DOCSLIB.ORG

Interactions Between Figs (Ficus Spp., Moraceae) And

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Interactions Between Figs (Ficus Spp., Moraceae) And INTERACTIONS BETWEEN FIGS (FICUS SPP., MORACEAE) AND FIG WASPS (CHALCIDOIDEA, AGAONIDAE) THESIS Submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy at Rhodes University by ANTHONY BRIAN WARE December 1992 CONTENTS PREFACE .......•.•....................................................... iv LIST OF FIGURES ...••..•............•...•.•..•.•.......................••. v LIST OF TABLES ...................•.....••................................ xii ABSTRACT ................................................................ xvi CHAPTER 1: Introduction ................................................... 1 CHAPTER 2: Fig WJSp host specificity ....................•.................... 17 Paper 1: African figs and fig wasps: the wasps eye view of Ficus species. Mitteilungen aus dem Institut fur Allgemeine Botanik Hamburg 24, in press. (Compton, S.G.,Ware, A.B. and van Noort, S.) ...............•........... 17 Paper 2: Host specificity in some African fig wasps. Submitted to Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden (Ware, A.B. ,Compton, S.G. and Phillipson, P .B) . ...................................................... 29 CHAPTER3: Biological evidence for the presence of volatile attractants ................. 48 Paper 3: Pollinator specific volatile attractants released from the figs of Ficus burtt­ davyi. South African Journal of Science 85,323- 324 (1989). (van Noort, S., Ware, A.B. and Compton, S.G.) .............................. 49 Paper 4: Fig wasp responses to host plant volatiles. Submitted to Journal of Insect Behavior. (Ware, A.B. and Compton, S.G.) .........•............ 51 CHAPTER 4: Chemical evidence for the presence of Ficus attractants ........•.......••• 67 Paper 5: Fig volatiles: their role in attracting pollinators and maintaining pollinator specificity. Plant Systematics and Evolution (In press). (Ware, A.B., Kaye, P.T.,Compton, S.G. and van Noort, S) ......................... 68 CHAPTERS: Studies of fig wasp behaviour ...................••....•............ 83 Paper 6: Dispersal of adult female fig wasps I. Arrivals and departures. Submitted to Emomologia Experimelltalis et applicara. (Ware, A.B. and Compton, S.G.) ................................................... 84 i i Paper 7: Dispersal of adult female fig wasps II. Movements between trees. Submitted to Elltomoiogia E'{perimelltalis et applicara. (Ware, A.B. and Compton, S.G.).................................................. 100 CHAPTER 6: Perception of volatiles ............................................ 118 Paper 8: Preparation of small, delicate insects for scanning electron microscopy. Proceedings of the Electron Microscopy Society of southern Africa 19,39-40 (1989). (Ware, A.B. and Cross, R.H.M.) ...................••.. 119 Paper 9: Repeated evolution of elongate multiporous plate sensilla in female fig wasps (Hymenoptera: Agaonidae: Agaoninae). Proceedings of the Koninlijke Nederlandse Akademie vall Wetenschappen 95,275-292 (1992). (Ware, A.B. and Compton, S.G.) ............•..•............•.......... 121 CHAPTER 7: Breakdown of host specificity .................•.................... 139 Paper 10: Studies of Ceratosolen gaZili, a non-pollinating agaonid fig wasp. Biotropica 23, 188-194 (1991). (Compton, S.G., Holton, K.C., Rashbrook, V.K., van Noort, S., Vincent, S. and Ware, A.B.) .........•.•............. 140 Paper 11: Breakdown of pollinator specificity in an African fig tree. Biotropica 24, in press. (Ware, A.B. and Compton, S.G.) .............•.......... 147 CHAPTER 8: Fig wasp parasitoids..................•..•..•.................... 153 Paper 12: African fig wasp parasitoid communities. In Parasitoid Community Ecology (Eds Hawkins, B.A. and Sheenan, W.) in press. (Compton, S.G. Rasplus, J.- Y. and Ware, A.B.) ........................................ 154 CHAPTER 9: Synopsis ...................................................... 