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VATIS UPDATE OzOzoneone LaLayyerer PrProtectionotection

Vol. 4 No. 118 z May - Jun 2013 ISSN 0971-5657

Apprise yourself with the latest technological innovations

Highlights

z Sunlit snow triggers atmospheric cleaning z Successful trials of new low-GWP z Methyl soyate: an eco-friendly solvent z CFC-free, stable inhalation formulation z Low-GWP liquid blowing agent for foam insulation z Pressurized disinfestation with carbon dioxide

Ozone Cell VATIS UPDATE: Layer Protection „ May-Jun 2013 1 Asian and Pacific Centre for Ministry of Environment and Forests Transfer of Technology (APCTT) Government of India The Asian and Pacific Centre for Transfer of Technology (APCTT), a subsidiary body of ESCAP, was established on 16 July 1977 with the objectives: to assist the members and associate members of ESCAP through strengthening their capabilities to develop and manage national innovation systems; develop, transfer, adapt and apply technology; improve the terms of transfer of technology; and identify and promote the development and transfer of technologies relevant to the region.

The Centre will achieve the above objectives by undertaking such functions as:

„ Research and analysis of trends, conditions and opportunities; „ Advisory services; „ Dissemination of information and good practices; „ Networking and partnership with international organizations and key stakeholders; and „ Training of national personnel, particularly national scientists and policy analysts.

The shaded areas of the map indicate ESCAP members and associate members

Cover Photo A scientist conducts a snow-chamber experiment in Alaska (see page 5 for details). (Credit: Dr. Paul Shepson, Purdue University, the United States)

2 VATIS UPDATE: Protection „ May-Jun 2013 VATIS* Update Ozone Layer Protection is published 6 times a year to keep the CONTENTS readers up to date of most of the relevant and latest technological Vol. 4 No. 118 May - Jun 2013 developments and events in the field of Ozone Layer Protection. The Update is tailored to policy-makers, industries and THE SCIENCE OF OZONE LAYER 4 technology transfer intermediaries. NASA’s SAGE III to monitor the Ozone Layer Revised SCAR report Website: http://www.techmonitor.net highlights Sunlit snow triggers atmospheric cleaning Interannual variability of stratospheric ozone (1995-2011)

Editorial Board ODS PHASE-OUT IN INDIA 6 APCTT Policy changes on import of certain ODS items Conversion of AC Mr. Michael Williamson production to technology Mr. Nanjundappa Srinivasan Dr. Satyabrata Sahu Dr. Krishnan Srinivasaraghavan IN THE NEWS 7 Ozone Cell, MoEF UNIDO introduces natural refrigerant projects United Nations to help Mr. Ravi Shankar Prasad China end ODS production Scientist who helped find ozone hole dies Dr. A. Duraisamy Refrigerant market to be worth US$15.7 billion by 2018 Partnerships Prof. R.S. Agarwal for elimination of HCFCs in Asia-Pacific Philippines revises code for Prof. S.K. Mukherjee RAC industries Japan moves to phase-down HFCs Meeting in Mr. Fahad Naim Indonesia discusses protection for ozone layer Ms. Chanchal Sharma /AIR-CONDITIONING 10

ASIAN AND PACIFIC CENTRE Alternative cooling solution to replace HCFC equipment ‘Technically FOR TRANSFER OF TECHNOLOGY credible ’ for automobiles Low-temperature freezers with Adjoining Technology Bhawan natural refrigerants Environment-friendly thermoregulation units Qutab Institutional Area Successful trials of new low-GWP refrigerant Post Box No. 4575 New Delhi 110 016, India SOLVENTS 12 Tel: (91) (11) 3097 3700 Fax: (91) (11) 2685 6274 Methyl soyate: an eco-friendly solvent Super-heated ultrasonic E-mail: [email protected] vapour degreaser Eco-friendly solvent for flushing Super HFE Website: http://www.apctt.org electronics cleaner Eco-friendly polymer coating system Concentrated aqueous stencil cleaner Eco-friendly, industrial grade aqueous degreaser OZONE CELL Ministry of Environment and Forests 14 Government of India Zone IV, East Court, 2nd Floor FDA approval for new HFA metered dose inhaler New India Habitat Centre, Lodhi Road pharmaceutical composition Transition to inhalant without a New Delhi 110 003, India propellant CFC-free, stable inhalation formulation Tel: (91) (11) 2464 2176 Fax: (91) (11) 2464 2175 FOAMS 15 Telegram: PARYAVARAN NEW DELHI E-mail: [email protected] HF-365/227 blends receive EPA SNAP approval Tensile properties Website: http://www.ozonecell.com of microcellular PLA foams Extruded foams with zero ODP Low- GWP liquid blowing agent for foam insulation

The designation employed and FUMIGANTS 16 the presentation of material in the Growing berries without methyl bromide Vegetable growers work publication do not imply the with methyl bromide alternatives Pressurized disinfestation with carbon endorsement of any product, process dioxide Fumigants and fumigation methods or manufacturer by APCTT RECENT PUBLICATIONS 18 * Value Added Technology TECH EVENTS 18 Information Service

VATIS UPDATE: Ozone Layer Protection „ May-Jun 2013 3 SCIENCE OF THE OZONE LAYER

NASA’s SAGE III to will get a global picture of tropos- concentrations predicted to return pheric ozone,” says Dr. Zawodny. to pre-1980s levels year-round by monitor the Ozone the end of the 21st century. In ef- Layer Source: www.clarksvilleonline.com fect, Antarctica’s added protection from warmer temperatures thanks Revised SCAR report to those intensified westerly winds highlights ozone might dissipate should the circula- depletion tion patterns also return to pre- 1980s levels. West Antarctica remains the most The report also takes into account climatically dynamic region of the recent research that suggests that southernmost continent, which warming across parts of the Ant- continues to be largely shielded arctic Peninsula and West Antarc- This image illustrates the fragility from the effects of global warming of the Earth’s atmosphere, the thin tica is being influenced by warmer blue band fading into darkeness thanks to the persistence of the sea surface temperatures in the ozone hole. But that is likely to tropical Pacific, particularly during To keep track of the Earth’s fragile change before the end of the cen- certain months of the year. The ozone layer, the National Aero- tury, according to the most recent updated ACCE report also high- nautics and Space Administration update of Antarctic Climate Change lighted changes in the marine eco- (NASA) of the United States is all and the Environment (ACCE) re- system, such as the shift of both set to launch the most sophisti- port by the Scientific Committee on phytoplankton and bacterioplank- cated space-based ozone sensor Antarctic Research (SCAR). Dr. ton from larger to smaller species, ever: Stratospheric Aerosol and John Turner, a scientist with the which may affect food availability Gas Experiment (SAGE) III, slated British Antarctic Survey and the for grazing animals. for installation on the International Chair of the ACCE expert group Source: antarcticsun.usap.gov Space Station (ISS) in 2014. “The for SCAR, revealed in a brief video ISS is in perfect orbit for SAGE statement that the scientific com- III,” says Dr. Joe Zawodny, Project munity has reached consensus on Sunlit snow triggers Scientist for the instrument at the a number of issues, such as the atmospheric Langley Research Centre. “It will be fact that West Antarctica is con- cleaning able to monitor ozone all around tributing “significantly” to sea-level the Earth during all seasons of the rise. In particular, the retreat of Researchers at Purdue University, year.” Pine Island Glacier, an area under the United States, have discovered intense study in recent years, ac- that sunlit snow is the major source SAGE III works by using the Sun counts for about 10 per cent of of atmospheric bromine in the Arc- and the Moon as light sources. total glacial melt into the ocean. tic, the key to unique chemical re- When either one rises or sets be- actions that purge and hind the edge of the Earth, SAGE The ocean around the Antarctica destroy ozone. The new research III analyses the light that passes and regions to the north are warm- also indicates that the surface through the Earth’s atmosphere. ing. The resulting temperature dif- snow pack above Arctic sea ice Ozone and other molecules ab- ferential has intensified westerly plays a previously unappreciated sorb specific wavelengths, which winds around the Southern Ocean role in the bromine cycle and that reveal their density, temperature by 15 to 20 per cent, effectively the loss of sea ice, which has been and location. “SAGE III is, essen- shielding much of the continent occurring at an increasingly rapid tially, analysing the colours of the from the intrusion of warmer air pace in recent years, could have sunset to track ozone,” says Dr. originating in lower latitudes. The extremely disruptive effects in the Zawodny. “It sounds romantic, but updated ACCE report noted that balance of atmospheric chemistry this is hard science.” When SAGE ozone depleting substances (ODS) in high latitudes. III reaches the space station, it will in that stratosphere are decreas- measure ozone deeper into the ing by 1 per cent per year. By mid- The team’s findings suggest the atmosphere than ever done before, century, springtime ozone levels rapidly changing Arctic climate – reaching all the way down into the are expected to recover signifi- where surface temperatures are troposphere. “From ISS, SAGE III cantly, with stratospheric ozone rising three times faster than the

