DOCSLIB.ORG

R290 Split Air Conditioners Resource Guide Version 1.0 Imprint

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
R290 Split Air Conditioners Resource Guide Version 1.0 Imprint R290 Split Air Conditioners Resource Guide Version 1.0 Imprint As a federally owned enterprise, GIZ supports the German Government Proclaimer: in achieving its objectives in the field of The information in this report, or upon which this report is based, has international cooperation for sustainable development. been obtained from sources the authors believe to be reliable and accurate. While reasonable efforts have been made to ensure that the contents of this publication are factually correct, GIZ GmbH does not Published by: accept responsibility for the accuracy or completeness of the con- Deutsche Gesellschaft für tents, and shall not be liable for any loss or Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH damage that may be occasioned directly or indirectly through the use of, or reliance on, the contents of this publication. Registered offices: Bonn and Eschborn, Germany URL links: This publication contains links to external websites. Responsibility Dag-Hammarskjöld-Weg 1-5 for the content of the listed external sites always lies with their 65760 Eschborn, Germany respective publishers. When the links to these sites were first posted, T +49 61 96 79-1022 GIZ checked the third-party content to establish whether it could give F +49 61 96 79-80 1022 rise to civil or criminal liability. However, the constant review of the E [email protected] links to external sites cannot reasonably be expected without con- I www.giz.de/proklima crete indication of a violation of rights. If GIZ itself becomes aware or is notified by a third party that an external site it has provided a link Cool Contributions fighting Climate Change (C4)/ Proklima to gives rise to civil or criminal liability, it will remove the link to this Contact: [email protected] site immediately. GIZ expressly dissociates itself from such content. and On behalf of The German Federal Ministry for the Environment, Umweltbundesamt Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety Wörlitzer Platz 1 Division KI II 7 International Climate Finance, International Climate 06844 Dessau-Roßlau Initiative T +49 340-2103-0 11055 Berlin, Germany F +49 340-2103-2285 T +49 30 18 305-0 E [email protected] F +49 30 18 305-43 75 I www.umweltbundesamt.de E [email protected] I www.bmu.bund.de Authors Leon Becker & Philipp Munzinger (GIZ Proklima) GIZ is responsible for the content of this publication. Dr. Daniel de Graaf (Umweltbundesamt) Printed on 100% recycled paper, certified to FSC standards. Acknowledgement for Inputs and Review Dr. Sukumar Devotta, Ole Nielsen (UNIDO) Printing and distribution: Braun & Sohn Druckerei GmbH & Co. KG, Maintal Dr. Daniel Colbourne, Rolf Hühren, Irene Papst, Dietram Oppelt (HEAT GmbH) Status: Tim Anders, Kai Berndt, Philipp Denzinger, Eschborn, October 2019 Marion Geiss, Daniela Lassmann, Maraida Licerio, Maike Kauffmann, Marcel Nitschmann, Lara Teutsch, Smita Vichare (GIZ) Design/layout: creative republic, Thomas Maxeiner Visual Communications, Frankfurt /Germany Photo credits/sources: © AGRAMKOW © GIZ Proklima / Leon Becker, Curllan Bhola, Asiedu Danquah, June B. Oliveros II, Gianfranco Vivi © Sonobond Ultrasonics © PT Pertamina © nikomsolftwaer/stock.adobe.com © shutterstock © Ball LunLa/shutterstock 2 2 3 Table of Abbreviations A AC Air Conditioning D DMT Deutsche Montan Technologie Gmbh ACR&HP Air Conditioning, Refrigeration & Heat Pump E EC Electronically Commutated ACs Air Conditioners EE Energy Efficiency AHRI Air Conditioning, Heating and Refrigeration EER Energy Efficiency Ratio Institute EEV Electronic Expansion Valve AL Aluminium EIA Environmental Investigation Agency ANSI Approved American National Standard EN European Norm B BAU Business as Usual EOL End-Of-Life BEE Indian Bureau of Energy Efficiency EPA Environmental Protection Agency in Ghana BMU Germany’s Federal Ministry for the EU European Union Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear F FECO Chinese Foreign Economic Cooperation Office Safety G GCI Green Cooling Initiative BTU British Thermal Unit GHG Greenhouse Gas C C4 Cool Contributions Fighting Climate Change GIZ Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit CC Cooling Capacity GWP Global Warming Potential CCC China Compulsory Certification H H O Water CEC China Environmental 