179 iii PREFACE Natura nusquam magis quam in minimis tota est (Nature is nowhere more perfect than in the minutest of her works) Pliny: Roman naturalist and philosopher 1 A.D. Most research cannot be done in isolation and these studies are no exception. Although the contribution of colleagues is acknowledged in each section, I would like to make special mention of . of the following people: my senior supervisor, Dr Steve Compton, for providing me the opportunity to investigate fig/fig wasp biology and for his considerable input in the investigations; Prof. Perry Kaye provided much needed assistance in the chemical aspects of the study; Profs M. Brown and V. Moran for having enough faith in my ability to give me a second chance at Rhodes University; the 'fig team', in particular Sally Ross, Simon van Noort and Costas Zachariades, provided many hours of field assistance and company. Finally I would like to thank my wife, Kathy Holton, for her support and encouragement during my studies. iv FIGURES CHAPTER 1 Fig. 1. An electon micrograph of the interior of a fig showing the ostiole (0) with accompanying bracts (B) and the ovules (F) lining the inside of the flowers ......3 Fig. 2. Electron micrograph of the mandibles used by the pollinating fig wasp to force its way through the ostiole in order to gain access to the flowers within the fig ....••••• 2 Fig.3. Fig-fig wasp development cycles. Parasitoids will arrive later than the seed predators and oviposit from outside the fig after probing with their long ovipositors. See text for general description (Modified from Galil and Eisikowitch, 1968) ...•..•.•. 7 CHAPTER 2 Paper 2:Fig. 1. Our distribution records of southern African F. sycomorus and associated pollinator, C. arabicus Co); other southern African distribution records of F. sycomorus (0) are from van Greuning (1990) and von Breitenbach (1986) and are without pollinator records .....................•................................. 35 Fig. 2. Our distribution records of Malagasy and Comorian F. sycomorus (lot) together with their associated pollinators; other Malagasy and Comorian F. sycomorus (0) records are from Perrier de la Bathie (1928, 1952) and are without pollinator records •.• 56 Fig. 3. Our distribution records of F. sakalavarum (e) together with their associated . pollinators; other F. sakalavarum records (0) are from Perrier de la Bathie C1928, 1952) and are without pollinator records ...••..•••••....•............•. 36 Fig. 4. Our distribution records of southern African F. cordata subsp. cordata together with their associated pollinators (e) and F. cordata subsp. salicifolia ~); other F. cordata subsp. cordata (0) and F. cordata subsp. salicifolia records (+) are from van Greuning (1990) and von Breitenbach 1986) and are without pollinator records •...•..•• 39 Fig. 5. Our distribution records of southern African Ficus "thonningii I natalensis" together with their associated pollinators (.); other Ficus "thonningii I natalensis" records (0) are from van Greuning (1990) and von Breitenbach (1986) and are without pollinator records. F. lhollllingii (i) is only associated with one pollinator species while F. lUuaiellsis (ii and iii) is associated with two different agaonines . .....• 41 v CHAPTER 3. Paper 3.Fig. 1. Elisabethiella baijnathi trapped next to control (empty) cotton bags and bags containing receptive F. bunt-davyi or F. thonningii. More wasps were attracted to the figs of F. bunt-davyithan those of F. thollllingii or controls (t[34] = 3.96,P<0.001 and 1[34] = 3.65,P<0.01,respectfully). Equal numbers of wasps were trapped near control bags and those containing F. thollllingii figs (t[34] = 0.41 ,P> 0.05) ....... 49 Fig. 2. Elisabethiella baijnathi trapped next to control (empty) cotton bags and bags containing receptive figs of F. bunt-davyi or F. sur. More wasps were trapped near F. burtt-davyi than F. sur (t[34 = 6.89,P<0.001)or controls (t[34] = 6.97,P<0.OOl). There was no difference in the numbers of wasps trapped at F. sur figs and controls (t[34] = 0.054,P>0.05) .. ........•..........•.....•.......•........ 50 Fig. 3. Elisaberhiella baijnathi trapped next to control (empty) cotton bags containing receptive figs of F. bunt-davyiwith beeswax sealing their ostioles or applied to their bases. Figs with their ostioles covered did not attract wasps when compared with controls U[lS] = 1.17, P>0.1). In contrast, figs with basal wax remained highly attractive (t[18] = 3.37,P<O.0l) .. ...••.•......•.•.................... 50 Paper 4:Fig.1. Portion of the 1820 Settlers Botanical Garden (Grahamstown, South Africa) showing the relative positions of F. thonningii (+), F. burtt-davyi (0) and F. sJA.{rees. Additional exotic fig trees are represented by the open symbol (0). The numbers indicate those trees used to monitor the arrivals and departures of the fig wasps. 55 Fig.2. The effect of bagging pre-receptive (= pre-female) figs (hatched bar) of F. burtt-davyi on the numbers of pollinating wasps, E. baijnathi, trapped. The solid bars indicate the number of wasps trapped on a similar tree which remained unbagged ...... 56 Fig. 3. The numbers of wasps, together with their relative percentages, simultaneously trapped near bags containing receptive figs of F. thollningii or F. burtt-davyi. Empty bags acted as controls •.........•••.•....••..•.••.....••••..•...•. 58 Fig. 4. The fruiting phenologies of 10 fig trees used in the long term monitoring of fig wasp arrivals and departures. Intercrop periods are shown with a thin solid line while the period when trees are bearing fruit are denoted by solid blocks .............. 59 vi Fig. 5. Identity and numbers of fig wasps trapped at a