4 VATIS UPDATE: Ozone Layer Protection „ May-Jun 2013 Science of the Ozone Layer global average – could dramatical- monthly mean lidar and ly change its atmospheric chem- time-series at 1 km intervals bet- istry, said Dr. Paul Shepson, who ween 20 and 45 km from January led the research team. Interac- 1995 to April 2011, a period of low tions between sunlight, ozone and volcanic aerosol loading. Explana- water vapour create an oxidizing tory variables representing the 11 agent that scrubs the atmosphere year solar cycle, the El Niño South- of most of the pollutants human ern Oscillation, the Quasi-Biennial Experiments in progress in the activity releases into it, Dr. Shep- Oscillation, the Eliassen-Palm flux, Arctic son said. Polar temperatures are and horizontal and vertical trans- too cold for the existence of much layer of called Arctic ports were used. The mid-latitude water vapour, and in the Arctic this meet on the frozen surface of the Ozone Depleting Gas Index, a new cleaning process appears instead snow, and this unique chemistry proxy that shows a decrease with to rely on reactions on frozen sur- occurs,” Pratt said. “It is the inter- time as an outcome of the Mon- faces involving molecular bromine, face of the snow and atmosphere treal Protocol, was introduced and a halogen gas derived from sea that is the key.” A series of chem- compared to the more commonly salt. This gaseous bromine reacts ical reactions that quickly multi- used linear trend method. The ana- with and destroys the ozone in the plies the amount of bromine gas lysis also compared the lidar time- atmosphere. This aspect of the present, called the “bromine explo- series and a merged time-series bromine chemistry works so effi- sion”, is known to occur in the at- obtained from Stratospheric Aero- ciently in the Arctic that ozone is mosphere. This also occurs in the sol and Gas Experiment (SAGE) often entirely depleted from the spaces between the snow crystals II, Halogen Occultation Experiment, atmosphere above sea ice in the and wind then releases the bro- and Aura-Microwave Limb Sounder spring. mine gas up into the air above the instruments. snow, the research team suggests. “Bromine chemistry mediates the The results from lidar and satellite The team also measured the levels amount of ozone, but it is depend- measurements are consistent with of bromine monoxide, formed from ent on snow and sea ice, which recent model simulations that pro- the reaction of bromine atoms with means climate change may have pose changes in tropical upwelling. ozone, through flights of the Pur- important feedbacks with ozone Additionally, at TMF, the Ozone due Airborne Laboratory for Atmos- chemistry,” Dr. Shepson said. “Sea Depleting Gas Index explains as pheric Research. ice had been thought to be the much variance as does the Quasi- source of the gaseous bromine,” Source: www.sciencedaily.com Biennial Oscillation in the upper said Dr. Kerri Pratt, a postdoctoral stratosphere. Over the past 17 researcher in the team. “We had Interannual variability years, a diminishing downward an ‘of course!’ moment when we of stratospheric trend in ozone was observed be- realized it was the snow on top of fore 2000 and a net increase, and the sea ice. The snow is what is ozone (1995-2011) sign of ozone recovery, is observed in direct contact with the atmos- after 2005. The results, which in- Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) of phere. Sea ice is critical to the clude dynamical proxies, suggest the California Institute of Technol- process, though. Without it, the possible coupling between hori- ogy, the United States, has been snow would fall into the ocean, zontal transport and the 11 year measuring vertical profiles of stra- and this chemistry would not take solar cycle response, although a tospheric ozone routinely – using place. This is among the reasons dataset spanning a period longer lidars at the Mauna Loa Observa- why the loss of sea ice in the Arc- than one solar cycle is needed to tory (MLO, 19.5° N, 155.6° W) in tic will directly impact atmospheric confirm this result. Contact: Mr. Hawaii and the JPL Table Moun- chemistry,” Dr. Pratt added. Guillaume Kirgis, Jet Propulsion tain Facility (TMF, 34.5° N, 117.7° Laboratory, California Institute of The team also discovered that sun- W) – for several decades. JPL Technology, Table Mountain Faci- light triggered the release of bro- scientists, led by Mr. Guillaume lity, Wrightwood, California, United mine gas from the snow and the Kirgis, investigated the interannual States of America. E-mail: kirgis presence of ozone increased the variability of ozone above MLO and @tmf.jpl.nasa.gov. production of bromine gas. “Salts TMF using multi-linear regression from the ocean and acids from a analysis on the deseasonalised Source: www.atmos-chem-phys.net

VATIS UPDATE: Ozone Layer Protection „ May-Jun 2013 5 ODS PHASE-OUT IN INDIA

Policy changes on z Items containing bromometh- based technology. Product certifi- ane (methyl bromide) or bromo- cation and technicians’ training are import of certain chloromethane (3824 77 00). important parts of the project. ODS items This notification (No. 9) from the The results of the project are also The Government of India has made Directorate General Foreign Trade being shared with these and other some amendments in the Indian (DGFT) also inserts and appends AC manufacturers to promote the Trade Classification (ITC) Harmon- to Chapter 38, Schedule 1 (Import technology throughout India and in ised System (HS) 2012, Schedule Policy) as Policy Condition 3 the other markets. The project is also 1 (Import Policy). Following a review, need for the import to be “by actual helping to strengthen India’s over- import policy on certain items in users against a licence from a coun- all capacity to adopt environment- Chapter 29 and Chapter 38 is re- try which is a party to the Montreal friendly technologies in accordance vised from ‘restricted’ to ‘free’ as Protocol”. The condition prohibits with international environmental these items are not ozone deplet- import from countries that are not agreements. Gesellschaft für Inter- ing substances (ODS), while cer- parties to the . nationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) tain other items were moved from The notification also updates the was involved in the project as part ‘free’ to ‘restricted’, as they are list of countries that are parties to of the German Government’s Inter- ODS. the Montreal Protocol. national Climate Initiative. Import of 1,1,1-trichloroethane (code Source: taxguru.in The production line at the Godrej 2903 19 20) is permitted only if it & Boyce factory in Shirwal, Maha- is in accordance with the provisions Conversion of AC rashtra, was installed in March of the ‘Manufacture, Storage & Im- production to hydro- 2012 and the first batch of the new ACs has already been sold in the port Hazardous Chemicals Rules, carbon technology 1989’ (policy condition 1). Import market, reducing India’s consump- tion of climate-damaging HCFCs. of the following items is permitted (R290), a natural hydrocar- The new ACs have been designed only if it is by actual users against bon (HC) refrigerant is an excellent based on European safety regula- a licence from a country that is a alternative to climate-damaging hy- tions and have the highest energy party to the Montreal Protocol on drochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs), efficiency in their class, reducing Substances that Deplete the Ozone which are being phased out from electricity costs as well as indirect Layer (policy condition 3): 2013 onwards under the Montreal emissions. One production line can Protocol, for use in environment- z Methyl bromide (3808 91 22); produce around 180,000 AC units friendly cooling. Not only does it per year. When compared with pre- z Items containing CFCs – whe- result in significantly reduced direct vious models using fluorinated gas ther or not containing hydrochloro- emissions, but also increases en- refrigerants and the savings in in- fluorocarbons (HCFCs), PFCs or ergy efficiency. In the year 2008, direct emissions related to energy HFCs – (3824 71 00); the International Climate Initiative consumption, the direct emissions z Items containing bromochloro- of the German Federal Ministry for saved by these units amount to difluoromethane, bromotrifluoro- the Environment, Nature Conser- about one million tonnes carbon di- or dibromotetrafluoroeth- vation and Nuclear Safety (BMU) oxide equivalent (based on a pro- anes (3824 72 00); commissioned a project to intro- duct lifetime of ten years). z Items containing hydrobromo- duce R290-driven split and window- fluorocarbons (HBFCs) (3824 73 type room air-conditioners (ACs) Source: www.giz.de 00); to the Indian market. The Ozone Cell of the Indian Ministry of Envi- z Items containing HCFCs whe- Montreal Protocol e-Learning ronment and Forests (MoEF) was ther or not containing PFCs/HFCs, Module the lead executing agency of the but not containing CFCs – (3824 UNEP DTIE’s OzonAction Branch and project that will conclude in 2013. the World Customs Organization (WCO) 74 00); A local partner – Godrej & Boyce jointly developed the Montreal Protocol z Items containing carbon tetra- Mfg. Co. Ltd. – is installing a pro- e-learning module, an interactive online chloride (3824 75 00); training module. To register, customs duction line for R290 room ACs, and enforcement officers may contact z Items containing 1,1,1-trichlo- while taking the necessary safety their national coordinator for WCO or roethane (methyl chloroform) (3824 procedures to counter the risks the WCO E-learning team: elearning@ 76 00); and attached to the inflammable HC- wcoomd.org.

