Redefining Asian America: Politics, Aesthetics, and Social Networks of Independent Rock Musicians
Wendy Fang-Yu Hsu Taipei, Taiwan
B.A. in Music, Virginia Commonwealth University, 2001 B.A. in Religious Studies, Virginia Commonwealth University, 2001 M.A. East Asian Studies, University of Virginia, 2004
A Dissertation presented to the Graduate Faculty of the University of Virginia in Candidacy for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy
Mcintire Department of Music
University of Virginia May, 2011
Associate Professor Michelle Kisliuk (Chair)
Associate Professor Fred E. Maus
Assistant Professor Joel E. Rubin
Director of Digital Research & Scholarship and Assistant Librarian Bethany Nowviskie " !"
" " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " #"$%&'(!)*+",'" -./0'"12/)345"675" 899":!)*+7":.7.(;.0" <2'"=>??" " " !!"
!"#$%&'$( ( :.0.@!/!/)"87!2/"8A.(!B2C" D%9!+!B7E"8.7+*.+!B7E"2/0"F%B!29"G.+H%(I7"%@"J/0.&./0./+":%BI"<57!B!2/7" K'"-./0'"12/)345"675" " ( ( 8A.(!B2/"(%BI"A57!B!2/7"%@"87!2/"0.7B./+"2(."@!/0!/)"&%H.(@59"H2'7"+%"
.L&(.77"+*.!("B59+5(29"!0./+!+!.7E"0.7&!+."+*.!("&(2B+!B29"!/;!7!,!9!+'"!/"A2!/7+(.2A"
A.0!2M"N*!7".+*/%)(2&*!B"0!77.(+2+!%/".L&9%(.7"+*."7%B!29"2/0"A57!B29"9!@."%@"7.B%/0"
2/0"?MO3)./.(2+!%/"87!2/"8A.(!B2/"A57!B!2/7"2B+!;.9'"./)2).0"!/"!/0.&./0./+"
P!/0!.Q"(%BI"A57!B"&.(@%(A2/B.7M"K'"!/;.7+!)2+!/)"+*."&.(@%(A2/B.E"!0.%9%)'E"2/0"
7%B!29"/.+H%(I7"%@"75B*"A57!B!2/7E"+*!7"7+50'"!/+.((%)2+.7"+*.",%5/02(!.7"%@"+*."
R87!2/"8A.(!B2/S".+*/!B"!0./+!+'"2/0"+*."7%B!%3B59+5(29"!A2)!/2+!%/"%@"R87!2/"
8A.(!B2S"!/"+*."&%7+3$!;!93:!)*+7"2/0"&%7+3TU??"V/!+.0"F+2+.7M"N*!7"0!77.(+2+!%/"
2()5.7"+*2+"+*."A57!B!2/7"&.(@%(A"H!+*"2"0'/2A!B"%@"2A,!;29./B.E"B%;.(!/)E"2/0"
5/B%;.(!/)".+*/!B"2/0"(2B!29"+(2!+7"277%B!2+.0"H!+*"87!2/"!0./+!+!.7M"N*!7"0'/2A!B"!/"
.@@.B+"B%/+.7+7"(2B!29!W2+!%/7M"N5(/!/)"%5+H2(0"2/0".27+H2(0E"+*."A57!B!2/7"7+(.+B*"
+*."B%/@!/!/)",%(0.(7"%@"+*."VMFME"(.2B*!/)"@2/7"2/0"@.99%H"A57!B!2/7"!/";2(!%57"75,3
(.)!%/7"%@"87!2M""
J/"+*.7."B*2&+.(7E"J"0%B5A./+"*%H"+*."A57!B!2/7"9.;.(2)."+*."X%3J+34%5(7.9@"
!0.%9%)'E"B./+(29"!/"!/0!."(%BI"A57!B"7B./.7E"+%"0.&9%'"7.9@3!/;./+.0".+*/!B"/%+!%/7E"
B!(B5A;./+"/%(A7"&(2B+!B.0",'"+*.!("H*!+."A!009.3B9277"&..(7E"2/0"+(2/7@%(A"
A2()!/29!W!/)"(2B.3(.92+.0"2(+!B592+!%/7M":.B92!A!/)"+*.!("%5+7!0.("7+2+57E"+*.'"
B*299./)."+*."B%/+(20!B+!%/7"H!+*!/"+*."0!7B%5(7.7"%@"9!,.(29"A59+!B59+5(29!7A"2/0"
@%().",%/07"H!+*"%+*.(7"!/B950!/)"/%/387!2/"A!/%(!+'")(%5&7M"N*!7"0!77.(+2+!%/"297%" " !!!"
.L2A!/.7";2(!%57"+(2/7/2+!%/29"A57!B29"&(%Y.B+7"B%//.B+!/)"87!2/"8A.(!B2"+%"2"
).%)(2&*!B29"2/0"7'A,%9!B"R87!2MS"N*(%5)*"+%5(!/)"2/0"A.0!2".LB*2/).";!2"+*."
J/+.(/.+E"+*."A57!B!2/7",5!90"2"7.+"%@"7%B!29"/.+H%(I7"B%A&(!7!/)"2"5/!Z5."+(2/79%B29"
!/0!."(%BI"A57!B"7B./."%@"+*.!("%H/M"J".L&9%(."+*!7"+(2/79%B29!+'",'"202&+!/)"H.,3
A!/!/)"2/0"A2&&!/)"+.B*/%9%)!.7"@(%A"+*."0!)!+29"*5A2/!+!.7M"1!/299'E"J"0!7B577"+*."
@%(A2+!%/"%@"A'",2/0"XW!2/["27"2"([email protected]!;.E"&.(@%(A2+!;."(.7&%/7."+%"+*."!775.7"
(.92+.0"+%"(2B.E".+*/!B!+'E"2/0"A.92/B*%9!2"(2!7.0"05(!/)"A'"@!.90H%(IM" " !;"
( ( ( ( ( ( ( ! "#!$%!&'()'*+!,($-.% " ;"
)&"*+(,-(.,/$+/$#( " " " \!7+"%@"1!)5(.7]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]MM;!" " " \!7+"%@"850!%"^L2A&9.7]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]];!!!" " " 8BI/%H9.0)A./+7]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]!L" " " $*2&+.("?C"" J/+(%05B!/)"+*."D%H.("%@"R87!2/"8A.(!B2/S"8A,!;29./B.]]]]]]]]]]]]]]MM?" " " $*2&+.("=C"X.@'!/)"<59+!B59+5(29!7AC"" N*."$59+5(29"$%/+(20!B+!%/7"%@"+*."J/0!.":%BI"XMJM4M"J0.%9%)']]]]]]]]]]MMMMMMMM_`" " " $*2&+.("_C"N(2;.(7!/)"N(2/7/2+!%/29"^+*/!B"D%9!+!B7"H!+*"^(*53:%BIC"" N*."$27."%@"N*."6753/2A!]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]M]]]]MMMMT?" " " $*2&+.("aC"N*."b%A!/27c"D5/I"D5/Y2,"2/0"X!)!+29"X!27&%(2C"" :.B92!A!/)"2"F%B!%3A57!B29"N(2/7/2+!%/]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]?=T" " F5,B*2&+.("aM?C"8"<.+*%0%9%)!B29"J/+.(;./+!%/C"" <2&&!/)E"X2+23d" " " K!,9!%)(2&*']]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]M=?=" " ;!"
01#$(,-(2134%+#( " " =M?" \!/.("G%+.7E"/-$$'!0##+-'*E"$X3:M" ad" =M=" :*'+*A"!/"$2(%9"K5!c7"7%/)"R" =M_" \'(!B7"%@"R??M"D*%+%)(2&*'",'"25+*%(" =MO" N*."b%A!/27M"D*%+%)(2&*",'"b!A"K202H!E"B%5(+.7'"%@"2(+!7+" `?" =M`" N(2!9.(E"=>>T"N2ZH23N%5(E"N*."b%A!/27E"F2(A57+E"D(%&"8/%/M" `a" D*%+%)(2&*",'"25+*%(" =Md" K27!A"V7A2/!E"F+M"F+.&*./"2/0"+*."J/B2(/2+!%/"^&!7B%&29"$*5(B*E" df" -27*!/)+%/E"XM$ME"e59'"aE"=>>>TM"D*%+%)(2&*'",'"25+*%(" =Mf" N*."b%A!/27E"F+M"F+.&*./"2/0"+*."J/B2(/2+!%/"^&!7B%&29"$*5(B*E" df" -27*!/)+%/E"XM$ME"e59'"aE"=>>>TM"D*%+%)(2&*'",'"25+*%(" " " " _M?" $*+*%/!BM"D(.77"&*%+%M"$%5(+.7'"%@"2(+!7+" Tf" _M=" e2BI"675E"N2!H2/.7."-.9B%A."D2(+'E"X%/"6!99c7"$95,E"G.H"4%(I"$!+'E" ?>a" F.&+.A,.("=`E"=>>fM"D*%+%)(2&*",'"25+*%(" _Ma" e2BI"675E"N2!H2/.7."-.9B%A."D2(+'E"X%/"6!99c7"$95,E"G.H"4%(I"$!+'E" ?=a" F.&+.A,.("=`E"=>>fM"D*%+%)(2&*",'"25+*%(" _MO" D277&%(+"+%"N2!H2/"=>?>"19'.(E"0.7!)/.0",'"X2/2"g%90,5()M"$%5(+.7'" ?=`" %@"8(+!7+" " " " aM?" G'9."V7A2/!E"N*."K(!0)."D8JE"$*2(9%++.7;!99."h8E"85)57+"?=E"=>>T" ?_`" aM=" N*."B%;.("%@""1'!"(23(4#)'*!5-6'E"B%5(+.7'"%@"2(+!7+" ?Of" aM_" N*."b%A!/27c7"7%*8(4'"1(!./0"X!7+(!,5+!%/"!/"+*."-%(90" ?`>" aMa" <2&"=C"N*."b%A!/27c7"7%*8(4'"1(!./0"X!7+(!,5+!%/"!/"G%(+*"8A.(!B2" ?`?" aMO" <2&"_C"N*."b%A!/27c7"7%*8(4'"1(!./0"X!7+(!,5+!%/"!/"87!2" ?`=" aM`" <2&"aC"N*."b%A!/27c7"7%*8(4'"1(!./0"X!7+(!,5+!%/"!/"D2I!7+2/" ?`_" aM`" <2&"aC"N*."b%A!/27c7"7%*8(4'"1(!./0"X!7+(!,5+!%/"!/"D2I!7+2/" ?`_" aMd" <2&"OC"N*."b%A!/27c7"7%*8(4'"1(!./0"X!7+(!,5+!%/"!/"F%5+*"^27+"87!2" ?`a" aMf" <2&"`C"N*."b%A!/27c7"7%*8(4'"1(!./07"-%(90H!0."" ?``" aMT" <2&"dC"N*."b%A!/27c7"7%*8(4'"1(!./07"!/"J7(2.9"2/0"G.2(,'"$%5/+(!.7"" ?`d" aM?>" <2&"fC"N*."b%A!/27c7"7%*8(4'"1(!./07"-%(90H!0."PF2+.99!+."h!.HQ" ?`T" aM??" <57!B29"-%(90"<2&"P,.+2QE"7B(../7*%+"+2I./"%/"e2/52('"?>E"=>??" ?f>" aM?=" FB(../7*%+"%@"h!BI!9..ILMB%AE"B2&+5(.0"%/"e2/52('"?=E"=>??" ?fa" " " " OM?" :.B.!&+"@%("X%/2+!%/"@%("$*!90"-.9@2(."\.2)5."1%5/02+!%/"!/"N2!H2/" ?T_" (2!7.0",'"XW!2/[E"H!+*"+*."RD.%&9."%@"$*2(9%++.7;!99.S" OM=" N*."25+*%(c7",2/0"XW!2/["H!+*"F%/!2"675E"D277&%(+"+%"N2!H2/" =>?" OM_" XW!2/[E"6.99%["N2!H2/":%BI7E"N2!H2/"$./+.(E"G%;.A,.("=>E"=>?>" =>a" D*%+%)(2&*",'"
8M?" N2,9."B%/+2!/!/)"2"72A&9."%@"+*.".L+(2B+.0"02+2"@(%A"<'7&2B."Pad" =>f" @(!./07Q" 8M=" 8"D(.9!A!/2('"h!7529!W2+!%/" =?>" 8M_" h!7529!W2+!%/"H!+*"8"$%/+!/./+"\2'.(" =?>" 8Ma" h!7529!W2+!%/"H!+*"$957+.("D2++.(/7" =??" ( " ;!!!"
01#$(,-(!451,(67&89*+#( " " 899"+*."250!%".L2A&9.7"!/B950.0"!/"+*!7"0!77.(+2+!%/"2(."&%7+.0"%/"A'",9%)M"N%"9!7+./" +%"+*.7."250!%".L2A&9.7E";!7!+"+*."&2)."i*++&CUU,.!/)H./0'*75M!/@%Uj&k`?=lM"N*." &277H%(0"!7"RA.92/B*%9!2SM"" " " ?M?" Rm(!./+29"8A.(!B2/S"P?C>="n"?C?=Q",'"h.(757E"%/""3#!0'6+*!9.:*!"(;" `" ?M=" Rm(!./+29"8A.(!B2/S"PaC?a"n"aC_aQ",'"h.(757E"%/""3#!0'6+*!9.:*!"(;" d" " " " =M?" RK2920'"P<27A%50!"F2)!(Q"127+"=o=_S"P>C>>"n">C>d"Q",'"F575"D2A&2/!/E" aT" e2A!92"F29!A&%5(E"2/0"F5*2!92"F29!A&%5("%/"<'..%!=(64'!>1%+1$! ?&'6+-,-4(+-#6"" =M=" RC>d"n">C=`Q",'"$2(%9"K5!"%/">'&!@1-8" O>" =M_" RTQ",'"$2(%9"K5!"%/">'&!@1-8" O=" =Ma" R'&!@1-8" O_" =MO" RF*2(!2"\2H"!/"+*."VMFM8MS"P>Ca_"n"?C>TQ",'"N*."b%A!/27"%/"A-.&!B-C1+*! `O" -6!/:(6+(6($#!<(%!" =M`" RF*2(!2"\2H"!/"+*."VMFM8MS"P=C_a"n"=CO_Q",'"N*."b%A!/27"%/"A-.&!B-C1+*! ``" -6!/:(6+(6($#!<(%" =Md" RF*2(!2"\2H"!/"+*."VMFM8MS"P?C=?"n"?Ca=Q",'"N*."b%A!/27"%/"A-.&!B-C1+*! ``" -6!/:(6+(6($#!<(%" =Mf" RF*2(!2"\2H"!/"+*."VMFM8MS"P?C?>"n"?C=?Q",'"N*."b%A!/27"%/"A-.&!B-C1+*! `d" -6!/:(6+(6($#!<(%"" " " " _M?" Rp527!"D5+(.@2B+!%/S"P_CO?"n"aC>fQ",'"$*+*%/!B"%/"@''&-2!<(.'" ?>>" _M=" RD277&%(+"+%"N2!H2/S"P>C>>"n"=CO_Q",'"N*."6753/2A!"%/""1'!D#:)! ?=a" "):+1*"" " " " aM?" RD2("X.7!S"P>C>>"n">C=OQ",'"N*."b%A!/27"%/"A-.&!B-C1+*!-6!/:(6+(6($#! ?_d" <(%" aM=" RD2("X.7!S"P?CO>"n"=C>TQ",'"N*."b%A!/27"%/"A-.&!B-C1+*!-6!/:(6+(6($#! ?_f" <(%" aM_" RN5//////S"P>C>>"n">C?=Q",'"N*."b%A!/27"%/"E*4(8'!+#!<.(4F#:+!<'(41!" ?_T" aMa" R8(A2)!0.%/"N!A.S"P>C>>"n">C?=Q",'"-!99!"-!99!2A7"%/"D:..!G8H!7#)'! ?_T" I-+*!,)#$!@+:&-#!J6'" aMO" R8(A2)!0.%/"N!A.S"P>C?O"n">C=OQ",'"N*."$927*"%/""1'!D:+:)'!-*! ?_T" G63)-++'6!K@#:6&+)(4FL" " " " OM?" R89!"F*2/S",'"XW!2/["%/"M.-!@1(6!MN!/#O/#" =>=" " " !L"
!':/,;*+538+/$#(
"
N*!7"0!77.(+2+!%/"H%590"/%+"*2;.",../"B%A&9.+.0"H!+*%5+"+*."75&&%(+"%@"
A2/'"&.%&9.M"<'"B%AA!++..E"
G%H;!7I!.E"&(%;!0.0"%/)%!/)")5!02/B.M"
2"H(!+.(E"2/0"A'"7./7."%@"(.7&%/7!,!9!+'"+%"./)2)."H!+*"&%9!+!B7"%@"+*."H%(90"+*(%5)*"
7B*%92(7*!&M"1(.0"27I.0"A."27+5+."Z5.7+!%/7E"29H2'7"B*299./)!/)"A."+%"9!7+./"+%"
A57!B"B9%7.9'"2/0"+%"+*!/I"&(%05B+!;.9'"2,%5+"+*."(.92+!%/7*!&",.+H../"A57!B29"
7%5/0"2/0"92().("7%B!29"!775.7M"e%.9c7"75BB.77.7"27"2"7B*%92(3&.(@%(A.("!/7&!(.0"A."
+%"!/+.)(2+."&.(@%(A2/B."2/0"7B*%92(7*!&M"K.+*2/'"2@@!(A.0"A'"B%AA!+A./+"+%"
&5,9!B"7B*%92(7*!&"2/0"B59+!;2+.0"A'"&./B*2/+"!/"B(.2+!;."2/0"29+.(/2+!;."7B*%92(9'"
&2+*7M"
J"297%",./.@!+.0"@(%A"+*."!/+.99.B+529")5!02/B."%@"<.9;!/"K5+9.("H*%"
!995A!/2+.0"@%("A."+*."B%//.B+!%/",.+H../"!/+.99.B+529"H%(I"2/0"&5,9!B"
(.7&%/7!,!9!+'M"N%A!."62*/"!/7&!(.0"A."+%"2&&(%2B*"7B*%92(7*!&"+*(%5)*".A,%0!.0"
2/0"B(.2+!;."A.2/7M"$9!@@%(0"^0H2(07E"A'"5/0.()(2052+."A./+%(E"*.9&.0"A."7.."+*."
&%77!,!9!+'"%@"2"&(%@%5/0E"[email protected]%/)"./)2).A./+"H!+*"+*."2(+7"2/0"+*."*5A2/!+!.7M"
^Z5299'"!A&%(+2/+"2(."A'"B%99.2)5.7"!/"+*."<57!B"X.&2(+A./+"2+"Vh2M"J"
.L+./0"A'")(2+!+50."+%"\!W"\!/025E"F2(2*"$59&.&.(E"b.;!/"D2(I7E"899!7%/":%,,!/7E"
\%(./"\50H!)E"2/0"G!BI":5,!/M"J"+*2/I"A'"0.2("@(!./07"6%/)"62*/"G)5'./E"
$*(!7+!/."N72/)E"6!2"D*52E"2/0"<2(+!/"N.((2W27"@%("+*.!("A.2/!/)@59"B%/;.(72+!%/7"
2,%5+"H%(IE"@2A!9'"2/0"[email protected]"<'"0..&.7+"+*2/I7")%"+%"$2(.'"F2()./+E"A'"9!@."&2(+/.(E" " L"
H*%"*.9&.0"A."5/+2/)9."A2/'"+*%5)*+"B957+.(7E"+25)*+"A."+*.";295."%@"+.2B*!/)E"
2/0"7*2(.0"H!+*"A."*.("0..&"B%AA!+A./+"+%"B%A,!/."7B*%92(7*!&"2/0"7%B!29"
2B+!;!7AM""
J"2A")(2+.@59"%@"+*."7+2@@"2+"+*."V/!;.(7!+'"%@"h!()!/!2c7"FB*%92(7c"\2,"H*%"
&(%;!0.0"@%("A."2"7.B%/0"*%A."2+"+*."V/!;.(7!+'M"F&.B!29"+*2/I7"+%"e%."g!9,.(+"H*%"
%@@.(.0"+.B*/!B29")5!02/B."%/"A'"0!)!+29"&(%Y.B+"2/0"+%"K.BB2"D.+.("2/0"G2/B'" b.B*/.("@%("+*.!("*5A%("2/0"B2(.M"
1!/299'E"J"H%590"9!I."+%"+*2/I"+*."A57!B!2/7"H*%")./.(%579'"%@@.(.0"A."+*.!("
7+%(!.7"2/0"!/7!)*+7M"J/"&2(+!B592(E"A'"757+2!/.0"B%/+2B+"2/0"@(!./07*!&"H!+*"e2BI"
675E"F*2*Y.*2/"b*2/E"K27!A"V7A2/!E"mA2("-2Z2(E"\!72"\!5E"$2(%9"K5!E"2/0"e%7.&*" b!A"(.!)/!+.0"A'"0..&"&277!%/"@%("A57!BM"897%E"J"+*2/I"+*."A.A,.(7"%@"A'",2/07"
XW!2/["2/0"D!/I%"$%AA5/%!07"H*%"&(%;!0.0"A."H!+*"2"7*.9+.("@(%A"+*."
0!77.(+2+!%/",95.7M"
J"0.0!B2+."+*!7"A2/57B(!&+"+%"A'"@2A!9'M"<'"@2+*.("P<(Q"!/7+!99.0"!/"A."+*."
!A&%(+2/B."%@"*5A2/!7A"2/0"B%A&277!%/"+*(%5)*"*!7"+*%5)*+@59"B2(."@%("*!7"
&2+!./+7"27"2"A.0!B29"&(%@.77!%/29M"<'"A%+*.("P7(Q"7*%H.0"*.("5/B%/0!+!%/29"9%;."
@%("A."2/0"@%("+*%7."!/"/..0M"<'",(%+*.("b.;!/E"2/"./)!/..(E"29H2'7"%@@.(.0"2"
+.B*/!B29"7%95+!%/"+%"+*."0!@@!B59+!.7"+*2+"J"@2B.0"!/"A'"(.7.2(B*"2/0"&.(@%(A2/B.M"
F&.B!29"+*2/I7"+%"A'"25/+"<.!3$*./"65"2/0"5/B9."67!./36./"\5"H*%"+25)*+"A."+*."
;295."%@".05B2+!%/M"<'"0..&.7+")(2+!+50.")%.7"+%"A'")(2/0&2(./+7"H*%7."*2(0"H%(I"
PM1!/:6CQ"2/0"B(.2+!;."./)2).A./+"!/"9!@."PM1!7(Q"!/7&!(.0"A."+%"H%(I"+%H2(0"
&.(7%/29".LB.99./B."2/0"B%99.B+!;."H.993,.!/)M"
" " ! "!
!"#$%&'()*(+,%'-./01,2(%"&(3-4&'(-5(6781#,(79&'10#,:(79;1<#=&,0&(
!
#!$%&&!'&$'()!*+,+,-+*!./+!0'(!#!.1&0!,(!,1./+*!'-12.!,(!3*14+))%15'&!
')3%*'.%15!.1$'*0!'5!%5.+&&+6.2'&!'50!6*+'.%7+!3'./8!9!6123&+!14!(+'*)!12.!14!61&&+:+;!
'4.+*!+5:':%5:!%5!7'*%12)!,2)%6!3*1<+6.)!$%./!'*.%).=61&&'-1*'.1*)!'50!$1*>%5:!3'*.=
.%,+!'.!'!4&1$+*!)/13!'50!'!$*'3!)'50$%6/!6'4?;!#!0+6%0+0!./'.!#!$'5.+0!.1!:+.!
)+*%12)!'-12.!&%4+8!@/+!3*1-&+,!$')!./'.!,(!51.%15!14!A:+..%5:!)+*%12)B!0%05C.!'&%:5!
$%./!,(!,1./+*C)!+D3+6.'.%15)8!#!0+6&%5+0!'0,%))%15!.1!'!,+0%6'&!)6/11&!%5!E/%6':18!
9)!%4!./'.!$')5C.!+512:/;!#!+5*1&&+0!%5!'!:*'02'.+!3*1:*',!'.!./+!F5%7+*)%.(!14!
G%*:%5%'!4%*).!%5!H').!9)%'5!I.20%+);!'50!./+5!%5!E*%.%6'&!'50!E1,3'*'.%7+!I.20%+)!%5!
./+!J2)%6!K+3'*.,+5.8!@/%)!$')!./+!-+:%55%5:!14!,(!32*)2%.!14!'!6'*++*!')!'!
3+*41*,%5:!)6/1&'*!14!,2)%6!*+&'.+0!.1!9)%'8!J(!0+6%)%15!$')!/+'*.=-*+'>%5:!.1!,(!
,1./+*!$/1!41*!'!&15:!.%,+!/'0!0*+',+0!14!/'7%5:!'!3/()%6%'5!0'2:/.+*8!@/+!
,1./+*=0'2:/.+*!*+&'.%15)/%3!4+&&!%5.1!'5!'-())!14!0%*+!.+5)%158!L+!).133+0!.'&>%5:!
'-12.!./+!42.2*+8!L+!).133+0!6157+*)%5:!'-12.!&%4+8!#!)2-,+*:+0!,()+&4!0++3+*!%5.1!
./+!)+'!14!61,41*.!144+*+0!-(!./+!'*.)!'50!%5.+&&+6.2'&!./12:/.8!
9)!%.!.2*5)!12.;!#C,!51.!'&15+8!M%7+!(+'*)!&'.+*;!02*%5:!,(!4%+&0$1*>;!#!
0%)617+*+0!'50!-+4*%+50+0!,2)%6%'5)!$/1!/'7+!:15+!./*12:/!'!)%,%&'*!3*16+))!14!
A61,%5:!12.B!.1!./+%*!3'*+5.)!')!'*.%).)!'50!%5.+&&+6.2'&)8!#!61,,%)+*'.+0!$%./!./+!
,+,-+*)!14!N-&%)>;!'!K+.*1%.=-')+0!+D3+*%,+5.'&!3)(6/+0+&%6!A)/1+:'O+B"!*16>!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! "!Shoegaze is a subgenre of rock music that developed in the alternative and independent rock music scene in the United Kingdom in the late1980s. According to Wikipedia, the term “shoegaze” was used by rock music press referring to the act of “shoegazing” where the musicians in these bands stood relatively still during live performances in a detached, introspective, non-confrontational state, hence the idea that they were gazing at their shoes. For more information, read: Wikipedia contributors, "Shoegazing," Wikipedia, ! P!
-'50;!$/+5!./+!-'50!6*')/+0!'.!,(!E/'*&1..+)7%&&+!'3'*.,+5.!15!%.)!.12*!%5!./+!
)2,,+*!14!PQQR8!N7+*!'!)12./+*5!).(&+!-*+'>4').!14!-%)62%.);!:*%.);!'50!+::);!$+!
+D6/'5:+0!).1*%+)!14!-+%5:!A9)%'5B!'50!'!012-&+=,%51*%.(S!'5!'*.%).!,%51*%.(!%5!./+!
4',%&(!'50!+./5%6!9)%'5!61,,25%.(T!'5!9)%'5!,%51*%.(!%5!./+!'*.%).!61,,25%.(8!N5!
./+!4',%&(!)%0+;!.1!3&'(!,2)%6!,+'5)!.1!*+<+6.!./+!51*,'.%7+!3'./!14!-+%5:!'!
*+)315)%-&+!$1*>%5:!3*14+))%15'&!14!233+*=,%00&+!6&'))!).'.2)8!K*2,,+*!U1(!H&.2*>!
*+6125.+0!/1$!/+!*+:2&'*&(!01$53&'()!/%)!%571&7+,+5.!%5!/%)!-'50!.1!/%)!4'./+*;!'!
3*1,%5+5.!4%:2*+!%5!./+!&16'&!J2)&%,!61,,25%.(8!V+41*+!/%)!-'50C)!)2,,+*!.12*;!
U1(C)!4'./+*!41250!12.;!./*12:/!/%)!32-&%6%).;!'-12.!./+!.12*8!E154*15.%5:!U1(;!/%)!
4'./+*!+D3*+))+0!/%)!12.*':+!'50!0%)'331%5.,+5.!$%./!U1(;!$/1,!/+!/'0!./12:/.!
$')!A17+*!./+!,2)%6!./%5:B!'50!51$!A15!./+!*%:/.!3'./B!'4.+*!/%)!15+=(+'*!0+5.'&!
*+)%0+56(8!U1(!.1&0!,+!./'.!/+!/')!.1!5'7%:'.+!-+.$++5!/%)!1$5!A*16>!).'*B!0*+',!
'50!/%)!4'./+*C)!+D3+6.'.%15!41*!/%,!.1!-+!'!A:110!J2)&%,B!/2)-'50=.1=-+!'50!
$1*>%5:!3*14+))%15'&8!V1*5!.1!'!M%&%3%51!,1./+*!'50!'!W+-'5+)+!4'./+*;!U1(!
%0+5.%4%+)!$%./!./+!.+*,!A9)%'5!9,+*%6'5B!'50!'..*%-2.+)!/%)!6154&%6.!$%./!/%)!
%,,%:*'5.!4'./+*!.1!/%)!-%=62&.2*'&!A9)%'5!9,+*%6'5B!23-*%5:%5:8!#5!U1(C)!5'**'.%7+;!
/+!615).'5.&(!-&2*)!./+!0%).%56.%15!-+.$++5!AJ2)&%,B;!A9)%'5B;!'50!A%,,%:*'5.B!
%0+5.%.%+)8!@/+!0(5',%6)!14!./+)+!)/%4.%5:!6'.+:1*%+)!$%./%5!./+!9,+*%6'5!J2)&%,!
615.+D.!$%&&!-+!'00*+))+0!%5!6/'3.+*!412*8!
X2%.'*%).!'50!)%5:+*!9)%,!9>/.'*;!14!Y')>%).'5%!0+)6+5.;!6/%,+0!%5!.1!+D3&'%5!
./'.!%5!./+!ZI12./[!9)%'5!'50!J2)&%,!61,,25%.(;!,2)%6!')!'!3*14+))%15!%)!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! The Free Encyclopedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shoegazing&oldid=424275518 (accessed April 22, 2011). I have consciously cited Wikipedia for only references to contemporary culture, media, and technology. I have determined that my Wikipedia citations to be the most up-to-date and complete sources on the specific subject matter among all archival materials. ! \!
250+*7'&2+0!'50!51.!'))16%'.+0!$%./!*+)3+6.!'50!3*+).%:+!')!'*+!,+0%6%5+!1*!
+5:%5++*%5:8!]+!)'%0;!A9661*0%5:!.1!./+,;!'!,'5!$/1C)!'!,2)%6%'5!6'551.!)2331*.!
/%)!4',%&(8B!@*'0%.%15'&!4',%&(!7'&2+)!0%6.'.+!./'.!'!,'5!)/12&0!3*17%0+!41*!/%)!4',%&(!
Z$%4+!'50!6/%&0*+5[8!M*1,!./%)!3+*)3+6.%7+;!3*14+))%15'&!'6/%+7+,+5.!./+*+41*+!
+^2'&)!+6151,%6!).'-%&%.(;!'!0+)%*'-&+!^2'&%.(!%5!./+!,'**%':+!,'*>+.8!9)%,!)'%0!./'.!
/%)!).*15:!3'))%15!41*!,2)%6!,'>+)!/%,!)++,!3*14+))%15'&&(!0%).*'6.+0!'50!14!&1$+*!
).'.2)!$%./%5!/%)!4',%&(!'50!./+!&'*:+*!9)%'5!61,,25%.(8!!
9!4+$!,15./)!&'.+*;!17+*!X=6/'.;!9)%,!%&&2,%5'.+0!./+!1./+*!)%0+!14!./+!
012-&+=,%51*%.(!+D3+*%+56+8!M++&%5:!&%>+!'!615).'5.!12.)%0+*;!9)%,!0%72&:+0!/%)!
4++&%5:)!14!'&%+5'.%15!')!'!A-*1$5B!'50!A9)%'5B!*'6%'&!,%51*%.(!',15:!./+!,2)%6%'5);!
'*.%).);!'50!A)6+5+).+*)B!61,,25%.(!%5!K+.*1%.8!]+!/')!+D3+*%+56+0!17+*.!*'6%),;!
/'7%5:!-++5!7+*-'&&(!'))'2&.+0!-(!1./+*!,2)%6%'5)!$%./!*'6%'&!)&2*)8!]+!'&)1!
'00*+))+0!./+!2-%^2%.(!14!617+*.!*'6%),8!#5!'!X=E/'.!)+))%15;!/+!+D3&'%5+0;!A#!).%&&!4++&!
./'.!'&./12:/!(12!,'(!-+!_4*%+50)_!$%./!'!&1.!14!1./+*!,2)%6%'5)!/+*+;!./+(!42&&(!015C.!
4++&!61,41*.'-&+!$%./!,+`2)!61)!a!"#b!$+!'*+!51.!$/%.+8B!]+!*+4+*)!.1!./+!)12*6+!14!
.+5)%15!')!A./+!)2-615)6%12)!$/%.+!)23+*%1*%.(!61,3&+D;B!+7+5!',15:!./+!515=*'6%).!
$/%.+!'*.%).)!Z9>/.'*!PQ"Q[8!
9)%,C)!'50!U1(C)!).1*%+);!&%>+!,'5(!1./+*)!#!6',+!.1!/+'*!02*%5:!,(!
4%+&0$1*>;!)31>+!.1!,+!3*141250&(8!@/+%*!,2)%6!*+)15'.+0!&%>+!./+!3&'%5.%7+!31+.*(!
14!./+!9,+*%6'5!-&2+)!1*!./+!)1,-+*!6*%+)!%5!./+!+5>'!)15:)!14!31).=$'*!c'3'5!Zd'51!
PQQP[8!@/%)!)/'0+!14!-&2+!./'.!/')!-++5!3'%5.+0!17+*!12*!*+'&%.%+)!%)!+,31$+*%5:!
15&(!$/+5!$+!716'&%O+!'50!)/'*+!%.8!W%.+*'*(!)6/1&'*!K'7%0!H5:!'50!6&%5%6'&!
3)(6/1'5'&().!I/%5/++!]'5!31)%.!./'.!A*'6%'&!,+&'56/1&%'B!1662*)!$/+5!'!*'6%'&! ! e!
