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Studies in the Canary Islands Flora: the Vegetation of Punta De Teno, Tenerife

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Studies in the Canary Islands Flora: the Vegetation of Punta De Teno, Tenerife Studies in the Canary Islands Flora: P..* m 1 ne iíégetotion oj Punta de Teno, 1 enerife By David Bramwell * Introduction The Punta de Teno is situated at the extreme north-west point of Tenerife, the largest of the Canary Islands (see fig. 1). The flora is very rich and interesting, comprising some 310 species, many of which are endemic and relict. There have not previously been any detailed studies of this flora nl+hr\.rnh Cnl+nr /l nl Q\ R-~wnhn-A (1 09Qj nmA c~7nmtfin;?3~! cr&urlvuSlr UULI~LL \IIIIV~, YUILIILILU \IUYV/ UIIU uv LII~LIIIUU (1948-9) briefly mention the area and Salter gives a shori physical description. Until recently the Punta de Teno was very isolated and difficult to get to but a tunnel has been constructed through the cliffs linking the area with the town of Buenavista del Norte. The area is scheduled for development as a tourist centre and agricultura1 area and the building of a small air- port is plaiimd. Work has di-eady started on banaiia plaiita- tions, vineyards and tourist facilities so that it seemed worth- while to make a survey of the natural plant comrnunities and a floristic list for the area before the vegetation is alte- red or destroyed. TOPOGRAPHYANDGEOLOGY The area included in this study is a broad, flat coastal platform of fairly recent Quaternary origin (Hausen 1956) covering an area of some 24.5 square kilometres. It consists of a more or less leve1 area of cinder (lapilli), scree and vol- * Department of Botany, University of Reading; Reading, U.K. Figure 1: Sketch map of the Teno region showing area studied. canic debris ranging from sea-leve1 to c. 100 metres. The platform slopes gently to the sea to the west and north. The extreme point, the P'aro de Teno, is a projection of iapiiii and lava debris which has a very characteristic flora with a strong North African element. To the east and south the area rises more steeply to rug- ged cliffs of over 700 m. These cliffs, of old Tertiary basalt, form the northern boundary of the Teno massif, a group of rugged, deeply eroded mountains making up one of the two ~~olneirallvO- ~J anri~nt..--------- hlnrkn ---- whirh.. ------ nrriir----.- 2% either end ~f Te- nerife. The cliffs have an endemic flora some of which is in danger of becoming extinct due to the destruction of critica1 habitats during road and tunnel construction. CLIMATE Tenerife has a Mediterranean type of climate with a season of winter rain with a peak of about 40 mm. per month 2 XT L-..L- n-i-....-..-. c .......--.--l..- .-IL LL u111 IY uvelll~e~LU r cui udi y. au~lllne~UI UU~IIL, i.e. iebb tila11 1 mm. of rainfall per month, usually occurs from July to Sep tember. The Teno cliffs harbour temporary streams during the winter months though these do not contribute a great deal to the water available for plant growth as they casca- de auickl~down the cliffs to the sea. The winter rainfall in the area is, however, supplemented by sea-mists which pe- riodically engulf the whole area and this helps to explain the richness and density of the vegetation cover. During the summer months the Punta is very dry and only the succu- lent and other drought-resisting species manage to thrive. After the winter rains, many annuai species of Mediterra- nean and North African affinity germinate and complete their life-cycle before the beginning of the dry sumrner sea- son. VEGETATION According to the major divisions of the vegetation of Te- nerife given by various authors (Christ, 1885; Salter, 1918; Qn-n,.rrmn- 1099. PAhnll,,-. Q- I?-+..ñ, 1 nK1 \ CL, D..,+,. A, ua~u~ciula~1,IYUU, uchlauwa UL VI I~UIIV, LGUL) UIC L uuIia UG Teno lies within the African or Coastal zone (sub-division 2; Volcanic Desert of Salter). The phytosociology of this type of zone for the island of Gran Canaria, and to a limited ex- tent Tenerife, has been discussed in detail by Rivas & Es- teve (1964) and the phytosociological description of the Te- no vegetation given in this paper will follow their system and nomenclature. Thc vegctation of thc Punta de Tcno is of two basic ty- pes; 1. The cliff vegetation of El Fraile and the other ba- salt buttresses to the east and south; 2. The succulent- Euphorbia dominated communities of the coastal platform. D-Ll- A ------ -I? -----A-A:-- ---:AL:- AL- n-A-.. TTTDUnD UULll LYPCS U1 VEgCLdLlUll CUlllC WlLlll11 LllC ULUCL U U I IIUIb- BETALIA MACARONESICA Rivas & Esteve. 