2 United Certification Center HC Hydrocarbon CED Cumulated Energy Demand HCI Hydrochloric Acid CHEAA China Household Electrical HCFCs Hydrochlorofluorocarbons Appliances Association HF Hydrofluoric Acid CO Carbon Monoxide HFCs Hydrofluorocarbons CO2 Carbon Dioxide HFO Hydrofluro-olefin COP Coefficient of Performance HP Horse Power | Heat Pump CSN Complete Satisfaction Number HPMP HCFC Phase-Out Management Plan CSPF Cooling Seasonal Performance Factor HPWH Heat Pump Water Heater CU Copper 4 I IDU Indoor Unit R RAC Refrigeration And Air Conditioning IEA International Energy Agency S SC Sub Committee IEC International Electrotechnical Commission SCOP Seasonal Coefficient Of Performance IKI Internationale Klimaschutzinitiative SEER Seasonal Energy Efficiency Ratio (International Climate Initiative) Split ACs Split-Type Air Conditioning Systems IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change T TC Technical Committee ISEER Indian Seasonal Energy Efficiency Ratio TEAP Technology And Economic Assessment Panel ISO International Organization for Standardization TESDA Philippines’ Technical Education And Skills J JARN Japan Air Conditioning, Development Authority Heating & Refrigeration News, Ltd. TEV Thermal Expansion Valve JRAIA Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association TFA Trifluoro Acetic Acid ToT Training of Trainers L LCIA Lifecycle Impact Assessment U U4E United For Efficiency LFL Lower Flammability Limit UBA Umweltbundesamt (German Environment LPG Liquefied Petroleum Gas Agency) M MEPS Minimum Energy Performance Standards UFL Upper Flammability Limit MIT Mitigation UNEP United Nations Environmental Program N NAMA Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention On Climate Change NC National Committee UNIDO United Nations Industrial Development Organization NDCs Nationally Determined Contributions W WG Working Group NOU National Ozone Unit O ODP Ozone Depleting Potential ODS Ozone Depleting Substance ODU Outdoor Unit Q QCR Qualification, Certification and Registration 4 5 Foreword Room air conditioning appliances become more and more This guide clearly shows that single-split room ACs popular worldwide. 129 million units have been sold in equipped with R290 (propane) exhibit significant environ- 2017 (JARN, 2018), including roughly 100 million single- mental advantages through good energy performance and a split air conditioners (ACs). Compared to the year 2007, GWP close to zero. The guide shall contribute to address- this means a growth in sales of such appliances by 64% - in ing and demystifying all aspects relevant for the successful only ten years. The reasons for this trend are a growing introduction of R290 split Air Conditioners. world population, a rising middle class in countries with emerging markets and, more recently, rising temperatures A good example that proofs the viability of this option comes due to climate change. from India where a domestic manufacturer offers a single- split air conditioner with R290 refrigerant. The product is Ironically, the latter is caused to a considerable share by the most energy-efficient appliance of this product group on air conditioning itself through the energy consumption the Indian market. More than 600,000 units have been sold associated with the use of air conditioning equipment. to end users so far with no reported incidents because they The International Energy Agency provides in a current are safely installed by qualified and certified personnel. This report (IEA, 2018) that 20% of the energy consumption example should encourage other governments and manufac- in buildings is due to air conditioning. Further, it projects turers to introduce their R290 solutions to the domestic and that energy consumption in this field will more than triple worldwide market. Considering the phase-down of hydro- by the year 2050. This trend is driven mainly by the fluoro carbons such as R410A and R32 according the recent residential sector where single-split AC appliances are the Kigali Amendment to the Montreal Protocol, which already dominating type of AC equipment. Accelerated energy started with the first step of -10% of the baseline, R290 is efficiency levels for these type of appliances in the short term today the only viable and future-proof choice for residential are crucial to minimize or even decrease the currently and light commercial single-split air conditioning. growing impact on the climate. The