞĨƌŝŐĞƌĂŶƚ;ŐƌŽƵƉͿǁŝƚŚůŽǁĞƐƚŐůŽďĂůǁĂƌŵŝŶŐƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůĂŶĚŶŽ ŽnjŽŶĞĚĞƉůĞƟŽŶƉŽƚĞŶƟĂů͘ dŚĞLJǁĞƌĞƉƵďůŝƐŚĞĚŽǀĞƌƚŚĞůĂƐƚϭϮŵŽŶƚŚƐĂŶĚǁĞƌĞƐĞůĞĐƚĞĚĨŽƌƚŚĞŝƌƌĞůĞǀĂŶĐĞ
    [Show full text]
  • Carrier Transicold to Highlight Sustainability Solutions at IAA Show 2016 Stand E15, Hall 27, IAA Show, Hanover, Germany, 22 – 29 September 2016
    For Immediate Release Contact: Andy Hemphill / Beth Laws For Carrier Transicold 020 8647 4467 [email protected] [email protected] Carrier Transicold to Highlight Sustainability Solutions at IAA Show 2016 Stand E15, Hall 27, IAA Show, Hanover, Germany, 22 – 29 September 2016 WARRINGTON, England, Aug. 25, 2016 — Carrier Transicold will introduce visitors to a prototype natural refrigerant trailer unit as well as a new generation of engineless transport refrigeration systems at the 2016 IAA Show in Hanover, Germany. Both technologies highlight Carrier’s commitment to helping fleets meet efficiency and sustainability goals. Carrier Transicold, which operates in the UK as Carrier Transicold UK, is a part of UTC Climate, Controls & Security, a unit of United Technologies Corp. (NYSE: UTX). The prototype natural refrigerant trailer unit will be making its IAA debut, mounted to a Rohr trailer and displayed on the Rohr stand (F09) in Hall 27. Following the IAA Show, it will enter service on a three-year technology field trial with German retailer Netto Marken-Discount. The prototype unit stands apart from conventional transport refrigeration technology for operating exclusively with carbon dioxide (CO2) refrigerant in a closed- loop system. CO2 is a safe and non-ozone depleting gas with a global warming potential (GWP) of one, delivering a massive reduction in F-Gases and making it the baseline against which other refrigerants are measured. Carrier Transicold will also showcase the new engineless transport refrigeration units that have joined its range following the strategic acquisition of Dutch firm, TRS Transportkoeling b.v. (TRS). The Carrier stand will feature an example of the ground- breaking ECO-DRIVE power module, which utilises the power generated by a truck’s own Euro VI diesel engine to drive a host refrigeration unit, removing the need for a secondary engine.
    [Show full text]
  • 1. Is Earth's Ozone Layer Still at Risk?
    Volume XVIII | 30 April 2018 In this issue: 1. Is Earth’s ozone layer still at risk? 5 questions answered 2. Hydrochlorofluorocarbon market set explosive growth to 2025 3. Fast mitigation to save lives and the planet in Latin America and the Caribbean 4. USEPA to start new rule-making on HFCs 5. HVAC manufacturers optimistic about the future of the refrigeration market 6. Reclamation of R-22 weakens in 2017, resulting in refrigerant concern 7. Oman and Jordan share experience on training and certification in the refrigeration and air conditioning 8. Cooling India with less warming: Affordable & Efficient ACs 9. NEW REPORT: Removing ‘F-gases’ could slow global warming by 0.5 degrees 10. ODS banks: Over 70 participants learned in GIZ webinar about environmental friendly disposal of old appliances in RAC sector 1. Is Earth’s ozone layer still at risk? 5 questions answered Editor’s note: Curbing damage to Earth’s protective ozone layer is widely viewed as one of the most important successes of the modern environmental era. Earlier this year, however, a study reported that ozone concentrations in the lower level of the stratosphere had been falling since the late 1990s – even though the Montreal Protocol, a global treaty to phase out ozone-depleting chemicals, had been in effect since 1989. This raised questions about whether and how human activities could still be damaging the ozone layer. Atmospheric chemist A.R. Ravishankara, who co-chaired a United Nations/World Meteorological Organization Scientific Assessment panel on stratospheric ozone from 2007 to 2015, provides perspective. What’s the prevailing view among atmospheric scientists today about the state of the ozone layer? The overall picture is clear: The Montreal Protocol reduced use of ozone-depleting chemicals and will lead to healing of the ozone layer.
