Cambridge University Press 978-1-108-49744-2 — Delusional States Nosheen Ali Index More Information

INDEX

accumulation by dispossession, 200 Balochistan province, 41, 44, 108n17, Afghanistan, 56, 58, 80 109n31 development assistance by US, 246 Balti, 13, 41, 190n8 Islamist groups expansion in, 121 Bang-e-Sahar, 166 mujahideen forces spreading in, 243 Bazm-e-Ilm-o-Fann (Society for Pakistan-sponsored movements in, 95 Knowledge and Art), 187–188 US invasion of, 100 Bedaar weekly newspaper, 166 Aga Khan Development Network Beyond Lines of Control (AKDN), 19, 167, 190n20 (Ravina Aggarwal), 11 Aksai Chin frontier, 49 Bhasha Dam, 171 All Jammu and Kashmir Muslim Bhutto, Zulfiqar, 101–102, 142, 202 Conference, 15 Biddulph, John, 117 All Pakistan Education Conference biodiversity conservation, 12, 196, (1947), 133 199–200, 204, 206, 226, 228 ameer-e-waqt (or ‘Ruler of Boloristan, 33 the Time’), 177 Boloristan Labor Party, 169 Anderson, Benedict, 62 Boloristan monthly magazine, 166 Anti-Terrorism Act 1997, 259 Bolor Research Forum, 167 armed social work, 247 Bolor Thinkers Forum, 167 Azad Kashmir (AK), 16, 35, 44, 47, 56, 61, Braldu Valley of Baltistan, 235 64, 74n60, 75n74, 75n78 Buddhism, 13 Azad Kashmir High Court, 47 Burushaski, 13

Baad-e-Shumaal weekly newspaper, 166 calculated ambiguity, 53 Balawaristan National Front (BNF), capitalism, 133, 198, 200, 247 47–48, 169, 171 capitalist modernity, 198, 201, 217

298 INDEX

cartographic censorship, 57 Northern areas constructed as, 31, 37, census classifications, classified 60, 71 nature of, 57–61 ecological census-taking, 61–62 nationalism, 203 Central Karakoram National Park, 225 sovereignty, 197, 213 Chataan weekly newspaper, 166 education and Pakistan state, 132–139 China (Peoples Republic), 36, 49, 58–59, emotion/emotional, 2, 9, 11, 24, 48, 77, 98, 257–259 144, 161, 163, 189 China-Pakistan Economic Corridor aspirations, 5 (CPEC), 259 attachment, 1, 3, 10, 90 CIA, 109n41, 237, 239, 242 bond, 87 strategy to deploy Afghan jihad, 243 deception, 47 Cold War, 8, 24, 80, 103, 121, 243 disposition, 94 communism, 134 histories, 3 community-based ill-will, 9, 162 conservation, 196, 212, 219–224 imaginary, 16 Community-based Natural Resource logics, 8 Management (CBNRM), 219 of political love, 48 community-based trophy hunting, reactionary, 24 221, 223 regulation, 10, 78, 107, 260 Community Controlled Hunting Areas of saving, 207 (CCHAs), 220–221 selves, 123 community participation, 197, 199, 210, shared, 170 218–219, 226 sensibilities of listeners, 176 concentrated animal feedlot operations subjectivities, 78 (CAFOs), 216 tenor, 159 crisis of insaaniyat, 188 empire, 7, 11, 24, 26, 43, 63, 80, 99–100, cultural 185, 201, 228, 231–233, 245–246, intervention, 181 249, 258, 261 reproduction, 141–143 environmental conservation, global rhythms, 163–168 NGO discourse on, 43 struggle, 197 environmental degradation, 198

Dardistan, 73n19 Faiz, Faiz Ahmed, 189 degradation narratives, 210, 214 FATA, 56, 58, 67–68, 72n8, 238 District Monitoring Teams (DMTs), 82 Federally Administered Northern Areas Dogra rulers of Jammu, 14, 27n18, 63, 65, (FANA), 33–34, 38–39, 44, 56, 58, 74n70 178, 191n34 67–68, 72n8 Field Monitoring Coordination Cell Earth Summit (1992), Rio de Janeiro, 199 (FMCC), 82–83 East Pakistan, 137–138 firqavariat, 162 eco-body of the nation, 25–26, 36, 43, 62, Force Command Northern Areas 195–196 (FCNA), 81–82, 103, 106 configuration of, 10–11 Foucault, Michel, 62, 98, 251