significant climate impact of room ACs is not only made by fossil fuel-based electricity supply, but also a result of the predominant and massively growing use of halogen- ated refrigerants such as R22, R410A, and, to a growing extent, R32 with high global warming potential (GWP), Dr. Bettina Rechenberg which today have a significant share of the overall green- Director General of Division III – Sustainable Production house gas emissions caused by air conditioners. For single- and Products, Waste Management split room ACs, the loss of the initial refrigerant charge German Environment Agency over the lifetime is 100% or even more, caused through leakages during operation as well as during installation and disposal at the end of life. Therefore, the use of natural refrigerants with very low GWP not only can result in superior energy performance, but also
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Ammonia As a Refrigerant
    1791 Tullie Circle, NE. Atlanta, Georgia 30329-2305, USA www.ashrae.org ASHRAE Position Document on Ammonia as a Refrigerant Approved by ASHRAE Board of Directors February 1, 2017 Expires February 1, 2020 ASHRAE S H A P I N G T O M O R R O W ’ S B U I L T E N V I R O N M E N T T O D A Y © 2017 ASHRAE (www.ashrae.org). For personal use only. Additional reproduction, distribution, or transmission in either print or digital form is not permitted without ASHRAE’s prior written permission. COMMITTEE ROSTER The ASHRAE Position Document on “Ammonia as a Refrigerant” was developed by the Society’s Refrigeration Committee. Position Document Committee formed on January 8, 2016 with Dave Rule as its chair. Dave Rule, Chair Georgi Kazachki IIAR Dayton Phoenix Group Alexandria, VA, USA Dayton, OH, USA Ray Cole Richard Royal Axiom Engineers, Inc. Walmart Monterey, CA, USA Bentonville, Arkansas, USA Dan Dettmers Greg Scrivener IRC, University of Wisconsin Cold Dynamics Madison, WI, USA Meadow Lake, SK, Canada Derek Hamilton Azane Inc. San Francisco, CA, USA Other contributors: M. Kent Anderson Caleb Nelson Consultant Azane, Inc. Bethesda, MD, USA Missoula, MT, USA Cognizant Committees The chairperson of Refrigerant Committee also served as ex-officio members: Karim Amrane REF Committee AHRI Bethesda, MD, USA i © 2017 ASHRAE (www.ashrae.org). For personal use only. Additional reproduction, distribution, or transmission in either print or digital form is not permitted without ASHRAE’s prior written permission. HISTORY of REVISION / REAFFIRMATION / WITHDRAWAL
    [Show full text]
  • LIFE Country Overview Italy 2021
    Italy Overview This document provides an overview of LIFE in Italy. It showcases key data and some of the latest LIFE projects. You will also find contact details and other useful resources and a full list of current and recently-finished LIFE projects. Every year calls for project proposals are launched covering the LIFE programme’s priority areas. ABOUT LIFE The LIFE programme is the EU's funding instrument for the environment and climate action. It has been running since 1992 and has co-financed more than 5 400 projects across the EU and in third countries, mobilising over €12 billion and contributing more than €5.64 billion to the protection of the environment and climate. Types of LIFE project: Other types of LIFE funding: Traditional (Environment and Resource Efficiency; Nature NGO operating grants and Biodiversity; Environmental Governance and Natural Capital Financing Facility (NCFF) Information; Climate Change Mitigation; Climate Change Private Finance for Energy Efficiency (PF4EE) Adaptation; Climate Governance and Information). Integrated (Environment, Nature or Climate Action) NCFF and PF4EE are joint initiatives with the European Preparatory Investment Bank, which manages the two funds. Capacity-building For more information visit: https://cinea.ec.europa.eu/life_en Last update: 28/05/21 European Commission/CINEA (https://cinea.ec.europa.eu/life_en) – Page 1 – LIFE Environment and Resource Efficiency This LIFE priority area is aimed at developing, testing and demonstrating best practices, solutions and integrated approaches to environmental challenges, as well as improving the related knowledge base. To date, the LIFE Environment and Resource Efficiency strand (formerly the LIFE Environment Policy and Governance component) has co-financed 530 projects in Italy, representing a total investment of €964 million, of which €415 million has been provided by the EU.