    [Show full text]
  • Emissions of Volatile Organic Compounds from Crude Oil Processing - Global Emission Inventory and Environmental Release DOI: 10.1016/J.Scitotenv.2020.138654
    The University of Manchester Research Emissions of volatile organic compounds from crude oil processing - global emission inventory and environmental release DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138654 Document Version Accepted author manuscript Link to publication record in Manchester Research Explorer Citation for published version (APA): Rajabi, H., Hadi Mosleh, M., Mandal, P., Lea-Langton, A., & Sedighi, M. (2020). Emissions of volatile organic compounds from crude oil processing - global emission inventory and environmental release. Science of the Total Environment. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138654 Published in: Science of the Total Environment Citing this paper Please note that where the full-text provided on Manchester Research Explorer is the Author Accepted Manuscript or Proof version this may differ from the final Published version. If citing, it is advised that you check and use the publisher's definitive version. General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the Research Explorer are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. Takedown policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please refer to the University of Manchester’s Takedown Procedures [http://man.ac.uk/04Y6Bo] or contact [email protected] providing relevant details, so we can investigate your claim. Download date:05. Oct. 2021 Emissions
    [Show full text]
  • QUANTIFYING the SOCIAL IMPACT of REFRIGERANT CHOICES the Role of Refrigerants in Climate Change… and What You Can Do About It
    QUANTIFYING THE SOCIAL IMPACT OF REFRIGERANT CHOICES The role of refrigerants in climate change… and what you can do about it AUGUST 2020 Contents The Impact of Refrigerants 4 The Importance of 2024 in California 5 The Social Cost of Carbon 7 What can HVAC Engineers & Chiller Manufacturers Do? 8 Natural & Alternative Refrigerants 9 Putting this into Practice with Two Case Studies 10 Case Study 1: Natural Ventilation 11 Case Study 2: Alternative Refrigerants 12 Global Leaders 13 Call to Action 14 Manufacturer Advocacy Letter 15 Contributors & References 17 iii QUANTIFYING THE SOCIAL IMPACT OF REFRIGERANT CHOICES The Impact of Refrigerants Refrigerants are significant contributors to climate change. Project Drawdown identifies refrigerants as the #1 most impactful factor in the construction industry (Project Drawdown, n.d.). Flourinated gases comprise 3% of the total greenhouse gas emissions in the United States, 92% of which are due to refrigerants in buildings and vehicles (Environmental Protection Agency, 2020). The impacts of refrigerants are classified using two measurements: ozone depletion potential (ODP) and global warming potential (GWP). Beyond the environmental impact, refrigerants additionally pose a risk to human health via risks of toxicity, flammability, asphyxiation and other hazards (Advent Air, 2015). Many of these risks can be mitigated via prudent refrigerant management, such as prevention of leakage and proper disposal. The Montreal Protocol In order to combat the harmful impacts of refrigerants, the 1987 Montreal Protocol was established to protect the ozone layer through phasing out the usage of refrigerants with high ODPs, including Chloroflourocarbons (CFCs) and Hydrochrloroflourocarbons (HCFCs) (U.S. Department of State, 2019).
    [Show full text]
  • The Future of Air Conditioning for Buildings
    The Future of Air Conditioning for Buildings July 2016 W. Goetzler, M. Guernsey, J. Young, J. Fuhrman Navigant Consulting, Inc. O. Abdelaziz, PhD Oak Ridge National Laboratory (This page intentionally left blank) NOTICE This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States Government. Neither the United States Government, nor any agency thereof, nor any of their employees, nor any of their contractors, subcontractors, or their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise, does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States Government or any agency, contractor or subcontractor thereof. The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States Government or any agency thereof. Available electronically at www.osti.gov/home/ Prepared for: U.S. Department of Energy Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Building Technologies Office eere.energy.gov/buildings Prepared by: Navigant Consulting, Inc. 77 South Bedford Street, Suite 400 Burlington, MA 01803 William Goetzler Matt Guernsey Jim Young Jay Fuhrman Oak Ridge National Laboratory
    [Show full text]
  • Interpreting Environmental Impacts Resulting from Fruit Cultivation in a Business Innovation Perspective
    sustainability Article Interpreting Environmental Impacts Resulting from Fruit Cultivation in a Business Innovation Perspective Marco Medici * , Maurizio Canavari and Moreno Toselli Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, 40127 Bologna, Italy; [email protected] (M.C.); [email protected] (M.T.) * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 29 September 2020; Accepted: 20 November 2020; Published: 24 November 2020 Abstract: Sustainability of food production is a major concern today. This study assessed the environmental impact of fruit production and discussed business implications for sustainability. Data were collected from three agricultural enterprises growing six species of fruit, extending over a total of 34 hectares, and producing roughly one thousand tons of fruit per year. The results of the life-cycle assessment (LCA) showed that several production activities heavily impact the environment: in descending order of absolute terms, fruit refrigeration, agronomic operations, irrigation, and fertilizer use were recognized as the most impacting. Other activities, including agrochemical applications, planting, and plastic use for harvesting and packaging, showed overall lower impacts. The high environmental impact associated with most of the production activities emphasizes the need to make the primary food production cleaner, more resource-efficient, and less energy-intensive. Affordable incremental innovations able to reshape the way business is conducted in the context of primary food production are proposed, mainly relying on process rationalization and digital switchover. The analysis of the business path toward increased sustainability involves strategic issues, ranging from the reshaping of production processes to relationships with consumers, affecting value proposition, creation, and capture. Keywords: business models; innovation; resource efficiency; sustainability; environmental assessment; fruit production; cleaner production; life cycle assessment (LCA); carbon footprint 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Manual for Refrigeration Servicing Technicians