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Comparative Anatomy of the Fig Wall (Ficus, Moraceae)
    Botany Comparative anatomy of the fig wall (Ficus, Moraceae) Journal: Botany Manuscript ID cjb-2018-0192.R2 Manuscript Type: Article Date Submitted by the 12-Mar-2019 Author: Complete List of Authors: Fan, Kang-Yu; National Taiwan University, Institute of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Bain, Anthony; national Sun yat-sen university, Department of biological sciences; National Taiwan University, Institute of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Tzeng, Hsy-Yu; National Chung Hsing University, Department of Forestry Chiang, Yun-Peng;Draft National Taiwan University, Institute of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Chou, Lien-Siang; National Taiwan University, Institute of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Kuo-Huang, Ling-Long; National Taiwan University, Institute of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Keyword: Comparative Anatomy, Ficus, Histology, Inflorescence Is the invited manuscript for consideration in a Special Not applicable (regular submission) Issue? : https://mc06.manuscriptcentral.com/botany-pubs Page 1 of 29 Botany Comparative anatomy of the fig wall (Ficus, Moraceae) Kang-Yu Fana, Anthony Baina,b *, Hsy-Yu Tzengc, Yun-Peng Chianga, Lien-Siang Choua, Ling-Long Kuo-Huanga a Institute of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, College of Life Sciences, National Taiwan University, 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan b current address: Department of Biological Sciences, National Sun Yat-sen University, 70 Lien-Hai road, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.Draft c Department of Forestry, National Chung Hsing University, 145 Xingda Rd., South Dist., Taichung, 402, Taiwan. * Corresponding author: [email protected]; Tel: +886-75252000-3617; Fax: +886-75253609. 1 https://mc06.manuscriptcentral.com/botany-pubs Botany Page 2 of 29 Abstract The genus Ficus is unique by its closed inflorescence (fig) holding all flowers inside its cavity, which is isolated from the outside world by a fleshy barrier: the fig wall.
    [Show full text]
  • Fig Tree with Unrelated Fig Wasps
    International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) ISSN (Online): 2319-7064 Index Copernicus Value (2015): 78.96 | Impact Factor (2015): 6.391 Fig Tree with Unrelated Fig Wasps Aravind Krishnan K.1, Gayathri G. S.2, Sreedevi Amma3 Department of Zoology, University College, Thiruvananthapuram Abstract: A few non-agaonid wasps can enter figs to oviposit and effectively pollinate their fig hosts. In the study site (Karakulam, Thiruvananthapuram) Ficus hispida is pollinated by Ceratosolen marchali (Agaonidae). Two species of non-agaonid fig wasps, Philotrypesis pilosa and Apocrypta bakeri, also enter the fig to oviposit. Yet such wasps do not establish a mutualistic relationship with figs similar to that of agaonids. Using controlled experiments in which only one foundress per species was introduced to a fig, and compared the effect of the three wasp species on pollination. It has been recorded that foundress distribution in the fig female floral phase, and counted the number of wasps and seeds in the male floral phase, and found both non-agaonids are efficient pollinators too. The species of fig-entering non-agaonid wasps significantly reduced the number of C. marchali emerging from mature figs but had no effect on seed production. If P. pilosa or A. bakeri was introduced to figs containing one foundress of C. marchali, both non-agaonid wasps produced offspring. But without the C. marchali, P. pilosa and A. bakeri failed to reproduce. P. pilosa and A. bakeri depend on the agaonid, C. marchali, to make galls. Because they depend on the legitimate pollinator to make galls, neither P. pilosa nor A.