6 VATIS UPDATE: Ozone Layer Protection „ May-Jun 2013 IN THE NEWS

UNIDO introduces R290 (propane) and R717 (ammo- ODS and HCFCs by 2030. “China nia) in the refrigeration and air- will close and dismantle its produc- natural refrigerant conditioning (RAC) sector. tion lines producing only HCFCs projects for uses controlled under the Mon- Mr. Jürgen Hierold, the Global En- treal Protocol and ensure that any The United Nations Industrial Dev- vironment Facility (GEF)-Coordi- HCFC plants that will receive fund- elopment Organization (UNIDO) is nator facilitating the UNIDO-GEF ing do not switch to producing implementing projects with natural portfolio of UNIDO, discussed the HCFCs as industrial feedstock,” substances as hydrochlorofluoro- potential synergies between the according to a press statement carbon (HCFC) replacements in two public funds and new possibi- released by the United Nations developing countries, from China lities for innovative funding solutions. Environment Programme (UNEP), and the Gulf countries to Gambia The scope of UNIDO-GEF coop- which oversees the Montreal Pro- and Viet Nam. On 3-4 June 2013, eration could be expanded by, for tocol. “China will also coordinate UNIDO shared knowledge acquired example, combining the phase-out with stakeholders and make best with regards to the implementation of ozone depleting substances efforts to manage HCFC produc- of such projects with the 150 par- (ODS) with the improvement of en- tion and associated by-product pro- ticipants gathered in Vienna for ergy efficiency in the RAC sector duction in HCFC plants in accord- the two-day “UNIDO ATMOsphere with the objective of reducing green- ance with best practices to minim- Technology Summit”. Introducing house gas emissions. Projects to ize associated climate impacts.” the underlying rationale for organ- improve energy efficiency can be ising the Summit at the opening linked to the replacement of HCFC- According to UNEP, China produ- session on 3 June 2013, Mr. Sidi based installations and introduc- ces 92 per cent of the total HCFC Menad Si Ahmed, Director of Mon- tion of alternatives with low GWP. production of developing countries treal Protocol Branch, UNIDO, said Through the promotion of updated with most of the chemicals supplied that it was the agency’s “duty and non-ODS technologies with low- to the world’s refrigeration, air-con- mandate to promote new technol- GWP, UNIDO is supporting the ditioning and foam manufacturing ogies for the benefit of the dev- recipient countries in achieving the sectors but also utilized for fire eloping countries”. targets of both the United Nations protection, solvents and the ster- Framework Convention on Climate ilization of medical devices. Over Mr. Ákos Kõszegváry, Industrial Change (UNFCCC) and Montreal the coming four years, China will Development Officer at UNIDO’s Protocol. receive US$95 million to cover the Montreal Protocol Branch, provided first stage of its HCFC production Source: www.hydrocarbons21.com an overview of the organisation’s phase-out to achieve the freeze in activities as an Implementing Agen- HCFC production by 2013 and the cy of the Multilateral Fund for the United Nations to reduction by 10 per cent by 2015 Implementation of the Montreal Pro- help China end ODS as mandated by the Protocol. The tocol on Substances that Deplete production Government of China estimates the Ozone Layer. UNIDO currently that the total amount of HCFCs to has ongoing projects in 76 coun- The Executive Committee of the be eliminated by this new initiative tries across Africa, the Arab re- Multilateral Fund of the Montreal will prevent the emission of over gion, Asia-Pacific, Europe and the Protocol on Substances that Dep- 4.3 billion tonnes of carbon dioxide Newly Independent States. Mr. lete the Ozone Layer has announ- equivalent greenhouse gas (GHG) Kõszegváry reminded participants ced that it would provide China, the emissions. of the decision of the Meeting of the largest global producer and con- Source: www.un.org Parties to the Montreal Protocol sumer of hydrochlorofluorocarbons according to which projects should (HCFCs), with up to US$385 million Scientist who helped maximize the climate benefit, uti- for the eradication of ozone deple- lizing replacement technologies ting substances (ODS) production find ozone hole dies that utilize alternatives with low as well as for retiring its unutilized (GWP) surplus production capacity. The British Antarctic Survey (BAS) wherever available/applicable. Mr. scientist who helped identify the Kõszegváry reported that a number With this support, the Government hole in the ozone layer over the of ongoing projects are focused on of China has agreed to completely southern pole, Dr. Joe Farman (82), using natural alternatives such as eliminate its industrial production of passed away on 11 May 2013. Dr.

VATIS UPDATE: Ozone Layer Protection „ May-Jun 2013 7 In the News

Farman published the discovery according to the report “Refrigerant Partnerships for along with Dr. Brian Gardiner and Market – Hydrochlorofluorocarbons Dr. Jon Shanklin in May 1985. The (HCFC), (HFC), elimination of HCFCs research prompted the Montreal Hydrocarbon (HC), Inorganic (Am- in Asia-Pacific Protocol, an international agree- monia, Carbon Dioxide) - Trends ment that controls chlorofluorocar- & Forecasts to 2018”. The report National Ozone Officers represent- bon (CFC) production across the is issued by MarketsandMarkets, ing 36 developing countries in the globe. a global market research and con- region, together with international, sulting firm based in the United regional and industry represent- After graduating from Cambridge States. atives, is being convened in the University in the United Kingdom, Gold Coast, Australia, from 6 to 9 Dr. Farman was appointed as a The rapid economic growth in most May 2013 for a four-day Joint Net- scientific officer at the Falkland of the emerging countries (such work Meeting of Ozone Officers of Islands Dependency Survey, the as China and India) in the recent Asia and the Pacific on the theme predecessor of BAS, in 1956. After years resulted in rampant growth “Partnership on HCFC Phase-out serving as the head of the Falkland of commercial, industrial and auto- in Asia and the Pacific”. The event Islands Dependencies Survey’s motive sector, which in turn created is jointly organized by the Ozon- Physics Unit at the University of significant demand for refrigerants. Action programme of the United Edinburgh from 1969, he returned Among all the geographies, Asia- Nations Environment Programme to BAS in 1976 to head its physics Pacific accounted for largest por- (UNEP) Division of Trade, Industry section in Cambridge. It was then tion of refrigerant demand in 2012, and the Environment (DTIE) and that Dr. Farman turned his atten- totalling just around half of the glo- the Government of Australia’s De- tion to Antarctic ozone monitoring. bal market. The rise in regional partment of , Envi- His last research trip to Antarctica demand is mainly due to rising ronment, Water, Population and was in 1990, just before he retired. demand for cooling products pri- Communities (DSEWPAC), with marily driven by increasing middle support from the Multilateral Fund Dr. Farman received many awards class population in the developing (MLF) for the Implementation of in recognition of his discovery, in- countries such as China and India. Montreal Protocol and the United cluding the Society of Chemical States Environmental Protection Industry (SCI) Environment Medal, With HCFC being phased out under Agency (EPA). It aims to provide a the Chree Medal and Prize, and the Montreal Protocol and the use platform for information exchange membership of the Global 500 Roll of HFCs beginning to come under on national policies and strategies of Honour. Prof. Alan Rodger, In- strict regulations, consumer prefer- to achieve compliance to the Mon- terim Director of BAS, said: “Joe ences are shifting towards natural treal Protocol on Substances that was an excellent physicist and his refrigerants – , carbon di- Deplete the Ozone Layer. work changed the way that we view oxide, propane and – the natural world. After making the and the demand for natural is in- The meeting will focus particularly discovery of the ozone hole he be- creasing tremendously. The report on the developing countries’ com- forecasts volume and revenue of came an energetic ambassador for mitment to phase-out production the global refrigerant market and our planet.” and consumption of hydrochloro- its various sub-markets with res- fluorocarbons (HCFCs). The meet- Source: www.bbc.co.uk pect to different regions. It also ing’s participants will have a first- focuses on market share analysis, hand opportunity to benefit from Refrigerant market and market metrics such as dri- Australia’s extensive experience vers, restraints, opportunities, criti- to be worth US$15.7 with its own HCFC phase-out, effec- cal issues and winning imperatives. tive institutional approach, private billion by 2018 Contact: Mr. Rohan, Marketsand sector involvement and expertise Markets, North - Dominion Plaza, The global refrigerant consumption in the implementation of the Mon- 17304 Preston Road, Suite 800, will grow from an estimated US$ treal Protocol. Using lessons learnt, Dallas, Texas, TX 75252, United 10.5 billion (equivalent to about 1.2 Australian experts will present ef- States of America. Tel: +1 (888) million metric tonnes) in 2012 to fective and sustainable approaches 6006 441; E-mail: sales@markets US$15.7 billion by 2018, at a com- to the phase-out of HCFCs and andmarkets.com. pound annual growth rate (CAGR) other ozone depleting substances of 6.9 per cent from 2013 to 2018, Source: www.prnewswire.com (ODS) under the mandate of the