,%51*%.(!%50%7%02'&!+D3+*%+56+)!'!3+*3+.2'&!&1))!14!-+%5:!'50!4++&%5:!42&&(!%5.+:*'.+0!
%5.1!./+!)16%+.(;!$/%&+!/1&0%5:!15!.1!./+!0+,16*'.%6!%0+'&!14!+^2'&%.(8!@/+!'2./1*)!
0+3&1(!./+!&1:%6!14!A,+&'56/1&%';B!4%*).!0+4%5+0!-(!M*+20;!'50!'33&(!%.!.1!250+*).'50!
./+!*'6%'&!'50!+./5%6!0(5',%6)!%5!./+!F5%.+0!I.'.+)!4*1,!./+!,%51*%.(!3+*)3+6.%7+8!
9661*0%5:!.1!M*+20;!,+&'56/1&%'!%)!'!3+*3+.2'&!).'.+!14!:*%+4!'50!%)!0%44+*+5.!4*1,!./+!
51*,'&!*+)315)+!14!A,12*5%5:B!17+*!./+!A./+!&1))!14!'!&17+0!3+*)15;!1*!.1!./+!&1))!14!
)1,+!'-).*'6.%15!$/%6/!/')!.'>+5!./+!3&'6+!14!15+;!)26/!')!15+C)!6125.*(;!&%-+*.(;!
'50!%0+'&;!'50!)1!15B!Z"Rf\S!Pe\[8!H5:!'50!]'5!0%)62))!./+!6&%5%6'&!'50!)16%'&!
%,3&%6'.%15)!14!./+!6150%.%15!14!,+&'56/1&%'!)3+6%4%6!.1!./+!)+6150=:+5+*'.%15!9)%'5!
9,+*%6'5!+D3+*%+56+!14!./+!&1))!14!A)16%'&!61,41*.!'50!4',%&%'*%.(;!5'.%15'&!
-+&15:%5:;!&'5:2':+;!4',%&(;!)16%'&!6155+6.%15)B!)1,+.%,+)!%5/+*%.+0!4*1,!./+%*!
%,,%:*'5.!3'*+5.)!ZPQQ\S!\eR[8!@1!32.!%.!)%,3&(;!./+!9)%'5!9,+*%6'5!,+&'56/1&%'6!
%)!25'-&+!.1!*+)1&7+!14!A:+.!17+*B!./+!6154&%6.);!',-%7'&+56+);!'50!1./+*!4++&%5:)!14!
&1))!'))16%'.+0!./+!0%44%62&.%+)!14!%,,%:*'.%15!'50!'))%,%&'.%15!ZH5:!'50!]'5!PQQ\S!
\ef[8!#5!$*%.%5:!'5!'6.%7%).!'6'0+,%6!'*.%6&+;!H5:!'50!]'5!144+*!'!3*1026.%7+!*+'0%5:!
14!./+%*!6&%5%6'&!1-)+*7'.%15)!14!./+!3'..+*5)!14!0+3*+))%15!',15:!)%:5%4%6'5.!'50!
:*1$%5:!52,-+*!14!9)%'5!9,+*%6'5!61&&+:+!).20+5.)!ZPQQ\S!\ee[8!!
@/%)!0%))+*.'.%15!41&&1$)!4*1,!H5:!'50!]'5C)!%,31*.'5.!31&%.%6'&!$1*>!.1!
,'>+!7%)%-&+!'!)+.!14!250+*=/+'*0!71%6+)!14!9)%'5!9,+*%6'5!,%51*%.(!%50%7%02'&)!
$/1!$%./).'50!)16%+.'&!3*+))2*+)!14!61541*,%.(!'50!)+&4=+*')2*+8!@/%)!3*1<+6.!).+,)!
4*1,!,(!3+*)15'&!+,3'./(!.1!./%)!)16%'&!).'.+!14!,+&'56/1&%'8!@/+!-2&>!14!./%)!
3*1<+6.;!/1$+7+*;!0+3'*.)!4*1,!H5:!'50!]'5C)!6*%.%6'&!'*.%62&'.%15!14!'&%+5'.%15;! ! f!
,17%5:!.1!'!42&&!+D3&1*'.%15!14!./+!61,3&+D%.%+)!14!/1$!./+)+!%50%7%02'&)!%5!4'6.!
61,+!.1!*+<1%6+!%5!./+%*!)+&4=4')/%15%5:;!./*12:/!./+!'6.!14!3+*41*,%5:!,2)%68!!
J(!+./51:*'3/%6!+441*.)!4162)!15!&16'.%5:!./+)+!9)%'5!,%51*%.(!71%6+)!
+D6&20+0!%5!./+!,'%5).*+',!*16>!,2)%6!6'5158!#!O+*1!%5!15!./+!,2)%6'&!'50!)16%'&!&%4+!
14!,2)%6%'5)!3+*41*,%5:!%5!./+!:+5*+!-*1'0&(!0+4%5+0!')!%50+3+50+5.!1*!%50%+!*16>!
,2)%68!J(!0+4%5%.%15!14!%50%+!*16>!*+4+*)!.1!./+!12.)%0+*!31)%.%15)!14!./+)+!9)%'5!
9,+*%6'5;!62&.2*'&!'50!%5).%.2.%15'&8!#5!./+!PQQQ);!&16'&=&+7+&!,2)%6%'5)!2)+!./+!.+*,!
A%50%+B!.1!%50%6'.+!./+%*!).'.2)!')!+%./+*!25)%:5+0!1*!)%:5+0!15.1!'5!%50+3+50+5.!
Z515=,'<1*[!*+61*0!&'-+&8!W11)+&(!2)+0!%5!,+0%'!0%)612*)+!6*+'.+0!-(!O%5+);!-&1:);!
'50!,2)%6!)16%'&!5+.$1*>%5:!)%.+);!./+!.+*,!A%50%+!*16>B!%)!.(3%6'&&(!'))16%'.+0!$%./!
31).=325>;!+&+6.*1=313;!31).=:*25:+;!%50%+=41&>!)1250);!%,':+);!)16%'&!5+.$1*>);!
4')/%15;!7'&2+);!'50!1./+*!)2-62&.2*'&!)%:5%4%+*)!)26/!')!A./+!250+*:*1250B!'50!A./+!
25=61,,+*6%'&8B!@/+!:+5*+!1*%:%5!'50!,+'5%5:)!'))16%'.+0!$%./!%50%+!*16>!%)!
0%44%62&.!.1!3%5!01$58!#5!6/'3.+*!.$1;!#!$%&&!+D3&1*+!./+!9)%'5!9,+*%6'5!31)%.%15!
$%./%5!./%)!,'.*%D!14!*'6%'&;!+./5%6;!'50!:+50+*!,+'5%5:)!250+*!./+!2,-*+&&'!%50%+!
*16>!+D3+*%+56+8!
#5!./+!41&&1$%5:!3'*':*'3/);!#!01!51.!%5.+50!.1!'07'56+!./+!./+1*%O'.%15!14!
*'6%'&!,+&'56/1&%'8!#5).+'0;!#!0+)6*%-+!,(!+'*&(!+56125.+*!14!'!,2)%6'&!%5).'5.%'.%15!
14!./+!9)%'5!9,+*%6'5!,+&'56/1&%'!./'.!%5).%:'.+0!,(!+./51:*'3/%6!62*%1)%.(8!
!
U+&+')%5:!./+!X/1).!%5!./+!J'6/%5+!
@/+!%50%+!*16>!-'50!G+*)2)!41*,+0!%5!g+$!d1*>!E%.(!%5!"RRQ8!@/*12:/12.!./+!
612*)+!14!./+!-'50C)!/%).1*(;!./+!+./5%6!,+,-+*)/%3!14!G+*)2)!/')!-++5! ! h!
3*+01,%5'.+&(!M%&%3%51=9,+*%6'58!]%:/&%:/.%5:!./+!-'50C)!M%&%3%51=9,+*%6'5!V'&(2.!
-*1./+*);!$"%"&'(")!0+)6*%-+)!G+*)2)!')!'!A3*1,%5+5.!+D',3&+!14!9,+*%6'5!%50%+!
-'50)!+,+*:%5:!%5!./+!"RRQ)!$/%6/!4+'.2*+0!9)%'5!9,+*%6'5!,+,-+*)8BP!K+)3%.+!
./+%*!7%)%-&(!9)%'5!9,+*%6'5!%0+5.%.(!ZI.*'2))!"RRf[;!,+,-+*)!14!./+!-'50!*'*+&(!
,+5.%15!./+%*!9)%'5!1*!M%&%3%51!/+*%.':+!%5!./+%*!)15:);!+D6+3.!%5!./+%*!)15:!AN*%+5.'&!
9,+*%6'58B!#5!'!).20%1!*+61*0%5:!14!./+!)15:;!:2+).!716'&%).!9)'>1!M2<%,1.1!Z14! c'3'5+)+!0+)6+5.[!*+3+'.+0&(!)3+'>)!./+!&%5+!A#!',!N*%+5.'&=9,+*%6'5B!$/%&+!
)$'&&1$%5:!'50!1-)62*%5:!./+!$1*0!A9,+*%6'58B!]+*!716'&!0+&%7+*(!+50)!$%./!'5!
+&+6.*15%6!+,2&'.%15!14!'!).2..+*8!M1*+)/'01$+0!-(!'!)&1$+0=01$5!'5'&1:!.'3+!
)',3&+!%5!*+3+.%.%15;!M2<%,1.1C)!716'&!3+*41*,'56+!%)!%5)+*.+0!%5.1!./+!)15%6!,'.*%D!
14!'!*16>!,2)%6!%5).*2,+5.'&!<',;!)'50$%6/+0!-+.$++5!'!:2%.'*!*%44!%5!./+!
41*+:*1250!'50!'!3*1:*',,+0!0*2,!-+'.!%5!./+!-'6>:*1250!a920%1!HD',3&+!"8"b8\!
@/*12:/12.!./+!.*'6>;!$%./!'00+0!*+7+*-+*'.%15;!M2<%,1.1C)!716'&)!6'**(!'5!+./+*+'&!
^2'&%.(!')!./+(!0*%4.!%5!'50!12.!14!./+!)1250)6'3+!)+7+*'&!.%,+)8!@/+!)15:!+50)!$%./!
'!)+*%+)!14!)+,'5.%6'&&(!13'^2+!&%5+)!)31>+5!-(!M2<%,1.1S!AK%0!./+(!.+&&!(12!$/'.!
>%50!14!./%5:!<2).!./%)!%)!`!c2).!)'(!./+!$1*0!$/'.!>%50!14!(12!$'5.+0!'5(./%5:!`!
I1,+./%5:!./'.C)!4255(!`!E2.+!`!I1,+./%5:!0'*>!`!I1,+./%5:!)+*%12)8B!g1$!3&'6+0!
%5!./+!41*+:*1250!14!./+!,%D;!./+)+!&%5+)!'*+!0+&%7+*+0!$%./!+7+5!,1*+!*+7+*-+*'.%15!
./'5!3*+7%12)&(8!M2*./+*!1-)62*+0!-(!./+!+44+6.!14!.'3+!0+&'(;!./+!4%*).!&%5+!14!./%)!
)+6.%15!+50)!$%./!'5!'20%1!17+*&'(!14!.$1!$1*0)!A<2).B!'50!A./%)!%);B!*+)2&.%5:!%5!./+!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! P!The most complete biography of the band Versus is found on Wikipedia. More, read: Wikipedia contributors, "Versus (band)," Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Versus_(band)&oldid=418761492 (accessed March 22, 2011). 3 All the audio examples in this dissertation are hosted on my blog on the Internet. They can be accessed with the password “melancholia” by following this URL: http://beingwendyhsu.info/?p=612 ! i!
).2..+*%5:!14!'!$1*0!./'.!)1250)!&%>+!A<2).%6+8B!I%,%&'*&(;!./+!0+&'(!+44+6.!1-)62*+)!
./+!$1*0)!A(12!$'5.+0B!*+)2&.%5:!%5!'!:/1).&(!)(5./+)%O+0!71%6+!).',,+*%5:!
A52'56+B!a920%1!HD',3&+!"8Pb8!
#!01!51.!*+'0!./+!).20%1!+44+6.!14!).2..+*%5:!')!'!)%,3&+!*+4&+6.%15!14!./+!&1))!14!
&'5:2':+!./'.!%,,%:*'5.)!+D3+*%+56+!'4.+*!'**%7%5:!%5!'!5+$!6125.*(8!@/%)!'33*1'6/!
*+3*+)+5.)!,(!0+&%-+*'.+!*+42)'&;!./*12:/12.!./+!0%))+*.'.%15;!14!./+!3%.4'&&!14!
*+3*1026%5:!).+*+1.(3+)!)26/!')!./+!Y+*3+.2'&!M1*+%:5+*!)1!14.+5!'))16%'.+0!$%./!
%50%7%02'&)!14!9)%'5!0+)6+5.8!#5).+'0;!,17%5:!4*1,!./+!3+*)15'&!.1!./+!62&.2*'&;!#!
)++>!.1!25*'7+&!./+!)16%'&!'50!3)(6/%6!1*%:%5)!14!)26/!%,3+0%,+5.=&%>+!)3++6/!
3'..+*5)!'50!./+%*!*+&'.+0!'5D%+.(8!HD.+50%5:!4*1,!H5:!'50!]'5C)!$1*>!ZPQQ\[;!,(!
3*1<+6.!%)!1*%+5.+0!.1$'*0!'!)+*%+)!14!3*1026.%7+!*+'0%5:)!14!./+)+!,1,+5.)!14!
62&.2*'&!).2..+*)!./'.!'*+!14.+5!17+*&11>+0!')!%50%7%02'&!,%).'>+);!0%)'-%&%.%+);!1*!
)16%'&!'50!62&.2*'&!12.&%+*)8!!
@/*12:/12.!./+!612*)+!14!./%)!3*1<+6.;!#!&+.!./+!256'55(!).2..+*%5:!14!A<2).%6+B!
'50!A52'56+B!*%5:!%5!,(!/+'0!'50!%542)+!./%)!$*%.%5:8!@/+!:/1).&(!3*+)+56+!14!./+)+!
$1*0)!*+,%50)!,+!14!M*+20C)!6/'*'6.+*%O'.%15!14!,+&'56/1&%'8!Y'*'3/*')%5:!M*+20;!
H5:!'50!]'5!51.+!./+!,+&'56/1&%6C)!6150%.%15!./'.!1662*)!$/+5!'5!%50%7%02'&!4'6+)!
25*+)1&7+0!:*%+4!'50!%5!.2*5!%0+5.%4%+)!$%./!./+!&1).!1-<+6.S!!
@/+!,+&'56/1&%6!3*+)+*7+)!./+!&1).!1-<+6.!1*!%0+'&!-(!%561*31*'.%5:!%.!%5.1!./+! +:1!'50!+).'-&%)/%5:!'5!',-%7'&+5.!%0+5.%4%6'.%15!$%./!%.j',-%7'&+5.! 3*+6%)+&(!-+6'2)+!14!./+!25*+)1&7+0!'50!6154&%6.+0!5'.2*+!14!./%)!41*4+%.2*+k! #5!%0+5.%4(%5:!$%./!./+!&1).!1-<+6.;!./+!,+&'56/1&%6!%)!'-&+!.1!3*+)+*7+!%.!-2.! 15&(!')!'!.(3+!14!)*+),-.'(/*0+1!.23*"('-."4"#)."1-8!@/'.!%);!./+!,+&'56/1&%6! '))2,+)!./+!+,3.%5+))!14!./+!&1).!1-<+6.!1*!%0+'&;!%0+5.%4%+)!$%./!./%)! +,3.%5+));!'50!./2)!3'*.%6%3'.+)!%5!/%)!1*!/+*!1$5!)+&4=0+5%:*'.%15!'50! *2%5'.%15!14!)+&4=+).++,!ZPQQ\S!\ehT!,(!+,3/')%)[8!! ! ! l!
M2<%,1.1C)!+./+*+'&!716'&)!+71>+!'!:/1).&(!,10+!14!-+%5:!'50!+D3*+))%15!./'.!
*+)15'.+)!$%./!./+!9)%'5!9,+*%6'5!&1))!14!./+!)+5)+!14!5'.%15'&!-+&15:%5:!'50!)16%'&!
61,41*.8!#5!./%)!0%))+*.'.%15!3*1<+6.;!#!$1*>!$/%&+!%5)%).%5:!15!/+'*%5:!./+!:/1).&(!
'50!0%).1*.+0!2..+*'56+!-(!9)%'5!9,+*%6'5!,2)%6=,'>%5:!%50%7%02'&)8!#5)3%*+0!-(!
G+*)2)C)!`!M2<%,1.1C)!6(-1*:%)/!0+&%7+*(;!#!%5.+50!.1!3%+6+!.1:+./+*!'5!'5)$+*!.1!
A$/'.!>%50!14!./%5:!5,!."#'*"!BT!$/%&+!&11>%5:!41*!'5(!A>%50!14!-,)-#'B!%5!./+!*+,5'5.)!
14!)1250)!'50!).1*%+)!./'.!#!/'7+!61&&+6.+0!4*1,!,(!,2)%6%'5=61&&+':2+)8!
G+*)2)C)!)15:!'&)1!/%:/&%:/.)!./+!:/1).&(!'50!,'*:%5'&!31)%.%15!14!9)%'5!
9,+*%6'5!)2-<+6.%7%.(!$%./%5!./+!&'*:+*!62&.2*'&!.+**'%5!14!*16>!,2)%6!%5!./+!F5%.+0!
I.'.+)8!@/%)!)15:!%)!'!/%00+5!.*'6>!15!./+!-'50C)!'&-2,!671*8'-.!*92,!*6):*Z"RRl[8!
W%.+*'&&(;!./+!)15:!)2*4'6+)!15&(!$/+5!./+!&%).+5+*!*+$%50)!.1!./+!=eS\h!31%5.!4*1,!
./+!-+:%55%5:!31)%.%15!14!.*'6>!15+!15!./+!EK8!@/+!3&'6+,+5.!14!./+!.*'6>!
615.*'0%6.)!./+!41*$'*0=,17%5:!&1:%6!14!./+!EK!3&'(-'6>!.+6/51&1:(8!#5!4'6.;!./+!
.+6/5%^2+!14!*+$%50%5:!'!.*'6>!-'6>$'*0)!%)!15&(!'661,3&%)/'-&+!15!6+*.'%5!1&0+*!
,10+&)!14!EK!3&'(+*)8!J2)%6=&%).+5%5:;!%5!./+!PQ"Q);!%)!-')+0!15!615)2,3.%15!'50!
0%).*%-2.%15!14!JY\!4%&+)8e!N4!'5!+7+5!,1*+!:/1).&(!3*+)+56+;!./%)!.*'6>!/')!5+'*&(!
7'5%)/+0!%5!./+!62**+5.!.+6/51&1:%6'&!,%&%+2!14!%50+3+50+5.!Z%50%+[!*16>!,2)%68!
L*%.%5:!'-12.!./+!,+&'56/1&%6!3*16+))!%571&7+0!%5!./+!41*,'.%15!14!9,+*%6'5!
&%.+*'.2*+;!955+!E/+5:!6%.+)!@15%!J1**%)15C)!'&&+:1*(!14!A:/1).!%5!./+!,'6/%5+B!.1!
4%:2*+!./+!+D6&20+0!*'6%'&%O+0!1./+*!')!/'7%5:!'!:/1).&(!3*+)+56+!%5!./+!,'>%5:!14!
./+!A,'%5).*+',B!6'515!ZPQQ"S!"P[8!@/+!%))2+!14!6'515%O'.%15!61,+)!%5.1!3&'(!%5!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 4 Versus’s song “Oriental American” also appears on a vinyl single release similarly titled. This vinyl disc was released by Teenbeat Records in 1998. More details about this release: http://www.discogs.com/Versus-Oriental-American/release/765793, accessed on March 7, 2011. ! R!
./%)!0%)62))%15!*+:'*0%5:!./+!).'.2)!14!*+3*+)+5.'.%15!14!9)%'5!9,+*%6'5!,%51*%.(!
+D3+*%+56+)!'50!)2-<+6.%7%.%+)8!
;'7*<1=%*6">'!!$*%.+*!g+%&!I.*'2))!61,,+5.)!%5!'!"RRf!*+7%+$!14!@/+!H'*!14!
./+!K*':15!.12*!./'.!4+'.2*+0!412*!-'50)!$%./!9)%'5!9,+*%6'5!,+,-+*);!%56&20%5:!
G+*)2)8!#5!./%)!*+7%+$;!I.*'2))!61,,+50)!./+!-'50)!41*!*+6&'%,%5:!./+%*!+./5%6!
%0+5.%.(!$%./%5!./+!/+:+,15%6!,'%5).*+',!*16>!,2)%6!)6+5+)8!]+!51.+);!A#._)!'!-*'7+!
,17+!41*!:*123)!./'.!$'5.!./+%*!,2)%6!.1!-+!615)%0+*+0!15!%.)!1$5!.+*,)!$%./%5!./+!
-*1'0+*!615.+D.!14!*16>!%5).+'0!14!')!12.)%0+*!*16>!,'0+!4*1,!'5!9)%'5=9,+*%6'5!
3+*)3+6.%7+B!Z"RRfS!"i[8!I.*'2))C)!*+,'*>!51.!15&(!31%5.)!.1!./+!*%)>!14!*'6+=-')+0!
:/+..1%O'.%15!%5!&'-+&%5:!15+)+&4!')!A9)%'5!9,+*%6'58B!#.!'&)1!%50%*+6.&(!-*%5:)!%5.1!
*+&%+4!'!012-&+!).'50'*0!$%./%5!./+!1).+5)%-&(!61&1*-&%50!&%-+*'&%),!+,-+00+0!%5!
*16>!,2)%6!0%)612*)+)!%5!./+!F8I8!L%./%5!./+!%0+1&1:%6'&!).*26.2*+!14!61&1*-&%50!
&%-+*'&%),;!9)%'5!9,+*%6'5!'50!1./+*!,%51*%.(!'*.%).)!'*+!,'0+!.1!4++&!%56&20+0!%5!
)3%.+!14!./+!25)31>+5!51*,)!$%./%5!./+!)6+5+)!./'.!*2&+!12.!1*!).%:,'.%O+!./+!
+D3+*%+56+)!14!%50%7%02'&)!14!9)%'5!-'6>:*12508!#!'*:2+!./'.!./%)!617+*.;!*'6%'&&(!
0+.+*,%5+0!012-&+!).'50'*0!,'5%4+).)!')!'5!%5).'56+!14!A9,+*%6'5!+D6+3.%15'&%),!
'50!0+,16*'.%6!,(./)!14!&%-+*.(;!%50%7%02'&%),;!'50!%56&2)%15B!ZH5:!'50!]'5!PQQ\S!
\ei[8!@/+!0(5',%6)!14!*'6%'&!,+&'56/1&%'!%5!*16>!,2)%6!0%)612*)+)!'50!%5!./+!
3132&'*!62&.2*+!'*+5'!%5!./+!F5%.+0!I.'.+)!A41*6+!'!,%)*+,+,-+*%5:!14!./+)+!
+D6&2)%15);!'5!+541*6+0!3)(6/%6!',5+)%'!./'.!6'5!*+.2*5!15&(!')!'!.(3+!14!='&'."."?'*
-)."1-)2*+),-."-0j'!.(3+!14!5+:'.%7+!1*!'-)+5.!3*+)+56+B!ZH5:!'50!]'5!PQQ\S!\eiT!
,(!+,3/')%)[8!K%::%5:!./*12:/!EK!-%5);!,2)%6!-&1:);!,3\!01$5&1'0!)%.+);!'50!
15&%5+!)16%'&!,+0%'!/2-)!$/%&+!&11>%5:!41*!4*%+50&(!:/1).)!14!,(!>%50;!#!/'7+!$1*>+0! ! "Q!
.1!25+'*./!./+!,'*:%5'&!71%6+)!14!,2)%6%'5)!14!9)%'5!0+)6+5.!$1*>%5:!15!./+!4*%5:+)!
14!A9,+*%6'5B!*16>!,2)%68!950!#!$*%.+!.1!615.*%-2.+!.1!'5!+7+5.2'&!*+3'*'.%7+!
*+&+')+!14!./+!9)%'5!9,+*%6'5!,%51*%.(!)2-<+6.!4*1,!./+!5%:/.,'*+)!14!./%)!
A*+3+.%.%7+!5'.%15'&!/'25.%5:8B!!
!
E&'%,%5:!./+!Y1$+*!14!9,-%7'&+56+!
@*!".*(17-*).*A"4.*#144''*!+1&*"-*)*-'723*0'-.="4"'(*)=')*)-(*)=."!.!B*+)-01,.*"-*
(17-.17-*C"#+>1-(*.1*>''.*9=)D"=*E'+.)F*9=)D"=*"!*.+'*2')(*!"-0'=*)-(*0,".)="!.*14*
GH!I"-!&"='(*"-("'*&1&*D)-(*9=)D"=*)-(*.+'*J,D!.".,.'!F*9=)D"=*"!*7')="-0*)*?"-.)0'*KH!*
%+)%"*#121=*#)=("0)-*!7').'=F*L-('=-').+*+'*+)!*1-*)*7+".'*(='!!*!+"=.*)-(*)*D2)#%*."'*
.1*01*7".+*)*&)"=*14*?"-.)0'I211%"-0*()=%*D=17-*D'22ID1..1>*(='!!*&)-.!F*M'*7')=!*
D2)#%I4=)>'(*02)!!'!*7".+*!1>'*7+".'*)-(*='(*.=">!*N*+"&!.'=I&=1&'=*!.32"!+*"-(''(F*M'*
7')=!*.+"#%*!"('D,=-!*.+).*!')>2'!!23*2"-%*.1*+"!*21-0"!+*=1#%!.)=I2"%'*()=%*+)"=*7+"#+*
#1?'=!*>1!.23*+"!*4)#'F*M'*.'22!*>'*.+).*+"!*>1.+'=*(1'!-B.*0'.*7+3*+'*2'.!*+"!*+)"=*#1?'=*
+"!*4)#'F*M'*!".!*(17-/*#=1!!"-0*+"!*2'0!F*@*!''*+"!*?"-.)0'*2').+'=*D11.!F*M)-0"-0*7".+*
9=)D"=*"!*2"%'*+)-0"-0*1,.*7".+*=1#%*!.)=!*1-*&1!.'=!*)-(*"-*)*OMP*=1#%,>'-.)=3F*
A"!.'-"-0*.1*+"!*>,!"#/*@*#)-*)2>1!.*+')=*.+'*(,!."-'!!*14*+"!*?"-.)0'*!.32'F*61*!.)=.*.+'*
"-.'=?"'7/*@*&='4)#'*D3*('!#="D"-0*.+'*"-.'-.*14*>3*("!!'=.)."1-*&=15'#.F*Q:&2)"-"-0*>3*
=')!1-!*41=*#1-.)#."-0*+">/*@*.'22*+">*.+).*@*='>'>D'=*+">*4=1>*#122'0'*)-(*%-17*.+).*
+'*7)!*)*>,!"#")-*D)#%*.+'-F*9=)D"=*">>'(").'23*)!%!/*RS"(*31,*%-17*.+).*@*7)!*T!")-*
N*D)#%*.+'-UV*WE'+.)*XHHYZF*6)%'-*)D)#%*D3*+"!*[,'!."1-/*@*>,!.'=*)*2)>'*)-!7'=/*
R$'22/*D)#%*.+'-/*@*7)!-B.*.+"-%"-0*"-*.+1!'*.'=>!FV*M'*2'.!*>'*144*.+'*+11%*D3*>1?"-0*
1-*.1*.'22"-0*+"!*!.1=3*14*">>"0=)."-0*4=1>*@-(")*)!*)*#+"2(*7".+*+"!*4)>"23F* ! ""!
9,+*%6'5!%50%+!*16>!,2)%6%'5)!14!9)%'5!0+)6+5.!'013.!'50!.*'5)41*,!./+!
%50+3+50+5.;!01=%.=(12*)+&4!ZK8#8d8[!%0+1&1:(!+,-+00+0!%5!./+!62&.2*+!14!%50%+!*16>!
,2)%6!.1!3&'(!$%./!./+%*!62&.2*'&!%0+5.%.%+)8!@/%)!A31).=%0+5.%.(B!'..%.20+!%)!3'*.&(!'!
*+)315)+!.1!./+!&1:%6!14!%0+5.%.(=-')+0!31&%.%6)!+,+*:+0!02*%5:!./+!9,+*%6'5!6%7%&!
*%:/.)!,17+,+5.)!14!./+!"RhQ)!'50!"RiQ)8!Y'*.!14!./+!A31).=6%7%&=*%:/.)B!:+5+*'.%15!
ZJ'/15!PQQe[;!Y*'-%*!'50!1./+*!,2)%6%'5)!14!9)%'5!0+)6+5.!6%*62,7+5.!./+!%0+5.%.(!
6'.+:1*%+)!14!A9)%'5B!'50!A9)%'5!9,+*%6'5B!$/%&+!6*+'.%7+&(!,'%5.'%5%5:!./+%*!)+&4=
%5.+:*%.(8!#5!01%5:!)1;!./+(!+5:':+!$%./!./+!)16%'&!615)+^2+56+)!14!./+!9)%'5!
9,+*%6'5!)16%'&!,17+,+5.!14!./+!&'.+!"RhQ)!'50!+'*&(!iQ)8!!
#5!/+*!%,31*.'5.!-11>!J&')%*@.*A1,('=\*T!")-*T>'="#)-!*E)%"-0*E,!"#!
ZPQQe[;!+./51,2)%61&1:%).!K+-1*'/!L15:!'&%:5)!/+*!3*1<+6.!$%./!./+!%))2+)!'50!
'%,)!14!9,+*%6'5!%0+5.%.(!31&%.%6)8!@1!)+.!./+!./+1*+.%6'&!.15+!14!/+*!$1*>;!L15:!
+,3&1()!c8!W8!92).%5C)!51.%15!14!A3+*41*,'.%7+B!%5!1*0+*!.1!'*.%62&'.+!./+!31.+5.%'&%.(!
14!6*+'.%5:!6/'5:+)!./*12:/!'!)3++6/!'6.!1*!'!62&.2*'&!3*16+))!)26/!')!,2)%68!L15:!
615)%0+*)!-1./!./+!1-<+6.!14!/+*!'5'&()%);!%8+8!,2)%6'&!3+*41*,'56+)!-(!9)%'5!
9,+*%6'5!%50%7%02'&);!'50!/+*!+./51:*'3/%6!$*%.%5:!')!%5).'56+)!14!./+!
3+*41*,'.%7+8!L15:!%)!+)3+6%'&&(!%5.+*+).+0!%5!/%:/&%:/.%5:!,1,+5.)!14!*+)%).'56+!
3*1026+0!-(!3+*41*,'56+)!')!./+(!Am)3+'>C!$%./!615)%0+*'-&+!31$+*!'50!)2-.&+.(!')!
'!0%)612*)+!14!0%44+*+56+B!ZPQQeS!\[8!#5!./%)!3*1<+6.;!#!%5.+50!.1!'00!.1!L15:!
'0,%*'-&+!)6/1&'*&(!+5:':+,+5.!$%./!%0+5.%.(!31&%.%6)8!HD.+50%5:!L15:C)!
41*,2&'.%15!14!'5!9)%'5!9,+*%6'5!3+*41*,'.%7+!+./51:*'3/(;!#!$1*>!.1!)/+0!&%:/.!'!
52,-+*!14!A3'*'=3+*41*,'.%7+B!,2)%6'&!3*1<+6.)!./'.!*+71&7+!'*1250!./+!%0+5.%.(!
&'-+&!14!A9)%'5!9,+*%6'5B!%5!%50%+!*16>!,2)%6!3+*41*,'56+8!@/+!6156+3.%15!14!./+! ! "P!
3'*'=3+*41*,'.%7+!ZI+0:$%6>!PQQ\Sf[!*+4+*)!.1!:+).2*+)!3+*41*,+0!-(!./1)+!$/1!
'*+!).*'.+:%6'&&(!1*!25615)6%12)&(!&+4.!12.!-(!./+!+./%6'&!%,3+*'.%7+!14!%0+5.%.(!
31&%.%6)!')!%541*,+0!-(!./+!6%7%&!*%:/.)!,17+,+5.8!U'./+*!./'5!)+'*6/%5:!41*!./+!
).*'%:/.=41*$'*0!%5).'56+)!6*+'.+0!-(!'5!+D3&%6%.!'))+*.%15!14!'!)1=6'&&+0!A9)%'5!
9,+*%6'5B!+./5%6!%0+5.%.(;!./%)!0%))+*.'.%15!%)!61,,%..+0!.1!+D3&1*+!3'*'=
3+*41*,'.%7+!2..+*'56+)j')!+71>+0!-(!)%&+56+0!9)%'5!,%51*%.(!)2-<+6.)8!@/%)!
0%))+*.'.%15!6156+5.*'.+)!15!./+!62&.2*'&!3*1026.%15!-(!./1)+!$/1!)3+'>!1*!'6.!
)=1,-(!./+!3+*41*,'.%7+!2..+*'56+)!.1!$/%6/!./+!01,%5'5.!,'<1*%.(!4++&)!+5.%.&+0!
ZI+0:$%6>!PQQ\S!f[8!@/%)!0%))+*.'.%15!%)!31)%.%15+0!.1!25617+*!./+)+!%50%7%02'&)C!
3+*)15'&!6154&%6.!'50!',-%7'&+56+!.1!A9)%'5B!'50!A9)%'5!9,+*%6'5B!%0+5.%.(!
6'.+:1*%+);!'50!.1!%57+).%:'.+!./+!$'()!%5!$/%6/!./+(!'*.%62&'.+!'50!0%)'*.%62&'.+!
./+)+!%0+5.%.(!6'.+:1*%+)8!
@/+!*+&'.%15)/%3!-+.$++5!9)%'5!9,+*%6'5!%0+5.%.(!31&%.%6)!'50!,2)%6'&!
3+*41*,'56+!612&0!'&)1!-+!0%)62))+0!%5!/%).1*%6'&!.+*,)8!I16%1&1:%).!'50!H./5%6!
I.20%+)!)6/1&'*!N&%7+*!L'5:!/')!144+*+0!'!)266%56.!12.&%5+!14!9)%'5!9,+*%6'5!
3'*.%6%3'.%15!%5!3132&'*!,2)%6!%5!./+!F5%.+0!I.'.+)!ZPQQ"[8!]+!-*+'>)!23!/%)!
