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When Fear Is Substituted for Reason: European and Western Government Policies Regarding National Security 1789-1919
WHEN FEAR IS SUBSTITUTED FOR REASON: EUROPEAN AND WESTERN GOVERNMENT POLICIES REGARDING NATIONAL SECURITY 1789-1919 Norma Lisa Flores A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate College of Bowling Green State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY December 2012 Committee: Dr. Beth Griech-Polelle, Advisor Dr. Mark Simon Graduate Faculty Representative Dr. Michael Brooks Dr. Geoff Howes Dr. Michael Jakobson © 2012 Norma Lisa Flores All Rights Reserved iii ABSTRACT Dr. Beth Griech-Polelle, Advisor Although the twentieth century is perceived as the era of international wars and revolutions, the basis of these proceedings are actually rooted in the events of the nineteenth century. When anything that challenged the authority of the state – concepts based on enlightenment, immigration, or socialism – were deemed to be a threat to the status quo and immediately eliminated by way of legal restrictions. Once the façade of the Old World was completely severed following the Great War, nations in Europe and throughout the West started to revive various nineteenth century laws in an attempt to suppress the outbreak of radicalism that preceded the 1919 revolutions. What this dissertation offers is an extended understanding of how nineteenth century government policies toward radicalism fostered an environment of increased national security during Germany’s 1919 Spartacist Uprising and the 1919/1920 Palmer Raids in the United States. Using the French Revolution as a starting point, this study allows the reader the opportunity to put events like the 1848 revolutions, the rise of the First and Second Internationals, political fallouts, nineteenth century imperialism, nativism, Social Darwinism, and movements for self-government into a broader historical context. -
Sample Pages
ON I T C ASE IDEOLOGY AND CONFLICT What impact did the treaties which concluded World War I have on nations and people? PAGES What were the dominantSAMPLE ideologies of the period? What impact did the post-war treaties, the development of ideologies and the economic crisis have on the events leading to World War II? TWENE TI TH CENTURY 1: BETWEEN THE WARS 1 SNAPSHOT KEY POINTS INTRODUCTION THE WORLD BEFORE 1914 SOURCE 2 • At the start of the twentieth On 20 May 1910, the gun carriage HistORIAN BARbaRA TUCHMAN REFLects ON THE Death century, vast areas of the world Barbara Tuchman: ‘The muffled tongue of Big Ben tolled bearing the coffin of King Edward OF KING EDWARD VII were part of European empires. nine by the clock as the cortege left the palace, but VII of the United Kingdom of There was a general sense as of an anchor slipping away and of a recognized order • In 1914, Britain had 55 colonial of things gone. People somehow felt that the familiar royal bulk had stood between on history’s clock it was sunset, and the sun of the Great Britain and Ireland was territories; France 29; the taken from Buckingham Palace England and change, between England and outside menaces ... When he died people old world was setting in a dying blaze of splendor Netherlands 21; and Germany 10. expected times would now get worse. “I always felt,” said one Edwardian, “that he to Westminster Hall. The funeral kept things together somehow.’” 1 never to be seen again.’ • Germany was a relative procession marked a significant Barbara Tuchman, The Proud Tower: A portrait of the world before the war 1890–1914, latecomer to European power, moment in history, one of the (Papermac, 1966), 391. -
Series I: Correspondence, Dr