8 VATIS UPDATE: Ozone Layer Protection „ May-Jun 2013 In the News

Montreal Protocol and as a devel- cedures and complement shifting Products” requires, among others, oped country Party to the Montreal technologies, said Mr. Juan Miguel entities that manufacture and im- Protocol within the North-South Co- Cuna, Director of the Environment- port refrigeration and air- condition- operation Framework. al Management Bureau (EMB) of ing (RAC) units to transit to either DENR. EMB introduced the new fluorocarbon-free refrigerants or Some of the key topics to be dis- code in a ceremony attended by low global warming fluorocarbons cussed in the meeting include al- participants from the industry, in- by certain target years. Japan has ternative technologies and market cluding manufacturers, importers, been a consistent supporter of a trends in the refrigeration and air- dealers, sellers and service pro- global phase-down of HFCs under conditioning (RAC) sector, including viders of RAC equipment. A core the Montreal Protocol, and the new the linkage with energy efficiency group of technical experts, who revision of its fluorocarbon regula- and climate benefits and industry worked on the revisions, presented tions allows it to join ranks with the standards, opportunities and ap- the salient points of the revised European Union and Australia in proaches to resource mobilization code at the launch. reducing the use of these potent in support of the HCFC phase-out gases domestically. and information-sharing on the pro- The revised code contains the new gress of project implementation, standard practices on conversion Source: www.prnewswire.com ODS data management and aware- of refrigerants and use of alterna- ness raising. Further, a one-day tives to CFCs and other ozone dep- Meeting in Indonesia Symposium on the last day of the leting substances (ODS), as well discusses protection meeting will discuss Standards for as on handling, storage, recovery, the Adoption of HCFC Alternatives. recycling, collection, transport and for ozone layer Contact: Mr. Atul Bagai, Senior Re- disposal of refrigerants. The Philip- The Office of the Indonesian Minis- gional Network Coordinator, Ozon- pines has been implementing the ter for Environment held an ozone Action Programme, UNEP Regi- total phase-out of ODS in refriger- layer protection technical meeting onal Office for Asia and Pacific, ation RAC systems. By 2010, the on 30 April 2013 to discuss efforts Bangkok, Thailand. Tel: +66 (2) country had completely phased to control circulation of ozone dep- 2881662; Fax: +66 (2) 2883041; E- out production and consumption of leting substances (ODS) on islands mail: [email protected]. seven out of eight ODS, including and in state borders. The meeting CFCs which are widely used as Source: www.unep.org was aimed at increasing the capa- refrigerants. bility of regional government offici- Philippines revises Source: newsinfo.inquirer.net als to control the circulation and use of ODS. Mr. Arief Yuwono, the code for RAC Japan moves to Deputy Minister for Environment industries Control and Climate Change, said phase-down HFCs that as a state signatory to the The Department of Environment and On 19 April 2013, the Japanese Montreal Protocol, Indonesia has Natural Resources (DENR), the Cabinet approved the revision of the obligation to phase out ODS Philippines, has launched a new its fluorocarbon regulations that gradually, report data on its con- code that sets environment-friendly will fundamentally change the way sumption and control the use of standards and practices for manu- ODS. “But the central government high global warming fluorocarbons facturers, dealers and sellers of cannot carry out the supervision are produced, used and disposed refrigeration and air-conditioning alone. It needs the active partici- in Japan. The approval would lead (RAC) equipment in the country. pation of regional governments, also to a phase-down of hydrofluoro- The new code of practice for the which have the roles in developing carbons (HFCs), the “super” green- refrigeration RAC sector is a revi- businesses in the region,” he said. house gases (GHGs) that are hun- sion of the original code drafted in His office has set a target to re- dreds to thousands times more 2002, incorporating new practices duce ODS by up to 75 per cent in damaging to the global climate than and technologies that leave less 2030. The technical meeting was carbon dioxide (CO ). Japan’s “Act carbon footprint on the environment, 2 attended by representatives of 33 for Partial Revision of the Act on DENR said. provincial and city governments, Ensuring the Implementation of Re- and their agencies. The 2002 code was revised to guide covery and Destruction of Fluoro- the RAC industry on updated pro- carbons concerning Designated Source: www.antaranews.com

VATIS UPDATE: Ozone Layer Protection „ May-Jun 2013 9 REFRIGERATION/AIR-CONDITIONING

Alternative cooling parts and noise is reduced by up the current debate over low-GWP to 8 dB(A). For certain applications, alternatives for the MAC Directive. solution to replace the units can use high condensing HCFC equipment temperatures, enabling recovered CRP said it wanted to ensure that heat to be used elsewhere onsite. the information that it has genera- ted regarding the performance, in- ICS Cool Energy recently installed flammability and risk assessment Turbocor at Pinners Hall, of the two blended refrigerants with the United Kingdom, as part of the low global warming potential (GWP) phase-out and replacement of R22. is available to be included in the The new installation included three important discussion regarding re- water-cooled 562 kW Turbocor chil- placement of MAC system refriger- lers and an intelligent management ant. “Based on a detailed fault-tree system that regulates the units, analysis, AC6 offers a risk profile A Turbocor system installed by ensuring optimum coordination of that is equal to or better than that ICS Cool Energy working times and cooling capaci- of R1234yf in all significant res- ties. It also uses a logical strategy pects. AC5 is comparable to R- Temperature control specialists, among pumping units, providing 1234yf,” CRP reported. The AC6 ICS Cool Energy Ltd. based in the superior reliability and maximum blend, which distinctively contains energy efficiency. The unit has a United Kingdom, is advising com- CO2, has a GWP of 130, compared panies to find alternative solutions compact size-to-weight ratio that with HFO 1234yf’s GWP of 4. The – such as energy efficient Turbo- makes it ideal for simplified site blend has been found to have an cor systems – to their existing R22 operations and space optimization. “extremely low level of risk for vehi- systems, as hydrochlorofluorocar- Weighing less than 136 kg, the cle operators and repair workers,” bons (HCFCs) are being phased unit is only a fraction of the weight the CRP report said. It has zero out. ICS Cool Energy recommends of a conventional . inflammability below 50° C, but is an upgrade to a system that uses Source: www.pandct.com set to be classified in the A2L in- non-ozone depleting refrigerants, flammability category. such as R410A and R134a. Re- ‘Technically credible Source: www.racplus.com placements could range, depend- refrigerants’ for ing on the existing system, from Low-temperature a simple retro-fill operation, carried automobiles out during a standard service drop- freezers with natural in, to comprehensive modifications, SAE International’s research group refrigerants which may require a new oil type, has reported that Mexichem’s AC6 an additional compressor and/or a blend, based on HFO 1234ze and At the BIOtech 2013, held in Japan carbon dioxide (CO ), “offers risk . 2 in May 2013, several suppliers profile equal or better than HFO showcased low- and ultra low- To replace equipment containing 1234yf in all respects”. The Co- temperature freezers using refrig- HCFCs, ICS Cool Energy recom- operative Research Programme erants ranging from 100 per cent mends Turbocor – (CRP), put together to investigate hydrocarbon (HC) blends to HC an energy-saving system that they the potential of blended refriger- blends with synthetic additives to supply and instal. Explaining how ants to meet the European Com- achieve negative temperatures as the Turbocor units work, Mr. Adam mission’s Mobile Air-conditioning low as -90°C. Although scientific Spolnik, HVAC Director at ICS Cool (MAC) Directive, has released its laboratories preserving various bio- Energy, said: “The Turbocor com- latest report, confirming that the materials have been identified as pressor uses a digital rotor speed AC5 and AC6 blends from Mexi- the main market for low tempera- control that allows high partial load chem, based in Mexico, continue ture freezers, these are also used efficiencies of 60 per cent higher to offer potential as an alternative in preserving food, in particular fish than European seasonal energy to HFO 1234 yf. CRP said that it products. efficient ratio (ESEER) values, to had elected to publicise its latest be achieved.” Further, because of results, where more in-depth re- Kanou Reiki, Japan, exhibited its magnetic levitation employed in the search into the two blends con- low-temperature freezer models compressor, there are no moving firmed previous findings, to add to using HC blend refrigerants. The

