TRANSLATION OF HUMOUR IN SUBTITLES OF PERSONIFICATION-BASED ANIMATION FROM ENGLISH INTO PERSIAN MOZHGAN GHASSEMIAZGHANDI UNIVERSITI SAINS MALAYSIA 2019 TRANSLATION OF HUMOUR IN SUBTITLES OF PERSONIFICATION-BASED ANIMATION FROM ENGLISH INTO PERSIAN by MOZHGAN GHASSEMIAZGHANDI Thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy March 2019 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT First and foremost, I would like to thank God, the compassionate the merciful, for giving me the strength, and inner peace to have made everything possible in this work. I wish to express my immense gratitude and thanks to my supervisor, Professor. Dr. Tengku Sepora Tengku Mahadi for her valuable guidance, motivation, patience, and constant support throughout the completion of this research. I always admire her insight, which has always helped me to achieve my aims. She encouraged me to not only grow as a researcher but also as an instructor and an independent thinker. I owe my most profound gratitude to my family, especially my beloved parents for their constant love, endless encouragement, and support. Thanks to both for supporting me emotionally and financially to study in Malaysia and follow my dreams. I wouldn't be who I am and where I am today without their overwhelming love, affection, and blessing. My brothers and sisters deserve my wholehearted thanks as well. And last but not least, I would like to express appreciation to my Maneli who spent sleepless nights with me and was always there. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENT………………………….....……….…....…………….….ii TABLE OF CONTENTS……………………………….…..………………………..iii LIST OF TABLES………………………...…………...………………………….…vi LIST OF FIGURES……………………...…………………...……………………..vii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS………………………………..…………...………….ix TRANSLITERATION SCHEME OF THE PERSIAN LANGUAGE………...……..x ABSTRAK…………………...……………………………………..…………….…xii ABSTRACT……………………..…….………………………………..……….... xiii CHAPTER 1 – INTRODUCTION 1.1 Introduction.............................................................................................................1 1.2 General Overview of Audiovisual Translation……………………….....………..1 1.3 Statement of the Problem…………………………….………………………...…6 1.4 Objectives of the Study………………………………………………………..….9 1.5 Research Questions……………………………………...…………………….….9 1.6 Significance of the Study………………………………...…………..……….....10 1.7 Limitation of the Study………………………………………………...…..……15 1.8 Definition of Key Terms….…………………………………………...………...16 1.9 Outlines and Organization of the Study……………………………...……….....20 CHAPTER 2 - LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Introduction……………………………………...……..…………….…….……22 2.2 Cultural Consideration in Animation……………………………………………22 2.3 Filmic Signs and Subtitling……………………………...………………………25 2.4 Audiovisual Translation and Subtitling…………………………………………29 iii 2.5 The Constraints of Subtitling………………………...………………………….35 2.6 The Characteristics of Film Subtitling………………………...………………...43 2.7 Translation Strategies in Subtitling…………………...………………………....46 2.7.1 Subtitling Strategies in General…………………..……………..…………....46 2.7.2 Subtitling Extralinguistic Culture References………………..………..………49 2.7.3 Subtitling Humour……………...……………………...…………………….56 2.8 Translation Units………………………………...…………………...………….65 2.9 The Concept of Adaptation……..………………….....…………………………67 2.10 The Concept of Transferring Strategies……………………………..…………68 2.11 Schmitz’s (2002) Categories of Humor………………………………..……….71 2.12 Gottlieb's (1992) Classification of Subtitling………………………………..…73 2.13 Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis………………………………………………………..73 CHAPTER 3 - RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 3.1 Introduction……………………………………………...…………....…………79 3.2 Design of the Study……………………………………………………………...80 3.3 Source Language and Source Animation...…………………………………...…82 3.4 The Target language and Target Audience………………………………...……84 3.5 Data Selected for Analysis…………………………………...……….…………87 3.6 Theoretical Framework………………………………...………………………..92 3.7 Procedures of the Study………………………………………….……….……..94 CHAPTER 4 - PERSONIFICATION-BASED ANIMATION 4.1 Introduction………………………………………...……....…………..…...…..96 4.2 Definition of Animation…………………………………………………….…..96 4.3 Animal in Animation……………………………………………………..…..…98 4.4 Summary………………………………………….……………………………106 iv CHAPTER 5 - SUBTITLING HUMOUR 5.1 Introduction……………………………………………...………………………109 5.2 Universal Humors…………………...…………………...………………………109 5.3 Cultural Humours…………………..……………………………………………123 5.4 Linguistic Humours…………………..………………………….………………141 5.5 Summary…………………………………………………...…………………...153 CHAPTER 6 - TRANSLATION STRATEGIES 6.1 Introduction………………………………………….…………………………160 6.2 Expansion………………………………….……...……………………………161 6.3 Paraphrase……………………………………………...………….……...……167 6.4 Transfer………………………………………………......………….…………169 6.5 Imitation………………………………………………..