5'**'.%7+!%5.1!./*++!3'*.)!-')+0!15!./+!+7+5.)!%5!F8I8!)16%'&!/%).1*(8!]+!1*:'5%O+)!/%)!
5'**'.%7+!)3+6%4%6'&&(!'*1250!./+!9)%'5!9,+*%6'5!3'5+./5%6!)16%'&!,17+,+5.!%5!./+!
"RiQ)8!@/+!4%*).!+*'!14!./+!0+7+&13,+5.!14!9)%'5!9,+*%6'5!,2)%6!)3'55%5:!4*1,!./+!
"RfQ)!.1!&'.+!"RhQ)!%)!.+*,+0!')!./+!A3*+=+./5%6!+*'8B!M1*!./+!)+6150!+*'!14!
A3'5+./56%.(B!)3'55%5:!4*1,!./+!"RiQ)!.1!"RlQ);!L'5:!/%:/&%:/.)!./+!31%5.)!14!
%5.+*'6.%15!-+.$++5!./+!9)%'5!9,+*%6'5!)16%'&!,17+,+5.!14!./+!"RiQ)!'50!,2)%6'&!
3*1026.%15;!4162)%5:!15!./+!6')+!).20(!14!'5!9)%'5!9,+*%6'5!41&>!.*%1!9!X*'%5!14! ! "\!
I'50!41*!%.)!3*1.+).=).(&+!)15:)!%615%6!%5!./+!,17+,+5.8!L'5:!&+'7+)!/%)!)+6.%15!15!
./+!./%*0!'50!&').!+*'!14!A"RRQ)!'50!-+(150B!*'./+*!13+5=+50+0!'50!+D3&1*'.1*(8!]+!
+&%6%.)!./+!%))2+)!14!61,,25%.(!6&+'7':+!'50!3132&'.%15!6/'5:+)!02+!.1!./+!31).=
"Rhf!,2&.%&'(+*+0!3'..+*5)!14!%,,%:*'.%15!4*1,!9)%'8!
@/%)!0%))+*.'.%15!3%6>)!23;!.+,31*'&&(;!4*1,!$/+*+!N&%7+*!L'5:!&+4.!144!%5!/%)!
PQQ"!'*.%6&+!'50!./+1*+.%6'&&(;!4*1,!K+-1*'/!L15:C)!31&%.%6'&&(!)%:5%4%6'5.!$1*>!%5!
12.%5:!./+!9)%'5!9,+*%6'5!+D3+*%+56+)!%5!,2)%6!)6/1&'*)/%3!ZPQQe[8!#.!144+*)!'5!
+./51:*'3/%6!%5)%:/.!15!*16>!,2)%6%'5)C!61,3&+D!'50!',-%7'&+5.!*+&'.%15)/%3)!.1!
%0+5.%.%+);!61,,25%.%+);!'50!0%)612*)+)!*+&'.+0!.1!9)%'!'50!9)%'5!9,+*%6'8!9,+*%6'5!
,2)%6%'5)!14!9)%'5!0+)6+5.!+D/%-%.!'!31).=6%7%&=*%:/.)!',-%7'&+56+!')!A25&%>+&(;!
25>51$%5:;!'50!)1,+.%,+)!25$%&&%5:!/+%*)!14!./+!&+:'6(!14!./+!a%0+5.%.(!31&%.%6)b!
,17+,+5.B!ZL'5:!PQQ"Sefh[8!9,-%7'&+56+;!,'5%4+).!%5!./+!41*,!14!+./1);!
'+)./+.%6);!'50!31&%.%6);!%)!6+5.*'&!%5!,(!0%)62))%158!#!'*:2+!./'.!./%)!',-%7'&+56+!%)!'!
*+'6.%15!.1!./+!*'6%'&%O+0!'-<+6.%15!14!A9)%'5B!1*!AN*%+5.'&B!*+3*+)+5.'.%15)!%5!
3132&'*!0%)612*)+!%5!./+!F5%.+0!I.'.+)!ZI/%,'>'$'!PQQP[8!@/*12:/!3+*41*,'56+)!
'50!)16%'&!5+.$1*>);!./+)+!,2)%6%'5)!:*'33&+!$%./!51.%15)!14!+./5%6!'50!*'6%'&!
%0+5.%.(!%5!$'()!./'.!0+=+))+5.%'&%O+!&'-+&)!)26/!')!A9)%'5!9,+*%6'5;B!A9)%'5;B!'50!
A9,+*%6'58B!@/%)!%0+5.%.(!3&'(;!%5!,'5(!$'();!*+)15'.+)!$%./!/1$!^2++*!%50%7%02'&)!
)3+'>!14!'50!'*1250!A./+!25)3+'>'-&+B!ZH5:!"RRi[8!#5!./+!41&&1$%5:!6/'3.+*);!#!$%&&!
4162)!15!/1$!./+!,2)%6%'5)!1-)62*+;!0%):2%)+;!'50!3&'(!$%./!./+%*!+./5%6%.%+)T!/1$!
./+(!617+*.&(!'50!31%:5'5.&(!+D3*+))!)16%'&!'&%+5'.%15T!'50!/1$!./+(!,'5':+!./+%*!
)+&4=615)6%12)5+))8!* ! "e!
@/%)!,10+!14!)16%'&!',-%7'&+56+!*+)15'.+)!$%./!]1,%!V/'-/'C)!0%':51).%6!
6156+3.%15!14!./+!31).61&15%'&!',-%7'&+5.!)2-<+6.%7%.(8!@/%)!6150%.%15!,'5%4+).)!%5!
$/'.!/+!6'&&)!A,%,%6*(;B!./+!).*2::&+!14!./+!61&15%O+0!%5!%0+5.%4(%5:!$%./!./+!
61&15%O+*!ZPQQe[8!L/'.!'&)1!615).%.2.+)!./%)!&1:%6!14!',-%7'&+56+!%)!'!0(5',%6!
0%).'56%'.%15!4*1,!,'%5).*+',!$/%.+!9,+*%6'8!]+*+!#!4%50!3+*41*,'56+!).20%+)!
)6/1&'*!c1)?!J2n1OC)!./+1*%O'.%15!14!0%)%0+5.%4%6'.%15!+5&%:/.+5%5:8!
AK%)%0+5.%4%6'.%15B!%)!'!,10+!14!3+*41*,'56+!-')+0!15!A./+!)2*7%7'&!).*'.+:%+)!a./'.b!
./+!,%51*%.(!)2-<+6.!3*'6.%6+)!%5!1*0+*!.1!5+:1.%'.+!'!3/1-%6!,'<1*%.'*%'5!32-&%6!
)3/+*+!./'.!615.%5212)&(!+&%0+)!1*!325%)/+)!./+!+D%).+56+!14!)2-<+6.)!$/1!01!51.!
61541*,!.1!./+!3/'5.'),!14!51*,'.%7+!6%.%O+5)/%3B!ZJ2n1O!"RRRSe[8!#5!6/'3.+*!.$1;!
#!$%&&!0%)62))!/1$!'!:*123!14!,2)%6%'5)!+5:':+!%5!7'*%12)!.*'5)41*,'.%7+!).*'.+:%+)!
./'.!'.!156+!*+<+6.!'50!*+41*,2&'.+!1-<+6.%4%6'.%15)!14!9)%'55+))8!!
X2%.'*%).;!716'&%).;!'50!)15:$*%.+*!E'*1&!V2%!144+*)!'5!%5)%:/.!%5.1!./+!
0(5',%6)!14!0%)%0+5.%4%6'.%158!E'*1&!.%.&+0!/+*!PQQh!'&-2,!Q?'=31-'*$1='*$+".'8!M1*!
./%)!'&-2,;!E'*1&!$*1.+!'!)+*%+)!14!)15:)!./'.;!%5!0%*+6.!'50!1-&%^2+!$'();!61,,+5.!
15!/+*!).*2::&+!14!:*1$%5:!23!')!'!,%51*%.(!4+,'&+!%5!./+!)2-2*-)!14!L')/%5:.15;!
K8E8!'50!')!'!0'2:/.+*!14!G%+.5',+)+!%,,%:*'5.)8!9!-&1::+*!4*1,!./+!15&%5+!,2)%6!
]"-'*$)=&'(*C')2".3!3%6>+0!23!./+)+!./+,+)!'50!$*1.+S!*
9,-%7'&+56+!%)!'!0%44%62&.!+,1.%15!.1!0+'&!$%./!%5!313!,2)%68!d+.;!./+*+!%.!%)!%5! ./+!.%.&+!14!K8E8=-')+0!)15:$*%.+*!E'*1&!V2%C)!)+6150!'&-2,;!Q?'=31-'*$1='* $+".'8!@1!'!L+).+*5!+(+;!$/%.+!%);!.*'0%.%15'&&(;!./+!61&1*!14!32*%.(;!'50!14! 6+&+-*'.%15;!5+$!-+:%55%5:)!Z-*%0+)!$+'*!$/%.+;!41*!%5).'56+[8!M*1,!'5! H').+*5!).'5031%5.;!$/%.+!%)!./+!61&1*!14!,12*5%5:;!14!&1))8!V2.;!.1!V2%!j$/1! %)!14!G%+.5',+)+!0+)6+5.j!A$/%.+B!%)!62&.2*'&&(!4*'2:/.;!)3+'>%5:!')!%.!01+)! j)16%1&1:%6'&&(;!62&.2*'&&(;!'50!*'6%'&&(j!14!./+!')3%*'.%15'&!0+)%*+!.1! '))%,%&'.+;!.1!A3'))B!%5.1!./+!01,%5'5.!62&.2*+;!'50!%5!01%5:!)1;!.1!,12*5! 15+C)!1$5!62&.2*'&!%0+5.%4%6'.%15!ZM+&0,'5!PQQi[8! ! ! "f!
#5!'5!'5)$+*!.1!15+!14!./+!%5.+*7%+$!^2+).%15)!31)+0!-(!./+!$)=&'(*C')2".3!-&1::+*;!
E'*1&!',+50)!./+!-&1::+*C)!*+'0%5:!14!',-%7'&+56+!')!'!0+31&%.%6%O+0!-%5'*(!
-+.$++5!6+&+-*'.%15!'50!&1))8!I/+!31%5.)!12.!./'.!./+!*+4+*+56+!.1!$/%.+5+))!$')!
%5.+50+0!.1!%571>+!./+!%))2+!14!*'6+8!Y1%:5'5.&(;!)/+!0%72&:+)!/+*!4++&%5:)!14!
'&%+5'.%15!')!'!*'6%'&!,%51*%.(!(12./S!A#!$'5.+0!.1!-+!$/%.+!')!'!>%0B!ZM+&0,'5!
PQQi[8!M*',%5:!/+*!)+5.%,+5.!%5!.+*,)!14!./+!31&%.%6)!14!*'6+;!E'*1&C)!*+)315)+!
)++,)!.1!250+*62.!$/'.!./+!-&1::+*!'))2,+)!')!'!0+)%*+!.1!3'))!'50!'))%,%&'.+8!
E'*1&C)!*+)315)+!'&)1!-*%5:)!23!'!)&%:/.&(!0%44+*+5.!%5.+*3*+.'.%15!14!A,12*5%5:8B!
#5).+'0!./+!&1))!14!/+*!A62&.2*'&!%0+5.%4%6'.%15;B!')!3*+)2,+0!-(!./+!-&1::+*;!E'*1&C)!
*+)315)+!'*:2'-&(!'))+*.)!'!0%44+*+5.!1-<+6.!14!615.+,3&'.%15S!./+!&1))!14!./+!)+5)+!
14!)16%'&!-+&15:%5:8!#5!/+*!*+)315)+;!E'*1&!%,3&%+)!'5!',-%7'&+56+!.1$'*0!/+*!
%0+5.%.(!')!'!*'6%'&%O+0!1./+*8!#5!./%)!%5).'56+;!E'*1&C)!',-%7'&+5.!%0+5.%4%6'.%15!$%./!
./+!&1).!1-<+6.!14!)16%'&!-+&15:%5:;!/1$+7+*!250+*).'.+0;!*+)15'.+)!$%./!./+!&1:%6!14!
*'6%'&!,+&'56/1&%'!')!+71>+0!%5!./+!3*+7%12)!)+6.%158!!
U+)3150%5:!.1!./+!-&1::+*C)!6/'*'6.+*%O'.%15!14!/+*!PQQh!'&-2,;!%5!'!
3+*)15'&!+,'%&;!E'*1&!*+7+'&+0!'!6*%.%6'&!%5.+*3*+.'.%15!14!/+*!+5:':+,+5.!$%./!
,'%5).*+',!F8I8!)16%+.(;!'!-%.!,1*+!61,3&+D!./'5!/1$!./+!-&1::+*!)2*,%)+0!%.8!E'*1&!
+D3&%6'.+0!./'.;!./*12:/!,2)%6;!)/+!%)!'-&+!.1!A6154*15.!'50!+D3&1*+!'&&!)%0+)!14!./+!
).*2::&+B!$%./!A9,+*%6'5B!)16%+.'&!51*,)!ZV2%!PQQi[8!W%>+!,'5(!1./+*!,2)%6%'5)!%5!
./%)!).20(;!E'*1&!2)+)!./+!.+*,)!A9,+*%6'5B!'50!A$/%.+B!)(515(,12)&(8!E'*1&C)!
).'.+,+5.!%&&2,%5'.+)!./'.!)/+!%)!)+&4=615)6%12)!'-12.!/+*!,'*:%5'&!31)%.%158!d+.!/+*!
).'.+,+5.!250+*)61*+)!'!>%50!14!*+)%).'56+!':'%5).!,'%5).*+',!+D3+6.'.%15)!41*!
,%51*%.%+)!.1!A3'))B!')!51*,'.%7+!$/%.+!9,+*%6'5!)2-<+6.)!%5!)16%'&!'50!62&.2*'&!&%4+8! ! "h!
J'%5).*+',!,+0%'!'50!32-&%6!0%)612*)+)!+D+*.!3*+))2*+)!15!,%51*%.(!%50%7%02'&)!.1!
3%6>!'!)%0+S!'))%,%&'.+!1*!51.8!H7+5!32-&%6!%5.+&&+6.2'&!4%:2*+)!6'5!)1,+.%,+)!*+026+!
./+!%5.*%6'6(!14!./%)!-%5'*(8!#5!'5!'*.%6&+!'-12.!325>=*16>!,2)%6%'5)!14!J2)&%,!
/+*%.':+;!9&'5!L'.+*);!'5./*131&1:(!3*14+))1*!'.!./+!F5%7+*)%.(!14!J'))'6/2)+..)=
V1).15;!'))+*.)!'5!'))%,%&'.%15%).!'..%.20+!%5!/%)!*+,'*>;!AY25>!*16>!%)!7+*(!
9,+*%6'5;!'50!./%)!%)!'))%,%&'.%15!./*12:/!'!-'6>!011*o!ZE15.*+*')!PQ"Q[8!!
@/%)!3*1<+6.!$1*>)!3'%5).'>%5:&(!.1!0%),'5.&+!./+!%0+'&%O+0!0%)62*)%7+!-%5'*(!
-+.$++5!*+)%).'56+!'50!'661,,10'.%15!&+4.17+*!4*1,!./+!6%7%&!*%:/.)!,17+,+5.!%5!
31).=L##!F5%.+0!I.'.+)8!#.!'&)1!$1*>)!':'%5).!./+!:*'%5!14!%0+5.%.(=-')+0!31&%.%6)!
0+4%5+0!-(!./+!&'.+!"RhQ)!'50!+'*&(!"RiQ)!9)%'5!9,+*%6'5!6',32)!'50!61,,25%.(!
).*2::&+)!Zg:2(+5!PQQPS!f[8!#5!,(!'5'&()%);!#!.'>+!)+*%12)&(!./+!31).=6%7%&=*%:/.)!
6150%.%15!14!',-%7'&+56+8!#!41&&1$!./+!&+'0!14!&%.+*'*(!)6/1&'*!G%+.!g:2(+5!%5!*+'0%5:!
9)%'5!9,+*%6'5!)15%6!'50!5'**'.%7+!3*1026.%15!A41=!%.)!4&+D%-&+!).*'.+:%+)!./'.!
6156+*5!).*2::&+;!)2*7%7'&;!'50!31))%-&+!'))%,%&'.%15B!ZPQQPS!f[8!@1!*+.'%5!./+!
%5.+:*%.(!14!./+!).'.+!14!',-%7'&+56+!%)!'!3*16+))!14!).*2::&+8!@1!./+!,%51*%.(!
,2)%6%'5);!<2).!.1!).*2::&+!$%./!$/%.+!Z/+.+*1)+D%).;!,')62&%5%).;!'50!233+*=,%00&+=
6&'))[!51*,)!'50!./+!*'6%'&%O+0!'-<+6.%15!14!9)%'5!9,+*%6'!%5!./+!.+**'%5!14!32-&%6!
'50!,'%5).*+',!F8I8!,+0%';!#!'*:2+;!%)!%.)+&4!'5!'6.!14!617+*.!*+)%).'56+8!!
! A@/+*+C)!51!m9)%'5!9,+*%6'5!.15+CBS!E17+*%5:!'50!K%)=617+*%5:!%5!J2)%6'&! Y+*41*,'56+! ! T.*)*6+)"*='!.),=)-.*1-*)*D,!3*!.=''.*"-*T=2"-0.1-/*O"=0"-")/*@*>''.*!"!.'=!*J,!)-*
)-(*Q>"23*M!,/*.+'*2')(*!"-0'=!*)-(*"-!.=,>'-.)2"!.!*"-*.+'*R%)2'"(1!#1&"#*&1&*-1"=V*
D)-(*Q:".*821?F*^?'=*&2).'!*14*+)24*').'-*9)(*6+)"*)-(*9)(*J''*Q7/*@*('!#="D'*>3* ! "i!
("!!'=.)."1-*&=15'#.*.1*.+'>F*$".+*)*#="."#)2*#,="1!".3*WD1.+*J,!)-*)-(*Q>"23*)='*
51,=-)2"!.!Z/*.+'3*='!&1-(*.+1,0+.4,223*.1*-1.*1-23*>3*"-.'=?"'7*[,'!."1-!/*D,.*)2!1*.1*
>3*4"-("-0!*)-(*71=%I"-I&=10='!!*.+'1="'!F*T.*1-'*&1"-.*"-*.+'*#1-?'=!)."1-/*Q>"23*
!)3!/*[email protected]!*-1.*.+).*@*+)?'*.=1,D2'*7".+*>3*"('-.".3F*@.B!*5,!.*.+).*@*(1-B.*=')223*!''*.+'*
='2)."1-!+"&*D'.7''-*>3*>,!"#*)-(*"('-.".3*.+'*7)3*&'1&2'*#2)">FV*J,!)-*)((!*.+).*
.+'='*>)3*D'*!1>'.+"-0*!,D#1-!#"1,!*.+).*"-41=>!*#=')."?'*&=1#'!!'!/*D,.*.+'='*"!*-1*
1-'I.1I1-'*='2)."1-!+"&*D'.7''-*.+'"=*6)"7)-'!'_T!")-*D)#%0=1,-(*)-(*.+'*>,!"#*
.+'3*&=1(,#'F*6+'3*!)3*.+).*.+'3*+)?'*D''-*D1.+'='(*D3*4)-*'>)"2!*.+).*"-!"!.*1-*.+'*
':"!.'-#'*14*RT!")-*+)=>1-3V*"-*.+'"=*>,!"#F*@*'#+1*.+'"=*#1-#'=-*='0)=("-0*.+'*
("!#1-."-,".3*D'.7''-*>,!"#)2*!1,-(*)-(*.+'*'.+-"#*D)#%0=1,-(*14*.+'*>,!"#")-F*@-*
':#+)-0'/*@*!+)='*7".+*.+'>*>3*!.1=3*14*D'"-0*"-.'=&='.'(*41=*,!"-0*)-*RT!")-*.,-"-0V*
1-*)-*'2'#.="#*0,".)=*('.,-'(*D3*)22"0).1=*#2"&!*"-*>3*':&'=">'-.)2*>,!"#*.="1*9"-%1*
81>>,-1"(!F*Q>"23*)!%!*"4*>3*D)-(*+)!*01..'-*7="..'-*,&*41=*R+)?"-0*)-*T!")-*!"-0'=FV*
6+'-*!+'*':&2)"-!*.+).*.+'*&='!!*"!*%''-*1-*&"0'1-+12"-0*+'=*)-(*+'=*!"!.'=*)!*R+1.*
T!")-*.7"-!V*WM!,*)-(*M!,*XHH`ZF*$'*)22*2),0+/*#1>>"!'=)."-0*1-*.+'*)D!,=("."'!*14*
.+'!'*=)#'ID)!'(*='!&1-!'!F*
@/*12:/12.!./+!612*)+!14!,(!0%))+*.'.%15!3*1<+6.;!#!.'>+!./+!+D6/'5:+!#!/'0!
$%./!I2)'5!'50!H,%&(!.1!/+'*.8!I.*'5:+&(;!./+!'..+,3.!.1!6156+3.2'&%O+!'!0%)<256.2*+!
-+.$++5!,2)%6'&!)1250!'50!./+!+./5%6!-'6>:*1250!14!./+!,2)%6%'5!)++,)!
25%5.2%.%7+!%5!'!3*1<+6.!1).+5)%-&(!'-12.!./+!A9)%'5!9,+*%6'5!+D3+*%+56+)B!14!
%50+3+50+5.!Z%50%+[!*16>!,2)%68!@/+!0++3+*!#!0%:!%5.1!)6/1&'*&(!$1*>);!$%./!./+!
/13+!14!&16'.%5:!./+!%5.+*)+6.%15!14!,2)%6!'50!9)%'5!9,+*%6'5!+./5%6%.%+);!./+!
/2,,%5:!14!./%)!51%)+;!).+,,%5:!4*1,!./+!+D3+*%+56+)!14!,(!,2)%6%'5=61&&+':2+)! ! "l!
'50!,()+&4!')!'!3+*41*,%5:!'*.%).;!*%5:)!,1*+!&120&(8!@/%)!51%)+!31)+)!'!6/'&&+5:+!.1!
./+!6156+3.2'&!%,32&)+!.1!&%5>!,2)%6!'50!+./5%6%.(!%5!)6/1&'*&(!'50!32-&%6!
0%)612*)+)8!@1!*+)1&7+!./%)!.+5)%15;!#!0+7%)+!'!./+1*+.%6'&!4*',+$1*>!./'.!*+)15'.+)!
$%./!./+!3*'6.%6'&!+D3+*%+56+)!14!./+!3+*41*,%5:!,2)%6%'5);!'50!4*2%.42&&(!+5:':+)!
$%./!+D%).%5:!)6/1&'*)/%3!15!./+!*+&'.%15)/%3!-+.$++5!*'6+;!+./5%6%.(;!'50!,2)%68!
@/+!%))2+)!14!+./5%6%.(!'50!*'6+!/'7+!-++5!-*1'6/+0!%5!./+!)6/1&'*)/%3!15!
,2)%6;!+)3+6%'&&(!15!3132&'*!,2)%68!#5!AM*1,!U%6+!.1!#6+B!ZPQQ"[;!V'**(!I/'5>!144+*)!
'!/%).1*(!14!,'%5).*+',!61,,+*6%'&!,2)%6!%5!./+!F8I8;!*+6125.%5:!,1,+5.)!'.!$/%6/!
*'6%'&!'50!+./5%6!,+'5%5:)!'*+!3*1026+0!'50!6+,+5.+0!%5!,2)%68!I/'5>C)!/%).1*%6'&!
5'**'.%7+!'66125.)!41*!./+!,2)%6'&=)16%'&!0(5',%6)!3*%,'*%&(!$%./%5!./+!615.+D.!14!
-&'6>=7)8=$/%.+!*'6%'&!.+5)%158!]%)!$1*>!+D+,3&%4%+)!,26/!14!./+!)6/1&'*&(!
6157+*)'.%15)!15!,2)%6;!*'6+;!'50!+./5%6%.(;!3'*.%62&'*&(!$%./%5!./+!g1*./!9,+*%6'5!
615.+D.;!$%./!%.)!4162)!15!%))2+)!)2**1250%5:!./+!-&'6>!'50!$/%.+!*'6%'&!-%5'*(8!
I/'5>C)!4*',+$1*>!'&)1!'&%:5)!$%./!./+!'33*1'6/!-(!,'5(!9,+*%6'5!,2)%6!)6/1&'*)!
%5!+D3&'%5%5:!/%).1*%6'&!'50!)16%'&!3*16+))+)!./'.!*'6%'&%O+!'50!+./5%6%O+!,2)%68!9!4+$!
+D',3&+)!14!./%)!&%5+!14!)6/1&'*)/%3!%56&20+!@*%6%'!U1)+C)!).20(!14!94*%6'5!9,+*%6'5!
/%3!/13!Z"RRe[!'50!9'*15!M1DC)!,151:*'3/!15!$/%.+!$1*>%5:=6&'))!9,+*%6'5)!'50!
6125.*(!,2)%6!ZPQQe[8!V1./!$1*>)!+D',%5+!./+!3*1<+6.!14!+./5%6!'50!*'6%'&!%0+5.%.(!
41*,'.%15!)3+6%4%6!.1!:+5*+=-')+0!'44%&%'.%15)!'50!)%:5%4%6'.%158!J(!3*1<+6.!%)!
61,,%..+0!.1!01%5:!^2%.+!./+!1331)%.+S!0+615).*26.%5:!'!61,,153&'6+!6155+6.%15!
-+.$++5!,2)%6!'50!'!*'6%'&!1*!+./5%6!6'.+:1*(8!#.!41&&1$)!J'/15C)!+./51:*'3/(!15!
94*%6'5!9,+*%6'5!,2)%6%'5)C!3'*.%6%3'.%15!%5!'50!%0+5.%4%6'.%15!$%./!*16>!,2)%6!
62&.2*+!ZPQQe[;!'!:+5*+!6157+5.%15'&&(!'))16%'.+0!$%./!$/%.+5+))8!@/%)!3*1<+6.! ! "R!
+D3&1*+)!./+!3*16+))+)!14!'5!A12.!14!)(56/B!:+5*+=*'6+!*+&'.%15)/%3!)3+6%4%6!.1!./+!
9)%'5!9,+*%6'5!+D3+*%+56+)!14!3+*41*,%5:!%50%+!*16>!,2)%68!N*%+5.+0!.1$'*0!
0+5'.2*'&%O%5:!./+!:+5*+=*'6+!'))16%'.%15;!./%)!0%))+*.'.%15!%5.+**1:'.+)!./+!
61,,15!3+*6+3.%15!14!./+!6155+6.%15!-+.$++5!%50%+!*16>!'50!$/%.+!,')62&%5%.(!
ZV'55%).+*!PQQh[8!!
]1$!01+)!./%)!'33*1'6/!615.*%-2.+!.1!./+!).20(!14!A9)%'5!9,+*%6'5!,2)%6Bp!
@/%)!*'%)+)!'51./+*!0%44%62&.!^2+).%15S!L/'.!%)!A9)%'5!9,+*%6'5!,2)%6Bp!@1!4%50!12.;!#!
*+'0!./+!$1*>)!-(!./+!9)%'5!9,+*%6'5%).!3%15++*)!14!./+!,2)%6!)6/1&'*)/%3!4*15.%+*);!
5',+&(!K+-1*'/!L15:!'50!c1)+3/!W',8!#5!/%)!'*.%6&+!+5.%.&+0!AH,-*'6%5:!_9)%'5!
9,+*%6'5!J2)%6_!')!'5!]+2*%).%6!K+7%6+B!Z"RRR[;!c1)+3/!W',!'*:2+)!41*!./+!2)+!14!
A9)%'5!9,+*%6'5!,2)%6B!')!'!6'.+:1*(!14!,2)%6!./'.!$12&0!'00*+))!./+!+D3*+))%15!14!
./+!6*+'.%7%.(!'50!+D3+*%+56+!14!3+13&+!14!9)%'5!0+)6+5.!&%7%5:!%5!./+!F5%.+0!I.'.+)8!
U+:'*0&+))!14!./+!15.1&1:%6'&!0%7+*)%.(!14!./+!,2)%6'&!+D3*+))%15)!-(!./%)!:*123!14!
3+13&+;!/+!)++)!./+!+7+5.2'&!6'515%O'.%15!14!9)%'5!9,+*%6'5!,2)%6!')!'!,+'5)!
.1$'*0!&+:%.%,'.%5:!./+!3*+)+56+!'50!+D3*+))%15)!14!./+!3+13&+!14!9)%'5!0+)6+5.!%5!
./+!F8I8!!
W',C)!6156+3.2'&%O'.%15;!61,,+50'-&(;!'00*+))+)!./+!%))2+!14!./+!%57%)%-%&%.(!
14!9)%'5!9,+*%6'5)!%5!)6/1&'*)/%3!-(!'*:2%5:!41*!'5!9)%'5!9,+*%6'5!)3'6+T!-2.!%.!
01+)5C.!)3+'>!.1!./+!:*+'.+*!*'6%'&!615.+D.!./'.!'44+6.)!./+!3+*6+3.%15!14!$/'.!,'(!-+!
&'-+&+0!')!A9)%'5!9,+*%6'5!,2)%68Bf!@/+!.+*,!A9)%'5!9,+*%6'5B!%.)+&4!%)!'!*'6+=
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! >(Lam’s approach seems to overlook the risk of further essentializing musics associated with the “East” or the “Orient” in North America. Here I’m referring to the racializing discourses surrounding, for instance, the historical case of yellowface performance and the contemporary counterpart of Orientalist appropriation of Asianness in hip-hop videos. Read about yellowface, Lee, Robert G. 1999. Orientals: Asian Americans in Popular Culture, Asian American History and Culture. Philadelphia: Temple University Pres; Moon, ! PQ!
-1250!.+*,T!'50!/%).1*%6'&&(;!./+!.+*,!+,+*:+0!%5!./+!&'.+!"RhQ)!'50!"RiQ)!$/+5!
)16%'&!'6.%7%).)!$1*>+0!.1!-*%5:!.1:+./+*!0%)3'*'.+!9)%'5!+./5%6!:*123)8!@/+!3'5=
+./5%6!%0+5.%.(!&'-+&!14!A9)%'5!9,+*%6'5B!$')!./+!3*1026.!14!31&%.%6'&&(=,1.%7'.+0!
*+6&','.%15!14!./+!*'6%'&%O+0!17+*=:+5+*'&%O'.%15!14!%50%7%02'&)!14!9)%'5!0+)6+5.!
&%7%5:!%5!./+!F5%.+0!I.'.+)!ZH)3%*%.2!"RRP[8!L%./12.!./+!31&%.%6'&!615.+D.;!./+!.+*,!
A9)%'5!9,+*%6'5B!6'5!)++,!17+*=:+5+*'&%O%5:!')!%.!612&0!+&%0+!./+!+./5%6;!)16%'&;!'50!
62&.2*'&!+D3+*%+56+)!14!./+!%50%7%02'&)!-*12:/.!.1:+./+*!-(!./+!.+*,8!F541*.25'.+&(;!
)%56+!./+!"RiQ)!'50!"RlQ);!%5!./+!,'%5).*+',!32-&%6!62&.2*'&!)3/+*+;!./+!.+*,!/')!
&1).!%.)!31&%.%6'&!+0:+8!g1!'*.%).)!#!>51$!'50!/'7+!-++5!%5!615.'6.!$%./!%0+5.%4(!
./+,)+&7+)!')!9)%'5!9,+*%6'5;!1*!./+%*!,2)%6!')!9)%'5!9,+*%6'5!,2)%68!
#5!&%:/.!14!./+!3*+)+5.!',-%7'&+56+!.1$'*0!./+!9)%'5!9,+*%6'5!%0+5.%.(;!#!4%50!
./'.!W',C)!).*'.+:%6!&'-+&%5:!14!,2)%6!,'(!*25!./+!*%)>!14!+./5%6!+))+5.%'&%),8!W',C)!
'33*1'6/;!/1$+7+*;!%)!61,,15!%5!)6/1&'*&(!$*%.%5:!'-12.!,2)%6!-(!9)%'5!9,+*%6'5!
%50%7%02'&)8!I'D13/15%).!'50!'6.%7%).!M*+0!]1!%5)6*%-+)!'5!+./5%6!+))+5.%'&%),!%5!/%)!
41*,2&'.%15!14!,2)%6!14!9)%'5!9,+*%6'5)!')!.$1!A7%*.2'&&(!0%7+*:%5:!).*+',)S!'!
3*%,'*(!.*'0%.%15'&;!%,,%:*'5.!,2)%6'&!62&.2*+!15!./+!15+!/'50!'50;!15!./+!1./+*;!'!
3*%,'*%&(!L+).+*5!,2)%6!3&'(+0!-(!,2)%6%'5)!$/1!/'33+5!.1!-+!9)%'5!9,+*%6'5B!
ZPQQRS!P""[8!]1!2)+)!$1*0)!)26/!')!A5'.%7+!3+13&+)B!.1!*+3*+)+5.!)12*6+)!14!+./5%6!
'2./+5.%6%.(!./'.!'*+!15&(!0%&2.+0!-(!+D3+*%+56+)!14!.*'5)3&'5.!'50!,%:*'.%15!'50!
0%))%3'.+0!-(!./+!4'6.1*!14!.%,+8!]1C)!).'.+,+5.!,'3)!./+!17+*&(!).*+))+0!0%6/1.1,(!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! Krystyn R. 2004. Yellowface: Creating the Chinese in American Popular Music and Performance, 1850s- 1920s. New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University. Read about Orientalism in hip-hop videos, Whaley, Deborah. 2006. “Black Bodies/Yellow Masks: The Orientalist Aesthetic in Hip-Hop and Black Visual Culture”, AfroAsian Encounters: Culture, History, Politics, ed. by Raphael-Hernandez, Heike and Shannon Steen, New York: New York University. * ! P"!
-+.$++5!4%*).!'50!)+6150=:+5+*'.%15!9)%'5!9,+*%6'!15.1!./+!)1=6'&&+0!A.*'0%.%15'&B!
7)8!AL+).+*5B!,2)%6'&!0%44+*+56+)8!@/%)!:+5+*'&%).!'33*1'6/!%5!250+*).'50%5:!./+!
*+&'.%15)/%3!-+.$++5!,2)%6!'50!+./5%6%.(;!'&)1!)++5!%5!I2)'5!9)'%C)!$1*>!15! c'3'5+)+!9,+*%6'5!,2)%6!Z"RRf[;!%)!6126/+0!$%./%5!0++3!)+'.+0!51.%15)!14!62&.2*'&!