10 VATIS UPDATE: Ozone Layer Protection „ May-Jun 2013 Refrigeration/Air-conditioning

OF series of freezers for tempera- to thermoregulate “external” appli- low-global warming potential (GWP) tures that reach -60°C, available in cations. It has enough power to HFO refrigerant blend in high-tem- capacity ranging from 130 to 480 thermoregulate photometers, vis- perature refrigerated display units. litres, is a popular solution for res- cometers, refractometers, distil- The company has been working taurants storing fish at very low lation apparatus, reactor vessels with N40, one of Honeywell’s proto- temperature. The freezers use a and mini plants. Three models are type low-GWP blend replacements refrigerant consisting of isobutene available with working tempera- for R404A. The system in the dis- and or and iso- tures from -45°C to +200°C. The play unit was initially developed butene. Kanou also has freezers Minichiller is a space-saving, com- using R404A, but was converted that reach -80°C and -85°C with pact cooling solution for laboratory to N40 and retested in Precision capacities from 65 to 365 litres for applications. It is suitable for cool- Refrigeration’s test labs. The re- biological laboratories. Kanou’s ing of reactor blocks, vapour traps, sults are said to have shown better LAB series of ultra low-temperature vacuum pumps, rotary evaporators energy efficiency than the previous freezers use natural blend refrig- and heat exchangers. It is designed R404A refrigerant. erants comprising isobutene, ethyl- for continuous, constant tempera- Solstice N40 is one of a number of ene and methane. ture operation in ambient tempera- low-GWP blends that Honeywell, tures up to +40°C. The Petite Fleur the United States, is developing. Hankook Freezers (HKF) from the with a working temperature of -40°C Compared with R404A (GWP of Republic of Korea showed its up- to +200°C is a compact, hydrauli- 3,922 and likely to come under right ultra low-temperature HKF- cally sealed dynamic temperature Cryo freezers. According to HKF’s control system, ideally suited to strict controls under future F-gas President, Mr. Hye Hyun Chung, control small research reactors. regulations) N40 has a GWP of around 1,300 and is classified as it is still difficult to reach ultra low The Petite Fleur has unique thermo- non-inflammable. While Honeywell temperatures with 100 per cent dynamic properties and the unit is would not confirm the exact com- natural refrigerants – however, this unrivalled, in comparison with other ponents of the blend, N40 could will change in coming 2-3 years machines, when it comes to res- with progress in the development ponsive temperature control. be a mixture of R32, R125, R134a of high efficiency heat exchangers and R1234yf. It is one of two pro- and other key components. These machines require minimal posed Honeywell refrigerants for installation space and are suited the replacement of R404A. The Source: www.hydrocarbons21.com to be placed on the lab bench or other gas – Solstice L40 – has a cabinets, or for integration into GWP less than 300 but is mildly Environment-friendly automated systems. They are all inflammable. thermoregulation fitted with the new touchscreen controller Pilot ONE. Operation is The effectiveness of the new N40 units via a colour 5.7 inch TFT display blend was demonstrated in a pre- with intuitive menu icons, prompts vious in-house trial in a standard The Huber Petite Fleur, Ministat and full text menu guidance in 11 Precision Refrigeration’s LCU323 and Minichiller from Peter Huber languages. Contact: Peter Huber three-door freezer counter cabinet. Kältemaschinenbau GmbH, Ger- Kältemaschinenbau GmbH, Wer- The objective was to evaluate the many, are environmentally friendly ner von Siemens Straße 1, 77656 temperature performance and en- thermoregulation solutions with low Offenburg, Germany. Tel: +49 (781) ergy consumption using R404A as running costs. They are offered with 9603-0; Fax: +49 (781) 57211; E- baseline compared with L40, N40 the natural hydrocarbon refrigerant mail: [email protected]. and R290 at climate class 4. It R290 (propane), which has no sig- was found that Solstice N40 offers nificant global warming potential Source: www.selectscience.net better refrigeration performance (GWP) or ozone depletion potential than R404A with a lower energy (ODP). Notably, the refrigerant has Successful trials consumption. Solstice N40 also the same performance as synthe- of new low-GWP exhibits lower recovery time after tic, conventional refrigerants. defrost and significantly better pull- refrigerant down time alongside a reduction The Ministat is claimed to be the of about 65 per cent in GWP over smallest cooling circulator in the Precision Refrigeration, a foodser- R404A. world. It allows temperature control vice equipment manufacturer in the of objects directly in the bath or United Kingdom, is trialling a new Source: www.acr-news.com

VATIS UPDATE: Ozone Layer Protection „ May-Jun 2013 11 SOLVENTS

Methyl soyate: an for coatings and methylene chlor- z Compact foot print for easy in- eco-friendly solvent ide and MEK for adhesives. Formu- tegration in production flow; and lated consumer products ranging z Stainless steel fabrication of Methyl soyate, a methyl ester de- from hand cleaners to auto-care to condenser, coils and pro- rived from soybean oil, is the key personal care products that utilize cess tanks. ingredient in low-cost, eco-friendly, methyl soyate are already being The product comes with a number readily biodegradable solvent mixes produced and marketed. Further- of safety features such as refri- that could replace some of the 208 more, the expanding utilization of geration temperature monitoring, million kilograms of traditional chlo- methyl soyate-based co-solvents low level control and over tempera- rinated and petroleum solvents. with ethyl lactate and d-limonene ture signal for boiling tank, solvent Methyl soyate has a high solvency (citrus extract) in products show replacement warning, and vapour with a Kauri-butanol (KB) value of promise. Other new emerging ap- level control with reset. Contact: 58, a low toxicity when compared plications for soy-based solvent eChem Inc., 4891 E. Maychelle, with other common substances, products and processes include Anaheim, Orange County, Califor- higher storage and handling safety , paper pulp clean- nia, CA 92807, United States of owing to its high flashpoint of more ing and highway paving materials America. Tel: +1 (714) 573 4020; than 100°C, and high boiling point that replace asphalt. E-mail: support@echemproducts. of 216°C. Methyl soyate is not an Source: www.soynewuses.org com. ozone-depleting chemical, a haz- ardous air or a volatile Super-heated Source: www.echemproducts.com organic compound. ultrasonic vapour An increasing number of compa- Eco-friendly solvent nies are beginning to offer multiple degreaser for flushing formulations of methyl soyate. For The F-300 Series super-heated From time to time, refrigeration and example, Soy Technologies from ultrasonic vapour degreaser from air-conditioning systems suffer fail- the United States offers SoyFast, e-Chem Inc., the United States, ures that result in contamination. SoyGreen 5000 and SoyGreen contains dual solvent immersion The most common such failure is 6000, industrial cleaners and strip- tanks with the patented Crest 40, a compressor burnout. During such pers that use methyl soyate. In 58, 132 or 192 kHz ultrasonics. an event, the refrigeration system testing, these products have de- The ceramically enhanced ultra- becomes contaminated with large monstrated effectiveness equal to sonics product provides thorough quantities of unwanted particulate, or exceeding their petrochemical cleaning using hydrofluorocarbon sludge, acids, carbon residues and counterparts. Methyl soyate is not (HFC), hydrofluoroether (HFE), n- possibly moisture. All these conta- limited to replacement of regula- propyl bromide (nPB) and hydro- minants must be removed before ted industrial cleaning solvents; it (HCFC) solvents. the system can be returned to duty. can be used to also clean up and The F-300 Series has the following recover spilled petroleum products features: Rx11-flush from NuCalgon, the from shorelines and streams. The United States, is a unique solvent United States Environmental Pro- z Closed-loop hot water; engineered for flushing refrigeration tection Agency (EPA) has listed z Heating of solvent and vapour; and air-conditioning systems. Its a methyl soyate as a biosolvent on z Dual compressor refrigeration; patented hydrofluorocarbon (HFC)- the National Contingency Plan pro- based solvent formulation is pow- duct schedule for oil spills. z Programmable logic control with automation capability; erful enough to flush away sludge, Beside as an ingredient in cleaners z 120 per cent freeboard ratio to carbon residue, oils, acids, water and strippers to replace chlorina- limit solvent consumption; and other particulate. This makes ted or petroleum products, methyl it ideal for system flushing after z True superheat for rapid part soyate could find increased use as burnouts, retrofits and for flushing drying; a carrier solvent. Solvents used as line sets for R-410A conversions. carriers and diluents in a number z Re-circulation with cartridge fil- It is non-toxic, non-flammable and of alkyd coatings and adhesives tration; is non-ozone depleting. Contact: include methyl ethyl ketone per- z Two gravity water separators NuCalgon, 2008 Altom Court, St. oxide (MEK), toluene and xylene with molecular sieve capability; Louis, MO 63146, United States of