INDEX 299

Frontier Corps, 82, 121 sectarian/sectarianism, 116–119, 147, Frontier Crimes Regulation (FCR), 65, 155–157 101–102 divide and conquer, 140 Frontier Works Organization (FWO), 82, formation of difference between 84–85 students, 157–159 Gandhi, 5 maps, 261 garrison state, Pakistan as, 81–85, 95 Gilgit-Baltistan Students Association, GEF/UNDP funded Mountain Areas Karachi University, 166 Conservancy Project, 220 Gilgit Scouts, 85–86 gender/gendered, 21, 24, 94, 115, 146, Gilgit Wazarat, 50, 63, 74n72 167–168, 251 Global Environment Facility (GEF), 201 humiliation, 101 Gojal Educational and Cultural mainstreaming, 168 Association (GECA), 191–192n49 relations, 17 Grand Aman Jirga, 190n12 General Mushrraf, 82, 89, 167 green developmentalism, 227 General Zia, Islamization agenda/ Guantanamo prison, 7, 100 programme of, 103, 114, 120, 138, 147 Gilgit Agency, 33, 38, 50, 53–54, 57–58, 63, Halqa-e-Arbab-e-Zauq (Halqa), 155, 75n72, 85, 117 175–176, 187 Gilgit-Baltistan, 64–65 Harrison, Selig, 257–258 Gilgit-Baltistan Council, 35 Hasan, Mushirul, 118–119 Gilgit Baltistan Democratic Alliance heart warfare, 233 (GBDA), 169, 171–172 Hindu-Muslim communalism, 144 Gilgit-Baltistan Legislative Assembly humanitarian/humanitarianism, 11–12, (GBLC), 35, 85, 97–98 24, 26, 228, 231, 232, 234, 244–249, Gilgit-Baltistan National Alliance 250, 252, 253n5, 260 (GBNA), 169 work in Gilgit-Baltistan region, 232 Gilgit-Baltistan region, 6, 17, 196 Human Rights Commission of agro-pastoral population, 12–13 Pakistan, 259 army role in regional administration Hunzakuts, longevity and tranquility of, 85–88, 82–83 of, 41 geographical location of, 12 humanitarian development in, 12 ilaqiat, 118 indigenous ethno-linguistic groups, 13 imagined communities, 146 and intelligence agencies imambargas (Shia mosques), 120 production of sectarian suspicion imperial, 8, 24, 242, 247–249, 252, and tension, 100–105 257–258 role of, 95–100 conservation, 26 and Kargil conflict, 89–90 epistemic supremacy, 251 land distribution in, 13 humanitarianism, 26 living museum for wildlife, 196 master, 80 lowland nationalist discourse on, 43 politics, 11–12 pluralistic religious sensibility, 119 Indo-Persian cultural landscape, 174 political repression in, 10 insaaniyat (humanism), 5, 181, 187–188