    [Show full text]
  • A New Species of Ceratosolen from the Philippines (Hymenoptera: Agaonidae)
    Genus Vol. 19(2): 307-312 Wrocław, 31 VII 2008 A new species of Ceratosolen from the Philippines (Hymenoptera: Agaonidae) STEVEN R. DAVIS1 & MICHAEL S. ENGEL2 Division of Entomology, Natural History Museum, and Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, 1501 Crestline Drive – Suite 140, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66049-2811, United States, e-mails: [email protected], [email protected] ABSTRACT. A new species of fig wasp, Ceratosolen (Ceratosolen) polyodontos n. sp., is described from females captured at Los Baños, Luzon, Philippines. The species can be distinguished from its congeners by the possession of a much greater number of ventral mandibular lamellae (22–23), divided into an anterior and posterior area, and posterior metasomal structures associated with the ovipositor. Key words: entomology, taxonomy, Chalcidoidea, fig wasp, Philippines, Southeast Asia, new species, Agaoninae. INTRODUCTION The obligate mutualism between Ficus trees and fig wasps (Chalcidoidea: Agao- nidae) has existed for million years (GRIMALDI & ENGEL 2005; PEÑALVER et al. 2006). While approximately 640 agaonid species are presently described worldwide, estimates indicate that this is likely merely one-half of the total fig wasp diversity. W IEBES (1994) provided the most comprehensive treatment of the Indo-Malayan agaonid fauna. Despite the various inadequacies of this work it is nonetheless a very valuable entry point into the fauna and a necessary foundational stone for building more rigorous revisionary work, comparative studies, and biological investigations. One of the more notable genera occurring in the Indo-Malayan fauna is the genus Ceratosolen. Ceratosolen is divided into three subgenera – Rothropus, Strepitus, and Ceratosolen proper – distributed across Africa, India, Australia, Malagasy, Malaysia, Indonesia, Melanesia, Polynesia, and the Philippines.
    [Show full text]
  • Five Hundred Plant Species in Gunung Halimun Salak National Park, West Java a Checklist Including Sundanese Names, Distribution and Use
    Five hundred plant species in Gunung Halimun Salak National Park, West Java A checklist including Sundanese names, distribution and use Hari Priyadi Gen Takao Irma Rahmawati Bambang Supriyanto Wim Ikbal Nursal Ismail Rahman Five hundred plant species in Gunung Halimun Salak National Park, West Java A checklist including Sundanese names, distribution and use Hari Priyadi Gen Takao Irma Rahmawati Bambang Supriyanto Wim Ikbal Nursal Ismail Rahman © 2010 Center for International Forestry Research. All rights reserved. Printed in Indonesia ISBN: 978-602-8693-22-6 Priyadi, H., Takao, G., Rahmawati, I., Supriyanto, B., Ikbal Nursal, W. and Rahman, I. 2010 Five hundred plant species in Gunung Halimun Salak National Park, West Java: a checklist including Sundanese names, distribution and use. CIFOR, Bogor, Indonesia. Photo credit: Hari Priyadi Layout: Rahadian Danil CIFOR Jl. CIFOR, Situ Gede Bogor Barat 16115 Indonesia T +62 (251) 8622-622 F +62 (251) 8622-100 E [email protected] www.cifor.cgiar.org Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR) CIFOR advances human wellbeing, environmental conservation and equity by conducting research to inform policies and practices that affect forests in developing countries. CIFOR is one of 15 centres within the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR). CIFOR’s headquarters are in Bogor, Indonesia. It also has offices in Asia, Africa and South America. | iii Contents Author biographies iv Background v How to use this guide vii Species checklist 1 Index of Sundanese names 159 Index of Latin names 166 References 179 iv | Author biographies Hari Priyadi is a research officer at CIFOR and a doctoral candidate funded by the Fonaso Erasmus Mundus programme of the European Union at Southern Swedish Forest Research Centre, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences.