12 VATIS UPDATE: Ozone Layer Protection „ May-Jun 2013 Solvents

America. Tel: +1 (800) 554 5499; than traditional wire coatings, as assembly manufacturing and clean- Fax: +1 (800) 221 6302; E-mail: it does not contain any pthalates, ing processes. Contact: Kyzen Cor- [email protected]. heavy metals or ozone depleting poration, 430 Harding Industrial chemicals. Furthermore, unlike Drive, Nashville, Tennessee, TN Source: www.nucalgon.com PVC, it does not emit hydrogen 37211, United States of America. chloride during burning. Tel: +1 (615) 8310 888; Fax: +1 Super HFE (615) 8310 889. electronics cleaner The PA6 coating is an organic- based, extruded polyamide mate- Source: www.kyzen.com MG Chemicals, Canada, has re- rial, which is said to offer improved formulated its existing hydrofluo- adhesion characteristics, enhan- Eco-friendly, roether (HFE) blends with a newly ced resistance to mechanical da- industrial grade developed solvent that allows it to mage and better cold temperature maintain the cleaning power, non- performance. Resistance to hydro- aqueous degreaser inflammability, non-conductivity and carbon pollutants is also claimed Eco-Rite™ Environmentally Pre- environmental friendliness, while together with long-term strength ferable Products (EPP) from ITW dramatically reducing the cost. The and elasticity. Extensive accelera- Chemtronics, the United States, new blends remove flux, greases, ted testing has shown that, when are a series of products that are oils, oxides, silicones, carbon, dirt, compared with traditional PVC or designed to have a very low impact smoke film and grime, but their HDPE coatings for wire products, on the environment. These new pro- plastic compatibility needs to be the new Maccaferri PA6 system is ducts that provide efficient clean- tested before use. These environ- 50 per cent harder and is 25 per ing are low on global warming po- mentally friendly products are 100 cent more malleable, even after tential (GWP) and violatile organic per cent ozone-safe and claimed long-term exposure to compounds (VOCs) and don’t have to be perfect replacements for hy- (UV) rays. The results also showed any harsh caustic materials. Eco- drochlorofluorocarbon (HCFC) 141b. that PA6 gave a three-fold improve- Rite EPPs do not contain phos- They are fast drying, without leav- ment in coating-to-wire adhesion, phates, 2-butoxyethanol, alkyl- ing a residue, and have excellent significantly more resistance to phenolethoxylates or petroleum cleaning strength. The blends are impact and abrasion damage, and distillates. They are also free from said to be significantly lower in achieved a 30 per cent improve- ozone depleting chemicals and cost compared with standard HFE ment in design life. hazardous air pollutants (HAPs). blends. Contact: MG Chemicals, Source: specificationonline.co.uk 9347 – 193rd Street, Surrey, B.C., Eco-Rite Heavy Duty Degreaser is Canada V4N 4E7. Tel: +1 (604) Concentrated designed for heavy-duty cleaning 888 3084; Fax: +1 (604) 888 7754. performance. The degreaser is ideal aqueous stencil for cleaning metal parts, electric Source: www.mgchemicals.com cleaner motors, petrol engines and tools. Eco-friendly polymer It penetrates quickly, emulsifies Kyzen Corp., the United States, fast and lifts tough grime formed by ® coating system has announced its new Aquanox grease, oil, waxes and resins. The A8820 Advanced Aqueous Stencil non-inflammable and biodegrada- ® Geotechnical specialist Maccaferri Cleaner. Aquanox A8820 is an ble product has been formulated SpA, based in Italy, has launched engineered cleaning fluid designed with ingredients on the Design for a novel, environmentally friendly to remove wet solder paste and Environment list of the Environ- protective coating for its double- uncured chip bonder adhesive from mental Protection Agency (EPA) twist wire-based products. The new stencils used in surface mount print- of the United States. Contact: ITW coating offers improved technical ing processes. A8820 effectively Chemtronics, 8125 Cobb Centre performance and environmental removes common solder pastes Drive, Kennesaw, Georgia, GA compatibility when compared with and fluxes and demonstrates a 30152, United States of America. mesh products coated with high- favourable compatibility profile with Tel: +1 (800) 645 5244; Fax: 1 density polyethylene (HDPE) and stencil cleaning systems. Addi- (770) 424 4267; E-mail: askchem polyvinyl chloride (PVC). Accord- tionally, the no-foaming property of [email protected]. ing to Maccaferri, the PA6 coating A8820 is compatible with all mate- is much more environment-friendly rials commonly used in electronic Source: www.chemtronics.com

VATIS UPDATE: Ozone Layer Protection „ May-Jun 2013 13 AEROSOLS

FDA approval for compositions for use in pressuri- once the supply runs out, Com- zed metered dose inhalers (pMDI), bivent Respimat will be the only new HFA metered as well as to the use of certain Combivent product available. Com- dose inhaler components in aerosol composi- bivent Respimat is a propellant- tions, a method for their preparation free inhaler that utilizes a slow- Sunovion Inc. (formerly Sepracor and to their use for the adminis- moving mist to deliver the active Inc.), the United States, has an- tration of active material by inhala- ingredient. It was developed in res- nounced that the country’s Food tion. The low-volatility component ponse to the Montreal Protocol. and Drug Administration (FDA) has is used to increase the mass medi- Source: www.thepharmaletter.com approved its New Drug Application an aerodynamic diameter (MMAD) (NDA) for XOPENEX HFA™ (leval- of the aerosol particles on actua- CFC-free, stable buterol tartrate) inhalation aerosol, tion of the inhaler. The nature and a hydrofluoroalkane (HFA) metered concentration of the low-volatility inhalation formulation dose inhaler (MDI) for the preven- component can be chosen to in- Amphastar Pharmaceuticals Inc., tion and treatment of bronchospasm fluence, for example, the size and/ the United States, has patented a in patients with reversible obstruc- or the density of the particle, both stable aerosol epinephrine suspen- tive airway disease, such as asth- of which affect the MMAD. ma and chronic obstructive pulmo- sion formulation with high inhalation nary disease (COPD). The MDI The objective of the invention is to delivery efficiency when adminis- development programme included provide a pMDI having HFAs as tered via a metered dose inhaler approximately 1,870 paediatric and propellant, which is pharmaceu- (MDI) for the treatment of acute adult subjects and 54 pre-clinical tically and clinically equivalent to bronchial asthma, chronic obstruc- and clinical studies. the pMDIs which use chlorofluoro- tive pulmonary diseases (COPD) carbons (CFCs). The invention al- and other respiratory disorders. XOPENEX MDI utilizes state-of- lows the design of formulae using The formulation, which is free of the-art HFA technology and does HFAs with particle size character- (CFCs), com- not contain a chlorofluorocarbon istics similar to those of the CFC prises a therapeutically effective (CFC) propellant. Each canister formulations they replace. This amount of epinephrine and hydro- provides 200 actuations (or inha- allows development of products fluorocarbon (HFC) propellant, co- lations). The company is working that are equivalent pharmaceu- solvent, surfactant and antioxidant. with 3M’s Drug Delivery Systems tically and clinically to the CFC The active ingredient epinephrine Division in the United States under formulation. is pre-micronized and suspended an agreement that includes scale- in an alcohol/surfactant solution up, manufacturing and supply of Source: with hydrofluoroalkane (HFA) pro- www.freepatentsonline.com XOPENEX HFA. Contact: Sunovion pellant. The formulation very effici- Inc., 84 Waterford Drive, Marlbo- ently delivers drug micro-particles rough, MA 01752, United States of Transition to inhalant into the patients’ lungs. America. Tel: +1 (508) 481 6700; without a propellant The HFA propellant used has zero Fax: +1 (508) 357 7491; E-mail: ozone depletion potential (ODP), [email protected]. The German drug major Boehringer Ingelheim has announced that it is and is typically 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoro- Source: www.prnewswire.com updating health-care professionals ethane (HFA-134a), 1,1,1,2,3,3,3- and patients that the transition to heptafluoropropane (HFA-227) or a New pharmaceutical Combivent Respimat (ipratropium mixture of the two. The preferred aerosol composition bromide plus albuterol) Inhalation surfactants are sorbitan oleates Spray for the maintenance treat- and is the preferred co- Chiesi Farmaceutici S.p.A., Italy, ment of chronic obstructive pulmo- solvent. A small amount of anti- has secured a United States pat- nary disease (COPD) is almost oxidant in the formulation minim- ent on aerosol compositions that complete. The distribution of Com- izes impurity generation through contain an active ingredient, a pro- bivent (ipratropium bromide plus oxidation of epinephrine and en- sures the stability of the formu- pellant containing a hydrofluoro- albuterol sulphate) inhalation aero- alkane (HFA), a co-solvent and a sol (Combivent MDI) will cease in lation during storage and use. low-volatility component. The inven- May 2013, instead of the earlier Source: tion in particular relates to aerosol announced December 2013, and www.freepatentsonline.com