    Manual for Refrigeration Servicing Introduction Technicians Welcome to the Manual for Refrigeration Servicing Technicians. It is an e-book for people who are involved in training and organization of service and maintenance of refrigeration and air- conditioning (RAC) systems. It is aimed at people who are: • Service and maintenance technicians • Private company service/maintenance managers • Private company managers involved in developing their Why you need this manual 4 service and maintenance policy Private company technicians trainers When to use this manual 4 • • Educational establishment RAC trainers and course How to use this manual 4 developers • National Ozone Units (NOUs) responsible for servicing and maintenance regulations and programmes related to the Montreal Protocol. Why you need this Manual Over recent years, attention on the issue of ozone depletion has The manual is written for those who have a relatively comprehensive remained focused on the obligatory phasing out of ozone depleting level of knowledge and understanding of RAC systems and substances (ODS). At the same time, awareness of climate change associated technology. The material within this manual may be Introduction has increased, along with the development of national and regional used for the purpose of developing training resources or parts greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions reduction targets. In order to of training courses, as well as general guidance and information achieve reduction in emissions of both ODSs and GHGs, attention for technicians on issues that are closely related to the use and has to be paid to activities at a micro-level. This includes reducing application of alternative refrigerants. Most training courses are leakage rates, improving energy-efficiency and preventing other likely to cover a range of topics associated with RAC systems, and environmental impacts, by directing the activities of individuals, and as such, the material within this manual may contribute towards influencing the design and maintenance of equipment.
    [Show full text]
  • Ozone Layer Protection
    VATIS UPDATE OzOzoneone LaLayyerer PrProtectionotection Vol. 4 No. 118 z May - Jun 2013 ISSN 0971-5657 Apprise yourself with the latest technological innovations Highlights z Sunlit snow triggers atmospheric cleaning z Successful trials of new low-GWP refrigerant z Methyl soyate: an eco-friendly solvent z CFC-free, stable inhalation formulation z Low-GWP liquid blowing agent for foam insulation z Pressurized disinfestation with carbon dioxide Ozone Cell VATIS UPDATE: Ozone Layer Protection May-Jun 2013 1 Asian and Pacific Centre for Ministry of Environment and Forests Transfer of Technology (APCTT) Government of India The Asian and Pacific Centre for Transfer of Technology (APCTT), a subsidiary body of ESCAP, was established on 16 July 1977 with the objectives: to assist the members and associate members of ESCAP through strengthening their capabilities to develop and manage national innovation systems; develop, transfer, adapt and apply technology; improve the terms of transfer of technology; and identify and promote the development and transfer of technologies relevant to the region. The Centre will achieve the above objectives by undertaking such functions as: Research and analysis of trends, conditions and opportunities; Advisory services; Dissemination of information and good practices; Networking and partnership with international organizations and key stakeholders; and Training of national personnel, particularly national scientists and policy analysts. The shaded areas of the map indicate ESCAP members and associate members Cover Photo A scientist conducts a snow-chamber experiment in Alaska (see page 5 for details). (Credit: Dr. Paul Shepson, Purdue University, the United States) 2 VATIS UPDATE: Ozone Layer Protection May-Jun 2013 VATIS* Update Ozone Layer Protection is published 6 times a year to keep the CONTENTS readers up to date of most of the relevant and latest technological Vol.
    [Show full text]
  • Ammonia – a Natural Refrigerant
    Ammonia – A Natural Refrigerant Environmentally friendly, economically efficient Our developed society depends on industrially produced refrigeration. Whether at home, in the production and storage of foodstuffs like frozen foods, yogurt and coffee, as part of industrial production processes in the automotive and chemicals/pharmaceuticals industry, or in air-conditioning systems – refrigeration is a central element everywhere. Industrially produced refrigeration is what makes a modern lifestyle possible. And natural refrigerants such as ammonia, carbon dioxide and hydrocarbons are an integral element in refrigeration. Natural refrigerants have been used to produce cold energy – mainly in food production and th storage – since the mid-19 century. Ammonia (NH 3) in particular has proven its worth in industrial refrigeration for over 120 years. Although “safety refrigerants“ – such as the now illegal CFCs – were increasingly used in plants built in the 1950s and ‘60s, ammonia has always managed to prevail in industrial refrigeration technology. Due in great part to the environmental debate surrounding ozone depletion and global warming, ammonia’s share in the market for refrigeration technology is on the rise again, and companies of long-standing tradition and experience prefer to work with ammonia. Compelling Characteristics Ammonia is a colourless gas that liquefies under pressure and has a pungent odour. In refrigeration technology, ammonia is known as R 717 (R = Refrigerant). Although it is synthetically produced for use in refrigeration, ammonia is considered a natural refrigerant because it occurs in nature’s material cycles. Ammonia has no ozone depletion potential (ODP = 0) and no direct greenhouse effect (GWP = 0). Its indirect greenhouse effect contribution is also very limited due to its high energy efficiency.
    [Show full text]