    [Show full text]
  • 60 Examples of Natural Refrigerant Stories in Article 5 Countries and Eits July 2012 Ŝŷƚƌžěƶđɵžŷ !"#$%&"#'"$(
    60 EXAMPLES OF NATURAL REFRIGERANT STORIES IN ARTICLE 5 COUNTRIES AND EITS JULY 2012 ŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶ !"#$%&"#'"$( dŚĞƵƐĞŽĨŽnjŽŶĞͲĚĞƉůĞƟŶŐĂŶĚŚŝŐŚͲŐůŽďĂůǁĂƌŵŝŶŐƐƵďƐƚĂŶĐĞƐŚĂƐďĞĐŽŵĞĂƌŝƐ) ŝŶŐĐŽŶĐĞƌŶƚŽƚŚĞŝŶƚĞƌŶĂƟŽŶĂůĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƚLJ͕ŐŝǀĞŶƚŚĞŝƌĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚĂůŝŵƉĂĐƚĨƌŽŵ ĞdžƚĞŶĚĞĚƵƐĞ͕ĐŽŵďŝŶĞĚǁŝƚŚƟŐŚƚĞŶŝŶŐƐƵƉƉůLJĂŶĚƌŝƐŝŶŐƌĂǁŵĂƚĞƌŝĂůƐĐŽƐƚ͘&Ɛ͕ ,&ƐĂŶĚ,&ƐƵƐĞĚĂƐƌĞĨƌŝŐĞƌĂŶƚƐĂƌĞĞŝƚŚĞƌĂůƌĞĂĚLJĐŽǀĞƌĞĚďLJŐůŽďĂůĂŐƌĞĞ) ŵĞŶƚƐŽƌĐƵƌƌĞŶƚůLJĚŝƐĐƵƐƐĞĚƵŶĚĞƌƉŚĂƐĞͲŽƵƚƐĐŚĞĚƵůĞƐ͘tŚĞƌĞŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůƌƟĐůĞ ϱĐŽƵŶƚƌŝĞƐŚĂǀĞƚĂŬĞŶƚŚĞůĞĂĚƚŽďĂŶƚŚĞƵƐĞŽĨĂůůŇƵŽƌŝŶĂƚĞĚŐĂƐĞƐŝŶƚŚĞĐŽŵŝŶŐ LJĞĂƌƐ͕ĂŵĂũŽƌŝƚLJŝƐƐƟůůŚĞƐŝƚĂƟŶŐĂƐƚŽǁŚĞƚŚĞƌŶŽŶͲŇƵŽƌŝŶĂƚĞĚƌĞĨƌŝŐĞƌĂŶƚƐĐŽŶƐƟ) ƚƵƚĞĂǀŝĂďůĞĂůƚĞƌŶĂƟǀĞŝŶĂůůĞŶĚͲƵƐĞƐĂŶĚĐŝƌĐƵŵƐƚĂŶĐĞƐ͘ dŚĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĐŽůůĞĐƟŽŶŽĨĂƌƟĐůĞƐŝƐŝŶƚĞŶĚĞĚĨŽƌƉŽůŝĐLJŵĂŬĞƌƐŝŶƐĞĂƌĐŚŽĨƐŽůŝĚ ƉƌŽŽĨĨŽƌƚŚĞǀŝĂďŝůŝƚLJŽĨƚŚĞŶĂƚƵƌĂůƐƵďƐƚĂŶĐĞƐĂŵŵŽŶŝĂ͕ĐĂƌďŽŶĚŝŽdžŝĚĞĂŶĚŚLJĚƌŽ) ĐĂƌďŽŶƐƵƐĞĚĂƐƌĞĨƌŝŐĞƌĂŶƚƐŝŶƚŚĞŚĞĂƟŶŐ͕ƌĞĨƌŝŐĞƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚĐŽŽůŝŶŐŝŶĚƵƐƚƌLJǁŽƌůĚ) ǁŝĚĞ͘dŚĞĐŽŵƉŝůĂƟŽŶǁĂƐƉƌĞƉĂƌĞĚĂŌĞƌĚĞĐŝƐŝŽŶŵĂŬĞƌƐƌĞƉĞĂƚĞĚůLJĞdžƉƌĞƐƐĞĚ ŝŶƚĞƌĞƐƚŝŶŚĂǀŝŶŐŽŶĞƌĞĨĞƌĞŶĐĞĚŽĐƵŵĞŶƚƚŽƐƵŵŵĂƌŝƐĞďĞƐƚͲƉƌĂĐƟĐĞĞdžĂŵƉůĞƐĂŶĚ ĂĚĚƌĞƐƐƚŚĞǀĂƌŝŽƵƐŝƐƐƵĞƐĐƵƌƌĞŶƚůLJƚŚŽƵŐŚƚƚŽƉƌĞǀĞŶƚƚŚĞƵƐĞŽĨŶĂƚƵƌĂůǁŽƌŬŝŶŐ ŇƵŝĚƐŝŶƌƟĐůĞϱĐŽƵŶƚƌŝĞƐ͗ĂǀĂŝůĂďŝůŝƚLJ͕ĐŽƐƚ͕ƚĞĐŚŶŽůŽŐLJ͕ƐĂĨĞƚLJ͕ůĞŐŝƐůĂƟŽŶ͕ƚƌĂŝŶŝŶŐ ΘŬŶŽǁͲŚŽǁĂŶĚŵĂƌŬĞƚͲďĂƐĞĚďĂƌƌŝĞƌƐ͘dŚĞĐŽůůĞĐƟŽŶĂŝŵƐƚŽŚŝŐŚůŝŐŚƚŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝ) ƟĞƐďƵƚůŝŬĞǁŝƐĞŽƵƚůŝŶĞĐŚĂůůĞŶŐĞƐĞŶĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĞĚŝŶĂĚŽƉƟŶŐK*(%+,-ĂŶĚ,ƐĂƐ ƌĞĨƌŝŐĞƌĂŶƚƐ͘ dŚĞĂƌƟĐůĞƐůŝƐƚĞĚŝŶƚŚŝƐĐŽůůĞĐƟŽŶĂƌĞƚĂŬĞŶĨƌŽŵƚŚĞŽŶůŝŶĞŝŶĚƵƐƚƌLJƉůĂƞŽƌŵƐ ǁǁǁ͘ĂŵŵŽŶŝĂϮϭ͘ĐŽŵ͕ǁǁǁ͘ŚLJĚƌŽĐĂƌďŽŶƐϮϭ͘ĐŽŵĂŶĚǁǁǁ͘Zϳϰϰ͘ĐŽŵͲĞĂĐŚ ƐƉĞĐŝĂůŝƐĞĚŽŶŽŶĞƌĞĨƌŝŐĞƌĂŶƚ;ŐƌŽƵƉͿǁŝƚŚůŽǁĞƐƚŐůŽďĂůǁĂƌŵŝŶŐƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůĂŶĚŶŽ ŽnjŽŶĞĚĞƉůĞƟŽŶƉŽƚĞŶƟĂů͘ dŚĞLJǁĞƌĞƉƵďůŝƐŚĞĚŽǀĞƌƚŚĞůĂƐƚϭϮŵŽŶƚŚƐĂŶĚǁĞƌĞƐĞůĞĐƚĞĚĨŽƌƚŚĞŝƌƌĞůĞǀĂŶĐĞ