AMERICAN HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF GERMANS FROM RUSSIA (AHSGR) COLLECTION RECORD American Volga Relief Society, Lincoln Nebraska Records: 1921-1926 and no date; mostly 1921-1925 Lincoln NE; McCook NE; and Portland OR Size: 2.1MB [to be microfilmed] HISTORICAL NOTE Russia experienced mass starvation from 1920-1924 and the years 1921-1922 saw the largest number of deaths. The cause of the starvation was the Lenin government policy of forced grain requisition carried out as part of the kulak (wealthy private farmers) extermination campaign. The ethnic Germans living along both banks of the Volga River in the Saratov and Samara provinces of Russia had resisted the grain requisition. As a punitive measure, Lenin ordered that the Volga area settlements be completely stripped of all grain and that mass executions be carried out. Over 30% of the Volga German population was deliberately starved before Lenin allowed international famine relief organizations into the area. The relief was reluctantly allowed after the Lenin government began to fear that food shortages among the military and city workers (who were considered the back-bone of the Bolshevik Revolution) would lead to mass rebellion. As the Volga region, along with the Ukraine, was the main bread basket of the area, Lenin (who was pragmatic and willing to improvise policy as circumstances dictated and unforeseen events arose) recognized the need to save the Volga German population (which was extraordinarily adept at farming) to help ensure a successful harvest, feed the military and city workers, and thus save the Revolution. After the relief project was completed, the government continued to persecute the Volga German population, and starvation continued until the end of 1924. -
Haute Commission Interalliée Des Territoires Rhénans (HCITR) - Archives Du Haut-Commissariat Français (1918-1930)
Haute Commission interalliée des territoires rhénans (HCITR) - Archives du Haut-commissariat français (1918-1930) Répertoire numérique détaillé des articles AJ/9/2889 à AJ/9/6573 par Michèle Conchon, conservateur en chef aux Archives nationales, Matthias Nuding et Florence de Peyronnet-Dryden, archivistes à l’Institut historique allemand de Paris, avec la collaboration de Christelle Gomis et, pour l'édition électronique de Brigitte Lozza. Cet instrument de recherche a été réalisé avec le soutien financier de la Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft. Deuxième édition électronique Archives nationales (France) Pierrefitte-sur-Seine 2015 1 https://www.siv.archives-nationales.culture.gouv.fr/siv/IR/FRAN_IR_054079 Cet instrument de recherche a été réalisé avec le soutien financier de la Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft. Il a été rédigé sur la base de l'inventaire établi en 1934 par Jean Couprie, secrétaire-archiviste de la HCITR, complété et corrigé par une analyse précise de toutes les unités de descriptions. Il a été élaboré avec le logiciel XMetaL et édité pour sa première édition électronique en 2011 avec le concours de Brigitte Lozza, chargée d'études documentaires aux CeArchives document nationales. est écrit en françaisallemand. Conforme à la norme ISAD(G) et aux règles d'application de la DTD EAD (version 2002) aux Archives nationales. 2 Mentions de révision : • Juillet 2015: Cette édition correspond à la publication dans la SIV des fichiers Xml produits en 2011. 3 Archives nationales (France) Préface Le travail d'inventaire a été réalisé grâce à la collaboration de trois institutions : les Archives nationales, l'Institut historique allemand de Paris, les Archives du ministère des Affaires étrangères. -
The German Center Party and the League of Nations: International Relations in a Moral Dimension
InSight: RIVIER ACADEMIC JOURNAL, VOLUME 4, NUMBER 2, FALL 2008 THE GERMAN CENTER PARTY AND THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS: INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS IN A MORAL DIMENSION Martin Menke, Ph.D.* Associate Professor, Department of History, Law, and Political Science, Rivier College During the past two decades, scholarly interest in German political Catholicism, specifically in the history of the German Center Party has revived.1 As a spate of recent publication such as Stathis Kalyvas’s The Rise of Christian Democracy in Europe and the collection of essays, Political Catholicism in Europe, 1918-1965, 2 show, this renewed interest in German political Catholicism is part of a larger trend. All of these works, however, show how much work remains to be done in this field. While most research on German political Catholicism has focused on the period before 1918, the German Center Party’s history during the Weimar period remains incompletely explored. One of the least understood areas of Center Party history is its influence on the Weimar government’s foreign policy. After all, the Center led nine of the republic’s twenty cabinets. Karsten Ruppert, for example, relies almost exclusively on Peter Krüger’s Die Außenpolitik der Republik von Weimar,3 which emphasizes the role of Foreign Minister Gustav Stresemann almost to the exclusion of all other domestic decision-makers. Weimar’s foreign policy largely consisted of a series of responses to crises caused by political and economic demands made by the victors of the First World War. These responses in turn were determined by the imperatives of German domestic politics. -