'2./+5.%6%.(;!./+!>%50!./'.!,'(!7+*:+!15!+))+5.%'&%),8!@/%)!./+1*+.%6'&!'33*1'6/!/')!
-++5!6/'&&+5:+0!-(!'!)+*%+)!14!$1*>)!15!./+!3'5=+./5%6!+D3+*%+56+)!14!)+6150=!'50!
&'.+*!:+5+*'.%15!9)%'5!9,+*%6'5!3*'6.%.%15+*)!14!A.*'0%.%15'&B!c'3'5+)+!.'%>1!
3+*41*,'56+!ZL15:!PQQeT!d115!PQQ"[!'50!%5!.*'0%.%15'&!c'3'5+)+!0'56+!'&)1!
>51$5!')!-"+1-*D,31!Z]'/5!PQQi[8!
L%./!'!0%44+*+5.!'33*1'6/;!K+-1*'/!L15:!%5)%).)!15!./+!0%)62*)%7+!
6&'*%4%6'.%15!14!/+*!3*1<+6.!')!A9)%'5!9,+*%6'5)!,'>%5:!,2)%6;B!')!+&%6%.+0!-(!/+*!
-11>C)!)2-.%.&+8!I/+!0+)6*%-+)!/+*!)6/1&'*&(!+441*.!')!A'!0+&%-+*'.+!'..+,3.!.1!)/%4.!
'$'(!4*1,!6'.+:1*%+)!.1!3*16+))+)B!ZPQQeS!""[8!I/+!+&26%0'.+)!/+*!%5.+5.S!A9)>%5:!
$/+./+*!./+*+!m%)C!)26/!')!./%5:!')!9)%'5!9,+*%6'5!,2)%6!/')!5+7+*!).*26>!,+!')!./+!
,1).!2)+42&!^2+).%15!.1!32*)2+888!#.!0%7+*.)!'..+5.%15!'50!)6/1&'*&(!+5+*:(!%5.1!
0+4+50%5:!./+!%0+'!*'./+*!./'5!:+..%5:!15!$%./!./+!,1*+!%,31*.'5.!$1*>!14!)/1$%5:!
$/'.!%.!%)!'50!/1$!%.!4256.%15)B!ZPQQeS!"\[8!!
#5!./%)!0%))+*.'.%15;!#!,'%5.'%5!,(!./+1*+.%6'&!4162)!15!./+!*23.2*+!-+.$++5!
,2)%6!'50!+./5%6%.(8!@/+1*+.%6'&&(;!./%)!3*1<+6.!0%7+*:+)!4*1,!W',C)!'33*1'6/!
Z"RRR[!%5!&%5>%5:!,2)%6'&!1-)+*7'.%15)!'50!./+!A9)%'5!9,+*%6'5B!&'-+&8!#5).+'0;!./%)!
$1*>!'&%:5)!%.)+&4!$%./!L15:C)!ZPQQe[!4162)!15!3*16+))!17+*!6'.+:1*(8!#!1*:'5%O+!,(!
3*1<+6.!$%./!./+!%5.+5.%15!.1!&16'.+!./+!)1250)!'50!).1*%+)!14!*16>!,2)%6%'5)!14!9)%'5!
0+)6+5.!&%7%5:!%5!./+!F5%.+0!I.'.+);!$/%&+!'71%0%5:!./+!3%.4'&&!14!*+%5)6*%-%5:!51.%15)! ! PP!
14!*'6+!'50!+./5%6%.(!%5.1!)6/1&'*&(!0%)612*)+8!#!%5.+50!.1!%5.+**1:'.+!./+!5'.2*'&%O+0!
'))2,3.%15!./'.!'5!9)%'5!9,+*%6'5!+./5%6%.(!1*!*'6+!6'5!-+!/+'*0!1*!1./+*$%)+!
%0+5.%4%+0!%5!3+*41*,'56+!-(!%50%7%02'&)!14!9)%'5!0+)6+5.8!#5!,(!%5.+*7%+$!$%./!/%,;!
Y*'-%*!+6/1+0!,(!6156+*5;!'&15:!$%./!I2)'5!'50!H,%&(C)8!]+!$')!^2%6>!.1!31%5.!12.!
./'.!A./+*+C)!51!m9)%'5!9,+*%6'5!.15+CB!15!'!:2%.'*8!#5!./+!*+).!14!./%)!)+6.%15;!#!$%&&!
0%)62))!/1$!./+!*+)%).'56+!.1!./+!615.%52%.(!-+.$++5!*'6+!'50!)1250;!1*!$/'.!)++,)!
.1!-+!A,2)%6'&!3'))%5:B!')!0+4%5+0!-(!./+!,2)%6%'5)!14!,(!).20(;!6'5!-+!'!4*2%.42&!
./+1*+.%6'&!:*1250!41*!./+!).20(!14!*'6+!'50!+./5%6%.(!%5!,2)%68!#5!'00%.%15;!#!$%&&!
)/+0!&%:/.!15!/1$!./%)!6156+3.%15!6'5!&+'0!.1!'!31&%.%6'&&(!&%-+*'.%5:!+508!
#5!15+!14!/+*!6')+!).20(!6/'3.+*)!%5!J&')%*".*A1,('=!ZPQQe[;!L15:!+5:':+)!
$%./!'!A)266+))!).1*(B!14!./+!J125.'%5!V*1./+*)C;!'!Y/%&'0+&3/%'!/%3=/13!:*123!6%*6'!
"RRQ)8!@/+!J125.'%5!V*1./+*)!$15!'!E16'=E1&'=)315)1*+0!615.+).!$/%&+!
,'%5.'%5%5:!./+!+./5%6%.(!14!./+!:*123!,+,-+*)!250%)6&1)+08!L15:!61,,+5.)!15!
./+!:*123C)!,+./10%6'&!7+%&%5:!14!%.)!5',+);!3%6.2*+);!'50!1./+*!%50%6'.%15)!14!%.)!
9)%'5!9,+*%6'5!+./5%6%.(!')!'5!%5).'56+!14!A3'))%5:8B!I/+!$*%.+);!A@/+!J125.'%5!
V*1./+*)!3'))+0!./'.!2&.%,'.+!.+).;!-2.!./+(!m3'))+0C!Z%5!'.!&+').!.$1!$'()[!-+6'2)+!
./+(!>5+$!./+!*2&+)!14!/%3=/13!'2./+5.%6%.(!'50!$+*+!)'77(!+512:/!.1!'-%0+!-(!
./+,j15!./+%*!1$5!.+*,)B!ZPQQeS!PfP[8!#5!:+5+*'&;!./+!$1*0!A3'))%5:;B!/1$+7+*;!
%,3&%+)!'!/'*0!&%5+!-+.$++5!-+.*'(%5:!./+!,%51*%.'*%'5!6'2)+!Z14!61&&+6.%7+!4*++01,[!
7)8!'))%,%&'.%5:!.1!./+!,'<1*%.(8!J'(-+!-+6'2)+!14!c%,!E*1$!)+:*+:'.%15;!./+!'6.!14!
A3'))%5:B!%)!'))16%'.+0!$%./!23$'*0!)16%'&!,1-%&%.(8!#.!%,3&%+)!'!.*'5)6+50+56+!
-+(150!'!*'6+=0+4%5+0!,%51*%.(!).'.2)!%5.1!'!,'<1*%.(!).'.2)8!! ! P\!
#!',!%5.+*+).+0!5+%./+*!%5!'))+))%5:!$/+./+*!./+!J125.'%5!V*1./+*)!/'7+!
3'))+0!./+!.+).!14!/%3=/13!'2./+5.%6%.(T!51*!%5!0+-'.%5:!./+!+D.+5.!.1!$/%6/!./+!'2*'&!
)3'6+!6*+'.+0!-(!./+!:*123!%)!A9)%'5!9,+*%6'58B!#5).+'0;!#!./%5>!%.!%)!,1*+!4*2%.42&!.1!
144+*!'!,+.'!./+1*%O'.%15!14!./+!51.%15!14!A,2)%6'&!3'))%5:B!q!'!41*,!14!'2*'&!
+D3*+))%15!./'.!'&&1$)!./+!)1250=,'>+*!.1!-+!/+'*0!$%./12.!-+%5:!)++58!J2)%6!
'&&1$)!./+!31))%-%&%.(!14!'!61&1*-&%50!1*!*'6+=4*++!*+6+3.%15S!'5(15+!6'5!)1250!&%>+!
'5(-10(8!I1250!%)!51.!-).,=)223!-1250!.1!'5(!*'6+=*+&'.+0!+,-10%,+5.!14!
3/+51.(3+;!'&./12:/!'*.%).)!,'>+!6/1%6+);!0+&%-+*'.+&(!1*!51.;!-')+0!15!$/'.!./+(!
3+*6+%7+!')!,+'5%5:42&8!I1250!,'(!-+!,+'5%5:=42&T!')!%,31*.'5.&(;!%.!,+0%'.+)!
,+'5%5:)8!!
M1*!,%51*%.(!'*.%).);!./+!6':+!-2%&.!-(!*'6%'&!,+'5%5:)!%)!).%&&!&11,%5:8!@/%)!
6':+!14!Z,%)[3+*6+3.%15);!-2%&.!-(!3/+51.(3%6'&&(!0+.+*,%5+0!51.%15)!14!*'6+!1*!
+./5%6%O+0!%0+')!*+&'.+0!.1!62&.2*'&!+))+5.%'&%),;!6'5!%,3*%)15!,%51*%.(!%50%7%02'&)8!
N,'*!L'^'*;!./+!&+'0!)%5:+*!14!K8E8!/'*061*+!-'50!K%'6*%.%6'&;!*+4+*)!.1!./%)!6':+!')!
'5!A+3%0+*,'&!)/'6>&+8B!]+!$*1.+!'!)15:!+5.%.&+0!AH57(B!.1!+71>+!'!).'.+!14!-+%5:!
4*++0!4*1,!./+!*'6%'&%O%5:!+5.*'3,+5.!./'.!/+!+D3+*%+56+)!%5!/%)!0'%&(!&%4+8!AI>%5!)1!
)14.!`!#!$+'*!(12!&%>+!'!<'6>+.!`!d12C*+!,(!+3%0+*,'&!)/'6>&+k`!#4!,(!+D.+*%1*!$')!
%57%)%-&+!`!#.!$12&0!'5)$+*!'&&!,(!3*'(+*)B!ZPQQi[8!#!615.+50!./'.!'!*'6+=4*++!
)151*%.(!6'5!-+!'5!%5).'56+!14!&%-+*'.%15!4*1,!./+!+3%0+*,'&!)/'6>&+8!I2)'5;!H,%&(;!
Y*'-%*;!N,'*;!'50!,'5(!1./+*!,2)%6%'5)!$/1,!#C7+!,+.!%5!,(!4%+&0!*+)+'*6/!/'7+!
/+&3+0!,+!%,':%5+!./%)!&%,%5'&!).'.+!14!*'6+=4*++!&%-+*'.%158!@/+!0+)%*+!.1!-+!
&%-+*'.+0!4*1,!./%)!6':+!)/12&0!51.!-+!*+'0!')!)+&&%5:!12.!1*!'661,,10'.%158!9!*'6+=
4*++!)151*%.(!%)!'5!+D%).+56+!%5!61,41*.8!@/%)!&%,%5'&%.(!)2::+).)!'!31))%-%&%.(!14! ! Pe!
':+56(!%5!./+!4'6+!14!'!$1*&0!$%./!250+*&(%5:!*'6%'&!.+5)%15);!'!$1*&0!$/+*+!3+13&+!
)>%*.!'*1250!./+!.13%6!14!*'6+!,1).!14!./+!.%,+;!'50!15&(!.'&>!'-12.!*'6+!%5!
'662)'.1*(!1*!./*+'.+5%5:!,1,+5.)!14!12.-2*).8!
U'./+*!./'5!3'))%5:;!,'(-+!'!,1*+!2)+42&!.+*,!%)!A617+*%5:;B!')!)2::+).+0!-(! r+5<%!d1)/%51;!'!&'$!3*14+))1*!'.!d'&+8!#5!./+!3*+4'6+!14!/%)!-11>!81?'="-0!ZPQQh[;! d1)/%51!%5.*1026+)!/%)!6156+3.%15!14!617+*%5:S!AH7+*(15+!617+*)8!@1!617+*!%)!.1!.15+!
01$5!'!0%)4'71*+0!%0+5.%.(!.1!4%.!%5.1!./+!,'%5).*+',B!ZPQQhS!%D[8!#50%7%02'&)!617+*!
./+%*!).%:,'.%O+0!.*'%.)!%5!./+%*!0'%&(!&%4+8!AE17+*%5:!%)!'!/%00+5!'))'2&.!15!12*!6%7%&!
*%:/.)B!ZPQQhS!D%[8!#5!61,3'*%)15;!./+!51.%15!14!3'))%5:!)++,)!%5)244%6%+5.!%5!
6'3.2*%5:!./+!61,3&+D%.(!14!/1$!,(!%541*,%5:!,2)%6%'5=61&&+':2+)!*+&'.+!.1!./+!
$1*&08!J'(-+!./+(!%5.+50!.1!+5:':+!%5!./+!0(5',%6!14!617+*%5:!,1*+!)1!./'5!
3'))%5:8!#4!./'.C)!./+!6')+;!./+5!3&'(%5:!,2)%6!%)!'5!15:1%5:!).*2::&+!$%./!./+!
617+*%5:;!25=617+*%5:;!'50!0%)=617+*%5:!14!15+C)!.*'%.);!615).*2+0!')!A0%44+*+5.B!1*!
).%:,'.%O%5:!%5!./%)!%,3+*4+6.!$1*&08!
@/+!6155+6.%15!-+.$++5!,2)%6!'50!+./5%6%.(!%)!-*1'0!'50!./+1*%O%5:!./%)!
6155+6.%15!6'5!&+'0!.1!6%*62%.12)!'50!61,3&+D!0%)612*)+)8!@/%)!0%))+*.'.%15;!%5!)/1*.;!
*+)%).)!./+!.+,3.'.%15!.1!)/1*.=6%*62%.!./%)!61,3&+D!6&2).+*!14!,+'5%5:)8!#.!*+=
5'**'.+)!./+!).1*%+)!./'.!*+71&7+!'*1250!./+!51.%15)!14!'2./+5.%6%.(;!-(!)/'>%5:!
./+)+!51.%15)!&11)+!4*1,!./+!-10%+)!14!./+!3+*41*,+*)8!#5!01%5:!)1;!%.!'&&1$)!*11,!
41*!6*+'.%7+!31))%-%&%.%+)!.1!.*'5)41*,!51.%15)!14!*'6%'&!'50!+./5%6!+))+5.%'&%),;!1&0!
'50!5+$;!./*12:/!./+!61=,1.%15!14!617+*%5:;!25=617+*%5:;!'50!0%)=617+*%5:!+./5%6!
'50!*'6%'&!.*'%.)8!#5!'00%.%15!.1!./%)!0(5',%6!61=,1.%15!'*1250!01,+).%6'.%5:!
*'6%'&%O'.%15);!./+!,2)%6%'5)!'&)1!)++>!12.$'*0!6155+6.%15)!$%./!./+!:+1:*'3/%6'&! ! Pf!
'50!)(,-1&%6!9)%'8!@/%)!0%))+*.'.%15!+5:':+)!%5!./+!,2)%6%'5)C!:+1:*'3/%6'&!*+=
*12.+)!./'.!&+'0!.1!'!*'0%6'&!*+=6154%:2*'.%15!14!./+!)16%162&.2*'&!&%5>)!-+.$++5!
9)%'5!9,+*%6'5!'50!9)%'8!@/%)!%)!+D3&1*+0!&'.+*!%5!./+!6/'3.+*)!15!.*'5)5'.%15'&!
3+*41*,'56+!'50!61,,25%.(=-2%&0%5:8!
!
J+./101&1:%6'&!g1.+)!
@/%)!0%))+*.'.%15!%)!'5!+./51:*'3/(!./'.!4162)+)!15!./+!)16%'&!3*'6.%6+!14!*16>!
,2)%6=,'>%5:!'.!./+!%50+3+50+5.!&+7+&!-(!9,+*%6'5!,2)%6%'5)!14!9)%'5!0+)6+5.8!
#50+3+50+5.!,2)%6'&!3*1026.%15!%5!./+!F5%.+0!I.'.+)!%571&7+)!'!52,-+*!14!,2)%6'&!
'50!)16%'&!.*'5)'6.%15)!)26/!')!&%7+!3+*41*,'56+);!*+61*0%5:;!.12*%5:;!5+.$1*>%5:;!
3*1,1.%5:;!'50!)/1$!-11>%5:8!@/+!,+./10)!14!,(!+./51:*'3/%6!).20(!./2)!
615)%).+0!14!1-)+*7%5:;!3'*.%6%3'.%5:;!.'>%5:!4%+&0!51.+);!'5'&(O%5:;!0162,+5.%5:;!
-&1::%5:;h!'50!%5.+*'6.%5:!$%./%5!./+)+!)16%1=,2)%6'&!615.+D.)8!#5!'00%.%15!.1!
+D3+*%+5.%'&!0'.';!#!615026.+0!41*,'&!'50!%541*,'&!%5.+*7%+$);!'*6/%7'&!*+)+'*6/;!
'&15:!$%./!,+0%'!'5'&()%)!14!-1./!).20%1!'50!)/1$!*+61*0%5:);!'50!-'50!$+-)%.+)8!!
J(!+./51:*'3/(!+D3&1*+)!./+!5+$&(!+,+*:+0!,+'5%5:)!14!A9)%'55+))B!'50!
A9)%'5=9,+*%6'55+))B!$%./%5!'5!%56*+')%5:&(!:&1-'&%O+0!62&.2*'&!+61&1:(8!
@*'5)&16'&%.(!'50!.*'5)5'.%15'&%.(!'*+!+))+5.%'&!.1!./+!3+*41*,'56+!+D3+*%+56+)!'50!
)16%'&!6155+6.%15)!14!*16>!,2)%6%'5);!+7+5!'.!./+!%50+3+50+5.!&+7+&8!g1.!15&(!./'.;!
.*'5)&16'&!'50!.*'5)5'.%15'&!+D3+*%+56+)!'*+!4250',+5.'&!%5!9)%'5!9,+*%6'5!)16%'&!
&%4+8!#5!/%)!%54&2+5.%'&!+0%.+0!71&2,+!8,2.,=)2*81>&)!!\*Q.+-10=)&+"#*Q:&21=)."1-!*14*
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 6 My personal blog at Yellowbuzz.org that documents my show experiences and thoughts about recordings makes my work available, through the Internet, to the musicians in my study. A discussion about my blog as an important site of interaction between me and my informant musicians appears in the extended subchapter that follows chapter four. ! Ph!
T!")-*T>'="#);!'5./*131&1:%).!J'*.%5!J'5'&'5)'5!'))+*.);!A@/+!4%+&0!%)!%56*+')%5:&(!
4162)+0!15!51.!15&(!./+!%,3&%6'.%15)!14!_&16'&_!1662**+56+)!.1!7'*%12)!61,,25%.%+)!%5!
./+!_'*+'_!-2.!'&)1!15!./+!615.%5212)!'50!0%)615.%5212)!./*+'0)!-+.$++5!./+!_&16'&_!
'50!./+!m.*'5)5'.%15'&CB!ZPQQQS!e[8!V2%&0%5:!15!).20%+)!14!,2)%6!'50!,%:*'.%15!
ZW%3)%.O!"RReT!U+(+)!"RRR[!%5!+./51,2)%61&1:(;!'5./*131&1:(;!'50!1./+*!*+&+7'5.!
'*+'=*+&'.+0!).20%+);!./%)!3*1<+6.!'*:2+)!41*!)6/1&'*&(!'..+5.%15!.1!,2)%6!.12*%5:!'50!
)16%'&=5+.$1*>%5:!')!'!62&.2*'&&(!)%:5%4%6'5.!3*'6.%6+8!@/%)!,2)%6=4162)+0!6')+!).20(!
'00)!.1!./+!).20(!14!+D3*+))%7+!62&.2*+!$%./%5!./+!)2-4%+&0!14!./+!'5./*131&1:(!14!
:&1-'&%O'.%15!%5!$/%6/!)6/1&'*)!%57+).%:'.+!.*'5)5'.%15'&!4&1$)!14!3+13&+;!6'3%.'&;!
,'))!,+0%';!%0+1&1:(;!'50!.+6/51&1:(!Z933'02*'%!"RRh[!2)%5:!+./51:*'3/%6!
,+./101&1:(!Z#50'!'50!U1)'&01!PQQl[8!!
#!+,3&1(+0!'!A,2&.%=)%.+0B!4*',+$1*>!ZJ'*62)!"RRe[!41*!,(!4%+&0!
%57+).%:'.%158!@/+!3/()%6'&!)%.+)!%56&20+!./+!,+.*131&%.'5!'*+')!14!g+$!d1*>!'50!
L')/%5:.15!KE;!')!$+&&!')!)'.+&&%.+!&16'&+)!)26/!')!V1).15;!Y/%&'0+&3/%';!U%6/,150;!
'50!E/'*&1..+)7%&&+8!J(!6156+5.*'.%15!15!51*./+').+*5!'50!J%0=9.&'5.%6!6%.%+)!%)!
-')+0!15!./+!)16%'&!).*26.2*+!14!./+!F8I8=-')+0!%50%+!*16>!)6+5+8!@/+)+!6%.%+);!
3'*.%62&'*&(!g+$!d1*>;!/'7+!-++5!>51$5!41*!./+%*!'6.%7+!%50%+!*16>!)6+5+)8!V2%&0%5:!
.*'5)&16'&!&%5>);!,'5(!9)%'5!9,+*%6'5!,2)%6%'5)!,'>+!4*+^2+5.!).13)!%5!+').!61').!
6%.%+)!15!./+%*!.12*)!'50!+D6/'5:+!)/1$)!$%./!-'50)!4*1,!1./+*!6%.%+)!15!./+!6%*62%.8!!
N5+!6*26%'&!)%.+!14!,(!4%+&0!*+)+'*6/!$')!./+!#5.+*5+.8!9)!)115!')!#!-+:'5!,(!
4%+&0$1*>;!#!*+'&%O+0!./+!0%,%5%)/%5:!%,31*.'56+!14!3/()%6'&!&16'&+)!%5!./+!,2)%6%'5)C!
3+*41*,%5:!&%7+)8!#!0%)617+*+0!'!&+7+&!14!.*'5)&16'&%.(!%5!./+!,2)%6'&!&%4+!14!,(!
%541*,'5.);!,1*+!%5.+5)+!./'5!$/'.!#!/'0!%,':%5+08!@/+!,2)%6%'5)C!3*+7'&+5.!2)':+! ! Pi!
14!0%:%.'&!)16%'&!,+0%'!'&&1$+0!./+,!.1!.*'7+*)+!./+!3/()%6'&!'50!:+1:*'3/%6'&!
-1250'*%+)!14!./+%*!/1,+!&16'&+)8!#5!3'*.%62&'*;!./+(!/'7+!2)+0!./+!#5.+*5+.!.1!
+D.+50!-+(150!./+!3/()%6'&!).':+!14!./+%*!,2)%6'&!3*1<+6.8!#!/'7+!A'..+50+0B!'!
52,-+*!14!3+*41*,'56+)!-*1'06').!4*1,!g+$!d1*>!E%.(!%5!*+'&!.%,+!7%'!./+!#5.+*5+.;!
$/%&+!)%..%5:!Z'50!51.!0'56%5:s[!%5!4*15.!,(!&'3.13!61,32.+*!'.!/1,+!%5!G%*:%5%'8!
@/+!#5.+*5+.!/')!'&)1!'2:,+5.+0!./+!4++&%5:)!14!%5.%,'6(!'50!3*%7'6(!*+71&7%5:!
'*1250!./+!)16%'&!615.'6.!-+.$++5!,+!'50!./+!,2)%6%'5)8!#!/'7+!/'0!6125.&+))!&'.+=
5%:/.!6157+*)'.%15);!)1,+.%,+)!6156+*5%5:!0+.'%&)!14!3+*)15'&!'50!4',%&(!&%4+;!15!
6/'.!)+*7%6+)!)26/!')!X=E/'.;!9#J;!'50!JIg!J+))+5:+*8!@/+!#5.+*5+.!%)!51!&15:+*!
<2).!'!,+'5)!14!61,,25%6'.%15!',15:!,(!,2)%6%'5=%541*,'5.);!./+%*!4*%+50)!'50!
4'5);!'50!,+8!K%:%.'&!)16%'&!,+0%'!,'>+!23!'5!%,31*.'5.!5+$!A)%.+B!14!)16%'&!
%5.+*'6.%15!'50!6*+'.%7+!+D3*+))%158!g1.!15&(!./'.;!0%:%.'&!)16%'&!,+0%'!'*+!./+!>+(!.1!
)16%'&!5+.$1*>%5:!'50!61,,25%.(!-2%&0%5:!41*!./+!,2)%6%'5);!+)3+6%'&&(!41*!./1)+!
$/1!$+*+!3*+7%12)&(!%57%)%-&+!'50!)%&+56+08!#5!'!*+6+5.!'*.%6&+!%5!./+!AFTF*6">'!;!
N&%7+*!L'5:!6'3.2*+)!./+!6+5.*'&%.(!14!0%:%.'&!,+0%'!'50!.+6/51&1:(!%5!./+!*+6+5.!
)266+))+)!14!9)%'5!9,+*%6'5!3+*41*,%5:!'*.%).)8!]+!51.+)S!!
#4!./+)+!7'*%12)!/%).1*%+)!&'%0!01$5!./+!>%50&%5:;!./+!+,+*:+5.!#5.+*5+.!.11&)! 14!)+&4=+D3*+))%15!'50!0%).*%-2.%15!14!./+!&').!"Q!(+'*)!)/1$+*+0!01$5! )3'*>)8!Y132&'*%.(!,+.*%6)!'*+!51$!6'&62&'.+0!-(!,1*+!./'5!)%,3&(!V%&&-1'*0! )'&+)T!./+(C*+!'&)1!.*'6>+0!%5!d12@2-+!/%.)!'50!*+=@$++.)8!@+6/51&1:(!'&15+! $15C.!3*17%0+!L+-!).'*)!)+&4=)2).'%5%5:!6'*++*);!-2.!'4.+*!:+5+*'.%15)!14! %57%)%-%&%.(!%5!./+!6157+5.%15'&!313!%502).*(;!'.!&+').!9)%'5!9,+*%6'5!(12./! 51$!,').+*!,1*+!,+'5)!.1!'6/%+7+!7%)%-%&%.(!ZPQ"Q[8!! ! #5!)/1*.;!./+!4%+&0!14!,(!%57+).%:'.%15!6',+!.1!%56&20+!./+!0%:%.'&!)16%'&!.+**'%5!./'.!#!
5'7%:'.+0!$%./%5!./+!)613+!14!0%))+*.'.%15!*+)+'*6/8!@1!0162,+5.!'50!'*.%62&'.+!
./+)+!0%:%.'&!)16%'&!%5.+*'6.%15);!#!'6^2%*+0!'!)+.!14!,+./10)!4*1,!./+!0%:%.'&! ! Pl!
/2,'5%.%+);!'50!'33&%+0!./+,!.1!./+!).20(!14!./%)!)+,%=3&2::+0=%5!)16%1=,2)%6!
$1*&08!@/+!0%:%.'&!')3+6.)!14!,(!4%+&0!*+)+'*6/!,+./10)!/'7+!)/+0!&%:/.!15!3'./)!
25+D3&1*+0!%5!+D%).%5:!+./51:*'3/%6!).20%+)8!@/+!)3+6%4%6)!14!./+)+!0%:%.'&!
+./51:*'3/%6!3*16+))+)!$%&&!-+!+D',%5+0!6&1)+&(!%5!./+!,+./101&1:%6'&!+D.+5)%15!14!
6/'3.+*!412*8!!
M%5'&&(;!#!+,3&1(+0!J%6/+&&+!r%)&%2>C)!A3+*41*,'56+!+./51:*'3/(B!Z"RRl[!.1!
%5.+:*'.+!6*%.%6'&!31)%.%15'&%.(;!31&%.%6'&!'$'*+5+));!'50!./+!%5.+5.%15'&%.(!14!)16%'&!
+5:':+,+5.!%5.1!./+!3*16+))+)!14!,(!4%+&0!*+)+'*6/!'50!+./51:*'3/%6!$*%.%5:8!@/+!
,2)%6%'5)!%571&7+0!%5!./%)!3*1<+6.!$+*+!-+.$++5!.$+5.(!'50!41*.(!(+'*!14!':+8!
9&,1).!'&&!'*+!6/%&0*+5!14!%,,%:*'5.!3'*+5.)!$/1!,17+0!.1!./+!F8I8!'50!)+..&+0!
'*1250!+').!61').!6%.%+)!'4.+*!./+!&%4.%5:!14!./+!4+0+*'&!%,,%:*'.%15!-'5!15!
%50%7%02'&)!14!9)%'5!1*%:%5!%5!"Rhf8!J1).!%50%7%02'&)!'*+!F8I8=-1*5;!)+6150=
:+5+*'.%15!9)%'5!9,+*%6'5);!$/%&+!'!)%:5%4%6'5.!31*.%15!14!./+,!'*+!14!15+=31%5.=
4%7+=:+5+*'.%15!Z"8f=:+5+*'.%15[;!*+4+**%5:!.1!./+!41*+%:5=-1*5!%50%7%02'&)!$/1!
,17+0!.1!./+!F8I8!'.!'5!+'*&(!':+!'50!/'7+!)3+5.!./+!,'<1*%.(!14!./+%*!&%4+!%5!./+!F8I88!
@/+)+!(125:!%50%7%02'&)!/'7+!%5!61,,15!'!A/(3/+5'.+0!9,+*%6'5B!+D3+*%+56+!14!
/'7%5:!/'0!'!-%=62&.2*'&;!-%&%5:2'&!23-*%5:%5:;!'50!3+*/'3)!.*'5)3'6%4%6!.*'7+&!
+D3+*%+56+)!.1!9)%'!%5!./+%*!6/%&0/110!1*!'02&.!&%4+8!Y'*.%62&'*&(;!,(!%0+5.%4%6'.%15!')!
'5!9)%'5`@'%$'5+)+!9,+*%6'5!,2)%6%'5!'50!,2)%6!)6/1&'*!/')!-++5!%5.+&&+6.2'&&(!
3*1026.%7+!%5!31)%.%15%5:!./%)!*+)+'*6/!3*1<+6.8!J(!+D3+*%+56+)!')!'5!'6.%7+!
3+*41*,+*!%5!./+!*16>!'50!+D3+*%,+5.'&!%,3*17%)+0!,2)%6!)6+5+)!%5!./+!F8I8!'50!%5!
@'%$'5!/'7+!'&)1!+5'-&+0!,+!.1!:'%5!+,3'./(!'50!'66+))!.1!,(!,2)%6%'5=
%541*,'5.)8!J1*+17+*;!,(!"8f=:+5+*'.%15!%,,%:*'5.!+D3+*%+56+)!/'7+!-1./! ! PR!
*+)15'.+0!$%./!'50!)+.!,+!'3'*.!4*1,!,(!%541*,'5.);!$/1!612&0!)+&4=%0+5.%4(!')!
+%./+*!,1*+!A9,+*%6'5B!1*!,1*+!A9)%'5B!./'5!#8!@/%)!&%,%5'&!A-%416'&B!31)%.%15%5:!
ZJ'%*'!"RRlSPe[!/')!3*1026.%7+&(!%541*,+0!,(!'5'&()%)!14!./+!)16%'&!+D3+*%+56+);!
3*16+))+);!'50!,+'5%5:)!14!+./5%6!%0+5.%4%6'.%15!'50!.*'5)5'.%15'&!,2)%6'&!
6155+6.%15)8!
!
E/'3.+*!N7+*7%+$!
@/%)!,2)%6'&!+./51:*'3/(!%5.+**1:'.+)!./+!)16%'&;!62&.2*'&;!'50!:+1:*'3/%6'&!
-1250'*%+)!14!A9)%'5!9,+*%6'B!%5!./+!31).=E%7%&=U%:/.)!'50!31).=R`""!F5%.+0!I.'.+)8!
#!'*:2+!./'.!9)%'5!9,+*%6'5!%50+3+50+5.!*16>!,2)%6%'5)!3+*41*,!$%./!'5!'+)./+.%6!
14!',-%7'&+56+!$/%6/!%5!+44+6.!615.+).)!./+!01,+).%6'.%5:!+44+6.)!14!'5!A9)%'5!
9,+*%6'5B!+./5%6!,'*>%5:8!#5!01%5:!)1;!./+(!250+*,%5+!./+!*'6%'&!).*26.2*+)!%5!./+!
615.+D.!14!&%-+*'&!,2&.%62&.2*'&%),;!'50!14!./+!*+6+5.!*+)2*:+56+!14!#)&',13/1-%6!
N*%+5.'&%),8!!@2*5%5:!12.$'*0!'50!+').$'*0;!./+!,2)%6%'5)!).*+.6/!./+!6154%5%5:!
-1*0+*)!14!./+!F8I8;!*+'6/%5:!4'5)!'50!4+&&1$!,2)%6%'5)!-')+0!%5!7'*%12)!)2-=*+:%15)!
14!9)%'8!@/+!).*26.2*+!14!./+!41&&1$%5:!6/'3.+*)!61**+)3150)!.1!./+!,17+,+5.!q!4*1,!
01,+).%6%.(!.1!.*'5)5'.%15'&%.(!q!14!./%)!17+*='*6/%5:!'*:2,+5.8!E/'3.+*!.$1!
615.%52+)!4*1,!./+!0%':51).%6!*+'0%5:!14!./+!01,+).%6'.%5:!'50!*'6%'&%O%5:!
+D3+*%+56+)!14!-+%5:!9)%'5!,%51*%.%+)!'50!%57+).%:'.+)!/1$!./+)+!%50%7%02'&)!2)+!
,2)%6!.1!.*'5)41*,!,'*:%5'&%O%5:!51.%15)!*+&'.+0!.1!./+%*!)+5)+!14!%0+5.%.(8!E/'3.+*)!
./*++!'50!412*!'*+!1*%+5.+0!12.$'*0!'.!./+!&%-+*'.%5:!)3'6+!14!.*'5)5'.%15'&%.(8!