    [Show full text]
  • Carrier Transicold to Highlight Sustainability Solutions at IAA Show 2016 Stand E15, Hall 27, IAA Show, Hanover, Germany, 22 – 29 September 2016
    For Immediate Release Contact: Andy Hemphill / Beth Laws For Carrier Transicold 020 8647 4467 [email protected] [email protected] Carrier Transicold to Highlight Sustainability Solutions at IAA Show 2016 Stand E15, Hall 27, IAA Show, Hanover, Germany, 22 – 29 September 2016 WARRINGTON, England, Aug. 25, 2016 — Carrier Transicold will introduce visitors to a prototype natural refrigerant trailer unit as well as a new generation of engineless transport refrigeration systems at the 2016 IAA Show in Hanover, Germany. Both technologies highlight Carrier’s commitment to helping fleets meet efficiency and sustainability goals. Carrier Transicold, which operates in the UK as Carrier Transicold UK, is a part of UTC Climate, Controls & Security, a unit of United Technologies Corp. (NYSE: UTX). The prototype natural refrigerant trailer unit will be making its IAA debut, mounted to a Rohr trailer and displayed on the Rohr stand (F09) in Hall 27. Following the IAA Show, it will enter service on a three-year technology field trial with German retailer Netto Marken-Discount. The prototype unit stands apart from conventional transport refrigeration technology for operating exclusively with carbon dioxide (CO2) refrigerant in a closed- loop system. CO2 is a safe and non-ozone depleting gas with a global warming potential (GWP) of one, delivering a massive reduction in F-Gases and making it the baseline against which other refrigerants are measured. Carrier Transicold will also showcase the new engineless transport refrigeration units that have joined its range following the strategic acquisition of Dutch firm, TRS Transportkoeling b.v. (TRS). The Carrier stand will feature an example of the ground- breaking ECO-DRIVE power module, which utilises the power generated by a truck’s own Euro VI diesel engine to drive a host refrigeration unit, removing the need for a secondary engine.