300 INDEX

International Union for Conservation Karakoram mountain, 37, 39 of Nature (IUCN), 196, 199, 202, Karakoram National Movement 220, 227 (KNM), 169 Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI), Pakistan, Karakorum International University 95, 121, 237, 239, 242 (KIU), 122, 188–189 intra-Islam differences, 144 karbala, 191n43 Introduction to Pakistan Studies Karbala-e-Jadid (The New Karbala), (Muhammad Ikram Rabbani), 38 182–183 Islah-e-Nisab (correction of curriculum) Karbala paradigm, 119 Committee, 126–127, 150n33 Kargil, 11 Islam, 5, 13, 32 conflict of 1999, 86, 88–92, 167 inter-sect relations within, 177 Kargil monthly magazine, 167 and Pakistan state, 132–139 Kashmir pluralistic vision of, 179 as disputed territory, 50–52 Islamabad, 32, 44, 60 ecological terrain of struggle in, 11 Islamic Harrison’s article on India’s role in, content of Pakistani textbooks, 114 257–258 curriculum, 139 heart of hostility between India and democracy, 134 Pakistan, 27n1 ideology, 134, 136, 138–139 historical conditions and religious ethic of nature stewardship, 212 understandings of, 27n18, 178 social democracy, 136 hypocrisy of Pakistan official line, 45 socialism, 136 Islamist groups expansion in, 121 Islamist militancy, 121 and Indian state, 2 Islamization, 103, 113–114, 120, 147, 191n40 Northern Areas link with, 64 island mentality, 199 and Pakistan, 261 Ismaili/Ismailis/Ismaili Muslims, 13, 117, claim on Muslim identity basis, 1–2 123, 150n11 state building, 15 Kashmiri Muslims, 178 jagirdari (feudal) system, 65 Khan, Ayub, 142 Jamaat-e-Islami (JI), 137–138, 169 Khan, Baccha, 5 jamat khana (religious centre), 212 Khan, Liaqat Ali, 137 Jamhoor quarterly magazine, 166 khelna, 4 jihad, 120 Khowar group, 13 Jinnah, Muhammad Ali, 132 Khunjerab National Park (KNP), 196–197, JUI party, 138 201–204, 206, 208, 213, 220–221, 225, 230n49, 237 K2 daily newspaper, 166, 234 community-based conservation K2 mountain, 36, 48, 52, 56, 59 schemes, 219–224 Karachi, 20–21, 34 livestock grazing in, 214–216, 218 Karachi Agreement of 1949, 15, 171 occurrence of illegal hunting by state Karakoram Highway (KKH), 13, 36, 60, officials, 229n30 84–85, 167, 236–237 Khunjerab Security Force, 216

INDEX 301

khutba (sermon), 106 role in shaping state-formation and Kyber-Pukhtoonkhwa province, 34, 68, 83 interstate relations, 49 totemic symbols of nation, 49 labour rights, 136 Markazi Imamia Jam-e-Masjid (central Laden, Osama bin, 243 Shia mosque), 126 Lahore, 34 Markazi Shia Tulba Action Committee legendary lovers, struggles of, 3 (2004), 150n33 Line of Control (LoC), 50, 88 masla-e-Kashmir (Kashmir Problem), 16 literary nations, 173 McClintock, Anne, 99–100 Living Islam (Magnus Marsden), 11 McMichael, Philip, 7 Lok Virsa, 192n49 micro-publics of banal transgression, 184 Lord Mountbatten, 13 militarization of Pakistan, 78–81 love (muhabbat), 2, 5 Ministry of Kashmir Affairs and Northern characteristics of, 3–4 Areas (KANA), 66, 102, 109n44, cultural-poetic constellation of, 4 121, 123, 139 manipulation of love in Gilgit-Baltistan Mitchell, Timothy, 61–62 by Pakistan, 4 mobile services, introduction in -martyrs, 3 Gilgit, 109n23 -offerings, 5 moral Love in South Asia: A Cultural History ecology, 212 (Ann G. Gold), 4 regulation, 139 Motorcycle Girl, Pakistani movie, 262n4 madrasa/madrasas, 232 muharram, 181, 191n39 curricula and education in Pakistan, mujahideen, 88, 242, 253n12 114, 153–154 multiple use landscapes, 209 proliferation of, 114, 240 mushairas (or gatherings), 174–176, 189 Maharaja Hari Singh, 13–14, 41 majalis (religious gatherings) in naara-e-ehtiyaat (the stance of silence), muharram, 116 182 majority and minority distinction in Naji, Nawaz Khan, 47–48, 169 region, reasons for, 145–147 Naqqara weekly newspaper, 166 managed pluralism, 118 national language controversy over Urdu map(s) and Bangla (1947-1952), 137–138 China, depicting Aksai Chin frontier national parks, 196, 198–206 as territory of, 49 Nawab Akbar Khan Bugti, 109n31 clear representation on maps of India Nawaz Sharif-Vajpayee bus diplomacy, 89 and Pakistan in Kashmir, 49–51 neoliberal -making, 61–62 capitalism, 198 Northern Areas, 1, 15, 25, 27n18, 31–43, resources, 198–201 46–50, 52–61, 63–64, 66–72, 72n6, New York Times (NY Times), 247, 257–258 n8, 74n59, 113, 115–116, 118–119, 121, non-governmental organization (NGO), 123–126, 132, 138–139, 141, 144–145, 17–18, 20–21 167, 171–172, 202, 235–238, 240–241 Northern Areas (NA), 1, 25, 27n18, 32–33,