@/+)+!6/'3.+*)!%0+5.%4(!'50!.*'6+!,1,+5.)!14!+D/%&'*'.%15;!+,31$+*,+5.;!'50!
*+)%).'56+!+D3+*%+56+0!-(!./+!,2)%6%'5)!%5!./+%*!.*'5)5'.%15'&!,2)%6'&!'50!)16%'&! ! \Q!
+5:':+,+5.8!M%5'&&(;!6/'3.+*!4%7+!6156&20+)!./+!0%))+*.'.%15!-(!'!*+4&+D%7+!.2*5!
.1$'*0!,(!1$5!+D3+*%+56+)!14!3&'(%5:!'!*16>!,2)%6!-'50!')!'!3+*41*,'.%7+!
*+)315)+!.1!,(!4%+&0$1*>8!#!)/12&0!51.+!./'.!./+)+!'5'&()%)!6/'3.+*)!'*+!%))2+=-')+0;!
51.!'*.%).=-')+08!@/2);!)1,+!'*.%).)!,'(!'33+'*!%5!,1*+!./'5!15+!6/'3.+*8!!
#5!6/'3.+*!.$1!+5.%.&+0!AK+4(%5:!J2&.%62&.2*'&%),S!@/+!E2&.2*'&!
E15.*'0%6.%15)!14!./+!#50%+!U16>!K8#8d8!#0+1&1:(;B!#!0162,+5.!/1$!./+!,2)%6%'5)!
5'7%:'.+!./+!615.*'0%6.%15)!$%./%5!./+!0%)612*)+)!14!&%-+*'&!,2&.%62&.2*'&%),8!#!4%*).!
12.&%5+!7'*%12)!,'5%4+).'.%15)!14!./+!,2&.%62&.2*'&%).!&1:%6!%5!%50%+!*16>!,2)%6!
<12*5'&%),!'50!:+5*+!0%)612*)+)8!@/+!-2&>!14!./+!6/'3.+*!4162)+)!15!./*++!
,2)%6%'5`-'50=-')+0!+./51:*'3/%6!6')+!).20%+)8!@/%)!'5'&()%)!+D',%5+)!./+!
).*'.+:%+)!./+!,2)%6%'5)!0+3&1(!.1!0+=+))+5.%'&%O+!A9)%'55+))B!'50!1./+*!6154%5%5:!
'50!61,,10%4%+0!51.%15)!14!*'6+;!+./5%6%.(;!6&'));!:+50+*;!'50!)+D2'&%.(8!@/+!4%*).!
6')+!).20(!4+'.2*+)!r1*+'5=9,+*%6'5!r'./%!r1;!./+!:2%.'*%).!'50!-'))%).!14!./+!
V*11>&(5=-')+0!'&&=4+,'&+!325>!-'50!V1(I>12.)!'50!%50%+!325>!:*123!H'6/!N./+*)C!
J1./+*)8!r'./%!'&%:5)!/+*)+&4;!'+)./+.%6'&&(!'50!)16%'&&(;!$%./!./+!4+,%5%).!325>!U%1.=
X***&!,17+,+5.!14!./+!"RRQ)8!!r'./%!)+&4=615)6%12)&(!41*:+)!'!61&1*-&%50!A,2)%6=
17+*=+./5%6%.(B!%0+5.%.(;!0%).'56%5:!/+*)+&4!4*1,!/+*!3+*6+%7+0!9)%'5!A1./+*5+))8B!!
]+*!0(5',%6!0%)%0+5.%4%6'.%15!+D31)+)!./+!%0+1&1:%6'&!615.*'0%6.%15!-+.$++5!
0+,16*'.%6!%0+'&)!'50!$/%.+!51*,)!+,-+00+0!%5!./+!%50%+!325>!,2)%6!)6+5+8!@/+!
)+6150!6')+!).20(!4+'.2*+)!:2%.'*%).;!)%5:+*;!'50!)15:$*%.+*!E'*1&!V2%C)!,2)%6'&!
'0'3.'.%15!14!9*'-%6!313!'50!-+&&(!0'56+!,2)%68!#5!/+*!,2)%6;!E'*1&!+D/%-%.)!.*'%.)!14!
'5!1-&%^2+!%0+5.%4%6'.%15!$%./!J%00&+!H').+*5!4+,%5%5%.(!'50!)+D2'&%.(8!#!0+)6*%-+!
/1$!E'*1&C)!'*.%62&'.%15!'5!254',%&%'*!9)%'5!4+,%5%5+!1./+*5+));!15+!./'.!%)!0%).'5.! ! \"!
4*1,!/+*!1$5!G%+.5',+)+!9,+*%6'5!-'6>:*1250;!+D+,3&%4%+)!).*'.+:%6!'5.%=
+))+5.%'&%),!ZW%3)%.O!"RRe[8!@/+!./%*0!6')+!).20(!/%:/&%:/.)!./+!0+&%7+*(!14!'5!'5.%=
).'.2)=^21!+./1)!-(!./+!I12./!9)%'5!9,+*%6'5!325>!-'50!@/+!r1,%5')8!@/*12:/!
)15:$*%.%5:!'50!K8#8d8!61,,25%.(=-2%&0%5:;!@/+!r1,%5')!6/'&&+5:+)!./+!*'6%'&%O%5:!
+44+6.)!15!%50%7%02'&)!14!I12./!9)%'5!'50!J2)&%,!/+*%.':+!'4.+*!./+!+7+5.)!14!
I+3.+,-+*!""./8!@/+!-'50!-*%5:)!.1:+./+*!7'*%12)!615.+).'.%15'&!,%6*1=25%7+*)+);!
$/%&+!41*:%5:!-150)!$%./!1./+*!,%51*%.(!:*123)!'6*1))!./+!'D+)!14!*+&%:%15;!*'6+;!'50!
+./5%6%.(8!#5!01%5:!)1;!@/+!r1,%5');!#!615.+50;!.*'5)41*,)!./+!&%-+*'&;!01,+).%6'.%5:!
,'5%4+).'.%15)!14!,2&.%62&.2*'&%),!.1!6*+'.+!'!3*1=%,,%:*'5.;!31&(62&.2*'&%).!
ZY*')/'0!PQQ"[!)3'6+!14!*'0%6'&!*+)%).'56+8!
J(!./%*0!6/'3.+*!A@*'7+*)%5:!@*'5)5'.%15'&!H./5%6!Y1&%.%6)!$%./!H*/2=U16>S!
@/+!E')+!14!@/+!])2=5',%;B!41&&1$)!./+!).1*(!14!@'%$'5+)+!9,+*%6'5!c'6>!])2!'50!
/%)!g1*./=c+*)+(=-')+0!-'50!@/+!])2=5',%8!@/%)!6/'3.+*!+D',%5+)!./+%*!
+D3+*%+56+)!14!3+*41*,%5:!%5!7'*%12)!.*'5)5'.%15'&!)%.2'.%15)!4*'2:/.!-(!./+!
:+131&%.%6)!',15:!E/%5';!@'%$'5;!'50!./+!F5%.+0!I.'.+)8!#5!./%)!6/'3.+*;!#!144+*!'!
6&1)+!*+'0%5:!14!.*'5)5'.%15'&!615.'6.!%5!'!3+*41*,'56+!4+'.2*%5:!@/+!])2=5',%!'50!
E/./15%6;!'5!+D.*+,+!,+.'&!-'50!.12*%5:!4*1,!@'%$'58!M1&&1$%5:!V'50'5'!
Y2*>'(')./'C)!$1*>!ZPQQf[;!#!41*+:*1250!.*'5)5'.%15'&%.(!')!'!>+(!615.+D.!14!+./5%6!
%0+5.%.(!*+6154%:2*'.%15!%5!./+!&'.+*!3'*.!14!./+!4%*).!0+6'0+!14!PQQQ)8!M%*).;!#!'5'&(O+!
./+!>+(!,1,+5.)!14!@/+!])2=5',%C)!+5:':+,+5.!$%./!@'%$'5+)+!5'.%15'&%),!7%'!%.)!
615.'6.!$%./!E/./15%68!@/%)!'5'&()%)!%)!41&&1$+0!-(!'5!%5.+*3*+.'.%15!14!./+!
*+)3+6.%7+!*1&+!14!./+!.*'0%.%15'&!E/%5+)+!%5).*2,+5.!'=+,!%5!./+)+!.$1!-'50);!
+D',%5%5:!./+!3*16+))+)!14!c'6>C)!6*+'.%7+!615).*26.%15!14!'!25%^2+!A+*/2!*16>B! ! \P!
)1250!'50!:+5*+8!!@/+!5+D.!)+6.%15!+D3&1*+)!c'6>C)!3+*)15'&!',-%7'&+56+!'50!
).*2::&+!$%./!./+!61,3&+D!.*'5)5'.%15'&!31&%.%6)!',15:!E/%5';!@'%$'5;!'50!
@'%$'5+)+!9,+*%6'8!!@/+!&').!)+6.%15!615)%).)!14!'5!'5'&()%)!14!3*+))!'50!,+0%'!
615.*17+*)(!)2**1250%5:!@/+!])2=5',%C)!'%*3&'(!'.!./+!N&(,3%6)!%5!V+%<%5:8!@/+!
6/'3.+*!6156&20+)!$%./!'5!+./51:*'3/%6!'5'&()%)!14!c'6>C)!*+6+5.!0+3&1(,+5.!14!./+!
,+.'3/1*!14!62&.2*'&!0%3&1,'6(;!%5!&%:/.!14!./+!31&'*%O%5:!'50!3%:+15/1&%5:!41*6+)!
%,3%5:%5:!2315!/%)!-'508!
@/+!412*./!6/'3.+*;!+5.%.&+0!A@/+!r1,%5')C!Y25>!Y25<'-!'50!K%:%.'&!K%')31*'S!
U+6&'%,%5:!'!I16%1=,2)%6'&!@*'5)5'.%15;B!0%)62))+)!/1$!@/+!r1,%5')!2)+)!,2)%6!
'50!)16%'&!,+0%'!.1!*+=+,-+0!./+,)+&7+)!%5.1!'!)16%'&!$1*&0!*%00+5!$%./!5+1=
N*%+5.'&%),!'50!#)&',13/1-%'!'4.+*!./+!+7+5.)!15!I+3.+,-+*!""8!@/%)!6/'3.+*!
+D.+50)!./+!%))2+)!14!.*'5)5'.%15'&%.(!'50!:+1:*'3/(!./'.!+,+*:+!%5!6/'3.+*!./*++8!
@/+1*+.%6'&&(;!#!0+3&1(!c1)/!r25C)!6156+3.%15!14!A'20%1.13%'B!.1!'33*1'6/!,2)%6!%5!
)3'.%'&!.+*,)8!#5!./+!4%*).!)+6.%15;!#!+5:':+!%5!6&1)+!*+'0%5:)!14!'!)+*%+)!14!)15:)!-(!
@/+!>1,%5')8!#5!./+)+!6&1)+!*+'0%5:);!#!0+)6*%-+!@/+!r1,%5')C!.*'5)5'.%15'&!A/1,+B!
6*+'.+0!-(!./+!-'50C)!25%^2+!,2)%6'&!'0'3.%15)!14!*/(./,;!&(*%6);!0'56+;!'50!).(&+)!
+D.*'6.+0!4*1,!V*%.%)/!325>!*16>!'50!I12./!9)%'5!4%&,!'50!41&>!,2)%68!@/+!5+D.!
)+6.%15!)+.)!12.!.1!+D3&1*+!./+!615.12*)!'50!0(5',%6)!%5!./+!7').&(!.*'5)&16'&!
61,,25%.(!-2%&.!-(!@/+!r1,%5');!-+(150!./+!-1*0+*)!14!./+!F5%.+0!I.'.+)8!#!4162)!
15!@/+!r1,%5')C!+441*.)!14!61,,25%.(=-2%&0%5:!7%'!./+!2)+!14!)16%'&!,+0%'8!#!.*'6+!
./+!-'50C)!%571&7+,+5.!%5!./+!41*,'.%15!14!./+!.*'5)5'.%15'&!)6+5+!)+&4=&'-+&+0!')!
@'^$'61*+;!'!325>=%5)3%*+0!,2)%6!)2-62&.2*+!'44%&%'.+0!$%./!'&.+*5'.%7+!51.%15)!14!
#)&',8!t2%.+!&%.+*'&&(;!#!144+*!'!)+.!14!7%)2'&%O'.%15)!'50!5'**'.%7+)!./'.!0+3%6.!./+! ! \\!
-'50C)!A0%:%.'&!0%')31*'8B!#!'*:2+!./'.!-(!)16%'&=5+.$1*>%5:!$%./!1./+*!A-*1$5B=!'50!
.'^$'61*+=%0+5.%4%+0!%50%7%02'&)!'6*1))!./+!-1*0+*)!14!)+7+*'&!5'.%15=).'.+);!./+!
-'50!)266+))42&&(!0+=6+5.+*)!95:&1=9,+*%6'5!/+:+,15(!%5!./+!:&1-'&!62&.2*'&!'50!
325>!*16>!.+**'%58!@1!3*+)+5.!,(!'*:2,+5.;!#!2.%&%O+0!0%:%.'&!/2,'5%.%+)!.11&)!)26/!
')!$+-=,%5%5:!'50!,'33%5:!.+6/51&1:%+)!.1!7%)2'&%O+!./+!)16%'&!5+.$1*>)!14!./+!
,2)%6%'5)!%5!,(!).20(8!@/%)!3*16+))!14!7%)2'&%O'.%15!/')!/+&3+0!,+!.1!'5'&(O+!./+!
)16%'&!:+1:*'3/(!14!,2)%6%'5)!$/1!^2+).%15!./+%*!)+5)+!14!+./5%6!'50!5'.%15'&!
-+&15:%5:!'50!.1!)%.2'.+!./+!+./51:*'3/%6!0+.'%&)!14!,(!Pe=,15./!4%+&0!*+)+'*6/!
$%./%5!'!:&1-'&!615.+D.8!#5!'5!+D.+50+0!)2-6/'3.+*;!#!$%&&!)%.2'.+!,(!0%:%.'&!,+./10)!
$%./%5!+./51:*'3/%6!&%.+*'.2*+!'50!./+!6*%.%6'&!*'6+!0%)612*)+)!'*1250!6(-+*325>!
&%.+*'.2*+;!31).61&15%'&%),;!'50!31).5'.%15'&%.(8!
M%5'&&(!%5!6/'3.+*!4%7+!A@/+!I6/1&'*=Y+*41*,'56+!H,+*:+)S!U+4&+D%7+!
Y+*41*,'56+!')!Y2-&%6!I6/1&'*)/%3;B!#!+D3&1*+!./+!3*'6.%6+j%5!3+*41*,'56+j14!
%5.+&&+6.2'&!%))2+)!0+7+&13+0!%5!*+)+'*6/!'-12.!9)%'5!9,+*%6'5!3'*.%6%3'.%15!%5!
%50+3+50+5.!*16>!,2)%68!@/+!)1250)!'50!).1*%+)!./'.!,2)%6%'5=61&&+':2+)!)/'*+0!
02*%5:!,(!Pe=,15./)!14!+./51:*'3/%6!+5:':+,+5.!$%./!'!01O+5!-'50)!Z14!3'*.%'&!1*!
$/1&+!9)%'5!9,+*%6'5!,+,-+*)/%3[!%5)3%*+0!,+!.1!).'*.!,(!1$5!-'50!KO%'5s8!!#5!
./%)!:*123!$+!'0'3.!'50!3+*41*,!9)%'5!*16>!,2)%6!4*1,!./+!"RhQ)!'50!iQ);!.1!
6/'&&+5:+!./+!95:&1=9,+*%6'5!/+:+,15(!14!*16>!,2)%6;!'!7%)%15!%5)3%*+0!-(!,(!
%5.+*'6.%15)!$%./!@/+!r1,%5')8!@1!%5)6*%-+!9)%'!'50!9)%'5!9,+*%6'!%5.1!*16>!,2)%6!
0%)612*)+);!$+!3+*41*,!.1!,'>+!./%)!1-)62*+!-10(!14!,2)%6!7%)%-&+!%5!&16'&!'50!
*+:%15'&!,2)%6!)6+5+)8!#!615)%0+*!KO%'5s!'!31).=4%+&0$1*>!3*1<+6.!14!32-&%6!
)6/1&'*)/%3S!'!3&'(:*1250!.1!+D3+*%,+5.!6*%.%6'&&(!$%./!6156+3.)!14!*'6+;!+./5%6%.(;! ! \e!
'50!31).61&15%'&%),!41*,2&'.+0!%5!,(!0%))+*.'.%158!@/%)!+3%&1:2+!3*+)+5.)!'!)+.!14!
5'**'.%7+)!./'.!/%:/&%:/.!3+*41*,'.%7+!+5:':+,+5.!$%./!,(!0(5',%6!'50!
',-%7'&+5.!Z0%)[%0+5.%4%6'.%15!')!'!@'%$'5+)+!9,+*%6'58!#!'00*+))!/1$!,2)%6'&!
3+*41*,'56+!'&&+7%'.+)!,(!).*2::&+!$%./!1*%+5.'&%),!Zr1501!"RRi[!'50!*'6%'&!
,+&'56/1&%'!ZH5:!'50!]'5!PQQ\[8!#!0+)6*%-+!/1$!3+*41*,%5:!/')!:+5+*'.+0!3+*)15'&!
'50!61&&+6.%7+!*+3'*'.%15!41*!'5!9)%'5!9,+*%6'5!&1))!14!'!)+5)+!14!)16%'&!-+&15:%5:8!
@/%)!,2)%6'&!3*1<+6.!%)!61,,%..+0!.1!./+!62&.2*'&!$1*>!14!A2501%5:!4%+&0$1*>B!
Zr%)&%2>!"RRi[;!'50!:+).2*+)!.1$'*0!./+!%5.+*)+6.%15!-+.$++5!+./51:*'3/(!'50!
'6.%7%),!ZL15:!PQQe[8!Y*%7%&+:%5:!./+!'6.!14!32-&%6!,2)%6=,'>%5:;!#!615.+50!./'.!./+!
*1&+!14!)6/1&'*=3+*41*,+*!%)!15+!./'.!6'5!./1*12:/&(!+,-10(!)6/1&'*)/%3!')!'!)16%'&!
3*'6.%6+8!
!
9!E10'!
$+).*"4*@*#1,2(*!''*31,* $1,2(*31,*!)3*.1*>'* T22*.+'*.">'* <1,B?'*D''-*!1*#12(* @B?'*+"(*"-!"('* T-(*"4*71=(!*#1,2(*>'-(*31,=*'3'!* @B(*!#=')>*)*.+1,!)-(*.">'!* @B(*!#=')>*)*.+1,!)-(*.">'!* $+3*(1*31,*+).'* $+3*(1*31,*+).'*>'* * I*R@0-1=)-#'V*D3*S")#="."#)2a*23="#!*D3*^>)=*$)[)=* !
#!32.!K%'6*%.%6'&C)!.*'6>!A#:51*'56+B!15!*+3+'.;!+)3+6%'&&(!$/+5!#!4++&!'&%+5'.+0!
'50!)'0!&%7%5:!')!'5!9)%'5!9,+*%6'5!,%51*%.(!%5!E+5.*'&!G%*:%5%'!$/+*+!9)%'5!+./5%6!
+56&'7+)!'*+!7%*.2'&&(!%57%)%-&+;!$/+*+!#!)%,3&(!4++&!&%>+!#!015C.!-+&15:8!I1,+.%,+)!#! ! \f!
.11!$'5.!.1!)6*+',!$%./!N,'*!'50!/%)!-'50!,'.+);!AL/(!01!(12!/'.+!,+p!I.13!./+!
/'.+8B!V2.!#C,!51.!)2*+!%4!,(!71%6+!%)!+7+*!/+'*08!9&&!#!>51$!%)!./'.!N,'*C)!4').!31$+*!
6/1*0)!'50!r2*.=E1-'%5=&%>+!'5./+,%6!(12./42&!)6*+',)!',+&%1*'.+!,(!).'.+!14!
'&%+5'.%158!J2)%6!%)!,1*+!./'5!'!,10+!14!+D3*+))%15!-+6'2)+!%.!'*.%62&'.+)!'!)/'0+!14!
4++&%5:)!'50!+D3+*%+56+)!:*+'.+*!./'5!./+!%50%7%02'&8!N,'*!6'&&)!%.!'!A,2)%6'&!<%/'0;B!
'!515=7%1&+5.!).*2::&+!':'%5).!*'6%'&!/'.+!ZL'^'*!PQQR6[8!@/%)!61&&+6.%7+!).'.+!14!
',-%7'&+56+;!*':+;!,+&'56/1&%';!'50!'5:+*;!'4.+*!c1)?!J2n1O;!)/12&0!51.!-+!)++5!')!
A3'./1&1:(!1*!')!'!)+&4='-)1*-+0!,110!./'.!%5/%-%.)!'6.%7%),8!U'./+*!%.!%)!'!
,+6/'5%),!./'.!/+&3)!2)!Z*+[615).*26.!%0+5.%.(!'50!.'>+!12*!0+'0!$%./!2)!.1!./+!
7'*%12)!-'..&+)!$+!,2).!$':+!%5!./+%*!5',+)j'50!%5!12*!5',+)B!Z"RRRS!ie[8!@/+!
0+'0;!%5!./%)!256'55(!)3'6+!3132&'.+0!-(!9)%'5!9,+*%6'5!71%6+)!'50!)1250);!'*+!./+!
3+*41*,%5:!:/1).)!./'.!4&1'.!%5!'50!'*1250!,'%5).*+',!F8I8!,+0%'8!@/+(!&'6>!'5!
%0+5.%4%'-&+!-10(!./'.!'56/1*)!'50!'!)+5)+!14!62&.2*'&!6%.%O+5)/%38!N&%7+*!L'5:!)++)!
,2)%6!')!A'!)%.+!$/+*+!9)%'5!9,+*%6'5!61,,25%.%+)!612&0!-+!%,':%5+0!)(,-1&%6'&&(;!
%5!*+)%).'56+!.1!./+!0+5%'&!14!./'.!61&&+6.%7%.(!%5!./+!9,+*%6'5!31&%.%6'&;!)16%'&;!'50!
,'.+*%'&!$1*&0B!ZPQQ"S!ee\[8!9&15:!$%./!./+!N,'*!'50!'&&!1./+*!,2)%6%'5)!./'.!#!,+.!
'50!-+4*%+50+0!02*%5:!,(!4%+&0$1*>;!#!$*%.+!.1!-*+'>!&11)+!14!./+!+3%0+*,'&!
)/'6>&+)!./'.!-%50!2);!'50!.1!-2%&0!61,,25%.%+)!.1!-*%5:!.1:+./+*!./+!&15+!)1250%5:!
)3%*%.)8! ! \h!
!"#$%&'(?*(@&5A1,2(B/=%10/=%/'#=189*(! C"&(!/=%/'#=(!-,%'#.10%1-,8(-5(%"&(+,.1&(D-0E(@F+FGF(+.&-=-2A(( ( ( ( *@*7)!*7).#+"-0*.+).*+1=="D23*!.'='1.3&'*4"22'(*>1?"'*@-(")-)*b1-'!*)-(*.+'* .'>&2'*14*(11>F*A),0+"-0*"-!"('*.1*.+'*!''>"-023*#)=.11-"!+*&1=.=)3)2*14*J1,.+* T!")-!*"-*7'!.'=-*>'(")F*$+'-*.+'*!>)22*T!")-*D13*!+1,.'(*R@-("'c*@-("'c*A11%* 1,.cV*@*%-'7*.+'-*.+).*.+'*4,.,='*71,2(*D'*)*021="1,!*1-'F*d"22'(*7".+*21,(* #=)]"-'!!*)-(*':&'=">'-.)2*>,!"#F*@*7)!*01"-0*.1*S@<*>3*4)#'*144F*@-("'FFF*3'!FFF* @-("'/*"-(''(F*==!N,'*!L'^'*!ZPQQR-[* ! ! N5!/%)!-%1:*'3/(!3':+;!:2%.'*%).!'50!)15:$*%.+*!N,'*!L'^'*!>++5&(!
'*.%62&'.+)!./+!31$+*!'50!./+!615.*'0%6.%15)!14!./+!%50%+!*16>!01=%.=(12*)+&4!
%0+1&1:(8!#5!4%7+!)+5.+56+);!N,'*!.*'5)41*,)!./+!$1*0!A%50%+B!%5.1!'!)'.%*%6'&!012-&+=
+5.+50*+8!M%*).!/+!*+4+*)!.1!./+!4%&,!@-(")-)*b1-'!;!6*%.%^2%5:!/1$!,'%5).*+',!F8I8!
,+0%'!6'*%6'.2*+)!9)%'5)8!]+!./+5!'))2,+)!./+!)2-<+6.!31)%.%15!14!A./+!),'&&!9)%'5!
-1(B!%5!./+!,17%+!$/1)+!+D6&','.%15!*%5:)!-+(150!./+!,17%+!.1!'*.%62&'.+!/%)!
32*31)+42&!,2)%6'&!+50+'71*)8!L%./!./'.;!N,'*!'))+*.)!A%50%+B!')!'5!'6.%15;!'33&(%5:!
./+!K8#8d8!+./1)!*11.+0!%5!./+!/'*061*+!'50!325>!)2-62&.2*+;!')!'!$'(!.1!*+6&'%,!./+!
'-<+6.+0!9)%'5!,%51*%.(!31)%.%158!g1$!-&').%5:!/%)!A&120!6*'O%5+))!'50!+D3+*%,+5.'&!
,2)%6;B!./+!),'&&!9)%'5!-1(!$%+&0)!./+!31$+*!.1!)3+'>!41*!/%,)+&4!$/%&+!5'7%:'.%5:!
%5!./+!$1*&08!
#5!./%)!6/'3.+*;!#!'*:2+!./'.!./+!,2&.%62&.2*'&%).!%0+1&1:(!01,%5'.+)!./+!
6156+3.%15)!14!*'6+!'50!+./5%6%.(!$%./%5!./+!62**+5.!Z6%*6'!PQQQ)[!%50%+!*16>!,2)%6!
0%)612*)+!'50!)6+5+)8!#!2)+!./+!$1*0!A,2&.%62&.2*'&%),B!.1!*+4+*!.1!./+!&%-+*'&!
%0+1&1:(!./'.!).*%7+)!41*!*'6%'&;!+./5%6;!'50!62&.2*'&!0%7+*)%.(!%5!./+!31).=E%7%&=U%:/.)!
F5%.+0!I.'.+)8!#!615.+50!./'.!./+!62**+5.!,2&.%62&.2*'&%).!+57%*15,+5.!3*17%0+)!'5!
1331*.25%.(!41*!%50%7%02'&)!$/1!4'&&!12.)%0+!14!./+!-&'6>='50=$/%.+!*'6%'&!-%5'*(!.1! ! \i!
+D3+*%,+5.!$%./!./+%*!41*,+*&(!)%&+56+0!)1250!'50!%0+5.%.(8!V2.!./%)!,2&.%62&.2*'&%).!
)3'6+!%)!51.!A4*++!41*!'&&;B!'50!/')!615)+^2+56+);!+)3+6%'&&(!41*!,%51*%.(!'*.%).)8!!
@/%)!6/'3.+*!$%&&!4%*).!+D',%5+!/1$!(125:!%50%+!*16>!,2)%6%'5)!q!r'./%!r1!
'50!E'*1&!V2%!q!2)+!./+!K8#8d8!%0+1&1:(!.1!+D3*+))!'50!615.+,3&'.+!./+%*!25%^2+!
A%50%+B!%0+5.%.%+)8!@/%)!'5'&()%)!4162)+)!15!./+!).*'.+:%+)!./+(!0+3&1(!.1!0+=
+))+5.%'&%O+!A9)%'55+))B!$/%&+!5+:1.%'.%5:!%))2+)!14!*'6+;!+./5%6%.(;!6&'));!:+50+*;!'50!
)+D2'&%.(8!@/+!*+).!14!,(!0%)62))%15!$%&&!4162)!15!./+!).*2::&+)!14!@/+!r1,%5')!
':'%5).!,2&.%62&.2*'&%).!.1>+5%),!'50!,+0%'!)+5)'.%15'&%),!*+71&7%5:!'*1250!I12./!
9)%'5!'50!J2)&%,!%0+5.%.%+)!%5!./+!31).=R`""!+*'8!@/+!r1,%5')C!).1*(!%&&2,%5'.+)!'!
)16%'&&(!+5:':+0;!,%51*%.'*%'5!3+*)3+6.%7+!')!'!6*%.%6'&!'&.+*5'.%7+!.1!
,2&.%62&.2*'&%),8!@/+!<2D.'31)%.%15!14!./+)+!./*++!6')+!).20%+)!$%&&!/13+42&&(!+D31)+!
./+!012-&+!).'50'*0!$%./%5!./+!&%-+*'&=&+'5%5:!K8#8d8!+./1)!+)312)+0!-(!%50%+!
*16>+*)T!'.!./+!)',+!.%,+;!)/+0!&%:/.!15!./+!&%,%.'.%15)!'50!615.*'0%6.%15)!14!
,2&.%62&.2*'&%),!3*'6.%6+0!%5!./+!F8I898!
(
J17%5:!V+(150!./+!V&'6>='50=L/%.+!I.1*(!
I6/1&'*)!14!3132&'*!,2)%6!).20%+)!/'7+!51.+0!./+!3*+01,%5'56+!14!$/%.+!
,'&+!,2)%6%'5)!%5!V*%.%)/!'50!9,+*%6'5!%50%+!*16>!,2)%68!9661*0%5:!.1!./+,;!%50%+!
*16>!,2)%6%'5)!%5!./+!"RlQ)!.2*5+0!'$'(!4*1,!./+%*!615.+,31*'5+12)!,'%5).*+',!
)1250!'50!%,':+;!'50!0+4%5+0!./+%*!'+)./+.%6)!%5!1331)%.%15!.1!$/'.!$')!3+*6+%7+0!
')!./+!61,,+*6%'&%O+0!m313C;!5',+&(;!)12&;!/%3!/13;!0%)61;!'50!1./+*!:+5*+)!
'))16%'.+0!$%./!0'56+;!-&'6>5+));!'50!./+!-10(!ZV'55%).+*!PQQhT!]+),150/'&:/! ! \l!
"RRR[8i!@/%)!)+&4=615)6%12)!+D6&2)%15!14!,2)%6'&!-&'6>5+))!&+0!.1!./+!615).*26.%15!14!
A'!6'515!14!$/%.+;!250+*:*1250!*16>!*+4+*+56+)B!Z]+),150/'&:/!"RRRS!\l[8!!
9!)%,%&'*;!3+*/'3)!,1*+!52'56+0;!6/'%5!14!6157+*)'.%15)!'))+))%5:!./+!
)16%1+6151,%6;!+./5%6;!'50!*'6%'&!61,31)%.%15!14!./+!%50%+!*16>!,2)%6!)6+5+)!%5!./+!
PQQQ)!1662**+0!,1*+!*+6+5.&(!%5!./+!*+'&,!14!313!62&.2*+!61,,+5.'*(8!;'7*<1=%'=!
313!6*%.%6!I')/'!M*+*+=c15+)!ZPQQi[!$*1.+!'!31&+,%6'&!3%+6+!'662)%5:!%50%+!*16>!14!
&1)%5:!%.)!)12&;!%8+8!'!6155+6.%15!.1!,2)%6'&!-&'6>5+))8!M*+*+=c15+)!6&'%,)!./'.!#50%+!
*16>!).*%33+0!*16>!,2)%6!14!%.)!-&'6>!%54&2+56+)!'50!6+')+0!.1!3'*.%6%3'.+!%5!./+!
.*'0%.%15!14!,2)%6'&!,%)6+:+5'.%15!+,-+00+0!%5!./+!/%).1*(!14!9,+*%6'5!*16>!m5C!
*1&&8!]+!&',+5.)!%50%+!*16>!,2)%6%'5)C!5+:&%:+56+!14!*/(./,!%5!)15:$*%.%5:!'50!./+%*!
&'6>!14!)/1$,'5)/%3;!-1./!'*+!^2'&%.%+)!6/'*'6.+*%O+0!')!-+%5:!6+5.*'&!%5!-&'6>!
9,+*%6'5!,2)%6!14!./+!,%0!PQ./!6+5.2*(8!#5!.+*,)!14!716'&%.(!'50!&(*%6);!M*+*+=c15+)!
$*%.+);!%50%+!*16>!)%5:+*)!A'-'5015+0!42&&=./*1'.+0!716'&)!'50!-+:'5!.1!,2,-&+!'50!
,1'5;!'50!.1!/%0+!./+%*!71%6+)!250+*!51%)+8!W(*%6)!-+6',+!%56*+')%5:&(!'&&2)%7+!'50!
1-&%^2+B!ZPQQiS!"ih[8!!
L*%.%5:!%5!J2).';!E'*&!L%&)15!ZPQQi[!*+)3150)!.1!M*+*+=c15+)!'50!144+*)!'5!
'&.+*5'.%7+;!-2.!)%,%&'*&(!)(,3.1,'.%6;!*+'0%5:!14!%50%+!*16>!,2)%68!@/+!A.*12-&+!
$%./!%50%+!*16>B!6156+*5)!&+))!./+!%))2+!14!*'6+!./'5!6&'))8!L%&)15!'*:2+)!./'.!%50%+!
*16>C)!51).'&:%6!^2+).!41*!A'5.%^2'*%'5!,2)%6!'50!+)6'3%).!)3%*%.2'&%.(B!,'>+!./+!
:+5*+!,1*+!'>%5!.1!./+!"RhQ)!41&>!*+7%7'&8!#50%+!*16>!%)!4%&&+0!$%./!A-11>%)/!'50!
5+*0(B!Z')!1331)+0!.1!A-10(=6+5.+*+0B[!'+)./+.%6)!'50!/')!'!.+50+56(!.1!A)/1$!144!
%.)!6/13)!7%'!%.)!*'5:+!14!'&&2)%15)!'50!/%:/!6156+3.)!$%./!./+!>%50!14!4&2+56(!-1./! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 7 Journalists and scholars have noted the line “Hang the DJ” in the Smiths’ song “Panic” as an example for indie guitar rockers’ anti-black sentiment (Bannister 2005, 64). ! \R!
31).,10+*5!313!62&.2*+!'50!/%:/+*!+026'.%15!.+'6/!%.)!&%).+5+*)!.1!'0,%*+8B!@/+)+!