14 VATIS UPDATE: Ozone Layer Protection „ May-Jun 2013 FOAMS

HF-365/227 blends lular poly(lactic acid) (PLA) foams agents. The study discloses unique approaches for large-celled foams receive EPA SNAP blown by compressed carbon diox- ide (CO2). For this, microcellular to balance the often competing re- approval PLA foams with various crystalli- quirements and relationships bet- nities, cell morphologies and den- ween material selection, process- The United States Environmental ing conditions, expansion behaviour sities were prepared using CO2 as Protection Agency (EPA) has is- the physical blowing agent. The and end-use properties. It demon- sued approval under Significant evolution of crystallinity develop- strates production of large-celled New Alternatives Policy (SNAP) ments in four types of PLA sam- hydrofluorocarbon (HFC)-based for commercial blends of Solkane® ples during the saturation, foam- foams with zero ODP that can per- 365/227 from Solvay Chemicals, ing and annealing processes was form in a manner consistent with the United States. The new pro- investigated. their HCFC-based predecessors. ducts contain hydrofluorocarbon Contact: Dow Global Technologies (HFC)-365mfc and HFC-227ea – 7 Crystallization of about 20 per cent Inc., 2040, Dow Centre, Midland, to 13 per cent HFC-227ea and the was reached in PLA samples after Michigan, MI 48674, United States CO saturation, a high crystallinity remainder HFC-365mfc. EPA had 2 of America. previously listed HFC-365mfc as of about 38.2 per cent could be an acceptable substitute for sev- achieved for the foamed PLA that Source: cel.sagepub.com eral foam blowing end uses. SNAP has the highest crystallization abi- approval of Solkane 365/227 (87: lity. PLA samples had low elonga- Low-GWP liquid 13 and 93:07 blends) makes this tion at break of 3.6-15.1 per cent. blowing agent for third-generation foaming agent so- After foaming, however, PLA foam lution an acceptable substitute for presented a significant increase in foam insulation ozone-depleting substances in rigid the elongation at break up to 15.1 Honeywell, based in the United polyurethane spray and extruded times compared with that of the un- States, is developing a new blow- polystyrene applications. foamed counterpart. On the other ing agent with low global warming hand, microcellular foaming endow- potential (GWP) for the production In addition to the applications ap- ed PLA foams with a maximum in- proved under SNAP, typical appli- of energy-efficient polyurethane crease in specific tensile strength foam insulation. The blowing agent cations include polyurethane and of 53.1 per cent. The influences of extruded polystyrene pipe insula- being developed is a non-inflam- crystallinity, foam density and cell mable liquid that will help reduce tion, polyurethane sandwich panels morphology on the tensile proper- (continuous/discontinuous; con- the overall environmental impact of ties of PLA foams were also in- foam. Honeywell expects the blow- struction/reefer), polyurethane and vestigated. Contact: Mr. Wentao polystyrene insulation panels, and ing agent will have performance Zhai, Ningbo Key Lab of Polymer comparable to those of other fluo- polyurethane block and integral Materials, Ningbo Institute of Ma- foams. Contact: Solvay Chemicals rocarbons, but with a low GWP of terial Technology & Engineering, less than 15. In addition, the agent Inc., P.O. Box 27328, Houston, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Texas, TX 77227, United States of will have an atmospheric lifetime Ningbo 315201, Zhejiang Province, of just a few days. These proper- America. Tel: +1 (713) 525 6800; China. E-mail: [email protected]. Fax: +1 (713) 525 7805; E-mail: ties are expected to result in lower [email protected]. Source: cel.sagepub.com greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions impact on the environment, while Source: www.4-traders.com Extruded foams also providing the foam’s high in- sulation performance, dimensional Tensile properties with zero ODP stability and compressive strength. Honeywell expects the product to of microcellular The Dow Chemical Company, the be available in sample quantities United States, has developed a PLA foams for customers in later part of this method for the production of large- year. Polyurethane foam is used Five scientists from Ningbo Key celled extruded polystyrene (XPS) primarily as insulation for appli- Lab of Polymer Materials, Ningbo foams with zero ozone depletion ances and homes, as well as for Institute of Material Technology & potential (ODP). The method elimi- commercial roofing systems. Engineering, China, have studied nates the use of hydrochlorofluo- the tensile properties of microcel- rocarbon (HCFC)-based blowing Source: www.prnewswire.co.uk

VATIS UPDATE: Ozone Layer Protection „ May-Jun 2013 15 FUMIGANTS

Growing berries of Environmental Sciences, Univer- sity of Georgia (UGA), the United without methyl States, has been working to find bromide alternatives to MeBr. The challenge has been finding something that is Nine years ago, the fatal plant dis- as easy to use, economical and as ease Verticillium wilt was wiping effective as MeBr. Mr. Culpepper out strawberry plants at the farm of and his team are researching four University of California Santa Cruz systems to replace MeBr on farms (UCSC), the United States. Chem- A strawberry bed under treatment, that use plasticulture – a planting icals and crop rotation failed to with rice bran as carbon source technique employed in commercial treat infested fields. A visiting plant vegetable production where black toxic to humans than chemical fu- pathologist from the Netherlands plastic is stretched over planting migation as the active ingredients recommended a little-known orga- rows to reduce water loss and to are inert. nic technique called anaerobic soil block weeds. disinfestation, and UCSC professor As part of the treatment, carbon Dr. Carol Shennan decided to give sources like rice bran, molasses The alternatives are more complex it a try. “After the first treatment we and grape skins are mixed into the because they require a systems almost entirely eliminated Verti- soil. A tarp covers the planting bed, approach using three fumigants cillium from the soil,” says Prof. and drip irrigation is used to satu- applied appropriately or two fumi- Shennan. The number of disease rate the bed. This promotes the gants and a programme. spores dropped from 20 per gram growth of anaerobic bacteria. “We One alternative being used is the of soil to zero or one. don’t know the exact mechanism UGA 3-way system that employs by which this kills pathogens, but Telone II, metam sodium and chlo- Dr. Shennan is currently compiling ropicrin – each applied at the ap- nearly a decade of results com- it likely involves the organic acids produced by anaerobic bacteria,” propriate place in the soil profile paring anaerobic soil disinfestation says Dr. Shennan. This growing to maximize pest activity. The re- with chemical fumigation. The re- season, Farm Fuel Inc. treated searchers estimate that it has re- sults show that after disinfesta- more than 130 acres in Santa Cruz placed MeBr on about 70 per cent tion, Verticillium disease spores and Monterey with the disinfesta- of the acres in Georgia. This is the consistently dropped in number by tion method. “The plants did really most economical system, though 80 to 100 per cent. “This is similar well after treatment, and we didn’t a very complex, and was found to to the levels we have achieved with see big die-offs,” says Ms. Stefanie control more than 93 per cent of fumigation,” states Dr. Shennan. Bourcier, the company’s CEO. The the nutsedge, the most challeng- Fumigation with methyl bromide untreated neighbouring block of ing pest for the growers. (MeBr), the ozone-depleting chemi- plants had significant incidence of cal banned by the Montreal Proto- Another option is Trifecta, a much Fusarium wilt disease. col, has been a staple of the local easier application that combines berry industry for decades. Source: www.gtweekly.com Telone II, chloropicrin and dimethyl disulphide (DMDS). Mr. Culpepper Ms. Carolyn O’Donnell of the Califor- Vegetable growers points out that Trifecta is still in nia Strawberry Commission, says: development, but he is optimistic “Farmers have tried other fumi- work with methyl current research will yield better gants, but there are not a lot of bromide alternatives yet economical pest control. The good options.” The problem has third alternative is the Paladin Pic turned the spotlight to fumigant- For decades, vegetable farmers in that includes a 79:21 mixture of free alternatives like anaerobic soil Georgia, the United States, relied DMDS:chloropicrin. It is highly ef- disinfestation. While disease organ- on the soil fumigant methyl bromide fective in controlling nutsedge and isms decline after treatment, the (MeBr) to control weeds, insects nematodes, but are re- total number of soil bacteria in- and nematodes, but recent changes quired for other weeds. Mr. Culpep- creases. Disinfestation appears to in environmental regulations have per is working on a fourth alterna- alter microbial communities, but it led them to find replacements. Mr. tive that will offer more flexibility. likely does not kill as many organ- Stanley Culpepper, a weed scien- isms. Disinfestation is also less tist with the College of Agricultural Source: southeastfarmpress.com

16 VATIS UPDATE: Ozone Layer Protection „ May-Jun 2013 Fumigants

Pressurized essentially of hexafluoropropene (HFP), or 1,1,3,3,3-pentafluoropro- disinfestation with pene (1225zc) that has a lifetime carbon dioxide of only 5.8 days, which translates into a GWP of about 0.25. 1,1,3, Raw ingredients for food – grains, 3,3-pentafluoropropene also has nuts, vegetables, etc. – are easily a highly reactive carbon-carbon infested by insects and microbes, double bond and therefore has a particularly when the products are GWP of less than 1. Both these stored for longer periods. Conven- compounds also have negligible tional disinfestation using insecti- ozone depletion potential (ODP). A a triple chamber Carvex silo cides or toxic gases – such as system methyl bromide, phosphine or hy- In addition to the fluorocarbon, the fumigant compositions may also drocyanic acid – is fast falling out Depending on requirements, the include other active ingredients, of favour due to various reasons. chambers can be supplied with or such as methyl iodide, chloropic- Carvex Verfahrenstechnologie für without a special CO coating on 2 rin, acrolein, 1,3-dichloropropene, Lebensmittel und Pharma GmbH, the inside. They can be fitted with dimethyl disulphide, metham so- Germany, offers a non-toxic pres- one or two quick-release closures. dium, furfural, propylene oxide and surized disinfestation system with Contact: Carvex Verfahrenstech- a surfactant. In certain embodi- natural source of carbon dioxide nologie für Lebensmittel und Phar- ments, both HFP and 1225zc may (CO ) for raw foodstuff ingredients, ma GmbH, Sprudelstraße 1, D - 2 be used with or without additional animal feed, tobacco, herbal teas 53557 Bad Hönningen, Germany. actives. In some embodiments, the and medicines. Tel: +49 (2635) 78938; E-mail: info. HFP or 1225zc can be diluted with [email protected]. a suitable carrier solvent that can The pressurized CO2 disinfestation process works at ambient temper- Source: www.carvex.de include at least one C3-C4 hydro- ature and pressures of up to 40 fluorocarbon olefin or at least one bar. The material to be treated is Fumigants and hydrochlorofluorocarbon olefin that put in sacks into specially design- fumigation methods preferably has a combination of ed disinfestation chambers. After desirable environmental and func- the chamber is closed, it is filled Honeywell International Inc., the tional properties. For example, the carrier solvents can have an ODP with CO2 until the desired pressure United States, is patenting fumi- is reached. After the exposure pe- gant compositions that include of zero or nearly zero. The solvent riod has elapsed, the pressure in hexafluoropropene or 1,1,3,3,3- may also have a low GWP, which the chamber is released and the pentafluoropropene, and methods can preferably be equal to or less material removed. of preparing such compositions. than about 10 relative to carbon dioxide (CO ). The fumigant compositions may 2 Low-cost single chamber systems be suitable for use as soil fumi- for sporadic use and for treating The fumigant composition may be gant compositions and structural smaller volumes are the standard. applied to soil or structures as part fumigant compositions against a A second and a third chamber can of an aqueous solution or disper- wide variety of undesirable spe- be added, depending on the treat- sion. The fumigant composition may cies such as weeds, nematodes, ment capacity required. The cham- be applied by a number of different pathogens, animals and insects. procedures that are currently em- bers themselves are offered in dif- ployed for soil and structural treat- ferent diameters and lengths. They These fumigant compositions may ments. In some embodiments, soil can be loaded manually or using comprise an alkylene fluorocarbon fumigant may utilize either shank forklifts, pallet trucks or roller con- having at least one C=CF group. 2 injection or drip irrigation. For stru- veyors. The chamber diameter de- The fluorocarbon may have a low ctural fumigation, the chemicals pends on the packaging unit size of toxicity and a low global warming may be heated to a gas before the products to be treated, while potential (GWP). For example, it introducing them within a building, the length is determined by the may have a GWP of less than 1, chamber, vehicle or other space or required pressure. It is possible to more particularly, less than 0.5. In structure. treat small containers as well as some embodiments, the fumigant entire pallets of sacks, bales, etc. composition comprises or consists Source: patents.com