302 INDEX

35–37, 40, 61, 74n60, 115–116, 235, literary humanism in, 179 238. See also Gilgit-Baltistan machinery of paranoia and region surveillance, expansion of, 8 absent from depictions of people and promotion of militaristic interpretation culture, 41 of Islamic ideology in textbooks, administrative units information 138–139 about, 74n59 support for Kashmiri haq-e-khud- cartographic representations of, 48–57 iradiyat, 15 communities of, 42 and US, connections between, 7 definition of, 38–39 paranoia, 107 delinking of Northern Areas from destructive madness of, 259 Kashmir, 53 and militarism, 8, 100 and Pakistan sectarian, 162 Census Report of Pakistan 1998, and state, 95–100 57–60 and surveillance, 8, 95 official map of, 54 participatory militarism, 232, 249, 252 political status of, 40–42 partition of 1947, 64, 150n14 practice managed pluralism, 118 pastoral/pastoralism, 219 representational illegibility of, 67–71 delegitimization of, 217 Northern Areas Council Legal economy, 217 Framework Order of 1994, 46 grazing, 216 Northern Areas Public Works visions, 197–198 Department (NWPWD), 83–84 poetic/poetry in Gilgit region Northern Areas Wildlife Preservation festivals in Gilgit, 155 Act 1975, 202 interventions of Halqa, 155 Northern Light Infantry (NLI), 86, 88–90, life of, 173–174 109n27 role as form of social struggle and North-West Frontier Province (NWFP), resistance, 154 15, 34, 39–41, 44, 67, 69, 72n4, politically organized subjection, 139 75n78, 119, 137, 238 politics of nomenclature, in disputed Nurbakhshi, 13 territories, 32 NWFP Textbook Board, 114 politics of representation, 232 primitive accumulation, 198 open-source intelligence, 262 Progressive Writers Movement, 175, 185 Orientalism, 253n5 Progressive Youth Front, 169 Provincial Reconstruction Teams Pakistan/Pakistani, 23, 28n25, 31, 56 (PRTs), 246 -administered Kashmir, 17, 53, 55–56 Punjab, 41, 44, 83, 137 Census Report of Pakistan 1998, 57–60 Constitution of Pakistan (1973), 44–45 qoum identity, 118 intimately structured by US foreign qudrat, notion of, 206–207 policy, 8 Islamist groups expansion in, 121 Radcliffe Line, 49