6/'*'6.+*%).%6)!*+4&+6.!./+!+&%.+!.').+!'50!).'.2)!14!./+!%50%7%02'&)!14!mA>51$&+0:+!
$1*>+*)C!%5!.*'%5%5:C!'50!5+%:/-1*/110=:+5.*%4(%5:!.(3+!&%7%5:!%5!m6*+'.%7+C!61&&+:+!
.1$5)8Bl!L%&)15!').2.+&(!&16'.+)!./%)!6&'))=-')+0!.').+!0+,'*6'.%15!$%./%5!'!:&1-'&!
615.+D.S!)3+6%4%6'&&(;!A./+!)3&%.!-+.$++5!'!/'*,15(='50=&(*%6)=1*%+5.+0!%50%+!4%+&0!
'50!'!*/(./,='50=0'56+=)3+6%'&%O+0!*'3`UuV!)6+5+!')!,%**1*%5:!./+!0+7+&13%5:!
:&1-'&!)3&%.!-+.$++5!'5!%5.+*5'.%15'&%).;!+026'.+0!61,3*'01*!6&'))!'50!'!4'*!&+))!
,1-%&+;!,+5%'&=&'-1*!,'*>+.B!ZPQQi[8!!
L%&)15!31%5.)!12.!15+!1./+*!4'&&'6(!'))2,+0!%5!M*+*+=c15+)C)!'*.%6&+S!AL/'._)!
,1*+;!*'6%'&!&%5+)!%5!./+!F5%.+0!I.'.+)!51!&15:+*!0%7%0+!3*%,'*%&(!%5.1!-&'6>!'50!
$/%.+8!L/+5!m,%)6+:+5'.%15C!01+)!/'33+5!%5!,2)%6!51$;!%._)!&%>+&(!.1!-+!,1*+!
,2&.%62&.2*'&!./'5!%5!M*+*+=c15+)_!41*,2&';!')!%5!*'%5-1$=61'&%.%15!-'50)!)26/!')!
95.%-'&')!'50!NO1,'.&%8B!L%&)15C)!ZPQQi[!)2::+).%15!14!&11>%5:!-+(150!A./+!-&'6>!
'50!$/%.+!).1*(B!$%./%5!%50%+!*16>!,2)%6!)3'*>)!'!&%:/.8!955!Y1$+*)!ZPQQi[;!6/%+4!
313=,2)%6!6*%.%6!14!./+!A1!*T-0'2'!*6">'!!615.%52+)!4*1,!L%&)15C)!)++0!14!'*:2,+5.!
.1!5',+!)+7+*'&!6*1))=4+*.%&%O'.%15!3*1<+6.)!./'.!61,3&%6'.+!:+5*+;!*'6+;!'50!
+./5%6%.(=-')+0!0%).%56.%15)!$%./%5!615.+,31*'*(!%50%+!*16>!,2)%68!@/+!5',+)!15!
Y1$+*)C!&%).!%56&20+!J8#898;!X1:1&!V1*0+&&1;!K+7+50*'!V'5/'*.;!r%5>(;!V<1*>;!V&16!
Y'*.(;!931&&1!]+%:/.);!',15:!1./+*)8!Y1$+*)!%)!>++5!.1!)3+6%4(!./+!-&'6>;!$/%.+;!
#)*'+&%;!H2*13+'5!Z#6+&'50%6;!U1,'[;!V*'O%&%'5;!'50!J+D%6'5!'50!1./+*!W'.%5!
9,+*%6'5!%54&2+56+)!'50!/+*%.':+)!'44%&%'.+0!$%./!./+)+!'*.%).)!'50!./+%*!6*+'.%7+!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 2 Wilson cites Richard Florida’s bestseller The Rise of the Creative Class: And How It’s Transforming Work, Leisure, Community, and Everyday Life. More on the socioeconomic dimension of the “creative” class, see Florida, Richard, 2002. New York: Basic Books. ! eQ!
12.32.8!H./5%6!'50!,2)%6'&!'44%&%'.%15)!.1!9)%'!'*+;!2541*.25'.+&(;!17+*&11>+0!15!/+*!
&%).;!$%./!./+!+D6+3.%15!14!V<1*>C)!%5)3%*'.%15!0*'$%5:!4*1,!c'3'5+)+!,2)%6'&!
61&&'-1*'.1*)!'50!61,%6!-11>!Z>)-0)[!7%)2'&!62&.2*+8!L/+*+!'*+!./+!9)%'5!
+./5%6%.%+)`)%:5%4%+*)!%5!./+!,%Dp!L/'.!6'5!$+!)'(!'-12.!J8#898C)!I*%=W'5>'5!0+)6+5.T!
'50!J'..!@15:!14!V&16!Y'*.(C)!/'&4=J'&'()%'5=E/%5+)+!/+*%.':+pR!!
L%&)15!'50!Y1$+*)!'*+!3+*/'3)!./+!4%*).!6*%.%6)!.1!51.%6+!./+!:*'02'&!%56*+')+!
%5!+./5%6!0%7+*)%.(!%5!%50%+!*16>!,2)%68!d+.!./+(!4'%&!.1!51.+!./+!+,+*:%5:!9)%'5!
3*+)+56+!%5!.+*,)!14!-'50!,+,-+*)/%3!'50!)15%6!*+4+*+56+)8!#5!./+!"RRQ);!9)%'5!
9,+*%6'5!,2)%6%'5)!)26/!')!c',+)!#/'!14!I,')/%5:!Y2,3>%5);!@15(!r'5'&!14!g1!
K12-.;!J'..!L15:!14!U++&!V%:!M%)/;!J%>+!Y'*>!14!I>'5>%5C!Y%6>&+;!'50!c1+(!I'5.%':1!
14!./+!Y%D%+)!3'*.11>!14!./+!%50%+!'50!'&.+*5'.%7+!*16>!,2)%6C)!!"('*!.)0'!%5!./+!
F5%.+0!I.'.+)8!I%56+!./+!-+:%55%5:!14!./%)!,%&&+55%2,;!,'5(!,2)%6%'5)!14!9)%'5!
0+)6+5.!.11>!./+!%50%+!*16>!,2)%6!#'-.'=*!.)0'!&+'0%5:!%615%6!:*123)!)26/!')!./+! d+'/!d+'/!d+'/);!G]I!1*!V+.';!9)1-%!I+>)2;!V&150+!U+0/+'0;!K++*/114;!V',-11!
I/11.);!'50!@/'1!'50!./+!X+.!K1$5!I.'(!K1$58"Q!!
@/%)!0%'&1:2+!',15:!.10'(C)!$+&&=>51$5!,2)%6!6*%.%6)!3*17%0+)!'!-')%)!41*!
,(!+D3&1*'.%15!14!'5!9)%'5!9,+*%6'5!31)%.%15'&%.(!$%./%5!F8I8=-')+0!%50%+!*16>!
,2)%6!)6+5+)8!@/%)!6/'3.+*!3%6>)!23!4*1,!E'*&!L%&)15C)!ZPQQi[!1-)+*7'.%15!14!./+!
6&'))=0+4%5+0!.').+!'50!./+!+,+*:+56+!14!A,%)6+:+5'.%15B!3*1<+6.)!-(!7'*%12)!
,2&.%62&.2*'&!1*!A*'%5-1$=61'&%.%15B!-'50)8!W11>%5:!'.!%50%+!*16>!,2)%6!-+(150!./+!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! \ Bloc Party is a high-profile indie rock band based in the U.K. Drummer Matt Tong’s ethnicity is rarely mentioned in press. I found a brief discussion of it in this interview: “That interview with Matt Tong of Bloc Party” http://mog.com/cyberred/blog/1239853#play, Mog, Cyberred. Accessed May 14, 2010.! 4 The popularity of Japanese groups such as Mono, Boris, Boredoms, and British-Asian M.I.A. has further accentuated the representation of Asianness in the increasingly globalized indie music scene. ! e"!
-&'6>!'50!$/%.+!).1*(;!./%)!6/'3.+*!')>)S!L/'.!%)!./+!62**+5.!*'6%'&!'50!+./5%6!
31&%.%6);!/1$+7+*!%54&+6.+0!-(!6&'));!:+50+*;!'50!)+D2'&%.(;!$%./%5!./+!F8I8=-')+0!
%50%+!*16>!)6+5+)p!]1$!01!9,+*%6'5!,2)%6%'5)!14!9)%'5!0+)6+5.!.10'(!2)+!./+!%50%+!
*16>!)1250!'50!%0+1&1:(!.1!5'7%:'.+!./+,)+&7+)!')!<2).='-17+=./+=*'0'*!,%51*%.%+)p!
#5!3'*.%62&'*;!$/'.!).*'.+:%+)!01!./+(!+,3&1(!.1!+D3&1%.!'50!.*'5)41*,!./+%*!)+&4=
%0+5.%.(!'50!)+5)%-%&%.(!$%./%5!%5!'!51$!A,2&.%62&.2*'&B!)16%'&!)3'6+p!L/'.!1./+*!
*'6%'&!'50!+./5%6!3*1<+6.)!,'(!./+(!+5:':+!$%./!%5!&%:/.!14!./%)!3*+)2,'-&(!+^2'&!
3&'(%5:!4%+&0p!V+41*+!./+!'5'&()%);!#!$%&&!4%*).!12.&%5+!./+!*+&+7'5.!/%).1*%6'&!'50!
%5).%.2.%15'&!6/'5:+)!./'.!/'7+!1662**+0!$%./%5!'50!'*1250!./+!%50%+!*16>!,2)%6!
)6+5+)!%5!./+!F5%.+0!I.'.+)8!
!
@/+!J2&.%3&%6%.%+)!%5!#50%+!U16>!J2)%6!K%)612*)+!
#5!./+!"RlQ);!./+!.+*,!A%50%+B!*+4+**+0!.1!4%5'56%'&!%50+3+50+56+!4*1,!,'<1*!
*+61*0!61,3'5%+)8!#50%+!-'50)!'50!&'-+&)!3*1026+0!*+61*0)!2)%5:!5+$&(!'441*0'-&+!
.+6/51&1:(8!@/+(!41*,+0!'5!250+*:*1250!5+.$1*>!14!*+61*0!0%).*%-2.%15!'50!
3+*41*,'56+!+D6/'5:+8!@/+!.+*,!A%50%+B!6/'5:+0!4*1,!-+%5:!0+)6*%3.%7+!.1!
3*+)6*%3.%7+!$/+5!,2)%6%'5);!<12*5'&%).);!'50!&'-+&!1$5+*)!-+:'5!.1!2)+!%.!')!'!$'(!
.1!')6*%-+!7'&2+!.1!./+%*!).'.+!14!%50+3+50+56+8!@/+!K8#8d8;!1*!01=%.=(12*)+&4;!+./1)!
./2)!+,+*:+0!')!'5!%0+1&1:%6'&!61,3'))!41*!)1,+!%50%+!*16>+*)8!#50%+!*16>!
,2)%6%'5)!'50!,2)%6!$*%.+*)!/'7+!)%56+!0+3&1(+0!./+!.+*,!A%50%+B!$/%&+!4&26.2'.%5:!
-+.$++5!%.)!3*'6.%6'&;!'+)./+.%6;!'50!%0+1&1:%6'&!61551.'.%15)8!
#5!./+!&'.+!"RRQ)!'50!+'*&(!PQQQ);!%50%+!*16>!+,+*:+0!4*1,!./+!)2-62&.2*'&!
250+*:*1250!.1!-+61,+!'5!'-17+=:*1250!3/+51,+515!6+5.*'&!%5!./+!61,,+*6%'&! ! eP!
,2)%6!%502).*(!Zv%,,+*,'5!PQQl[8!@/+!.+*,!%50%+!*16>!)/%4.+0!'$'(!4*1,!-+%5:!'5!
+6151,%6'&&(!0%).%56.!:+5*+!.1!51$!'!,1*+!'+)./+.%6'&&(!0+4%5+0!6'.+:1*(8!@/+!:+5*+!
14!A%50%+!*16>B!)3&%.!%5.1!'!52,-+*!14!)2-:+5*+)8!#50%+!*16>!,2)%6%'5);!6*%.%6);!'50!
&%).+5+*)!+,3&1(!)2-:+5*+!%0+5.%4%+*)!.1!0+)6*%-+!./+!)1250!')!$+&&!')!./+!'))16%'.+0!
%,':+!'50!)2-62&.2*'&!%0+5.%.%+)8!@/+)+!+,+*:%5:!'50!*+=+,+*:+0!)2-:+5*+!
%0+5.%4%+*)!%56&20+S!0*+',!313;!51%)+!*16>;!%50%+!313;!%50%+!41&>;!U%1.!X***&;!,'./!
*16>;!)/1+:'O+;!&1=4%;!31).=*16>;!31).=325>;!31).=,+.'&;!31).=/'*061*+;!)&1$61*+;!5+$!
3*1:;!0'56+=325>;!5+1=:'*':+;""!:(3)(=325>;!.1!5',+!'!4+$8!K2*%5:!,(!4%+&0!
*+)+'*6/;!#!+56125.+*+0!5+$!6*+'.%7+!.+*,)!)26/!')!A0%*.(!313B!1*!A>'&+%01)613%6!
313!51%*8B!@/+!&%).!+D3'50)!%54%5%.+&(!')!)2-:+5*+)!42*./+*!4*':,+5.!'50!*+61,-%5+!
$%./!3*+)+5.!'50!3').!:+5*+!&'-+&)8!@/%)!%)!51.!.1!)'(!./'.!+'*&%+*!%50%+!*16>!1*!1./+*!
,2)%6'&!:+5*+)!'*+!,1*+!A32*+;B!1*!&+))!/(-*%08!L/'.!#!)2::+).!%)!51.!<2).!'5!
'+)./+.%6!6/'5:+;!-2.!,1*+!%,31*.'5.&(;!'!0%)62*)%7+!)/%4.!%5!./+!6'.+:1*%O'.%15!14!
%50%+!*16>!,2)%6!%5!./+!&'.+!"RRQ)!'50!PQQQ)8!!
F)%5:!/(3/+5)!'50!3*+4%D+)!&%>+!A5+1B;!A5+$B;!1*!A31).B;!,2)%6%'5)!Z'50!
<12*5'&%).)[;!#!'*:2+;!0+3&1(!K8#8d8!%57+5.%7+5+))!.1!,%D='50=,'.6/!.':)!%5!1*0+*!.1!
615).*26.!25%^2+!%50%7%02'&!'50!-'50!%0+5.%.%+)8!I6+5+!3'*.%6%3'5.)!/'7+!'33&%+0!./+!
K8#8d8!+./%6;!+,3/')%O%5:!'+)./+.%6!'50!.').+!,'*>%5:)!25%^2+!.1!./+%*!%50%7%02'&!
%0+5.%.(8!M'*!4*1,!./+!+'*&(!61551.'.%15)!14!'5.%=+).'-&%)/,+5.!1*!+6151,%6!
'2.151,(;!./%)!5+$!01=%.=(12*)+&4!+./1)!%)!+,-+00+0!%5!'!:',+!14!)2-62&.2*'&!)16%'&!
%0+5.%4%6'.%15;!'!*%.2'&!14!)16%'&!0%44+*+5.%'.%15!'50!).'.2)=,'>%5:!6+5.*'&!.1!./+!%50%+!
*16>!,2)%6=62&.2*+8! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 5 Dan Epstein, “The eMusic Dozen: Neo-Garage”, http://www.emusic.com/lists/showlist.html?lid=200633, (accessed on March 8, 2009). ! e\!
H,3&1(%5:!Y%+**+!V12*0%+2C)!6156+3.!14!62&.2*'&!6'3%.'&;!U('5!]%--+.!ZPQQf[!
'*:2+)!./'.!./+!3*16+))+)!14!6'.+:1*(!0%44+*+5.%'.%15!'50!4*':,+5.'.%15"P!%5!%50%+!
*16>!,2)%6!0%)612*)+!,%**1*)!A/%:/!'*.B!62&.2*+)8!@/+!3*'6.%6+!14!0%).%5:2%)/%5:!
7'*%12)!)2-:+5*+!%0+5.%4%+*)!*+%541*6+)!./+!6&'))!/%+*'*6/(!$%./%5!./+!)16%+.(!ZPQQfS! fh[8!A#50%+!*16>!+D%).)!&'*:+&(!')!'5!'-)+56+;!'!5+-2&12)!m1./+*;C!1*!')!'!5+:'.%7+!
7'&2+!./'.!'6^2%*+)!,+'5%5:!4*1,!$/'.!%.!1331)+)8!#50%+!*16>!%)!4'*!4*1,!'!).'.%6!
+5.%.(T!*'./+*;!%.!%)!'!,'&&+'-&+!)3'6+!4%&&+0!-(!0%)612*)+!'50!31$+*;!$/1)+!,+'5%5:!
%)!'&$'()!250+*!615).*26.%15!-(!7'*%12)!':+5.)!Z-'50);!&%).+5+*);!&'-+&);!6*%.%6);!+.68[!
$%./!0%7+*)+!1-<+6.%7+)B!ZPQQfS!fl[8!#!+D.+50!4*1,!]%--+.C)!0%)62*)%7+!'5'&()%)!14!
#50%+!*16>!,2)%6!.1!+./51:*'3/%6'&&(!+D',%5+!%50%+!*16>!')!'!62&.2*'&!)3'6+;!
:*1250+0!-(!'!)+.!14!)16%'&&(!)%.2'.+0!/%).1*%+)!'50!51*,)8!#!./%5>!./'.!]%--+..C)!
0%)62))%15!6%*62,7+5.)!./+!%,31*.'56+!14!./+!+,3%*%6'&!)6+5+;!0+,1:*'3/%6);!'50!
)16%'&!+D3+*%+56+)8!M2*./+*,1*+;!/+!%:51*+)!./+!)16%'&!0%,+5)%15!14!*'6+!'50!
+./5%6%.(!%5!/%)!6*%.%6%),!14!./+!61&&+6.%7+!%50%+!*16>!)2-<+6.%7%.(8!!
J1*+!).*%>%5:&(!%5!./+!PQQQ)!./'5!-+41*+;!,2)%6!'))16%'.+0!$%./!'!.+,31*'&!
1*!'!)3'.%'&!Z:+1:*'3/%6'&[!A1./+*B!/')!-+61,+!'!41*,!14!62**+56(!./'.!%50%+!*16>+*)!
615)2,+!'50!%57+).!%58!#!0*'$!4*1,!)16%1&1:%).!V+./'5(!V*()15C)!.+*,!A,2&.%62&.2*'&!
6'3%.'&B!Z"RRh[!.1!/%:/&%:/.!./+!1,5%71*12)!.').+!'50!%5.+*5'.%15'&%).!'33+.%.+!
+7%0+5.!%5!./+!62**+5.!3'*.%6%3'5.)!%5!./+!)6+5+8!#!615.+50!./'.!./+!%50%+=*16>!
%,3+*'.%7+!41*!,2&.%3&(%5:!'50!0%7%0%5:!:+5*+!6'.+:1*%+)!*+4&+6.)!./+!&1:%6!14!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 12 New York Times writer David Brooks that the indie rock genre fragmentation corresponds to the societal fragmentation of taste. Brooks asserts, “Technology drives some of the fragmentation. Computers allow musicians to produce a broader range of sounds. Top 40 radio no longer serves as the gateway for the listening public. Music industry executives can use market research to divide consumers into narrower and narrower slices.” For more, “The Segmented Society,” New York Times, November 20, 2007, http://www.nytimes.com/2007/11/20/opinion/20brooks.html (accessed on May 13, 2010). ! ee!
,2&.%62&.2*'&%),!%5!./+!615.+,31*'*(!F8I88!@/+!)3&%..%5:!14!./+!.+*,!A%50%+!*16>B!%5.1!
'5!'**'(!14!)2-:+5*+)!3'*'&&+&)!./+!6156+3.%15!14!./+!F5%.+0!I.'.+)!')!'!,2&.%*'6%'&;!
,2&.%=+./5%6!5'.%15=).'.+8!#5!./%)!3'*'0%:,;!$/'.+7+*!62&.2*'&!0%44+*+56+!+D%).)!
250+*!./+!2,-*+&&'!.+*,!14!A%50%+!*16>B!'50`1*!$%./%5!./+!F5%.+0!I.'.+);!!+1,2(*D'!
.*+'.+0!$%./!.1&+*'56+!'50!*+)3+6.8!950!./+!'33*+6%'.%15!41*!-*1'0!*'5:+!14!
)2-:+5*+)!'50!,2)%6'&!)1250)!*+%541*6+)!./+!F8I8!9,+*%6'5!&%-+*'&!%0+1&1:(!14!
,2&.%62&.2*'&%),8!#5!41&&1$%5:!)+6.%15);!#!+D',%5+!./*++!+./51:*'3/%6!6')+!).20%+)!14!
,2)%6%'5)!14!9)%'5!0+)6+5.!%5!%50%+!*16>!,2)%68!I3+6%4%6'&&(;!#_,!%5.+*+).+0!%5!/1$!
./+)+!'*.%).)!*+42)+!61,,10%4%+0!9)%'55+));!.*'5)41*,!N*%+5.'&%).!.*13+)!%5!
3+*41*,'56+;!'50!*+0+4%5+!.1>+5%).%6!,2&.%62&.2*'&%),!')!'!*'0%6'&!,%51*%.'*%'5%),!
'4.+*!I+3.+,-+*!""8!
!
9!Y25>=#5)3%*+0!U+42)'&!14!E1,,10%4%+0!9)%'55+))!
r'./%!r1;!1./+*$%)+!>51$5!')!Ar'./%!r%&&+*B;!%)!'!:2%.'*%).!'50!-'))%).8!I/+!
$')!3&'(%5:!%5!.$1!-'50)!$/+5!#!4%*).!,+.!/+*!%5!PQQi!'.!@/+!E/'*&+).15;!'!0%,&(!&%.!
-'*!15!V+041*0!97+52+!%5!L%&&%',)-2*:;!./+!A/%3).+*!6+5.*'&B!)+6.%15!14!V*11>&(5! g+$!d1*>8!!]+*!-'50!H'6/!N./+*)C!J1./+*!/'0!<2).!*16>+0!%.)!)+.!%5!4*15.!14!'!PQ=
)1,+./%5:;!-++*=0*%5>%5:;!'50!3%OO'=,256/%5:!'20%+56+8!H'6/!N./+*)C!J1./+*);!%5! r'./%C)!$1*0);!%)!'5!A'&&=:%*&!%50%+!,'./=325>B!-'50!./'.!)/+!).'*.+0!$%./!)1,+!6&1)+!
4*%+50)!4*1,!61&&+:+8!]+*!1./+*!-'50;!V1(I>12.;!%)!'!^2++*=%0+5.%4%+0;!'&&=4+,'&+!
%50%+!313!:*123;!'&)1!-')+0!%5!V*11>&(58!
#!.1&0!r'./%!./'.!#!4%*).!).2,-&+0!2315!/+*!-'50!V1(I>12.!%5!./+!)3+6%'&!,2)%6!
%))2+!14!8,=?';!'!&+)-%'5=4162)+0!,':'O%5+!$%./!'!5'.%15$%0+!0%).*%-2.%158!I/+! ! ef!
%,,+0%'.+&(!')>+0!%4!/+*!42&&!5',+!Ar'./%!r1B!$')!0%)6&1)+0!%5!3*%5.!%5!./+!
,':'O%5+8!#!:1.!62*%12)!'-12.!/+*!^2+).%15!)1!#!')>+0!/+*!.1!.'&>!,1*+!'-12.!/+*!
61,3&+D!)+&4=0+)%:5+0!%0+5.%.(!14!Ar'./%!r%&&+*8B!I/+!*+7+'&+0!./'.!./+!5',+!+,+*:+0!
')!'5!%5.+5.%15!.1!6*+'.+!'!/'50&+!41*!'5!'&&=:%*&)!*1&&+*!0+*-(!&+':2+8!I/+!0*+$!4*1,!
./+!5',+!14!15+!14!/+*!4'71*%.+!-'50);!I&+'.+*=r%55+(;!')!'!)12*6+!41*!%5)3%*'.%158!
E156+*5+0!$%./!./+!'$>$'*0!3*15256%'.%15!14!AI&+'.+*=r%&&+*;B!)/+!0*133+0!
AI&+'.+*B!'50!./+5!%5)+*.+0!/+*!1$5!4%*).!5',+!Ar'./%B!%5!%.)!3&'6+8!!
r'./%!3*+4+*)!Ar'./%!r%&&+*B!17+*!/+*!*+'&!5',+!r'./%!r18!I/+!)'%0;!A#!015C.!
*+'&&(!4++&!61,41*.'-&+!$%./!,(!&').!5',+!-+6'2)+!%.!)1250)!r1*+'5!'50!9)%'58B! r'./%C)!14!A9)%'55+))B!%)!)3+6%4%6!.1!/+*!)+6150=:+5+*'.%15!r1*+'5!9,+*%6'5!
+D3+*%+56+8!!950!/+*!51.%15!14!A9)%'55+))B!%)!).*15:&(!.%+0!.1!%.)!61,,10%4%+0!41*,!
%5!./+!F8I8!K2*%5:!/+*!6/%&0/110;!)/+!.1&0!,+;!)/+!'&$'()!)'$!/+*)+&4!%5!1331)%.%15!.1!
/+*!)%).+*;!./+!A:110!9)%'5!>%08B!]+*!)%).+*!'50!4*%+50)!61&&+6.+0!'&&!./+!]+&&1!r%..(!
).244!./'.!r'./%!$')!5+7+*!%5.18"\!#!')>+0!/+*!$/'.!)/+!./%5>)!14!./+!3*+7'&+56+!14! c'3'5+)+!313!62&.2*+!%5!./+!F8I8!I/+!)'%0;!A%.C)!+7+*($/+*+!51$8!#.C)!'&&!17+*!I.8!
J'*>C)!Y&'6+!'50!./+!H').!G%&&':+8!#4!(12!$'&>!01$5!./+!).*++.;!(12!$%&&!)++!'&&!./+)+! c'3'5+)+!*+).'2*'5.)!'50!).1*+)!./'.!)+&&!9)%'5!313!,2)%6!'50!3'*'3/+*5'&%'B!Zr1!
PQQi[8!!
L/'.!r'./%!0%).'56+)!/+*)+&4!4*1,!%)!51.!./+!:+1:*'3/%6'&!9)%'!1*!./+!+./5%6!
9)%'5!9,+*%6'8!#!%5.+*3*+.!r'./%C)!0+4%'5.&(!0%)3&'6%5:!1*!A>%&&%5:B!/+*!9)%'5=1*= r1*+'5=)1250%5:!&').!5',+!')!'5!%5).'56+!14!/+*!615.+).'.%15!':'%5).!./+!
61,,10%4%6'.%15!14!A9)%'B!%5!./+!F5%.+0!I.'.+)8!L/'.!r'./%!*+<+6.)!%)!'!)3+6%4%6!-*'50! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 13 r'./%C)!)%).+*!%)!:+..%5:!'!J').+*)!0+:*++!%5!+026'.%15!'.!E1&2,-%'!F5%7+*)%.(!$/+*+')!r'./%!$+5.! .1!IFgd!Y2*6/')+!./'.;!'661*0%5:!.1!/+*;!%)!A$/+*+!'&&!./+!325>!>%0)!:18B ! eh!
14!9)%'55+))!615).*26.+0!12.!14!./+!6'3%.'&%).!%,3+.2)!.1!615)2,+!9)%'5!62&.2*+!'50!
3+13&+8!9&&20%5:!.1!I&+'.+*=r%55+(;!'!-'50!./'.!+,+*:+0!4*1,!./+!"RRQ)!U%1.!X***&!
4+,%5%).!325>!,17+,+5.;!r'./%!+71>+)!'5!'5.%=6'3%.'&%).!).'56+!':'%5).!615)2,+*%).!
62&.2*+8!!
#5!'!*+6+5.!+,'%&!+D6/'5:+;!r'./%!%541*,+0!,+!./'.!)/+!/')!*+.2*5+0!.1!./+!
U%1.!X***&!K8#8d8!*11.)!-(!1*:'5%O%5:!61,,25%.(!+7+5.)!%5!./+!M1*!./+!V%*0)!
E1&&+6.%7+;!'!g+$=d1*>=-')+0!:*123!./'.!'%,)!.1!+,31$+*!$1,+5!./*12:/!6*+'.%7+!
'*.)!'50!)6/1&'*)/%38!@/*12:/!./+!61&&+6.%7+C)!O%5+!'50!*+61*0%5:!0%).*%-2.%15;!)/+!
*+&+')+0!e">>'*811."'!;!4+'.2*%5:!&%7+!.*'6>)!-(!'&&=:%*&!1*!:%*&=4*15.+0!-'50)!%5!
V*11>&(5!'50!./+!)2**1250%5:!+').!61').!'*+'!./'.!)/+!61,3%&+0!4*1,!)/1$)!17+*!
5%5+!,15./)8!#5!./+!&%:/.!-&2+!3/1.1613%+0!EK!&%5+*!51.+)!aM%:2*+!P8"b;!r'./%!
0+6&'*+);!')!'!0'*>=/'%*+0!6'*.115=0*'$5!4%:2*+!)6*+',%5:!'50!3*14+))%5:!%5!'!&'*:+!
6157+*)'.%15!-2--&+S!
X#JJH!ENN@#HI!%)!'!0+6&'*'.%15!14!:***&)3'6+8!#.C)!3*114!14!)1,+./%5:!./'.C)! /'33+5%5:!*%:/.!51$k.1.'&!)6/+,%5:!6/'&&+5:%5:!6*+'.%5:!:+..%5:)/%.015+! )2331*.%7+!611.%+=)$'33%5:!:***&!&17+8!%!$'5.!.1!)++!.*26>&1'0)!14!:%*&!-'50)! ).1*,!%5!'50!*+%57+5.!-1*%5:!-1(!)6+5+)!%5!$'()!$+C7+!-++5!0*+',%5:!148! )++%5:!'50!/+'*%5:!1./+*!:%*&!-'50)k#!)$+'*!%.C)!'!6'.'&().!.1!).'*.!(*!1$58! 015C.!:+.!(*!611.%+!)/1.)8!&%).+5!.1!./%)!61,38!51$!:1!).'*.!'!-'50!$%./!(*! :%*&4*%+50)!ZPQQR[8! ! E1,,15&(!2)+0!',15:!6/%&0*+5;!./+!.+*,!A611.%+)B!*+4+*)!.1!'5!%,':%5'*(!-2:!./'.!
+D%).)!%5!./+!-10%+)!14!./+!,+,-+*)!14!./+!1331)%.+!)+D!'50!6'5!-+!.*'5),%..+0!
./*12:/!615.'6.8!#5!,1).!%5).'56+);!-1()!'662)+!14!:%*&)!14!m/'7%5:!611.%+)C!')!'!$'(!
.1!*+.'%5!,'&+!/1,1)16%'&!-150)!'50!7%6+!7+*)'8!#5!./+!&%5+*!51.+);!r'./%!*+6&'%,)!
./+!.+*,!A611.%+)B!4*1,!%.)!253&+')'5.!61551.'.%15)!'))16%'.+0!$%./!./+!4+,'&+!
-10(8!#5!./%)!A:***&)3'6+;B!)3*+'0%5:!'50!*+6+%7%5:!611.%+)!%)!31)%.%7+!'50! ! ei!
+,31$+*%5:8!E11.%+)!-+61,+!'!615.':%12)!-2:!./'.!%5)3%*+)!:%*&)!.1!).'*.!3&'(%5:!
,2)%6!$%./!./+%*!4+,'&+!4*%+50)!'50!.1!*+6&'%,!./+%*!1$5!)3'6+!$%./%5!A-1*%5:!-1(!
)6+5+)8B!!
!
H12/'&(?F)*(I1,&'(J-%&8K(!"##$%&''("$)K(!@LDF!
(
H7+5!,1*+!%5.+*+).%5:&(;!r'./%!%57+*.)!./+!*+&'.%15!14!./+!611.%+!A%54+6.%15B!
4*1,!'!/+.+*1=!.1!'!/1,1=)16%'&!615.'6.8!@/+!4+,'&+=.1=4+,'&+!615.'6.!'0716'.+0!%5! r'./%C)!7+*)%15!14!:***&!611.%+!.*'5),%))%15!6'5!-+!&%5>+0!.1!/+*!3+*)3+6.%7+!15!
61,,10%4%+0!9)%'55+))!')!#!<2).!0%)62))+08!r'./%!6*%.%6%O+)!./+!4+.%)/%O'.%15!14!9)%'5!
62&.2*+!'50!)++)!%.!')!'!41*,!14!01,%5'.%158!F)%5:!'!&'5:2':+!14!:+50+*;!r'./%!
+D3*+))+)!0%).').+!41*!./+!6'3%.'&%).!%,32&)+!.1!&=1!.".,.'!9)%'5!62&.2*+8!@/%)!
%0+1&1:(!*+)15'.+)!$%./!$/'.!-+&&!/11>)!*+4+*)!.1!')!A+'.%5:!./+!1./+*;B!'!62&.2*'&!
3*16+))!./'.!61,,10%4%+)!'50!615)2,+)!+./5%6!1./+*5+))!Z"RRR[8!#!4%50!r'./%C)!
61,3'*%)15!-+.$++5!./+!61,,+*6%'&%O'.%15!14!9)%'5!62&.2*+!'50!)+&&%5:!)+D!
%5)%:/.42&8!J1*+17+*;!#!615)%0+*!/+*!3*131)+0!)1&2.%15!14!'!4+,'&+=.1=4+,'&+!611.%+! ! el!
.*'5),%))%15!)2-7+*)%7+!'50!*+4*+)/%5:8!r'./%C)!U%1.=X***&=%5)3%*+0!61,,25%.(!
-2%&0%5:;!#!'*:2+;!%)!'!41*,!14!4+,%5%).!*+3'*'.%15!14!./+!6'3%.'&%).!3*+0'.%15!14!9)%'5!
62&.2*+;!/1$+7+*!4+.%)/%O+0;!4+,%5%O+0;!'50!+./5%6%O+0!')!'5!A1./+*B!%5!./+!
,2&.%62&.2*'&%).!+57%*15,+5.!%5!./+!F5%.+0!I.'.+)8!#5!r'./%C)!X***&)3'6+;!./+!
.*'5),%))%15!14!611.%+)!6'5!/+'&!/+*!3+*)15'&!$1250)!14!+,-10(%5:!9)%'55+))!%5!'!