    [Show full text]
  • 1. Is Earth's Ozone Layer Still at Risk?
    Volume XVIII | 30 April 2018 In this issue: 1. Is Earth’s ozone layer still at risk? 5 questions answered 2. Hydrochlorofluorocarbon market set explosive growth to 2025 3. Fast mitigation to save lives and the planet in Latin America and the Caribbean 4. USEPA to start new rule-making on HFCs 5. HVAC manufacturers optimistic about the future of the refrigeration market 6. Reclamation of R-22 weakens in 2017, resulting in refrigerant concern 7. Oman and Jordan share experience on training and certification in the refrigeration and air conditioning 8. Cooling India with less warming: Affordable & Efficient ACs 9. NEW REPORT: Removing ‘F-gases’ could slow global warming by 0.5 degrees 10. ODS banks: Over 70 participants learned in GIZ webinar about environmental friendly disposal of old appliances in RAC sector 1. Is Earth’s ozone layer still at risk? 5 questions answered Editor’s note: Curbing damage to Earth’s protective ozone layer is widely viewed as one of the most important successes of the modern environmental era. Earlier this year, however, a study reported that ozone concentrations in the lower level of the stratosphere had been falling since the late 1990s – even though the Montreal Protocol, a global treaty to phase out ozone-depleting chemicals, had been in effect since 1989. This raised questions about whether and how human activities could still be damaging the ozone layer. Atmospheric chemist A.R. Ravishankara, who co-chaired a United Nations/World Meteorological Organization Scientific Assessment panel on stratospheric ozone from 2007 to 2015, provides perspective. What’s the prevailing view among atmospheric scientists today about the state of the ozone layer? The overall picture is clear: The Montreal Protocol reduced use of ozone-depleting chemicals and will lead to healing of the ozone layer.
    [Show full text]
  • Emissions of Volatile Organic Compounds from Crude Oil Processing - Global Emission Inventory and Environmental Release DOI: 10.1016/J.Scitotenv.2020.138654
    The University of Manchester Research Emissions of volatile organic compounds from crude oil processing - global emission inventory and environmental release DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138654 Document Version Accepted author manuscript Link to publication record in Manchester Research Explorer Citation for published version (APA): Rajabi, H., Hadi Mosleh, M., Mandal, P., Lea-Langton, A., & Sedighi, M. (2020). Emissions of volatile organic compounds from crude oil processing - global emission inventory and environmental release. Science of the Total Environment. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138654 Published in: Science of the Total Environment Citing this paper Please note that where the full-text provided on Manchester Research Explorer is the Author Accepted Manuscript or Proof version this may differ from the final Published version. If citing, it is advised that you check and use the publisher's definitive version. General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the Research Explorer are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. Takedown policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please refer to the University of Manchester’s Takedown Procedures [http://man.ac.uk/04Y6Bo] or contact [email protected] providing relevant details, so we can investigate your claim. Download date:05. Oct. 2021 Emissions
    [Show full text]
  • QUANTIFYING the SOCIAL IMPACT of REFRIGERANT CHOICES the Role of Refrigerants in Climate Change… and What You Can Do About It
    QUANTIFYING THE SOCIAL IMPACT OF REFRIGERANT CHOICES The role of refrigerants in climate change… and what you can do about it AUGUST 2020 Contents The Impact of Refrigerants 4 The Importance of 2024 in California 5 The Social Cost of Carbon 7 What can HVAC Engineers & Chiller Manufacturers Do? 8 Natural & Alternative Refrigerants 9 Putting this into Practice with Two Case Studies 10 Case Study 1: Natural Ventilation 11 Case Study 2: Alternative Refrigerants 12 Global Leaders 13 Call to Action 14 Manufacturer Advocacy Letter 15 Contributors & References 17 iii QUANTIFYING THE SOCIAL IMPACT OF REFRIGERANT CHOICES The Impact of Refrigerants Refrigerants are significant contributors to climate change. Project Drawdown identifies refrigerants as the #1 most impactful factor in the construction industry (Project Drawdown, n.d.). Flourinated gases comprise 3% of the total greenhouse gas emissions in the United States, 92% of which are due to refrigerants in buildings and vehicles (Environmental Protection Agency, 2020). The impacts of refrigerants are classified using two measurements: ozone depletion potential (ODP) and global warming potential (GWP). Beyond the environmental impact, refrigerants additionally pose a risk to human health via risks of toxicity, flammability, asphyxiation and other hazards (Advent Air, 2015). Many of these risks can be mitigated via prudent refrigerant management, such as prevention of leakage and proper disposal. The Montreal Protocol In order to combat the harmful impacts of refrigerants, the 1987 Montreal Protocol was established to protect the ozone layer through phasing out the usage of refrigerants with high ODPs, including Chloroflourocarbons (CFCs) and Hydrochrloroflourocarbons (HCFCs) (U.S. Department of State, 2019).