La Constitución De Weimar En Los Desafíos Del Siglo XXI Una Mirada Desde Latinoamérica
La Constitución de Weimar Homenaje a los 100 años de la Constitución de Weimar (1919–2019) en los desafíos del siglo XXI. Una mirada desde Latinoamérica La Constitución de Weimar en los desafíos del siglo XXI En este libro presentamos los trabajos expuestos y dis- cutidos en el Workshop titulado “La Constitución de Una mirada desde Weimar en los desafíos del siglo XXI. Una mirada desde Latinoamérica”. El mismo tuvo lugar en la en los desafíos del siglo XXI del en los desafíos ciudad de Weimar durante el mes de septiembre Latinoamérica de 2019, llevado a cabo con el propósito de conmemorar el centenario de la Constitución de Weimar (1919–2019) a partir de dos ejes conceptuales: por un lado, los aportes de la experiencia latinoamericana al debate y Editores: crítica del Constitucionalismo Social y, Manfredo Koessl / John Zuluaga por otro lado, la importancia del Constitucionalismo Social en materia político-criminal. Autores: Christian Scheechler Corona Organización: Cristina E. Montalvo de Weimar La Constitución Jesús Omar Herrera Torres Laura María Bastidas Zambrano Arbeit und Leben Thüringen Leandro Eduardo Astrain Bañuelos DGB/VHS Lizbeth Xóchitl Padilla Sanabria Mario Orlando Contreras Marlus H. Arns de Oliveira Marvin Alfredo Gómez Ruiz Miguel Lamadrid Luengas Rafael E. Nieto Rodolfo González Espinosa Silvia Patricia López González KOESSL/ZULUAGA (EDS.) ISBN 978-3-945294-30-7 ECKHAUS VERLAG ECKHAUS ECKHAUS VERLAG ECKHAUS (D) 20,00 € La Constitución de Weimar en los desafíos del siglo XXI Una mirada desde Latinoamérica Homenaje a los 100 años de la Constitución de Weimar (1919–2019) © Manfredo Koessl, 2019 © John Zuluaga, 2019 Hecho el depósito que exige la ley. -
HISTORISCH-POLITISCHE MITTEILUNGEN Archiv Für Christlich-Demokratische Politik
HISTORISCH-POLITISCHE MITTEILUNGEN Archiv für Christlich-Demokratische Politik Im Auftrag der Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung e.V. herausgegeben von Günter Buchstab, Hans-Otto Kleinmann und Hanns Jürgen Küsters 19. Jahrgang 2012 BÖHLAU VERLAG WIEN KÖLN WEIMAR HISTORISCH-POLITISCHE MITTEILUNGEN Archiv für Christlich-Demokratische Politik 19. Jahrgang 2012 Im Auftrag der Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung e.V. herausgegeben von Dr. Günter Buchstab, Prof. Dr. Hans-Otto Kleinmann und Prof. Dr. Hanns Jürgen Küsters Redaktion: Dr. Wolfgang Tischner, Dr. Kordula Kühlem Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung e.V. Wissenschaftliche Dienste / Archiv für Christlich-Demokratische Politik Rathausallee 12 53757 Sankt Augustin Tel. 02241 / 246 2240 Fax 02241 / 246 2669 e-mail: [email protected] Internet: www.kas.de © 2012 by Böhlau Verlag GmbH & Cie., Wien Köln Weimar Ursulaplatz 1, D-50668 Köln, [email protected], www.boehlau-verlag.com Alle Rechte vorbehalten Satz: Satzpunkt Ursula Ewert GmbH, Bayreuth Druck: Strauss GmbH, Mörlenbach ISSN: 0943-691X ISBN: 978-3-412-21008-3 Erscheinungsweise: jährlich Preise: € 19,50 [D] / € 20,10 [A] Erhältlich in Ihrer Buchhandlung oder direkt beim Böhlau Verlag unter: [email protected], Tel. +49 221 91390-0, Fax +49 221 91390-11 Ein Abonnement verlängert sich automatisch um ein Jahr, wenn die Kündi- gung nicht zum 1. Dezember erfolgt ist. Zuschriften, die Anzeigen und Ver- trieb betreffen, werden an den Verlag erbeten. Inhalt AUFSÄTZE Hanns Jürgen Küsters . 1 Der Bonn/Berlin-Beschluss vom 20. Juni 1991 und seine Folgen Katrin Rupprecht . 25 Der isländische Fischereizonenstreit 1972–1976. Im Konfliktfeld zwischen regionalen Fischereiinteressen und NATO-Bündnispolitik Herbert Elzer . 47 Weder Schlaraffenland noch Fata Morgana: Das Königreich Saudi-Arabien und die Fühlungnahme mit der Bundesrepublik Deutschland im Herbst 1952 ZUR CHRISTLICHEN DEMOKRATIE VOR 1945 Markus Lingen . -