VATIS UPDATE: Ozone Layer Protection „ May-Jun 2013 17 RECENT PUBLICATIONS TECH EVENTS

The Montreal Protocol and the 25-27 Sep 5th International Conference on Bad Krozingen Solar Air-Conditioning Green Economy Germany Contact: Ostbayerisches Technologie-Transfer-Institut e.V. This global study addresses how and to what degree Wernerwerkstr. 4, national, regional and international actions taken 93049 Regensburg, Germany. under the Montreal Protocol have also contributed Tel: +49 (941) 296 88 29; to the restructuring of national economies and the Fax: +49 (941) 296 88 17. global one towards a “Green Economy”, defined as 09-13 Oct BANGKOK RHVAC 2013 “one which achieves increasing wealth, provides Bangkok Contact: Thai Trade Fair, decent employment, successfully tackles inequities Thailand 44/100 Nonthaburi 1 Road, and persistent poverty, and reduces ecological Bang Kra Sor, Nonthaburi 11000, scarcities and climate risks”. This study specifically Thailand. explores how the Montreal Protocol has contributed Tel: +66 (2) 507 7842; Fax: +66 (2) 547 5683-4; to the stimulation of more efficient production pro- E-mail: [email protected]. cesses, driving innovation, industrial restructuring, job creation, trade, health and ecosystem benefits, 19-21 Oct ISHVAC – International Symposium and climate change mitigation. The study is intended Xi’an on Heating, Ventilation and China Air-conditioning as a case study contribution to the Green Economy Contact: Mr. Ran Gao, Initiative of the United Nations Environment Pro- Secretariat of ISHVAC2013, gramme (UNEP) with its findings informing the No. 13 Yanta Road, Xi’an, question of how different multilateral environmental Shaanxi 710055, China. agreements contribute to a Green Economy. Tel: +86 (29) 13629284215; E-mail: [email protected]; Contact: OzonAction Branch, United Nations En- Website: www.ishvac2013.org. vironment Programme (UNEP), 15, rue de Milan, 04-06 Nov 2013 Annual International Research 75441 Paris Cedex 09, France. Tel: +33 (1) 4437 San Diego Conference on Methyl Bromide 1450; Fax: +33 (1) 4437 1474; E-mail: ozonaction United States Alternatives and Emissions @unep.org. Reduction Contact: Methyl Bromide Alternatives Ozone and Ozone Depletion: Outreach, 6556 N. Dolores Avenue, Sources, Environmental Impact Fresno, California, CA 93711, and Health United States of America. Tel: +1 (559) 449 9035; Several new concepts have emerged recently in the Fax: +1 (559) 449 9037; field of ozone science, creating a need for an in- Website: mbao.org. depth publication covering the various ozone-related 12-14 Nov HVACR INDONESIA 2013 issues. This book fills that void in the literature by Jakarta Contact: Informa Exhibitions Pte. Ltd., providing a unique collection of the understanding Indonesia 111 Somerset Road #11-08, of the “good” and “bad” of ozone gas. The chapters TripleOne Somerset, written by leading experts in the field from all over Singapore 238164. Tel: +65 6411 7777; the world will serve as a single reference to a global Fax: +65 6411 7778; perspective on the various sources for ozone, the E-mail:[email protected]. ozone layer, the effect of ozone depletion on human health and the environment, causes and effects of 12-14 Nov CIAAR 2013 – China International Shanghai Auto Air-conditioning & Refrigeration bad ozone, etc. The book aims to try and give the China Exhibition ‘overall picture’ to the readers on different topics in Contact: Shanghai Gehua Exhibition the field of ozone. Service Co. Ltd., Room 1206-1208, Xin’an Building, Contact: Nova Science Publishers Inc., 400 Oser No. 99 Tianzhou Road, Avenue, Suite 1600, Hauppauge NY 11788-3619, Shanghai 200233, China. United States of America. Tel: +1 (631) 231 7269; Tel: +86 (21) 5445 1166; Fax: +1 (631) 231 8175; E-mail: nova.main@nova Fax: +86 (21) 5445 1968; publishers.com. E-mail: [email protected].

18 VATIS UPDATE: Ozone Layer Protection „ May-Jun 2013 PUBLICATIONS from APCTT PERIODICALS (Free access at www.techmonitor.net) ‰ Asia Pacific Tech Monitor (4 issues/year) (e-version) ‰ VATIS Update (4 issues/year)  Biotechnology (e-version)  Non-conventional Energy (e-version)  Food Processing (e-version)  Ozone Layer Protection # (e-version)  (e-version)

BOOKS Indian Rupees* US Dollars* (India, Bhutan and Nepal)

‰ Managing Innovation for the New Economy: Training Manual, 2002 1,000.00 50.00 Volume 1: How to Guide & Quick reference materials Volume 2: Articles & Lectures ‰ Regional Capacity-building for the Adoption of ISO-14000 and 600.00 30.00 Transfer of Environmentally Sound Technology: Training Manual, 2000 ‰ Small Rural Industries in the Asia Pacific Region: Enhancement of 600.00 30.00 Competitiveness of Small Rural Industries in a Liberalized Economic Environment and the Impact of Poverty Alleviation, 2000 ‰ Technology Transfer and Technological Capacity-building in Asia and the Pacific  Volume 1: Big Countries and Developed Economies, 1999 600.00 30.00  Volume 2: ASEAN, NIEs, SAARC and the Islamic Republic 600.00 30.00 of Iran, 1999  Volume 3: Least Developed and Pacific Island Countries and 600.00 30.00 Economies in Transition, 1999  Volume 4: Emerging Issues in Regional Technological Capability- 600.00 30.00 building and Technology Transfer, 1999 ‰ Rural Industrialization as a Means of Poverty Alleviation: Report of 600.00 30.00 the Regional Seminar on the Enhancement of Partnerships among Governmental, Non-governmental and Private Sector Entities for the Promotion of Rural Industrialization for Poverty Alleviation, 1999 ‰ Institutional Development for Investment Promotion and Technology 500.00 25.00 Transfer, 1999 ‰ Ozone Depletion Substances Phase-out Technologies: Problems & 300.00 15.00 Issues on Technology Transfer, Absorption and Generation, 1998 ‰ Development and Utilization of S&T Indicators: Emerging Issues in 300.00 15.00 Developing Countries of the ESCAP Region, 1998 ‰ ODS Phase-out: A Guide for Industry, 1998 500.00 25.00 ‰ Proceedings of the Consultative Meeting on Technology Management 800.00 40.00 Education and Training for Developing Countries, 1997

Notes: Amount less than Rs 500 should be sent through a demand draft only. Otherwise, payment should be made by cheque/ demand draft/UNESCO coupon in favour of the Asian & Pacific Centre for Transfer of Technology, payable at New Delhi. # Six issues per year. A print version for distribution to a select target group is supported by the Ozone Cell, Ministry of Environment & Forests, Government of India. * Amount to be sent to APCTT with the order for covering costs and handling charges. VATIS UPDATE: Ozone Layer Protection „ May-Jun 2013 19