    [Show full text]
  • The Future of Air Conditioning for Buildings
    The Future of Air Conditioning for Buildings July 2016 W. Goetzler, M. Guernsey, J. Young, J. Fuhrman Navigant Consulting, Inc. O. Abdelaziz, PhD Oak Ridge National Laboratory (This page intentionally left blank) NOTICE This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States Government. Neither the United States Government, nor any agency thereof, nor any of their employees, nor any of their contractors, subcontractors, or their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise, does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States Government or any agency, contractor or subcontractor thereof. The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States Government or any agency thereof. Available electronically at www.osti.gov/home/ Prepared for: U.S. Department of Energy Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Building Technologies Office eere.energy.gov/buildings Prepared by: Navigant Consulting, Inc. 77 South Bedford Street, Suite 400 Burlington, MA 01803 William Goetzler Matt Guernsey Jim Young Jay Fuhrman Oak Ridge National Laboratory
    [Show full text]
  • Interpreting Environmental Impacts Resulting from Fruit Cultivation in a Business Innovation Perspective
    sustainability Article Interpreting Environmental Impacts Resulting from Fruit Cultivation in a Business Innovation Perspective Marco Medici * , Maurizio Canavari and Moreno Toselli Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, 40127 Bologna, Italy; [email protected] (M.C.); [email protected] (M.T.) * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 29 September 2020; Accepted: 20 November 2020; Published: 24 November 2020 Abstract: Sustainability of food production is a major concern today. This study assessed the environmental impact of fruit production and discussed business implications for sustainability. Data were collected from three agricultural enterprises growing six species of fruit, extending over a total of 34 hectares, and producing roughly one thousand tons of fruit per year. The results of the life-cycle assessment (LCA) showed that several production activities heavily impact the environment: in descending order of absolute terms, fruit refrigeration, agronomic operations, irrigation, and fertilizer use were recognized as the most impacting. Other activities, including agrochemical applications, planting, and plastic use for harvesting and packaging, showed overall lower impacts. The high environmental impact associated with most of the production activities emphasizes the need to make the primary food production cleaner, more resource-efficient, and less energy-intensive. Affordable incremental innovations able to reshape the way business is conducted in the context of primary food production are proposed, mainly relying on process rationalization and digital switchover. The analysis of the business path toward increased sustainability involves strategic issues, ranging from the reshaping of production processes to relationships with consumers, affecting value proposition, creation, and capture. Keywords: business models; innovation; resource efficiency; sustainability; environmental assessment; fruit production; cleaner production; life cycle assessment (LCA); carbon footprint 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Manual for Refrigeration Servicing Technicians
    Manual for Refrigeration Servicing Introduction Technicians Welcome to the Manual for Refrigeration Servicing Technicians. It is an e-book for people who are involved in training and organization of service and maintenance of refrigeration and air- conditioning (RAC) systems. It is aimed at people who are: • Service and maintenance technicians • Private company service/maintenance managers • Private company managers involved in developing their Why you need this manual 4 service and maintenance policy Private company technicians trainers When to use this manual 4 • • Educational establishment RAC trainers and course How to use this manual 4 developers • National Ozone Units (NOUs) responsible for servicing and maintenance regulations and programmes related to the Montreal Protocol. Why you need this Manual Over recent years, attention on the issue of ozone depletion has The manual is written for those who have a relatively comprehensive remained focused on the obligatory phasing out of ozone depleting level of knowledge and understanding of RAC systems and substances (ODS). At the same time, awareness of climate change associated technology. The material within this manual may be Introduction has increased, along with the development of national and regional used for the purpose of developing training resources or parts greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions reduction targets. In order to of training courses, as well as general guidance and information achieve reduction in emissions of both ODSs and GHGs, attention for technicians on issues that are closely related to the use and has to be paid to activities at a micro-level. This includes reducing application of alternative refrigerants. Most training courses are leakage rates, improving energy-efficiency and preventing other likely to cover a range of topics associated with RAC systems, and environmental impacts, by directing the activities of individuals, and as such, the material within this manual may contribute towards influencing the design and maintenance of equipment.