Brockdorff-Rantzau As the Weimar Republic's First Foreign Minister
University of Nebraska at Omaha DigitalCommons@UNO Student Work 1-1-1967 Count and democrat ; Brockdorff-Rantzau as the Weimar Republic's first foreign minister Marilyn Senn Moll University of Nebraska at Omaha Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unomaha.edu/studentwork Recommended Citation Moll, Marilyn Senn, "Count and democrat ; Brockdorff-Rantzau as the Weimar Republic's first foreign minister" (1967). Student Work. 407. https://digitalcommons.unomaha.edu/studentwork/407 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by DigitalCommons@UNO. It has been accepted for inclusion in Student Work by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@UNO. For more information, please contact [email protected]. iI ^ "COUNT AND DEMOCRAT" BROCKDORFF-RANTZAU AS THE WEIMAR REPUBLIC'S FIRST FOREIGN MINISTER A Thesis Presented to the Department of History and the Faculty of the Graduate College University of Omaha In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Arts by Marilyn Senn Moll January 1967 UMI Number: EP73045 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Dissertation Publishing UMI EP73045 Published by ProQuest LLC (2015). Copyright in the Dissertation held by the Author. Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code ProQuest LLC. 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. -
One Hundred Years of Chemical Warfare: Research
Bretislav Friedrich · Dieter Hoffmann Jürgen Renn · Florian Schmaltz · Martin Wolf Editors One Hundred Years of Chemical Warfare: Research, Deployment, Consequences One Hundred Years of Chemical Warfare: Research, Deployment, Consequences Bretislav Friedrich • Dieter Hoffmann Jürgen Renn • Florian Schmaltz Martin Wolf Editors One Hundred Years of Chemical Warfare: Research, Deployment, Consequences Editors Bretislav Friedrich Florian Schmaltz Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Max Planck Institute for the History of Society Science Berlin Berlin Germany Germany Dieter Hoffmann Martin Wolf Max Planck Institute for the History of Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Science Society Berlin Berlin Germany Germany Jürgen Renn Max Planck Institute for the History of Science Berlin Germany ISBN 978-3-319-51663-9 ISBN 978-3-319-51664-6 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-51664-6 Library of Congress Control Number: 2017941064 © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2017. This book is an open access publication. Open Access This book is licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 2.5 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/2.5/), which permits any noncom- mercial use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this book are included in the book's Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the book's Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. -
1919: Aftermath Pp
Cambridge Histories Online http://universitypublishingonline.org/cambridge/histories/ The Cambridge History of the First World War Edited by Jay Winter Book DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CHO9780511675669 Online ISBN: 9780511675669 Hardback ISBN: 9780521763851 Chapter 7 - 1919: Aftermath pp. 172-198 Chapter DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CHO9780511675669.010 Cambridge University Press 7 1919: Aftermath bruno cabanes The end of the First World War cannot be easily demarcated by a specific date. The war’s long-term effects were so devastating that it is fair to say no clear dividing-line separates the war itself from the post-war period; nearly 10 million men died, in other words, one in seven of all soldiers; 21 million were wounded; millions of widows, orphans and other grieving relatives were left behind to mourn their dead. The war’s aftermath produced countless human tragedies; nearly every family continued to feel the emotional and psychological effects for years to come.1 To take the single year of 1919 and consider it as a specific historical subject in its own right thus constitutes another way to question traditional chronology, which tends to view the Armistice of 11 November 1918 and the subsequent peace treaties as the two decisive markers in the return to peace. In reality, 1919 constitutes at most a step – but only a step – in what historians now call ‘the transition from war to peace’, in French, la sortie de guerre. This term refers to a transition period of several years, characterised by the return home of soldiers and prisoners of war, the pacification of the belligerent nations and the far slower demobilisa- tion of minds and attitudes, or what is also called ‘cultural demobilisation’.2 This process was far from straightforward. -