    [Show full text]
  • Medicinal Practices of Sacred Natural Sites: a Socio-Religious Approach for Successful Implementation of Primary
    Medicinal practices of sacred natural sites: a socio-religious approach for successful implementation of primary healthcare services Rajasri Ray and Avik Ray Review Correspondence Abstract Rajasri Ray*, Avik Ray Centre for studies in Ethnobiology, Biodiversity and Background: Sacred groves are model systems that Sustainability (CEiBa), Malda - 732103, West have the potential to contribute to rural healthcare Bengal, India owing to their medicinal floral diversity and strong social acceptance. *Corresponding Author: Rajasri Ray; [email protected] Methods: We examined this idea employing ethnomedicinal plants and their application Ethnobotany Research & Applications documented from sacred groves across India. A total 20:34 (2020) of 65 published documents were shortlisted for the Key words: AYUSH; Ethnomedicine; Medicinal plant; preparation of database and statistical analysis. Sacred grove; Spatial fidelity; Tropical diseases Standard ethnobotanical indices and mapping were used to capture the current trend. Background Results: A total of 1247 species from 152 families Human-nature interaction has been long entwined in has been documented for use against eighteen the history of humanity. Apart from deriving natural categories of diseases common in tropical and sub- resources, humans have a deep rooted tradition of tropical landscapes. Though the reported species venerating nature which is extensively observed are clustered around a few widely distributed across continents (Verschuuren 2010). The tradition families, 71% of them are uniquely represented from has attracted attention of researchers and policy- any single biogeographic region. The use of multiple makers for its impact on local ecological and socio- species in treating an ailment, high use value of the economic dynamics. Ethnomedicine that emanated popular plants, and cross-community similarity in from this tradition, deals health issues with nature- disease treatment reflects rich community wisdom to derived resources.
    [Show full text]
  • Ficus Burkei
    International Scholarly Research Network ISRN Zoology Volume 2012, Article ID 908560, 6 pages doi:10.5402/2012/908560 Research Article Spatial Stratification of Internally and Externally Non-Pollinating Fig Wasps and Their Effects on Pollinator and Seed Abundance in Ficus burkei Sarah Al-Beidh,1 Derek W. Dunn,2 and James M. Cook2 1 Division of Biology, Imperial College London, Ascot, Berkshire SL5 7PY, UK 2 School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, Berkshire RG6 6AS, UK Correspondence should be addressed to James M. Cook, [email protected] Received 30 November 2011; Accepted 19 December 2011 Academic Editors: M. Kuntner and S. Van Nouhuys Copyright © 2012 Sarah Al-Beidh et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Fig trees (Ficus spp.) are pollinated by tiny wasps that enter their enclosed inflorescences (syconia). The wasp larvae also consume some fig ovules, which negatively affects seed production. Within syconia, pollinator larvae mature mostly in the inner ovules whereas seeds develop mostly in outer ovules—a stratification pattern that enables mutualism persistence. Pollinators may prefer inner ovules because they provide enemy-free space from externally ovipositing parasitic wasps. In some Australasian Ficus, this results in spatial segregation of pollinator and parasite offspring within syconia, with parasites occurring in shorter ovules than pollinators. Australian figs lack non-pollinating fig wasps (NPFW) that enter syconia to oviposit, but these occur in Africa and Asia, and may affect mutualist reproduction via parasitism or seed predation.
    [Show full text]
  • Pollination of Cultivated Plants in the Tropics 111 Rrun.-Co Lcfcnow!Cdgmencle
    ISSN 1010-1365 0 AGRICULTURAL Pollination of SERVICES cultivated plants BUL IN in the tropics 118 Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations FAO 6-lina AGRICULTUTZ4U. ionof SERNES cultivated plans in tetropics Edited by David W. Roubik Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute Balboa, Panama Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations F'Ø Rome, 1995 The designations employed and the presentation of material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. M-11 ISBN 92-5-103659-4 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owner. Applications for such permission, with a statement of the purpose and extent of the reproduction, should be addressed to the Director, Publications Division, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, 00100 Rome, Italy. FAO 1995 PlELi. uion are ted PlauAr David W. Roubilli (edita Footli-anal ISgt-iieulture Organization of the Untled Nations Contributors Marco Accorti Makhdzir Mardan Istituto Sperimentale per la Zoologia Agraria Universiti Pertanian Malaysia Cascine del Ricci° Malaysian Bee Research Development Team 50125 Firenze, Italy 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia Stephen L. Buchmann John K. S. Mbaya United States Department of Agriculture National Beekeeping Station Carl Hayden Bee Research Center P.