    [Show full text]
  • Ozone Layer Protection
    VATIS UPDATE OzOzoneone LaLayyerer PrProtectionotection Vol. 4 No. 118 z May - Jun 2013 ISSN 0971-5657 Apprise yourself with the latest technological innovations Highlights z Sunlit snow triggers atmospheric cleaning z Successful trials of new low-GWP refrigerant z Methyl soyate: an eco-friendly solvent z CFC-free, stable inhalation formulation z Low-GWP liquid blowing agent for foam insulation z Pressurized disinfestation with carbon dioxide Ozone Cell VATIS UPDATE: Ozone Layer Protection May-Jun 2013 1 Asian and Pacific Centre for Ministry of Environment and Forests Transfer of Technology (APCTT) Government of India The Asian and Pacific Centre for Transfer of Technology (APCTT), a subsidiary body of ESCAP, was established on 16 July 1977 with the objectives: to assist the members and associate members of ESCAP through strengthening their capabilities to develop and manage national innovation systems; develop, transfer, adapt and apply technology; improve the terms of transfer of technology; and identify and promote the development and transfer of technologies relevant to the region. The Centre will achieve the above objectives by undertaking such functions as: Research and analysis of trends, conditions and opportunities; Advisory services; Dissemination of information and good practices; Networking and partnership with international organizations and key stakeholders; and Training of national personnel, particularly national scientists and policy analysts. The shaded areas of the map indicate ESCAP members and associate members Cover Photo A scientist conducts a snow-chamber experiment in Alaska (see page 5 for details). (Credit: Dr. Paul Shepson, Purdue University, the United States) 2 VATIS UPDATE: Ozone Layer Protection May-Jun 2013 VATIS* Update Ozone Layer Protection is published 6 times a year to keep the CONTENTS readers up to date of most of the relevant and latest technological Vol.
    [Show full text]
  • Ammonia – a Natural Refrigerant
    Ammonia – A Natural Refrigerant Environmentally friendly, economically efficient Our developed society depends on industrially produced refrigeration. Whether at home, in the production and storage of foodstuffs like frozen foods, yogurt and coffee, as part of industrial production processes in the automotive and chemicals/pharmaceuticals industry, or in air-conditioning systems – refrigeration is a central element everywhere. Industrially produced refrigeration is what makes a modern lifestyle possible. And natural refrigerants such as ammonia, carbon dioxide and hydrocarbons are an integral element in refrigeration. Natural refrigerants have been used to produce cold energy – mainly in food production and th storage – since the mid-19 century. Ammonia (NH 3) in particular has proven its worth in industrial refrigeration for over 120 years. Although “safety refrigerants“ – such as the now illegal CFCs – were increasingly used in plants built in the 1950s and ‘60s, ammonia has always managed to prevail in industrial refrigeration technology. Due in great part to the environmental debate surrounding ozone depletion and global warming, ammonia’s share in the market for refrigeration technology is on the rise again, and companies of long-standing tradition and experience prefer to work with ammonia. Compelling Characteristics Ammonia is a colourless gas that liquefies under pressure and has a pungent odour. In refrigeration technology, ammonia is known as R 717 (R = Refrigerant). Although it is synthetically produced for use in refrigeration, ammonia is considered a natural refrigerant because it occurs in nature’s material cycles. Ammonia has no ozone depletion potential (ODP = 0) and no direct greenhouse effect (GWP = 0). Its indirect greenhouse effect contribution is also very limited due to its high energy efficiency.
    [Show full text]