$1*&0!$/+*+!515=$/%.+!+./5%6!62&.2*+)!'*+!14.+5!)2)6+3.%-&+!.1!250+)%*'-&+!
)+D2'&%O'.%15!'50!61,,10%4%6'.%158!
g+7+*./+&+));!-1*5!.1!$1*>%5:=6&'))!%,,%:*'5.!3'*+5.)!%5!t2++5);!r'./%!
'0,%.)!./'.!)/+!4++&)!&%>+!'5!12.)%0+*!%5!./+!/%3).+*!%50%+!)6+5+!%5!V*11>&(5;!0+)3%.+!
/+*!'6.%7+!%571&7+,+5.!$%./%5!%.8!r'./%C)!*+42)'&!14!/+*!+./5%6!/+*%.':+;!#!'*:2+;!6'5!
-+!250+*).110!%5!.+*,)!14!*'6%'&!,+&'56/1&%'!ZH5:!'50!]'5!PQQ\[8!#5!./%)!%5).'56+;!
./+!&1).!1-<+6.!%)!'!)+5)+!14!)16%'&!61,41*.!'50!-+&15:%5:S!'!4++&%5:!+5.%.&+0!.1!,1).!14!
/+*!3++*);!-2.!&1).!%5!./+!+D3+*%+56+!14!'!,%51*%.(!'*.%).!%,,+*)+0!%5!'!
3*+01,%5'.+&(!$/%.+!,2)%6!)6+5+8!r'./%C)!',-%7'&+56+!.1$'*0!9)%'55+))!'&)1!
+D31)+)!./+!%5.+*5'.%15'&%).!'33+.%.+!41*!62&.2*'&!1./+*5+))!61,,15!',15:!/+*!
Z$/%.+[!61&&+:+=+026'.+0!233+*=,%00&+!6&'))!3++*)!ZL%&)15!PQQi[8!#.!250+*62.)!./+!
)++,%5:&(!3*1:*+))%7+!,2&.%62&.2*'&%).!%0+1&1:(!%5!./+!%50%+!*16>!0%)612*)+!'50!
)6+5+!%5!./+!F8I8!
!
I.*'.+:%6!95.%=H))+5.%'&%).!933*13*%'.%15!14!N*%+5.'&%),!
E'*1&!V2%!%)!'!L')/%5:.15;!K8E8=-')+0!:2%.'*%).!'50!)%5:+*=)15:$*%.+*8!#5!
90',)!J1*:'5!%5!K8E;!$+!)'.!01$5!%5!'!J%00&+!H').+*5!>'-1-!*+).'2*'5.!$/+*+!
E'*1&!.1&0!,+!'-12.!/+*!5+$!,2)%6'&!0%*+6.%158!#5!12*!6157+*)'.%15;!E'*1&!0%)62))+0! ! eR!
'.!&+5:./!/+*!62**+5.!,2)%6'&!A1-)+))%15B!')!g'.'6/'!9.&');!'!V+&:%'5!)%5:+*!14!
J1*166'5;!Y'&+).%5%'5;!H:(3.%'5;!'50!V*%.%)/!/+*%.':+8!@/*12:/!./+!4%&.+*!14!9.&')C)!
,2&.%+./5%6!-%1:*'3/(!'50!%54&2+56+);!E'*1&!/')!-++5!%5.+5)%7+&(!).20(%5:!9*'-%6!
3132&'*!,2)%68!E'*1&C)!4')6%5'.%15!$%./!9*'-%6!,2)%6!'50!62&.2*+!%)!51.!+D1.%6%).;!#!
'*:2+8!#5!./+!41&&1$%5:!3'*':*'3/);!#!$%&&!2541&0!./+!61,3&+D%.(!14!E'*1&C)!
%0+5.%4%6'.%15!$%./!./+!J%00&+!H').!$%./%5!./+!&'*:+*!615.+D.!14!./+!61,,10%.%6'.%15!
14!./+!9)%'5!4+,'&+!-10(!'50!615)2,+*%).!,2&.%62&.2*'&%),8!
]+*!5+$!)15:!AJ%*'!d12C*+!M*++!L%./!,+B!%)!'!3*1026.!14!/+*!*+6+5.!
%,,+*)%15!%5!9*'-%6!,2)%6!'50!J%00&+!H').+*5!-+&&(!0'56+8!U+:'*0%5:!./%)!)15:;!
E'*1&!)'%0;!A%.C)!'&&!'-12.!./+!*/(./,8B!#5!1*0+*!.1!+,-*'6+!./+!6+5.*'&%.(!14!
3+*62))%15;!E'*1&!/')!-++5!3*'6.%6%5:!15!./+!0*2,!)+.!4+*7+5.&(!)1!./'.!)/+!612&0!
3&'(!'&&!./+!0*2,!3'*.)!/+*)+&48!K2*%5:!12*!6157+*)'.%15;!)/+!0*2,,+0!15!./+!.'-&+!
$/%&+!0+,15).*'.%5:!'!6157+5.%15'&!9*'-%6!*/(./,!6'&&+0!A-'&'0%8B!I/+!0+)6*%-+0!
./+!-'&'0%!*/(./,!')!-+%5:!A/+'7(B!'50!A+'*./(8B!#5!-+&&(!0'56+;!./%)!A+'*./%5+))B!%)!
7%)2'&&(!+7%0+5.!%5!%.)!%50+D%6'&!*+&'.%15)/%3!.1!'!/%3=0%33%5:!1*!A)%..%5:=15B!
,17+,+5.8!@/+!.*'0%.%15'&!-'&'0%!*/(./,!6'5!-+!51.'.+0!')!%5!M%:2*+!"8!@/+!*/(./,!
*+'0)!&%>+!./%)S!K2,!K2,!q!.+>!K2,!q!.+>!q8!AK2,B!)%:5%4%+)!'!).*15:!-+'.;!$/+*+')!
A.+>B!%)!'!$+'>!-+'.8!#5!^2'0*23&+!,+.+*;!./+!3'..+*5!*+'0)!&%>+!./%)S!NgHj9gKj
ZP[j'50j@/*++j412*8!Z@/+!3'*+5./+.%6'&!-+'.)!'*+!51.!'*.%62&'.+0!'50!./+!
6'3%.'&%O'.%15!0%44+*+5.%'.+)!./+!).*15:!-+'.)!4*1,!./+!$+'>!-+'.)8[!I1,+.%,+)!./+!
-'&'0%!*/(./,!%)!'01*5+0!$%./!./+!13.%15'&!A.+>B!'50!A>'B!)/1$5!%5!3'*+5./+)+)!%5!
M%:2*+!"!q,'>%5:!./+!716'-&+)/*K2,!K2,!q!.+>>'.+>!K2,!q!.+>!q!a920%1!HD',3&+!
P8"b8! ! fQ!
#5!9*'-%6!.*'0%.%15'&!'50!3132&'*!,2)%6;!./%)!*/(./,!%)!3&'(+0!15!'!02,-+>!
1*!'!0'*'-2>'8!N5!'!0*2,!)+.;!E'*1&!3&'()!'!*/(./,!)%,%&'*!.1!./+!-'&'0%!3'..+*5! a)+6150!&%5+!%5!M%:2*+!P8Pb8!I/+!'00)!'5!+D.*'!"h./!51.+!*%:/.!-+41*+!A02,B!15!-+'.!
./*++!a51.'.+0!%5!'!&%:/.+*!61&1*!%5!M%:2*+!P8Pb8!I/+!'&)1!'..'6/+)!'!"h./=51.+!3%6>23!
-+41*+!./+!&').!A.+>B!15!-+'.!412*!a'&)1!51.'.+0!%5!'!&%:/.+*!61&1*!%5!M%:2*+!P8Pb8!I1;!
E'*1&C)!7+*)%15!*+'0)!&%>+!./%)S!K2,!K2,!q!.+>>'!K2,!q!.+>>'!q;!1*!-11,!-11,!q!
6/'6/'!-11,!q!-11,6/'!q;!1*!NgHj950jZP[j'50j'j@/*++jZ'50[j'j412*! a920%1!HD',3&+!P8Pb8!
!
!
H12/'&(?F?*(D"A%"9(1,(!#'-=(M/1N8(8-,2(6B1'&(G-/N'&(H'&&(O1%"(B&:(
!
L/(!01+)!E'*1&!3&'(!'!*/(./,!./'.!%)!)&%:/.&(!0%44+*+5.!4*1,!./+!9*'-%6!
.*'0%.%15'&!*/(./,!-'&'0%p!#.!%)!25&%>+&(!./'.!E'*1&!)%,3&(!*+,+,-+*)!./+!-'&'0%!
*/(./,!%561**+6.&(!1*!6'551.!*+3*1026+!%.8!9*1250!./+!)',+!.%,+!E'*1&!$*1.+! ! f"!
AJ'%*';B!)/+!$*1.+!'51./+*!)15:!+5.%.&+0!AV'&'0%B!./'.!2)+)!'!.+D.-11>=0+4%5%.%15!14!
./+!-'&'0%!*/(./,8!#!'*:2+!./'.!E'*1&C)!A-'&'0%=*16>B!*/(./,!&+50)!%.)+&4!.1!'5!+./5%6!
',-%:2%.(!-(!-1**1$%5:!+&+,+5.)!4*1,!-1./!9*'-%6!,2)%6!'50!95:&1=9,+*%6'5!*16>!
,2)%68!#5!C1#%\*6+'*9=">)=3*6':.;!9&&'5!J11*+!0+4%5+)!A./+!).'50'*0!*16>!-+'.B!
Z"RR\[8!F)%5:!412*!/%.)!-(!@/+!V+'.&+)!.1!%&&2).*'.+!./+!3*+7'&+56+!14!./%)!*/(./,;!
J11*+!%0+5.%4%+)!./+!).'50'*0!*16>!0*2,!-+'.!')!'!3'..+*5!615)%).%5:!14!-+'.)!.$1!
'50!412*!15!)5'*+!0*2,!Z'&)1!>51$5!')!A./+!144=!1*!-'6>=-+'.B[;!'!).+'0(!l./!51.+)!15!
'!6(,-'&;!'50!A15!-+'.)!15+!'50!./*++;!'50!)1,+.%,+)!%5!-+.$++5B!15!-'))!0*2,!
Z"RR\S!\h[8!F541*.25'.+&(!J11*+!01+)5C.!+&'-1*'.+!./+!3'..+*5)!14!./+!-'))!0*2,!
-+.$++5!-+'.)!15+!'50!./*++8!#5!6+'*d1,-()."1-!*14*C1#%/!L'&.+*!H7+*+..!ZPQQl[!
/%:/&%:/.)!./+!).*+))+0!4++&!15!-+'.)!15+!'50!./*++!%5!./+!*16>!^2'0*23&+!,+.+*8!#5!
'00%.%15;!H7+*+..!%0+5.%4%+)!'!61,,15!'*.%62&'.%15!14!'!*16>!-'50C)!41250'.%15'&!
*/(./,!')!A.(3%6'&&(!&'%0!-(!).*15:!-+'.)!15!-'))!0*2,!'50!$+'>!-+'.)!15!/%=/'.8!
@/%)!%)!14.+5!1*5',+5.+0;!')!$/+5!./+!-'))!0*2,!'00)!'5.%6%3'.1*(!>%6>);!%5!'!
NgHjZP[j'50j@/*++jZe[j'50j3'..+*5;!%5!615<256.%15!$%./!./+!$+'>=-+'.!/%=
/'.!Z3+0'&!6&1)+0!15!.$1!'50!412*[B!ZPQQlS!"e[8!9661*0%5:!.1!./+)+!.$1!)6/1&'*&(!
)12*6+);!$/'.!,'*>)!E'*1&C)!*/(./,!')!0%).%56.!%5!./+!615.+D.!14!A.(3%6'&B!*16>!
*/(./,!%)!./+!l./=51.+!023&+.!15!./+!-'))!0*2,!15!./+!4%*).!01$5-+'.S!-+'.!15+!3&2)!
./+!A'50B!14!-+'.!15+8!!@/+)+!.$1!-+'.);!#!)2*,%)+;!*+3*+)+5.!./+!3*1026.!14!E'*1&C)!
.*'5)&'.%15!4*1,!./+!9*'-%6!-'&'0%!*/(./,!%5.1!'!*16>!,2)%6!615.+D.8!#5!'00%.%15;!./+!
*/(./,!)+6.%15!%5!./+!)15:!615.'%5)!02,-+>!'50!/'506&'33%5:;!)1250%5:!'!).+'0(! l./=51.+!'50!^2'*.+*=51.+!3'..+*5;!*+)3+6.%7+&(8!@/+)+!.*'6>)!./%6>+5!./+!3+*62))%15! ! fP!
.+D.2*+!'50!./+%*!25%^2+!.%,-*+)!)%:5%4(!E'*1&C)!)12*6+!14!%5)3%*'.%15!4*1,!J%00&+!
H').+*5!-+&&(!0'56+!,2)%68!!
E'*1&C)!+./5%6'&&(!A%5=-+.$++5B!0*2,!3'..+*5;!#!./%5>;!%)!41250'.%15'&!.1!
%&&2).*'.%5:!./+!+,1.%15'&!0+3./!14!./+!6/'*'6.+*!J%*'!%5!./+!)15:C)!&(*%6)8!J%*'!%)!'!
6&2-!0'56+*8!L%./!A6*%5>&+0!01&&'*)B!'50!A6*%5>&+0!/250*+0);B!/+*!6&%+5.)!3'(!41*!/+*!
'515(,12)!%5.%,'6(!'50!61,3'5%15)/%38!9!)23+*4%6%'&!*+'0%5:!14!)1,+!14!./+!&(*%6)!
,'(!0+)6*%-+!$/'.!J%*'!01+)!'50!)'()!15!/+*!<1-8!M1*!+D',3&+;!A#_,!)$++.!15!(12!`!
I$++.!15!(12;!/'-%-%8B!@/+!$1*0!A/'-%-%B!,+'5)!A,(!-+&17+0B!%5!9*'-%68!#.!%)!2)+0!.1!
'00*+))!'!&17+*;!4*%+50;!'50!1./+*!1-<+6.)!14!+50+'*,+5.8!!
9!0++3+*!*+'0%5:!14!./+!)15:;!/1$+7+*;!612&0!257+%&!J%*'C)!3)(6/1&1:%6'&!
%5.+*%1*;!'5!+,1.%15'&!)3'6+!4%&&+0!-(!/+*!'5:).!'50!',-%7'&+56+8!E'*1&C)!716'&!
3+*41*,'56+;!#!615.+50;!'&&1$)!./+!&%).+5+*!.1!'66+))!J%*'C)!3*%7'.+!4++&%5:)8!L%./!'!
61'*)+;!./*1'.(;!.15+=0+4(%5:;!'50!Yc=]'*7+(=&%>+!716'&!.%,-*+;!E'*1&!)%5:)!&%5+)!)26/!
')S!A#!015_.!:%7+!'!426>!`!-2.!(12!015_.!/'7+!.1!/+'*!,+!)'(!./'.B!a61,3&+.+!&(*%6)!'*+!
)/1$5!%5!M%:2*+!P8\b8!E'*1&C)!'::*+))%7+!716'&)!3*17%0+!'5!+D.+*5'&!61,,+5.'*(!./'.!
6*%.%^2+)!J%*'C)!).1*(!')!'!0'56+*!./*12:/12.!./+!)15:!a920%1!HD',3&+!P8\b8!K2*%5:!
./+!6/1*2)!)+6.%15)!14!./+!)15:;!E'*1&!6/'5.)!./+!&%5+!*+3+'.+0&(;!AL+C*+!*%:/.!15!
.%,+;B!'50!./+5!41&&1$%5:!$%./!'51./+*!*+3+.%.%15!14!AL+C*+!4*++!$%./!,+8B!#5!./+!&').!
6/1*2);!E'*1&C)!716'&!.*'6>!%)!02--+0!$%./!1./+*!716'&!.*'6>)!Z14!/+*!1$5[!6/'5.%5:!
./+!6/1*2)!&%5+)!%5!*+3+.%.%15;!./2)!6*+'.%5:!'5!%&&2)%15!14!'!4+,'&+!6/1%*8!@/+!)15:)C!
%5.+5)%.(!-2%&0)!23;!3*1:*+))%5:!'&15:)%0+!./+!%56*+')%5:&(!3*151256+0!3+*62))%7+!
&%5+)!14!/'506&'3)!'50!02,-+>8!@/+!,2)%6'&!%5.+5)%.(!62&,%5'.+)!'.!'!<2-%&'5.!:*123!
716'&!.*'56+!02*%5:!./+!&').!&%5+;!AL+C*+!*%:/.!15!.%,+8B!@/%)!/'33+5)!%5!)(56/*15(! ! f\!
$%./!./+!17+*02--%5:!14!'!6+&+-*'.1*(!6/'5.!14!AN////=111/8B!@/%)!/+%:/.+5+0!'50!
0(5',%6!716'&!,1,+5.!*+)+,-&+)!'!6'&&!'50!*+)315)+!',15:!'!4+,'&+!6/1%*8!@/+!
4+,'&+!716'&!17+*02--%5:;!*+3+.%.%7+!6/'5.%5:;!'50!./+!)%,2&'.+0!6'&&='50=*+)315)+!
4+,'&+!6/1%*!)2::+).!./'.!./+!%0+5.%.(!14!./+!716'&!)2-<+6.!%5!./+!+50!14!./+!)15:!%)!14!
'!:*123!14!$1,+58!U+<1%6%5:!%5!+'6/!1./+*C)!61,3'5(!$/%&+!)%5:%5:!./+!&%5+!A(12C*+!
4*++!$%./!,+;B!./%)!$1,+5C)!6/1%*!'*.%62&'.+)!'!0(5',%6!+D6/'5:+!14!'!)/'*+0!
+D3+*%+56+8!@/+!)%5:%5:!$1,+5!3+*41*,!'!61&&+6.%7+!4+,'&+=15&(!)1&%0'*%.(!a920%1!
HD',3&+!P8eb8!!
!
#!015_.!4++&!)1!:110!-2.! #4!(12_*+!)1!%56&%5+0!.1!)$++3!,+!144!,(!4++.! d12!015_.!/'7+!.1!6'*+! W+'7+!(12*!6*%5>&+0!/250*+0)! J'>+!(12*)+&4!'.!/1,+!$%./!,+! N2.!41*!,+!.1!>++3! J(!&+:)!'50!)/12&0+*)!-'*+! @+&&!,+!'-12.!(12*!$%4+! ! @+&&!,+!'-12.!(12*!-'-%+)! #_,!)$++.!15!(12! #!015_.!:%7+!'!426>! I$++.!15!(12;!/'-%-%!ZPD[! V2.!(12!015_.!/'7+!.1!/+'*!,+!)'(!%.! ! ! #4!(12_*+!)1!%56&%5+0! L+_*+!*%:/.!15!.%,+!ZPD[! I$++3!,+!144!,(!4++.! d12_*+!4*++!$%./!,+!ZPD[! W+'7+!(12*!6*%5>&+0!01&&'*)! ! N2.!41*!,+!.1!>++3! I$++.!15!(12;!/'-%-%!! @+&&!,+!'-12.!(12*!$%4+! ]'-%-%!%5.';!/'-%-%!Z(12C*+!,(!-'-([! @+&&!,+!'-12.!(12*!-'-%+)! d'&&'!/'-%-%!Z&+.C)!:1;!,(!&17+[! K15_.!41*:+.!.1!.+&&!,+! I$++.!15!(12! ]1$!.%*+0!(12_7+!-++5!&'.+&(! ! ! L+_*+!*%:/.!15!.%,+!ZPD[! L+_*+!*%:/.!15!.%,+!Z\D[! d12_*+!4*++!$%./!,+!ZPD[! d12_*+!4*++!$%./!,+!Z\D[! ! ! L+_*+!*%:/.!15!.%,+! #!015_.!>51$!(12*!5+%:/-1*)! N////=111/! #!015_.!>51$!(12*!4*%+50)! ! #!015_.!>51$!'!)12&!.1!$/1,!#_0!.+&&!'&&!(12*!)+6*+.)! @+&&!,+!'&&!(12*!52,-+*)! 9&&!'-12.!(12*!6')+! #!015_.!:%7+!'!426>! V2.!(12!015_.!/'7+!.1!/+'*!,+!)'(!./'.! ( H12/'&(?FP(IA'108(-5(6B1'#(G-/N'&(H'&&(41%"(B&:(;A(!#'-=(M/1( ! ! fe!
Y*1<+6.%5:!'!&120;!61,3*+))+0;!'50!'::*+))%7+!)1250;!E'*1&!V2%C)!
3+*41*,'56+!+5&%7+5)!'50!+,31$+*)!./+!6/'*'6.+*!14!J%*'8!L/(!01+)!E'*1&;!$/1!%)!
14!G%+.5',+)+!0+)6+5.;!&%5>!'5!9*'-%6=%5)3%*+0!*/(./,!$%./!./+!4%6.%15'&!6/'*'6.+*!
14!J%*';!$/1!%)!'5!H5:&%)/='50=9*'-%6=)3+'>%5:!4+,'&+!6&2-!0'56+*p!#!'*:2+!./'.!./%)!
%)!'5!%5).'56+!14!).*'.+:%6!'5.%=+))+5.%'&%),;!'!.+*,!./'.!X+1*:+!W%3)%.O!/')!61%5+0!.1!
*+4+*!./+!3*16+))!./'.!'5!%50%7%02'&!A)++>)!'!3'*.%62&'*!0%):2%)+!15!./+!-')%)!14!%.)!
'-%&%.(!.1!/%:/&%:/.;!250+*)61*+;!'50!'2:,+5.!'5!')3+6.!14!15+C)!%0+5.%.(!./'.!15+!6'5!
51.!+D3*+))!0%*+6.&(B!Z"RReS!hP[8!V(!6*+'.%5:!'!*+3*+)+5.'.%15!14!'5!9*'-%6=)3+'>%5:!
4+,'&+!0'56+*!%5!/+*!,2)%6;!E'*1&!*+6&'%,)!'5!9)%'5!4+,'&+!-10(!$/%&+!
6%*62,7+5.%5:!./+!*%)>!14!-+%5:!1-<+6.%4%+08!
N5!./+!)2*4'6+;!E'*1&C)!6*1))=+./5%6!%0+5.%4%6'.%15!$%./!9*'-%6!,2)%6!$12&0!
)++,!3*1-&+,'.%6!')!%.!4&')/+)!'5!N*%+5.'&%).!4'5.')(!ZI'%0!"RiR[8!V2.!E'*1&!%)!6'*+42&!
.1!%0+5.%4(!/+*!%5.+*3*+.'.%15!14!9*'-%6!,2)%6!')!-+%5:!)2-<+6.%7+8!@1!+D3&'%5!/+*!
'..*'6.%15!.1!g'.'6/'!9.&')C!,2)%6;!)/+!)'%0;!A%.C)!3133(!'50!'66+))%-&+!+512:/!.1!,+;!
-2.!%.C)!'&)1!a3'2)+b!+D1.%6!%5!./'.!./+!,+&10%+)!'50!./+!,10'&!)6'&+)k'*+!).%&&!'!&%..&+! a3'2)+b!<2).!+D1.%6!q!.1!,+B!ZV2%!PQQR[8!I+&4=615)6%12)!14!/+*!,2)%6'&!A1-)+))%15B!
'50!./+!1-<+6.%4(%5:!%,3&%6'.%15)!14!)26/!'5!1-)+))%15;!)/+!*+3+'.)!./+!3/*')+!A.1!
,+B!.$%6+!%5!./+!)+5.+56+8!9&)1;!#!$'5.!.1!31%5.!12.!./'.!E'*1&;!14!G%+.5',+)+!
0+)6+5.;!612&0!*25!./+!*%)>!14!+,-10(%5:!./+!1-<+6.!14!./+!N*%+5.'&%).!0%)612*)+;!
25$%..%5:&(!1*!51.8!N5!'!K8E8=-')+0!5+$)!-&1:;!E'*1&C)!)/1$!$')!3*1,1.+0!')!'!A]1.!
9)%'5!9&+*.sB"e!@/+!9)%'55+))!14!/+*!-10(!%)!/%:/&%:/.+0!17+*!/+*!,2)%6;!15!'!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 14 X/'*%-;!J'&'>';!Ad12*!L++>!%5!J2)%6S!]1.!I%).+*);!]1.!9)%'5);!g+$!d1*>!c+$);B!L15>+..;!M+-*2'*(! "R;!PQQR;!'66+))+0!15!J'*6/!"h;!PQQR;!a/..3S``$15>+..+861,`eQh\Ri`/1.=)%).+*)=/1.=')%'5)=5+$= (1*>=<+$)`b8 ! ff!
-%&&-1'*0!14!+./5%6!'50!:+50+*!0%44+*+56+)!q!%5!'!.':&%5+!./'.!)'()!A]1.!@$%5);!]1.!
9)%'5);!g+$!d1*>!c+$)8B!@/%)!,2&.%62&.2*'&=%54&+6.+0!.':&%5+!51.!15&(!1-<+6.%4%+)!
$1,+5;!9)%'5);!'50!c+$);!%.!'&)1!%5).'5.%'.+)!./+!6'3%.'&%).!'33+.%.+!.1!615)2,+!
62&.2*'&!1./+*5+))8!@/+!.+*,!A]1.!9)%'5)B!)3+6%4%6'&&(!*+)15'.+)!$%./!./+!.*'44%6>%5:!
14!./+!9)%'5!4+,'&+!-10(!%5!./+!)+D=-')+0!.*'5)3'6%4%6!%502).*(!14!31*51:*'3/(!'50!
,'%&=1*0+*!-*%0+)8"f!!
E'*1&C)!6/'*'6.+*%O'.%15!14!J%*'!%)!-1.*-1.!'5!N*%+5.'&%).!.*13+8!U+%57+5.%5:!
/+*!1$5!-'&'0%=*16>!*/(./,;!E'*1&!V2%!+D3&1%.)!'5!%,':%5'*(!6/'*'6.+*!615).*26.+0!
12.!14!/+*!).*'.+:%6!'5.%=+))+5.%'&%).!%0+5.%4%6'.%15!$%./!'!6&1)+&(!*+&'.+0!A9)%'5B!
4+,'&+!1./+*5+))8!Y+*41*,%5:!%.!$%./!'!-%.%5:!31).=325>!)+5)%-%&%.(;!E'*1&!.'>+)!
6/'*:+!14!/+*!1$5!-10(8!#5!01%5:!)1;!)/+!,'>+)!'5!%50%*+6.!6*%.%^2+!15!./+!:&1-'&!
)+D2'&!+6151,(!./'.!1-<+6.%4%+)!'50!6%*62&'.+)!9)%'5!4+,'&+!)+D2'&%.(8!!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! "f!Incidentally, I encountered this connection one time when I stumbled upon a advertisement banner for “hot Asian girls” on the Carol Bui’s profile page on social networking site Myspace. ! fh!
!
!
H12/'&(?FQ*(!#'-=(M/1(1,($&'5-'9#,0&(41%"("&'(;#,.(#%(%"&(M=#0E(!#%K( O#8"1,2%-,K(@F!FK(R#,/#'A()QK(?S))F(3"-%-2'#$"(;A(#/%"-'F( ( ( @-*.+'*(17-!.)"=!*&'=41=>)-#'*!&)#'*).*6+'*f2)#%*8).*"-*SF8F/*8)=12*7"'2(!*)*
#+)="!>)."#*#1>>)-(*1?'=*+'=*D)-(F*6+'3*&'=41=>*)*!'.*"-#2,("-0*)*-,>D'=*14*8)=12B!*
-'723*7="..'-*D'223()-#'I)-(IT=)D"#I>,!"#I"-!&"='(*!1-0!F*S,="-0*RE"=)/V*.+'*(,>D'%*
&2)3'=*)##'-.!*.+'*(=,>>'=B!*D)2)("I2"%'*&)..'=-\*7".+*!.=1-0*Y.+I-1.'*(,&2'.*!.="%'!*
1-*.+'*(17-D')./*412217'(*D3*)*!.='!!'(*+"0+I&".#+'(*&,-#+*1-*.+'*41,=.+*D').F*8)=12*
2')(!*+'=*D)-(*D3*)!!'=."-0*+'=*?1#)2*),.+1=".3F*$".+*)*.)>D1,="-'/*!+'*)##'-.!*.+'*
D)2)("I('="?'(*=+3.+>F*f'.7''-*.+'*!,-0*&)=.!*14*.+'*!1-0!/*!+'*>1?'!*+'=*D1(3*"-*)*
!.32"]'(*>)--'=/*D1==17"-0*4=1>*+'=*.=)"-"-0*)!*)*D'223*()-#'F*J+)="-0*#'-.'=!.)0'*
7".+*8)=12*"!*)*!">"2)=23*(='!!'(*71>)-*&'=41=>'=*7+1*!"-0!*D)#%I,&*?1#)2!*)-(*
+)-(#2)&!F*$".+*.+'"=*#1I&='!'-#'*"-*2">'2"0+./*8)=12*)-(*+'=*#122')0,'I&'=41=>'=*
&=15'#.'(*)-*,-'[,"?1#)223*&17'=4,2*71>'-I#'-.'='(*&1"!'*gd"0,='*XFhiF*J7)3"-0*"-* ! fi!
!3-#+=1-"]'(*>1."1-/*.+'*.71*71>'-*#+)-.*"-*,-"!1-\*[email protected]!*="0+.*1-*.">'*_*<1,B='*4=''*
7".+*>'FV*@*51"-*.+'>*4=1>*.+'*),("'-#'*!"-0"-0*)-(*#2)&&"-0*)21-0*7".+*8)=12B!*
.)>D1,="-'F*6+'!'*2"-'!*="-0*1-*"-*>3*+')(*.+'*='!.*14*.+'*-"0+.F**
!
9!K%))+5.%5:!J2&.%62&.2*'&%),!94.+*!R`""!
@/+!).1*%+)!14!r'./%!'50!E'*1&!/%:/&%:/.!./+!+D3+*%+56+)!14!3'*.%6%3'.%5:!%5!
%50%+!*16>!,2)%6!)6+5+)!')!9)%'5!9,+*%6'5!4+,'&+!3+*41*,+*)8!@/+)+!5'**'.%7+)!'*+;!
.1!'5!+D.+5.;!25%^2+!.1!./+%*!H').!'50!I12./+').!9)%'5!/+*%.':+;!*+)3+6.%7+&(8!#5!./%)!
&').!)+6.%15!14!./+!6/'3.+*;!#!$%&&!615.%52+!,(!0%)62))%15!15!F8I8!,2&.%62&.2*'&%),!.1!
+D3&1*+!./+!I12./!9)%'5!9,+*%6'5!3+*)3+6.%7+!15!9,+*%6'5!*16>!,2)%6;!)3+6%4%6'&&(!
$%./%5!./+!4%*).!0+6'0+!'4.+*!./+!+7+5.)!14!I+3.+,-+*!""./!PQQ"8!#!$%&&!+D',%5+!./+!
)16%'&!'50!,2)%6'&!+D3+*%+56+)!14!./+!I12./!9)%'5!9,+*%6'5!325>!-'50!@/+! r1,%5')8!M162)%5:!15!/1$!./+!-'50!,+,-+*)!+5:':+!$%./!+./5%6!'50!*'6%'&!
+))+5.%'&%),);!#!$%&&!%57+).%:'.+!./+!61,3&+D!%5.+*&16>%5:!0(5',%6)!14!J2)&%,5+));!
I12./!9)%'5=5+));!1*!-*1$5=5+))!%5!./+!,2)%6!)6+5+)!6*1$0+0!-(!&%-+*'&!
,2&.%62&.2*'&%).);!/%3).+*);!'50!%50%+=*16>+*)8!
^-*.+'*>)"-*(=)0*"-*$"22")>!D,=0/*f=11%23-/*0=1,&!*14*.7'-.3I!1>'.+"-0!*
&)=)('*,-('=*.+'*"-.'-!'*T,0,!.*!,-F*J&1=."-0*)*+"&!.'=*!.32'*'-*>)!!'/*.+'3*)='*)22*
7')="-0*()=%I4=)>'(*R-'=(3V*02)!!'!/*12(*.I!+"=.!/*!%"--3*5')-!/*!2"&I1-*#)-?)!*!+1'!/*
)-(*1.+'=*)##'!!1="'!*!)2?)0'(*4=1>*.+="4.*!.1='!*1=*&,=#+)!'(*).*)*21#)2*L=D)-*
^,.4"..'=!*#+)"-*!.1='FPG*L-"41=>*>,2."#121='(*#+'#%'='(*!#)=?'!*7=)&*)=1,-(*.+'"=*
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 16 Anthrolopogist Ted Swedenburg recounts the controversy of the Urban Outfitters’ marketing of the keffiyeh as “anti-war woven scarf” in the store’s catalog. More on the western appropriation of the ! fl!
-'#%!*)-(*!+1,2('=!F*$".+1,.*)*#+'#%'='(*!#)=4/*@*!."#%*1,.*2"%'*)*!1='*.+,>DF*^=*>)3D'*
".*+)!*2'!!*.1*(1*.1*7".+*.+'*!#)=4/*D,.*>1='*7".+*.+'*7')='=*14*.+'*!#)=4F*^=*'?'-*>1='*
!1/*".*+)!*!1>'.+"-0*.1*(1*7".+*.+'*'.+-"#".3*14*.+'*7')='=*14*.+'*!#)=4F*E3*!'24I
#1-!#"1,!-'!!*D'0"-!*!&"=)2"-0*"-.1*)*!')*14*!'24I(1,D.F*$+).*(1'!*".*>')-*.1*7')=*.+"!*
!#)=4*)-37)3U*$+).*(1'!*".*>')-*41=*>'*.1*7')=*.+"!*%"-(*14*!#)=4U*
r51$5!')!A>24%('!Z6157+5.%15'&!)3+&&%5:!A>+44%(+/B[;!./%)!3%+6+!14!A+./5%6B!
4'-*%6!*+3*+)+5.)!'!7':2+!51.%15!14!*+)%).'56+;!-2.!15&(!')!'!)'*.1*%'&!0+7%6+!./'.!
0%)3&'()!'!4')/%15'-&+!).'.+,+5.!$%./%5!/%3).+*01,8!M1*,+*&(!$1*5!-(!*2*'&!9*'-!
3+')'5.!6&'));!./+!>+44%(+/!-+6',+!'!)(,-1&!14!5'.%15'&%).!*+)%).'56+!02*%5:!./+!