    [Show full text]
  • Investigations Into Stability in the Fig/Fig-Wasp Mutualism
    Investigations into stability in the fig/fig-wasp mutualism Sarah Al-Beidh A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy of Imperial College London. Declaration I hereby declare that this submission is my own work, or if not, it is clearly stated and fully acknowledged in the text. Sarah Al-Beidh 2 Abstract Fig trees (Ficus, Moraceae) and their pollinating wasps (Chalcidoidea, Agaonidae) are involved in an obligate mutualism where each partner relies on the other in order to reproduce: the pollinating fig wasps are a fig tree’s only pollen disperser whilst the fig trees provide the wasps with places in which to lay their eggs. Mutualistic interactions are, however, ultimately genetically selfish and as such, are often rife with conflict. Fig trees are either monoecious, where wasps and seeds develop together within fig fruit (syconia), or dioecious, where wasps and seeds develop separately. In interactions between monoecious fig trees and their pollinating wasps, there are conflicts of interest over the relative allocation of fig flowers to wasp and seed development. Although fig trees reap the rewards associated with wasp and seed production (through pollen and seed dispersal respectively), pollinators only benefit directly from flowers that nurture the development of wasp larvae, and increase their fitness by attempting to oviposit in as many ovules as possible. If successful, this oviposition strategy would eventually destroy the mutualism; however, the interaction has lasted for over 60 million years suggesting that mechanisms must be in place to limit wasp oviposition. This thesis addresses a number of factors to elucidate how stability may be achieved in monoecious fig systems.
    [Show full text]
  • Phenology of Ficus Variegata in a Seasonal Wet Tropical Forest At
    Joumalof Biogeography (I1996) 23, 467-475 Phenologyof Ficusvariegata in a seasonalwet tropicalforest at Cape Tribulation,Australia HUGH SPENCER', GEORGE WEIBLENI 2* AND BRIGITTA FLICK' 'Cape TribulationResearch Station, Private Mail Bag5, Cape Tribulationvia Mossman,Queensland 4873, Australiaand 2 The Harvard UniversityHerbaria, 22 Divinity Avenue,Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA Abstract. We studiedthe phenologyof 198 maturetrees dioecious species, female and male trees initiatedtheir of the dioecious figFicus variegataBlume (Moraceae) in a maximalfig crops at differenttimes and floweringwas to seasonally wet tropical rain forestat Cape Tribulation, some extentsynchronized within sexes. Fig productionin Australia, from March 1988 to February 1993. Leaf the female (seed-producing)trees was typicallyconfined productionwas highlyseasonal and correlatedwith rainfall. to the wet season. Male (wasp-producing)trees were less Treeswere annually deciduous, with a pronouncedleaf drop synchronizedthan femaletrees but reacheda peak level of and a pulse of new growthduring the August-September figproduction in the monthsprior to the onset of female drought. At the population level, figs were produced figproduction. Male treeswere also morelikely to produce continuallythroughout the study but there were pronounced figscontinually. Asynchrony among male figcrops during annual cyclesin figabundance. Figs were least abundant the dry season could maintainthe pollinatorpopulation duringthe early dry period (June-September)and most under adverseconditions
    [Show full text]
  • Quantitative Tests of Interaction Between Pollinating and Non-Pollinating Fig Wasps on Dioecious Ficus Hispida
    Ecological Entomology (2005) 30, 70–77 Quantitative tests of interaction between pollinating and non-pollinating fig wasps on dioecious Ficus hispida 1,2 1 1 YAN Q. PENG ,DAR.YANG andQIU Y. WANG 1Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming and 2Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China Abstract. 1. The interaction between Ficus species and their pollinating wasps (Agaonidae) represents a striking example of a mutualism. Figs also shelter numerous non-pollinating chalcids that exploit the fig–pollinator mutualism. 2. Previous studies showed a weak negative correlation between numbers of pollinating and non-pollinating adults emerging from the same fruit. Little is known about the patterns and intensities of interactions between fig wasps. In the Xishuangbanna tropical rainforests of China, the dioecious Ficus hispida L. is pollinated by Ceratosolen solmsi marchali Mayr and is also exploited by the non- pollinators Philotrypesis pilosa Mayr, Philotrypesis sp., and Apocrypta bakeri Joseph. Here, the interaction of pollinator and non-pollinators on F. hispida is studied quantitatively. 3. The exact time of oviposition was determined for each species of fig wasp. Based on observational and experimental work it is suggested that (i) the relation- ship between pollinator and non-pollinators is a positive one, and that the genus Philotrypesis appears to have no significant impact on the pollinator population, whereas Apocrypta has a significant effect on both Philotrypesis and Ceratosolen; (ii) gall numbers do not always increase with increasing number of foundresses, but developmental mortality of larvae correlates positively with the number of foundresses; and (iii) there is a positive correlation between non-pollinator num- bers and their rates of parasitism, but the three species of non-pollinators differed in their rates of parasitism and show different effects on pollinator production.