Frankreich Und Deutschland Im Krieg (18.-20. Jahrhundert): Zur Kulturgeschichte Der Europäischen ‚Erbfeindschaft‘ (Chronologische Darstellung)
Frankreich und Deutschland im Krieg (18.-20. Jahrhundert): Zur Kulturgeschichte der europäischen ‚Erbfeindschaft‘ (chronologische Darstellung) Ein gemeinsames Forschungsprojekt der Historischen Seminare der TU Braunschweig und der HHU Düsseldorf, gefördert von der Deutschen Forschungsgemeinschaft (2001-2004) Projektleitung: Ute Daniel, Gerd Krumeich Bearbeiter/innen: Ewa Anklam, Heidi Mehrkens (TU Braunschweig), Almut Lindner-Wirsching, Joachim Schröder (HHU Düsseldorf) 1 Inhaltsverzeichnis Inhaltsverzeichnis 1. Einleitung ...................................................................................................................................4 2. Siebenjähriger Krieg 1756-1763: Einleitung ........................................................................19 2.1 Siebenjähriger Krieg 1756-1763: Entscheidungsträger.............................................................................. 21 2.1.1 Frühere Allianzen und Wissensstand der politisch-militärischen Elite .................................................... 21 2.1.2 Effizienz des Militärkodex im Kampfgebiet ............................................................................................ 24 2.1.3 Nachrichtenpolitik und Besatzungsverwaltung ........................................................................................ 26 2.1.4 Das Ende des Krieges............................................................................................................................... 30 Verwendete Quellen und Literatur ................................................................................................................... -
Ulrich Von Brockdorff-Rantzau
Ulrich von Brockdorff-Rantzau * 29. Mai 1869 in Schleswig; † 8. September 1928 in Berlin Gästebücher Schloss Neubeuern Band V Aufenthalt Schloss Neubeuern: 3. August 1910 Ulrich Graf Brockdorff-Rantzau 1918 Ulrich Graf Brockdorff-Rantzau war 1918/1919 deutscher Außenminister. Er war der erste Außenminister, der sein Amt nach der Abdankung des Kaisers antrat, und der erste der Weimarer Republik. Zusammen mit dem übrigen Kabinett Scheidemann, das den Vertrag von Versailles nicht unterzeichnen wollte, trat er im Juni 1919 zurück. Danach war er Botschafter in der Sowjetunion. Der Jurist war parteilos. Ausbildung und Beruf Das Mitglied einer alten schleswig-holsteinischen Adelsfamilie absolvierte ab 1888 ein Studium der Rechtswissenschaft in Neuchâtel und Freiburg/Breisgau, das er 1891 mit dem ersten juristischen Staatsexamen und der Promotion zum Dr. jur. beendete. Zwischen 1891 und 1893 diente er beim preußischen Heer; er wurde nach einer Verletzung schließlich als Leutnant entlassen. 1894 trat er als Diplomat in den Dienst des Auswärtigen Amtes ein. Sein erster ausländischer Dienstort war Brüssel. 1897 wurde er zum Legationssekretär in Sankt Petersburg, 1901 zum Legationsrat in Wien ernannt. Von 1909 bis 1912 bekleidete er das Amt des Generalkonsuls in Budapest. 1912 wurde er zum Gesandten in Dänemark ernannt, wo er während des gesamten Ersten Weltkrieges amtierte. Öffentliche Ämter Erste Kabinettssitzung des Kabinetts Scheidemann am 13. Februar 1919 in Weimar. V.l.: Ulrich Rauscher, Pressechef der Reichsregierung, Robert Schmidt, Ernährung, Eugen Schiffer, Finanzen, Philipp Scheidemann, Reichskanzler, Otto Landsberg, Justiz, Rudolf Wissell, Wirtschaft, Gustav Bauer, Arbeit, Ulrich von Brockdorff-Rantzau, Auswärtiges, Eduard David ohne Portefeuille, Hugo Preuss, Inneres, Johannes Giesberts, Post, Johannes Bell, Kolonien, Georg Gothein, Schatz, Gustav Noske, Reichswehr Im Dezember 1918 übernahm Brockdorff-Rantzau nach anfänglichem Zögern das Amt des Staatssekretärs (ab Februar 1919 erster Reichsminister des Auswärtigen der Weimarer Republik im Kabinett Scheidemann).