INDEX 303

Rahman, Fazlur, 133–136 resistance for territory conservation Report of the Committee of into national park, 204–205, 210 Gilgit-Baltistan, 102 Shimshal Nature Trust (SNT), 197, Rizvi, Agha Ziauddin, 124, 126, 182, 184 219–220, 222 establishment of, 211 Sadaa-e-Gilgit weekly newspaper, 166 management plan, 211–212, 230n48 Saigol, Rubina, 139 Shina, 13, 41 sarfi saqafat (consumer culture), 166 Siachin, 53, 74n49 saviour nationalism, 15–17 Silk Route Festival, 164–165 Schaller, George B., 202, 215 Sindh, 41, 44 sectarian/sectarianism/sectarianized, 188 Sino-Indian war of 1962, 49 identity, 103 Sino-Pakistan Agreement of 1963, 49 imaginary, 153, 161–163 Sipah-e-Sahaba Pakistan (SSP), 114, 120, 169 micro-politics of, 163 siyasat bezari (depoliticization), 166 othering, 158 Skardu, 12, 23, 36, 39–40, 48–49, 68–69, peace, 118 89, 166, 171, 187 prejudice, 177 soft power, 246 riots, 151n71 South Asia, 4, 12, 174, 179, 189, 190n3, sentiments, 163 191n36, 206, 233 violence, 158 colonial bureaucracies of forest secular-nationalist party activism, conservation in, 201 168–172 literary nations, 173 Seeing Like a State (James Scott), 31, 62 love significance in, 3 Seminar on National Question of maps role in shaping state-formation Gilgit-Baltistan, 171 and interstate relations, 49 Shia Muslims in Gilgit region, 9, 13, 19, 96, social emotionality in, 5 102–103, 141 transnational political economy of agitation against changed curriculum militarism in, 232 of government schools, 113–114 Special Communications Organization secularism, 130–131 (SCO), 82, 109n23 Shia Mutalibat Committee (Shia Demands structural adjustment programmes, 166 Committee), 142 struggle for interpretive power, 197 Shia-Sunni discord on curriculum Sunni Muslims in Gilgit region, 9, 13, changes, 113 19, 102–103. See also Textbook Shia-Sunni sectarian conflict, 144 controversy, in Gilgit region Shia Tulba Action Committee (Shia suspended spaces, 32 Students Action Committee), 172 suspicion, 2, 8–10, 12, 18–19, 26, 78, Shimshalis/Shimshal village, 196, 204 95–100, 104–105, 107, 153, 159, agro-pastoral community of, 26, 196, 161–162, 169, 260–262 202, 204, 207 sustainable development, 212 fighting for ecological sovereignty, 197 geographical location of, 204 taasub, 162, 179–180, 188–189 and qudrat, notion of, 206–207 Taliban, 137, 236–237

304 INDEX

Tark-i-Taasobat (The Ending of transnational US-Pakistan-Saudi political Prejudice), 182 alliance, 121 Taylor, Charles, 153, 161 trophy hunting, 196 Tehrik-e-Jafaria Pakistan (TJP), 114, 142, 151n69, 169 United Nations Commission for India textbook controversy, in Gilgit region, and Pakistan (UNCIP), 15 113–114, 144, 148 United Nations Environment Programme agitation by Shia students against (UNEP), 201 curriculum changes, 123–126 US, 23–24, 99, 245, 250 atthasi ka waqia or atthasi ka tension of 9/11, 242 1998, 119–123 -backed dictatorial regimes, 243 citizenship versus sectarianism, 143–145 corporate and military hegemony, objections raised by proponents on 246–247 curriculum, 126–132 foreign policy during 1979-1988, 242 textbooks/textbook representation geopolitical agenda, 244 constitutes micro-practice of invasions of Afghanistan and Iraq, 100 regulation, 115 militarization in, 79–81 Gilgit movement against changes in -style counter-insurgency, 233 curriculum, 115 Islam, 115 Vietnam war, 242, 246 negative impact of discriminatory representation on Shia dwarfs, 141 Waadi weekly newspaper, 166 reinforce existing social inequalities, 115 Wakhi, 13, 41, 192n49 Shia and Sunni Islam on, 115 war between India and Pakistan Sunni orientation of, 140 in 1965, 88 in 1999, 88–92 Three Cups of Tea (TCT): One Man’s war on terror, 6–7, 12, 24, 26, 68, 147, 228, Mission to Fight Terrorism and 231–234, 238, 241, 243–244, 246, Build Nations …One School at a 249, 251 Time, 26, 231–235, 237–238, 251, Waziristan, 67 253n5, 257 West Pakistan, 138 appealing due to sense of Wildlife Conservation Society, 202 self-interrogation, 244 World Bank, 201 blanket claims of region, 238–239 World Congress on National Parks and enabled emergence of participatory Protected Areas (WCNPPA) in militarism, 252 1982 and 1992, 199 invokes fear, 236 World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF), political economy of feeling, 245 196, 199, 219, 227, 229n30 Trans-Karakoram Tract, 203, 228n24 transnational cultural knowledge, 232 yaum-e-azadi, 14