…………….…...……171 6.6 Transcription……………………………………………...……………………174 6.7 Dislocation……………………………..……………........……………………176 6.8 Condensation……………………………………………..……………………178 6.9 Decimation………………………………………………......…………………180 6.10 Deletion…………………………………………………........………………182 6.11 Resignation………………………………………………...…………………183 6.12 Summary…………………………………………………...…………………185 CHAPTER 7 - CONCLUSIONS 7.1 Introduction……………………...……………………….……………………193 7.2 Finding of the Study……………………………………….…………..………194 7.3 Suggestions for Further Research…………………………………...…………200 REFERENCES…………………...…………...………………..…………………202 APPENDICES v LIST OF TABLES Page Table 2.1 Gottlieb’s Interlingual Subtitling Strategies 47 Table 2.2 Extralinguistic Culture-bound Problems Types 51 Table 3.1 The Number of Words in English and Persian scripts 88 Table 3.2 List of the English Animation 91 Table 3.3 List of the Persian Animation 92 Table 5.1 Distribution of Jokes in Each Animation 155 Table 5.2 Overall Distribution of Jokes 157 Table 5.3 Distribution of Translation Strategies in Humour 158 Table 6.1 Distribution of Translation Strategies in Each Animation 185 Table 6.2 Overall Distribution of Translation Strategies 190 Table 7.1 Result of the Study 198 vi LIST OF FIGURES Page Figure 3.1 Theoretical Framework of the Study 81 Figure 3.2 Research Design 93 vii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AVT Audio Visual Translation BT Back Translation CR Culture-bound Reference ECR Extralinguistic Cultural References EF Education First EFL English as a Foreign Language EPI English Proficiency Index L2 Second Language SC Source Culture SDH Subtitling for the Deaf and Hard-of-hearing SL Source Language ST Source Text TC Target Culture TL Target Language TT Target Text TU Translation Unit viii TRANSLITERATION SCHEME OF THE PERSIAN LANGUAGE This study has adopted the transliteration system approved by Deutsches Institut für Normung (DIN). The six vowels and 23 consonants of Persian are written using a modified version of the Arabic alphabet with four extra Persian letters to represent sounds which do not exist in Arabic. Name Name in Persian script DIN 31635 * ʾ همزه hamzeh 0 â الف ʾalef 1 b بِ be 2 p پِ pe 3 t تِ te 4 s̱ ثِ s̱ e 5 j جیم jim 6 č چِ che 7 ḥe ḥ حِ 8 (ḥā-ye ḥotti, ḥā-ye jimi) kh خِ khe 9 d دال dâl 10 ẕ ذال ẕâl 11 r رِ re 12 z زِ ze 13 ž ژِ že 14 s سین sin 15 š شین šin 16 ṣ صاد ṣäd 17 dz ضاد dzâd 18 ts طی،ِطا (tsâ, tsoy (in Dari 19 ẓ ظی،ِظا (ẓâ, ẓoy (in Dari 20 ʿ عین ʿayn 21 ġ غین ġayn 22 f فِ fe 23 q̈ قاف q̈ âf 24 k کاف kâf 25 g گاف gâf 26 l ﻻم lâm 27 m میم mim 28 n نون nun 29 v / ū / ow / (w / aw / ō in Dari) واو vâv 30 ix he h هِ -hā-ye havvaz, hā-ye do) 31 češm) y / ī / á / (ay / ē in یِ ye 32 Dari) * DIN 31635 is a Deutsches Institut für Normung (DIN) standard for the transliteration of the Persian alphabet adopted in 1982. x TERJEMAHAN UNSUR JENAKA DALAM PENYARIKATAAN ANIMASI BERUNSUR PERSONIFIKASI DARI BAHASA INGGERIS KE BAHASA PARSI ABSTRAK Terjemahan audiovisual, terutamanya penyarikataan menarik perhatian ramai ahli cendikiawan. Walau bagaimanapun, terjemahan penyarikataan kepada Bahasa Parsi adalah amat sedikit. Kajian ini adalah bertujuan untuk mengkaji bagaimana unsur-unsur jenaka penyarikataan diterjemahkan ke dalam bahasa Persi dan sejauh mana terjemahan langsung telah dipraktikkan. Kajian ini turtut memberi tumpuan ke atas penyarikataan animasi berunsurkan personifikasi khususnya ke atas tiga unsur jenaka – universal, budaya dan linguistik- dari pengkategorian jenaka Schmitz (2002). Definasi strategi pemindahan yang digunakan adalah berdasarkan Gottlieb (1992). Analisa telah dijalankan berdasarkan hipotesis Sapir- Whorf sebagai teori asas rangka kerja kajian ini. Enam belas animasi telah dijadikan korpus kajian ini. Hasil kajian menunjukkan terjemahan langsung adalah merupakan strategi lazim yang digunakan. Penggunaannya menunjukkan bahawa terjemahan turut dibantu oleh kesederhanaan bahasa sumber dan elemen bukan lisan animasi. xi TRANSLATION OF HUMOUR IN SUBTITLES OF PERSONIFICATION-BASED ANIMATION FROM ENGLISH INTO PERSIAN ABSTRACT Audiovisual translation, especially subtitling, attracts the attention of many scholars. However, the translation of Persian subtitles is scarce. The present study attempts to investigate the translation of humour in subtitles into Persian and determine the extent direct translation strategies are utilized. The study focuses on personification-based animation subtitles and primarily on three types of humour - universal, cultural and linguistic- from Schmitz's (2002) categorization of humour. The definition of transferring strategies here is adopted from Gottlieb (1992). The analysis is conducted in the light of the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis as the underlying theoretical framework of the study. Sixteen animation form the corpus of the study. The result indicates that direct