1. Cliff Vegetation The vegetation of the basalt cliffs, particularly to the east (El Fraile, Roque Ardenne) contains many endemic species. The cliff communities correspond in many ways to the 'Tabaibal petrano' of Rivas & Esteve and fa11 within their association AEONIO-EUPHORBETUM CANARIENSE (see fig. 2) but because of the large number of rare local ende- mics the composition of the association is somewhat diffe- rent from that described by these authors and a fairly com- plete list of the endemic species is given. Aeonio-Euphorbeturn canariense Rivas & Esteve, spc- cies list Cliffs cf. E. Fraile: Aeonium tabulaeforme (Haw). W.& B. Echium strictum L.fil. var. A. haworthii (Salm.Dyke) W. & B. exasperatum Webb Monanthes silenris (Praeger.) Svent. E. aculeatum Poiret M. polyphylla Haw. Sideritis argosphacelus Clos. M. subcrassicaulis (O. Ktze.) Praeg. var. tomentosa Pitard. Polycarpaea carnosa Chr. Sm. Centaurea canariensis Brouss. Cheiranthus virescens Webb ex Christ var. subexpinnata Burchd Euphorbia aphylla Brouss. Chrysanthemum frutescens L. E. bourgeauana Gay C. grandiflorum Brouss. E. atropurpurea Brouss. Sonchus radicatus Aiton Limonium fruticans (Webb) O. Ktze. S. tuberifer Svent. Lotus gloucus Aiton. Tolpis crassiuscula Svent. Lavatera acerifolia Cav. Rerchardia crystallina (Webb & Berth) Ceropegia dichotoma Haw. R. intermedia (Sch. Bip) Asch. Dactylis smithii Link Vieraea laevigata Webb Brachypodium arbuscula Gay 2. Coastal Platform Vegetation. The coastal platform vegetation comes within the allian- ce KLEINIO-EUPHORBION CANARIENSE Rivas & Este- ve and can be sub-divided into two associations:- A. RU- BIO-EUPHORBETUM CANARIENSE and B. ASTYDA- XRTA 77%TTTYTTAnnT3TrrrTTI A XT A nTT7nTCIT;I L-A.L -P ---I^J-L --- IVLIU-LU rnunDb 1 U LVL LLUY LILUUIY o~,UULU UI wurur arc present in abundance in the area. The two associations form a scrub vegetation of stem-succulents and other drought re- sisting species. A. Rubio-Euphorbetum canariense Rivas & Esteve. TE.is arcnciatigfi is &c&r r&t& t~ thp Ruh?:n-JZupb~~- betum described by Rivas & Esteve from Gran Canaria but is here characterised by Ceropegia dichotoma Haw., an al- most leafless stem-succulent which occupies a dominarit po- sition in the vegetation of the eastern part of the coastal plat- form. The following species are most commonly found in the association in this area: Ceropegia dichotoma Haw. Rubia fruticosa Ait F~~phnrhinanhylla Brouss. Messerschmidia fruticosa L.f E. balsamifera Aiton sspangustifolia (Lam.) E. regis-jubae Webb & Berth. Withania aristata (Aiton) Pers. E. atropurpurea Brouss. Limonium pecfinatum (Aitm) O.Ktze E. rnnnrieniir TJ. var. solandri (Webb & Berth.) 0.Ktze. Neocharnaelea pulverulenta (Vent.) G. Sideritis argosphacelus Cios Erdtm. S. nervosa Chnst Echium aculeatum Poiret Pallenis spinosa (L.)Cass. Justicia hyssopifolia L. Launaea arborescens (Batt.) Murb. -8- This association is found on the littoral fringe of the Punta de Teno below about 20 or 30 metres and also on the small promontory of the Faro de Teno, an area to which so- me very rare species appear to be more or less restricted on the north side of Tenerife (e.b. Reseda scoparia, Gzlmnocar- pos salsoloides). This type of vegetation consists of an open, low-growing scrub which, in winter and spring, contains many ephemerals and therophytes. Many of the perennial species are halophytes and are always found near sea-leve1 in the Canary Islands (Astydamia íatifolia, Euphorbia aphy- lla, Limonium pectinatum). The following species are com- mon : A n+.ilnm:n ln+;fnl:n íi f 1 A L'.~nt~n '-Y.,YY.'..U IY..,"..U \Y.&., V.I-YI..M. GIii~i7is&i7:u:a Pc!ux!rr Aizoon canariensis L. Seseli webbii Coss. Atriplex glauca L. Frankenia laevis L. Beta macrocarpa Guss. Echium bonnetii Coincy Salsola longifolia Forsskal Limonium pectinatum (Aiton) 0.Ktz.e. Euphorbin balsamifera Aiton var. solandri (Webb & Berth.) 0.Ktze. E. canariensis L. Asteriscus aquaticus L. Polycarpaea teneriffae Lam. Launaea arborescens (Batt.) Murb. MATERIAL AND METHODS I visited the Punta de Teno on many occasions during the period October 1968 - August 1969 and collected speci- mens there and recorded data for each month of the year du- ring this period. By this method it has been posible to build up a fairly complete picture of the flora and vegetation as it exists today. 1 was helped on many occasions by Dr. Eric R. Svente- nius of the Jardin de Aclimatación de Plantas de la Orotava, Tenerife, bvth in the iield at Teno and in discussions of the various aspects of the vegetation of the area concerned. My complete set of Herbarium material from the Cana- ry Islands and including voucher specimens from Teno will be deposited in the Herbarium of the Department of Botany, University of Reading (RNG) and duplicates will be placed in the Herbario del Laboratorio de Botánica, Universidad de Sevilla (SEV) . CATALOGUE OF VASCULAR PLANTS The catalogue consists of my own records and collec- tions. 1 have also studied the literature in general and have added some well substantiated records from reliable sour- ces. A number of species recorded and communicated to me frirri ?he me-. hy Sventeniiic have alce heen incliided.
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