    [Show full text]
  • Evolution of Tbe Mandibular Appendage in Figwasps (Hymenoptera: Agaonidae)
    Rev. Biol. Trop., 39 (1): 87-95. 1991 Evolution of tbe mandibular appendage in figwasps (Hymenoptera: Agaonidae) William Ramírez B. Escuela de Fitotecnia, Universidadde Costa Rica. (Ree. 20-IX-I990. Acep. 15-X-I990) Abstract: The phylogenetic value of the conformation of the mandibular appendages, the number of mandibular glands andother head characters in the Agaonidae are examined.The phylogenetic arrangement suggests thatthe pre­ agaonid had a normal bidentate mandible with two glands, and a undistinct facial groove as in sorneDiazi ella (Sycoecinae), Sycophaga (Sycophaginae) and in related chalcidoid non-pollinating fig wasps. lt also had thirteen-seg­ mented antennae;'a long scape, several times ¡onger than wide a long triangular pedicel, two or three anelli andeight flagellomeres withsensilla (as uniquely found in Tetrapus). The mandibularappendage apparently co-evolved with the development oí the ostiolum of thesyconium andthe firstmandibular appendage was fixed andhad ridges or lameUae. A flexible hinge evolved laterat its base.The polygamous males were wingless with extendible (solenogastrus) abdo­ men and mate inside the galls. These characters are also found in most Sycophaginae.The ancestor of Aganoidae was probably a primary sycophilous wasp, withdorsoventral depressed head, thorax and abdomen, that oviposit through thestylar channel as stiU Sycophaga sycomori does. Sycophaga wasps withits apterousand polyg amous males seem to be the sister group of Agaonidae. The Agaonidae females are characterized by their mandibular appendage and the antennalprocess. They have a prognathous head with gula. Themales are wingless polygamous andsolenogastrous. Key words: Agaonidae(Hymenoptera), mandibular appendage, evolution, phylogeny. Ficus is pollinated by small chalcidoid wasps and two or three antennal anelli.
    [Show full text]
  • Cophylogeny of Figs, Pollinators, Gallers, and Parasitoids
    GRBQ316-3309G-C17[225-239].qxd 09/14/2007 9:52 AM Page 225 Aptara Inc. SEVENTEEN Cophylogeny of Figs, Pollinators, Gallers, and Parasitoids SUMMER I. SILVIEUS, WENDY L. CLEMENT, AND GEORGE D. WEIBLEN Cophylogeny provides a framework for the study of historical host organisms and their associated lineages is the first line of ecology and community evolution. Plant-insect cophylogeny evidence for cospeciation. On the other hand, phylogenetic has been investigated across a range of ecological conditions incongruence may indicate other historical patterns of associ- including herbivory (Farrell and Mitter 1990; Percy et al. ation, including host switching. When host and associate 2004), mutualism (Chenuil and McKey 1996; Kawakita et al. topologies and divergence times are more closely congruent 2004), and seed parasitism (Weiblen and Bush 2002; Jackson than expected by chance (Page 1996), ancient cospeciation 2004). Few examples of cophylogeny across three trophic lev- may have occurred. Incongruence between phylogenies els are known (Currie et al. 2003), and none have been studies requires more detailed explanation, including the possibility of plants, herbivores, and their parasitoids. This chapter that error is associated with either phylogeny estimate. Ecolog- compares patterns of diversification in figs (Ficus subgenus ical explanations for phylogenetic incongruence include Sycomorus) and three fig-associated insect lineages: pollinat- extinction, “missing the boat,” host switching, and host-inde- ing fig wasps (Hymenoptera: Agaonidae: Agaoninae: Cer- pendent speciation (Page 2003). “Missing the boat” refers to atosolen), nonpollinating seed gallers (Agaonidae: Sycophagi- the case where an associate tracks only one of the lineages fol- nae: Platyneura), and their parasitoids (Agaonidae: lowing a host-speciation event.
    [Show full text]