"R\Q)!9*'-!*+71&.!%5!Y'&+).%5+!'50!&'.+*!-+6',+!'-)1*-+0!%5.1!H2*13+'5=9,+*%6'5!
&+4.%).!612.2*+;!')!$+&&!')!).*++.!'50!61,,+*6%'&!4')/%15!%5!./+!F5%.+0!I.'.+)!)%56+!
./+!"RlQ)8!#5!./+!,%0!.1!&'.+!PQQQ);!./+!,'<1*%.(!14!./+!>+44%(+/=6&'0!%50%7%02'&)!'*+!
.(3%6'&&(!+%./+*!25'$'*+!1*!15&(!7':2+&(!4',%&%'*!$%./!%.)!3*1=Y'&+).%5%'5;!'5.%=$'*!
'))16%'.%15)!ZI$+0+5-2*:!PQ"Q[8!E1&&+6.%7+&(!$1*5!-(!/%3).+*);!./+)+!>+44%(+/)!)'(!
15+!./%5:S!./+!5+$!/%3!612.2*+!%)!'!3%+6+!14!./+!+./5%6'&&(!1./+*!A#)&',%6B!$1*&08!!
#5!T(D,!.'=;!'!,':'O%5+!615.*%-2.+0!-(!'5.%=61,,+*6%'&%),!'50!
+57%*15,+5.'&%).!$*%.+*);!'*.%).);!'50!0+)%:5+*);!K12:&')!]'001$!61,,+5.)!15!./+!
61,,10%4%6'.%15!14!>+44%(+/8!]+!6&'%,)!./'.!./+!>+44%(+/!/')!A-+61,+!'!61,3&+.+&(!
,+'5%5:&+))!/%3).+*!6&%6/?!4')/%15!'66+))1*(B!ZPQQl[8!L/'.!%5.*%:2+)!,+!%)!./+!.%.&+!
14!./+!'*.%6&+S!A]%3).+*S!./+!K+'0!H50!14!L+).+*5!E%7%&%O'.%158B!L/'.!01!./+)+!(125:!
>+44%(+/=6&'0!3'*.(:1+*)!/'7+!.1!01!$%./!./+!*'./+*!)+*%12)=)1250%5:!51.%15!14!
AL+).+*5!E%7%&%O'.%15Bp!Y+*/'3)!]'001$!%)!3&'(%5:!15!./+!615.*17+*)%'&! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! keffiyeh, see Swedenburg, http://www.thejerusalemfund.org/ht/display/ContentDetails/i/10733/pid/897, accessed on August 25, 2010. ! fR!
A6%7%&%O'.%15'&B!0%)612*)+;!)3+6%4%6'&&(!I',2+&!]25.%5:.15C)!$+&&=>51$5;!31&+,%6'&!
./+1*(!14!./+!A6&')/!14!6%7%&%O'.%15)B!'50!%.)!0%)62*)%7+!144)3*%5:!ZY'&2,-1=W%2!PQQP[8!
#5!./+!$'>+!14!./+!+7+5.)!15!I+3.+,-+*!"";!PQQ";!X+1*:+!L8!V2)/!0+3&1(+0!./+!
&'5:2':+!14!6%7%&%O'.%15!%5!/%)!0+6&'*'.%15!14!./+!L'*!':'%5).!@+**1*S!A@/%)!%)!
6%7%&%O'.%15C)!4%:/.;B!3*+)2,'-&(!':'%5).!./+!A256%7%&%O+0B!515=L+).8!@/%)!*/+.1*%6!
*+%541*6+)!'!)3'.%'&!'50!31&%.%6'&!-%5'*(!-+.$++5!2)!'50!./+,;!/+*+!'50!./+*+;!
A9,+*%6'B!'50!./+!@+**1*%).=)3'$5+0!A#)&',%6B!$1*&08!]'001$;!/1$+7+*;!/')!51!
%5.+*+).!%5!V2)/C)!*%:/.=$%5:!3*1<+6.!41*!615).*26.%5:!'5!%,3+*%'&!L+).8!#5).+'0!/+!
6*%.%^2+)!./%)!'&.+*5'.%7+;!&+4.%).!).*+',!14!AL+).+*5!6125.+*62&.2*+8B!]+!0+5%:*'.+)!
/%3).+*)!41*!./+%*!3+*3+.2'&!615)2,3.%15!/'-%.)!'50!'31&%.%6'&!+./1)!-(!61,3'*%5:!
./+,!$%./!3*+7%12)!L+).+*5!6125.+*62&.2*'&!,17+,+5.)8!]'001$C)!6*%.%^2+!14!
/%3).+*01,!%)!6&'))=-')+08!]+!>++5&(!.'*:+.)!./+!4')/%15!'50!62&.2*+!%502).*(!41*!%.)!
*'7+512)!'33+.%.+!.1!61,,10%4(!/%3).+*!0+)%*'-&+);!'50!'5!256*%.%6'&!61,3&%6%.(!15!
./+!3'*.!14!./+!/%3).+*)!./+,)+&7+)8!F541*.25'.+&(;!]'001$C)!'))+)),+5.!17+*&11>)!
./+!*'6%'&!'50!+./5%6!0%,+5)%15)!14!./%)!62&.2*'&!3/+51,+5158!!
#!)+5)+!'5!25+')(!0%))15'56+!%5!]'001$C)!<2D.'31)%.%15!14!'5!A#)&',%6B!
)(,-1&!'50!./+!4'%&2*+!14!AL+).+*5!6%7%&%O'.%158B!9*+!'&&!/%3).+*)!5+6+))'*%&(!
AL+).+*5+*)Bp!L/'.!%)!%.!&%>+!.1!-+!'!,%51*%.(!$%./%5!./%)!)6+5+!./'.!*+'0%&(!
615)2,+)!Y'&+).%5%'5!1*!,1*+!:+5+*'&&(;!#)&',%6!%,':+*(!')!'!A62&.2*'&B!$+'*'-&+p!
#!41250!./+!,1).!4*2%.42&!'5)$+*)!.1!./+)+!^2+).%15)!%5!,(!%5.+*'6.%15)!$%./!
@/+!r1,%5');!'!I12./!9)%'5!9,+*%6'5!325>!-'50!./'.!)3'$5+0!%5!)2-2*-'5!V1).158!
V*1$)%5:!./+!-'50C)!3/1.1!:'&&+*(!15!M'6+-11>;!#!0%)617+*+0!'!).*%>%5:!3/1.1! aM%:2*+!P8fb!./'.!144+*)!'!6*%.%6'&!%5)%:/.!15!./+!A>+44%(+/B!3*1-&+,8!#5!./%)!3/1.1;! ! hQ!
./*++!A-*1$5B!,+5!14!I12./!9)%'5!0+)6+5.;!+'6/!'66+))1*%O+0!-(!'5!+./5%6'&&(!
A#)&',%6B!:'*,+5.;!31)+!%5!'!*1$8!@/+(!).'50!%5!4*15.!14!'!0%&'3%0'.+0!).1*+4*15.!./'.!
'33+'*)!.1!-+!'5!'5'*6/%).!)3'6+!15!'!6%.(!).*++.8!N5!./+!&+4.;!0*2,,+*!#,*'5!J'&%>!
2541&0)!./+!&'(+*)!14!/%)!0'*>!-&2+!'50!:*'(!>+44%(+/;!3+*/'3)!%5!3*+3'*'.%15!.1!32.!
15!./+!)6'*48!]%)!),%&+!*'0%'.+)!$%./!'!3&+')'5.!'5.%6%3'.%158!#5!./+!,%00&+;!:2%.'*%).!
9*<25!U'(!$+'*)!'!-2*:250(!'50!$/%.+!>+44%(+/!'*1250!/%)!5+6>;!$/%&+!/1&0%5:!'!
6%:'*+..+!%5!/%)!*%:/.!/'508!9*<25C)!0'*>!$'7(!/'%*!4'&&)!17+*!/%)!)/12&0+*)!'50!
-&+50)!%5.1!./+!+./5%6!.+D.%&+!3'..+*5!14!/%)!>+44%(+/8!]+!).'50)!.'&&!$%./!6154%0+56+;!
&11>%5:!&%>+!'!ZA+./5%6B[!*+71&2.%15'*(8!!
@1!/%)!*%:/.!%)!:2%.'*%).!I/'/<+/'5!r/'5;!$%./!'!.%:/.&(!.*%,,+0!:1'.++!'50!'!
*+6+0%5:!/'%*&%5+;!$+'*%5:!'!6*%,)15!61&1*!)/1*.=)&++7+0!%,=.)!Z.*'0%.%15'&!,'&+!
.25%6!%5!I12./!9)%'[!$%./!0+.'%&+0!:1&0=./*+'0+0!+,-*1%0+*(8!U+&'.%7+!.1!/%)!,'.+);!
I/'/<+/'5C)!'33+'*'56+!3*1<+6.)!0%)61,41*.8!]%)!'..%*+!%)!*+50+*+0!.11!+./5%68!]+!
).'50)!5+*712)&(!$%./12.!)/1+)8!]%)!*%:/.!)/12&0+*!4'&&)!'!4+$!%56/+)!&1$+*!./'5!/%)!
&+4.!)/12&0+*8!#!*+'0!I/'/<+/'5C)!31%)+0!1./+*5+))!+D3*+))%7+!14!./+!25'))%,%&'.+0;!
14!./+!%,,%:*'5.8!J1*+17+*;!I/'/<+/'5C)!3+*41*,+0!0%)61,41*.!%5).'5.%'.+)!c1)?!
J2n1OC)!6156+3.%15!14!A0%)%0+5.%4%6'.%15;B!4%*).!%5.*1026+0!%5!./+!%5.*1026.1*(!
6/'3.+*8!9661*0%5:!.1!J2n1OS!!
K%)0+5.%4%6'.%15!%)!'-12.!*+6(6&%5:!'50!*+./%5>%5:!+5610+0!,+'5%5:8!@/+! 3*16+))!14!0%)%0+5.%4%6'.%15!)6*',-&+)!'50!*+615).*26.)!./+!+5610+0!,+))':+! 14!'!62&.2*'&!.+D.!%5!'!4')/%15!./'.!-1./!+D31)+)!./+!+5610+0!,+))':+C)! 25%7+*)'&%O%5:!'50!+D6&2)%15'*(!,'6/%5'.%15)!'50!*+6%*62%.)!%.)!$1*>%5:)!.1! '66125.!41*;!%56&20+;!'50!+,31$+*!,%51*%.(!%0+5.%.%+)!'50!%0+5.%4%6'.%15)! Z"RRRS!\"[8! ! I/'/<+/'5C)!)'*.1*%'&!3+*41*,'56+!*+6(6&+)!'50!*+615.+D.2'&%O+)!./+!25=/%3=5+))!14!
'5!25'))%,%&'.+0!%,,%:*'5.8!I.':+0!41*!'!)'.%*%6'&!+44+6.;!./%)!3/1.1!')!'!$/1&+! ! h"!
0%)3&'()!.+5)%15!'50!0%)61,41*.!$%./!*+)3+6.!.1!/1$!./+!>+44%(+/!%)!$1*5!'50!$/1!%)!
$+'*%5:!%.8!c2D.'31)%5:!./+!>+44%(+/!'50!./+!>2*.'!')!'!$'(!.1!)'.%*%O+!'!/%3).+*!
)'*.1*%'&!1*./101D(;!./+!./*++!'6.1*)!+D31)+!./+!615).*26.+0!/%35+))!'))16%'.+0!$%./!
./+!)6'*48!@/+(!4&'25.!./+!31.+5.%'&!25/%3=5+))!14!./+)+!+./5%6!:'*,+5.)8!J1*+17+*;!
./%)!3%6.2*+!*+7+'&)!./+!615.*'0%6.%15)!14!./%)!)++,%5:&(!3*1:*+))%7+!&%-+*'&%),!
+,-+00+0!%5!./+!3*1,%)+!14!./%)!+./5%6!6/%68!@/+!+D/%-%.+0!25+')+!*+7+'&)!'!617+*.!
+D6&2)%15'*(!,+))':+!./'.!)2::+).)S!r+44%(+/!':'%5).!-*1$5!)>%5!01+)!51.!^2%.+!
(%+&0!./+!)',+!+44+6.)!')!>+44%(+/!15!$/%.+!Z1*!(+&&1$[!)>%58!!
!
!
H12/'&(?F>*(C"&(T-91,#8F(3"-%-2'#$"(;A(T19(M#.#41K(0-/'%&8A(-5(#'%18%(
!
@/+!r1,%5')!%)!$+&&=>51$5!41*!%.)!'))16%'.%15!$%./!./+!:*'))*11.)!,2)%6!
62&.2*+!)+&4=&'-+&+0!')!A.'^$'61*+8B!@/+!3*+4%D!A.'^$'B!%)!'!t2*C'5%6!9*'-%6!.+*,! ! hP!
,+'5%5:!A4+'*=%5)3%*+0!&17+B!1*!A&17+=-')+0!4+'*B!41*!./+!0%7%5+8!!@/+!)244%D!A61*+B!
*+4+*)!.1!./+!325>!*11.)!/%:/&%:/.%5:!./+!01=%.=(12*)+&4!%0+1&1:(!'50!)2-7+*)%7+!
'..%.20+)!6+5.*'&!%5!/'*061*+!325>!,2)%6!)6+5+)8!J%6/'+&!J2/',,'0!r5%:/.!61%5+0!
./+!.+*,!A.'^$'61*+B!%5!/%)!517+&!'-12.!'!:*123!14!61&&+:+=':+0!%50%7%02'&)!$/1!&%7+!
%5!'!/12)+!.1:+./+*!%5!V244'&1;!g+$!d1*>8!@/+!.+*,!.'^$'61*+!%)!6156+%7+0!.1!
*+6&'%,!'!)3'6+!41*!'5!'&.+*5'.%7+!3*'6.%6+!14!#)&',!%54&+6.+0!$%./!./+!325>!'5.%=
).'.2)=^21!+./1)8!@/+!r1,%5')C!).1*(!%)!./+!-+:%55%5:!14!'!*+)1250%5:!0%))+5.!
*+)3150%5:!.1!./+!)%&+56%5:!14!,%51*%.(!71%6+)!'4.+*!R`""8!!
!!
Y&'(%5:!%5!./+!J%0).!14!Y1).=R`""!X*++5!J+5'6+!
$".+*4)-!*)-(*>,!"#")-*4="'-(!/*6+'*j1>"-)!*)='*.1,="-0*.+'*LFJF*.+"!*!,>>'=F*
61*!)?'*.=)?'2*':&'-!'!*1-*.+'"=*#=1!!I#1,-.=3/*PkI#".3*.1,=/*.+'3*(="?'*)*+3D="(*M1-()*
T##1=(*7+"2'*.17"-0*)*.=)"2'=F*@-*.+'*&)=%"-0*21.*).*6+'*f="(0'*9T@/*)*21#)2*)=.!*!&)#'*
7+'='*@B>*+1!."-0*6+'*j1>"-)!B*&'=41=>)-#'*"-*8+)=21..'!?"22'/*@*!.)-(*>'!>'="]'(*D3*
.+'"=*!"2?'=*D1:3*k*l*:*YB*.=)"2'=/*('#1=).'(*7".+*>3=")(*!.'-#"2!/*!."#%'=!/*(=)7"-0!/*)-(*
!#="DD2'!/*#1-.="D,.'(*D3*.+'*D)-(*)-(*".!*#1+1=.F*6+'!'*>'!!)0'!*14*"-!"('*51%'!*)-(*
!3>D12!*14*"(')2"!>*=')("23*':&='!!*)!&'#.!*14*.+'"=*SF@F
!12"()=".3*1?'=*!+)='(*&)!!"1-*)-(*)2"'-)."1-F*T(>"="-0*.+'*)=.*1-*.+'*.=)"2'=/*@*!''*)-*
"-.'=I4)".+*'[,)."1-*14*':&='!!'(*)!*.+'*412217"-0\**
* TAATM*m*A1?'* * b'!,!*m*A1?'* * ^-'*D2)#%*!.'-#"2*>)=%/*7".+*)*4"0,='*14*)*>)-*&,22"-0*+"!*4)#")2*!%"-/*=')(!/*RE<* Q9@SQCETA*JMT8jAQV*gd"0,='*XFGi/*)*23="#*4=1>*)*!1-0*7="..'-*D3*^>)=*$)[)=/*)2!1* 1-*.1,=*)!*J)=>,!.F*^>)=*+)!*D''-*4="'-(!*7".+*.+'*>'>D'=!*14*6+'*j1>"-)!*!"-#'*.+'* 6)[7).1,=*"-*XHHKF*J.)-("-0*-':.*.1*.+'*.=)"2'=/*J+)+5*WJ+)+5'+)-Z*='#1,-.!*.1*>'* !1>'*14*.+'"=*.1,=*)(?'-.,='!F*@*)>*&)=."#,2)=23*!.=,#%*D3*.+'*!.1=3*14*.+'"=*=)#"!.* '-#1,-.'=*).*)*0)!*!.)."1-*1-*.+'"=*7)3*4=1>*T.2)-.)*.1*O"=0"-")F*T*4'7*7+".'* T>'="#)-*>'-*)!%'(*.+'*D)-(*"4*.+'"=*.=)"2'=*7)!*7+'='*.+'3*R%''&*)22*14*W.+'"=Z*l+).'* >)"2FBV*J+)+5*.'22!*>'*.+).*+'*='!&1-('(*D3*!)3"-0*.+).*.+'3B='*)*D)-(F*6+'*0=1,&*14* >'-*='&2"'(/*R1+/*.+).B!*#112FFFV*T&&)='-.23/*.+'"=*)-">1!".3*(">"-"!+'(*)4.'=*.+'3*41,-(* 1,.*.+).*6+'*j1>"-)!*7)!*)*0=1,&*14*>,!"#")-!F*M17*D"])=='F*J+)+5*.'22!*>'*.+).*+'* 4''2!*)!*"4*.+"!*"-.'=)#."1-*7)!*=)#'I='2).'(F*f,.*+'*':&='!!'!*.+).*+'*(1'!-B.*=')223* ,-('=!.)-(*.+'*,!)0'*14*.+'*.'=>*R+).'I>)"2FV*@*.+"-%*.1*>3!'24/*+17*.7"!.'(*"!*.+"!\* #1,2(*.+"!*D'*)-*"-!.)-#'*14*.+'*R'&"('=>)2*!+)#%2'VU*9,-%*)-)=#+3*"!*1-23*R#112V*)-(* -1-I.+=').'-"-0/*)!*21-0*)!*".B!*-1.*='2).'(*.1*&'1&2'*7+1*)&&')=*.1*211%*E,!2">/* T!")-/*1=*2"%'*)*.'==1="!.n* ! he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mI3+6%'&!U+:%).*'.%15C!3*1:*',!*+^2%*%5:!J2)&%,!%,,%:*'5.!,+5!.1! ! hf! *+:%).+*!$%./!./+!:17+*5,+5.!'50!)2-,%.!.1!^2+).%15%5:B!ZJ'%*'!PQQRS!"P[!.11>! 3&'6+!-+5+'./!,'%5).*+',!,+0%'!7%)%-%&%.(8!]%).1*%'5!G%<'(!Y*')/'0!&%5>)!./+!31).= R`""!6150%.%15!.1!J6E'*./(%),!02*%5:!./+!E1&0!L'*8!g1.!'!U+0!I6'*+;!-2.!'!AX*++5! J+5'6+8B!@/%)!.%,+;!./+!+5+,(!%)!#)&',8!Y*')/'0!1-)+*7+);!o9&&!J2)&%,)!'*+!)2)3+6.)! -(!'))16%'.%15;!-2.!./1)+!$/1!/'0!61,+!%5.1!+7+5!4&++.%5:!615.'6.!$%./!./+!1*:'5)!14! #)&',%6!*'0%6'&%),!'*+!4'%*!:',+!41*!'**+).!'50!%5.+**1:'.%15888!W%>+!J6E'*./(%),;!./+! ,'%5!':+5.!41*!)16%'&!133*+))%15!%)!51.!./+!).'.+;!-2.!%.!%)!3*%7'.+!%5).%.2.%15)!'50!12*! 5+%:/-1*)oZPQQ\S!iP[8* V')%,!F),'5%;!./+!-'))%).!14!@/+!r1,%5');!%)!51.!'!).*'5:+*!.1!./%)!4++&%5:8!]+! +5'6.)!./%)!31).=R`""!).'.+!14!3'*'51%'!%5!/%)!)15:!AI/'*%'!W'$!14!./+!F8I898B!#5!./+! ).20%1!*+61*0%5:!14!./+!)15:;!'!&11,%5:!)+5)+!14!'!$'*=-1250!0().13%'!%)!6*+'.+0!-(! '20%1!)',3&+)!4*1,!./+!6%7%&!0+4+5)+!4%&,)!41*,+*&(!2)+0!')!32-&%6!+026'.%15!02*%5:! ./+!E1&0!L'*!+*'!%5!./+!"RfQ)8"i!@/+!4%*).!)',3&+!1662*)!'.!./+!+50!14!./+! %5).*2,+5.'&!%5.*1026.%15;!41&&1$%5:!'!)2).'%5+0!:2%.'*!4++0-'6>!)%*+5!'50!'!-1,-= &%>+!'66+5.!015+!61&&+6.%7+&(!-(!'&&!./+!%5).*2,+5.)!%5!./+!-'508!@/+!0*133%5:!14!./+! ,2)%6'&!-1,-!61%56%0+)!$%./!./+!)1250!14!'!&'*:+!+D3&1)%7+!%5!./+!6%7%&!4%&,!'20%1! 6&%38!@/+5!./+!'551256+*!'0,15%)/+);!AH,+*:+56(S!@/+!F5%.+0!I.'.+)!%)!250+*! 526&+'*!'..'6>8!@'>+!617+*!%,,+0%'.+&(!%5!(12*!'*+'C)!4'&&12.!)/+&.+*)B!a920%1! HD',3&+!P8fb8!@/+5!)/1*.!)5%33+.)!14!'51./+*!"Rf"!6%7%&!0+4+5)+!'20%1!6&%3!61,+!%5.1! ./+!,%D8!@/+)+!'*+!)',3&+0!4*1,!AK26>!'50!E17+*;B!'!6'*.115!2)+0!.1!%5).*26.! 6/%&0*+5!.1!A026>!'50!617+*B!%5!./+!+7+5.!14!'5!'.1,!-1,-!'..'6>8!@/+!0%0'6.%6= )1250%5:!'551256+*!+D3&'%5)S!Ag1$!(12!'50!#!015C.!/'7+!)/+&&)!&%>+!V+*.!./+!@2*.&+;! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 17 This film is produced “co-operation with the Federal Civil Defense Administration and in consultation with the safety commission of the National Education Association”, 1951. accessed on August 27, 2010. ! hh! )1!$+!/'7+!.1!617+*!23!12*!1$5!$'(kY'2&!'50!Y'..(!>51$!./%)8!g1!,'..+*!$/+*+! ./+(!:1!1*!$/'.!./+(!01;!./+(!'&$'()!.*(!.1!*+,+,-+*!$/'.!.1!01!%4!./+!'.1,!-1,-! +D3&10+)!*%:/.!./+5kB!g+'*!./+!+50!14!./+!)+6.%15;!./+!%5).*2,+5.'&!)1250)!*+6+0+;! ./+5!./+!"RfQ)!'551256+*C)!71%6+!*+)1250)!%5!./+!41*+:*1250!14!./+!,%D;!A#.C)!'! -1,-s!K26>!'50!617+*sB!a920%1!HD',3&+!P8hb8* N7+*!./+!3256/(!^2'*.+*=51.+!'..'6>)!15!./+!:2%.'*;!V')%,C)!)%5:);!AE13)! 6/')+0!,+!12..'!,(!,1./+*_)!$1,-;!`!,(!6*%-!$')!%5!).'.+!3+5!-+41*+!':+!.$1!q! '50!`!./+!4+0)!/'0!-2::+0!,(!*+0!.1(!3/15+8B!@1!&%-+*'.+!4*1,!./+!5+1=J6E'*./(%).! )2*7+%&&'56+;!V')%,!3*16&'%,)!./+!&(*%6;!AI1!#!0+7%)+0!'!3&'5!41*!/+'0)!.1!*1&&8B!L/'.! ,%:/.!./%)!3&'5!-+p!@/+!)3+'>+*!14!./+!)15:!'5)$+*)!$%./!./+!*+3+'.+0!6/1*2)!&%5+! AI/'*%'!W'$!%5!./+!F8I898B!I/'*%'!%)!./+!)'6*+0!&'$!14!#)&',8!V')%,C)!71%6+!)$+&&);! )2).'%5);!'50!./+5!.*+,-&+)!$%./!'!)2-.&+!7%-*'.18!]+!)%5:)!'5./+,%6'&&(;!AI/'*%'! W'$!q!%5!@]HBT!./+5!./+!*+).!14!./+!-'50!<1%5)!%5!.1!)/12.;!AF=I=9'(B;!%5!./+!*'$!).(&+! 14!iQ)!325>!*+,%5%)6+5.!14!./+!U',15+)!a920%1!HD',3&+!P8ib8!#5!&%7+!)/1$);!V')%,! '50!I/'/<+/'5!32,3!./+%*!4%).)!%5!./+!'%*!$/%&+!./+(!)/12.!AF=I=9'(8B!@/+!325>! A#)&',%).B!./*+'.!%5!./+!)15:;!#!615.+50;!%)!'!*+)315)+!.1!./+!%5).%.2.%15'&!)2*7+%&&'56+! '50!#)&',13/1-%'8!#5!@/+!r1,%5')C)!)15:;!./+!A3'.*%1.%6B!+D6&2)%15!14!J2)&%,)!%)!51.! '5!'44'#.!14!./+!A#)&',%).B!@+**1*T!./+!+D6&2)%15!14!J2)&%,)!%)!./+!#),!'*14!./+!)1= 6'&&+0!A#)&',%).B!./*+'.8!Y*+6%)+&(;!./+!)15:!*+7+*)+)!./+!6'2)+='50=+44+6.!&1:%6!%5!./+! 615)+*7'.%7+!'5.%=#)&',!%0+1&1:(!')!.*'5),%..+0!-(!,'%5).*+',!,+0%'8!9661*0%5:!.1! ./%)!&1:%6;!./+!F8I8!]1,+&'50!I+62*%.(!01+)5C.!3*+7+5.!X*++5!J+5'6+;!%.!6*+'.+)!%.8!! ! hi! F)%5:!'!.%.&+!)%,%&'*!.1!./+!I+D!Y%).1&)C!A95'*6/(!%5!./+!F8r8B;"l!V')%,!+71>+)! ./+!51$=6&'))%6!H5:&%)/!325>!-'50C)!'5.%=).'.2)=^21!325>!+./1)8!]+!-+:%5)!./+!)15:! $%./!)%,%&'*!&(*%6)S!A#C,!'5!#)&',%).T!#C,!./+!'5.%=6/*%).;B"R!-2.!$%./!&+))!)+*%12)5+))8! I3*%:/.&(!4%5:+*=)5'33%5:!'661,3'5%+)!./+!)(5613'.+0!716'&!&%5+)!)25:!$%./!'! ),11./!7%-*'.18!@/+!)2'7+!0+&%7+*(!14!./+)+!&(*%6);!%5!./+!).(&+!14!011=$13!1*! V*1'0$'(!)/1$!.25+);!+&%6%.)!'5!%*15(!-+.$++5!./+!&%5+)!14!,+5'6%5:!$1*0)!a920%1! HD',3&+!P8lb8!@/%)!%)!51.!'!)+*%12)!,+))':+!14!/'.+!1*!./*+'.8!V2.!./+!,+))':+!%)! 6+*.'%5&(!0+&%7+*+0!$%./!'!&1'0!14!3&+')2*+8!@/+!r1,%5')!%)!51.!'!:*123!14!.+**1*%).);! ,2)%6'&&(!1*!)16%'&&(;!1*!%5!'5(!6156+%7'-&+!$'(8!@/+!).(&%).%6!)/244&%5:!-+.$++5!325>! *'2612)5+))!'50!7%5.':+!9,+*%6'5!)/1$!.25+)!2*-'5%.(!6*+'.+)!'5!%*15%6!0%).'56+! ./'.!./$'*.)!./+!'-)1&2.%).!+./5%6!'50!*+&%:%12)!%0+1&1:%+)!+,-+00+0!%5!./+! +541*6+,+5.!'50!32-&%6!*/+.1*%6!%5!./+!F5%.+0!I.'.+)8PQ!J').+*)!14!325>!)'.%*+);!@/+! r1,%5')!3'*10%+)!./+!).+*+1.(3%6'&!0+3%6.%15)!14!J2)&%,;!I12./!9)%'5;!'50!9*'-! ,')62&%5%.(!*',3'5.!3*1026+0!-(!./+!31).=R`""!,+0%'8!@/%)!0(5',%6!14!*+6(6&%5:! '50!*+6%*62%.%5:!14!,'))=,+0%'.+0!%,':+)!14!./+!J2)&%,!')!'!@+**1*%).!'*.%62&'.+)! ./+!&1:%6!14!0%)%0+5.%4%6'.%158!J2n1O!0+)6*%-+)!./%)!,17+,+5.!')!AC,'>%5:!17+*Ck;! ./+!$'(!'!)2-<+6.!&11>)!'.!'5!%,':+!./'.!/')!-++5!615).*26.+0!.1!+D3&1%.!'50!0+5(! %0+5.%.(!'50!%5).+'0!4%50)!3&+')2*+;!-1./!+*1.%6!'50!)+&4='44%*,%5:B!Z"RRRS!iP[8!L%./! $%.!'50!)'*6'),;!./+!)%5:%5:!)2-<+6.!+,-*'6+)!./+!1-<+6.%4%+0!%,':+!14!./+! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 18 The observations of the similarities between The Kominas’ “Sharia Law in the USA” and the Sex Pistols’ “Anarchy in the UK” were first made by Daniel Kantorova’s post on Mideastyouth.com, http://www.mideastyouth.com/2009/08/06/smash-the-last-idol-report-from-the-kominas-concert/ (accessed September 13, 2010). 19 The Sex Pistols’ song “Anarchy in the U.K.” begins with the lyrics “I’m an anti-Christ / I’m an anarchist.” PQ!@/+!.%.&+!14!./+!4%*).!'&-2,!$"2(*;"0+.!*"-*e,)-.)-)>1*f)3!+D+,3&%4%+)!/1$!./+!-'50!.'>+)!./+! )2-<+6.!31)%.%15!14!./1)+!0+31*.+0;!0+.'%5+0;!+D6&20+0;!1*!,'*:%5'&%O+0!-(!./+!F8I8!:17+*5,+5.8!! ! hl! ./*+'.+5%5:!@+**1*%).=&%>+!J2)&%,!,')62&%5%.(8!951./+*!&'(+*!14!<1>+!3+*/'3)!31%5.)! .1!/1$!I/'*%'!W'$!')!'!)12*6+!14!*+&%:%12)!'2./1*%.(!%5!./+!#)&',%6!4'%./!%)! *+615.+D.2'&%O+08!]+*+!%.!%)!2.%&%O+0!')!'5!%5).'56+!14!325>!'5'*6/(8!I%5:%5:;! )/12.%5:;!'50!)&',=0'56%5:;!@/+!r1,%5')!/%:/&%:/.)!./+!'-)2*0%.(!14!F8I8!/1,+&'50! )+62*%.(!31&%.%6)!41&&1$%5:!./+!+7+5.)!15!I+3.+,-+*!"";!PQQ";!'.!./+!)',+!.%,+! 250+*62.)!./+!*+&%:%12)!'2./1*%.(!14!#)&',8! F541*.25'.+&(;!51.!+7+*(15+!:+.)!./+!<1>+8!J'%5).*+',!3*+))!/')!+D6+))%7+&(! +D'::+*'.+0!@/+!r1,%5')C!'44%&%'.%15)!.1!#)&',8!95!'*.%6&+!15!8;;F#1>!6&'%,)!./'.! ./*++!14!./+!412*!,+,-+*)!14!./+!-'50!A%0+5.%4(!')!J2)&%,j-1./!3*'6.%6%5:!'50! 515=3*'6.%6%5:B!Z95)'*%!PQQR[8!N2.!14!'551('56+!'50!4*2).*'.%15;!V')%,!)+5.!'! ,+))':+!.1!'&&!/%)!41&&1$+*)!15!@$%..+*;!A@/'._)!4255(8!#!.1&0!Egg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i[T!;'7!7''%C)!AI&',=K'56%5:!.1!9&&'/B!ZY/%&%3)!PQQi[T!@/+!f1!.1-*e21D'C)!B@/+! E&')/S!Y25>!J++.)!#)&',!%5!'!W16'&!V'50!@/'.!I&')/+)!I.+*+1.(3+)B!ZI'6%*-+(!PQQh[T! 8;;C)!AY25>!J++.)!#)&',!41*!g+$!X+5+*'.%15!%5!F8I8B!Z95)'*%!PQQR[T!@/+!AFTF*6">'!B! ! hR! Ag+7+*,%50!./+!#)&',8!@/+!r1,%5')!9*+!Y25>B!Z9-02&*'/%,!PQQR[T!'50!%5!./+!F8r8! 5+$)3'3+*!6+'*J,-;!Ag+7+*!J%50!./+!V2*>')S!U16>%5Ckr1,%5')!%5!V1).15!'.!./+!I'0! E'4+!%5!W1$+&&kB!Z#::2&0+5!PQQi[8!@/+!3*+)2331)+0!%**+6156%&'-%&%.(!-+.$++5!#)&',! '50!325>!%);!#!'*:2+;!-')+0!15!./+!'))2,3.%15!./'.!325>!,2)%6!%)!AL+).+*5;B!$/%.+;! 1*!9,+*%6'58P"!#!-&',+!9&'5!L'.+*);!'5!'5./*131&1:(!3*14+))1*!'.!F5%7+*)%.(!14! J'))'6/2)+..)=V1).15;!$/1!,'>+)!./%)!7+*(!'))+*.%15!%5!./+!T!!1#").'(*9='!!B!).1*(! '-12.!@/+!r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p!g+%./+*!L'.+*)!51*!./+!T!!1#").'(*9='!!!$*%.+*!'..+,3.)!.1! *+)1&7+!./%)!.+5)%158!#5!4'6.;!51!3*+))!/')!3'%0!'5(!)+*%12)!'..+5.%15!.1!./+!-'50C)! ,2)%68!! @/+!r1,%5')!'&)1!^2+).%15)!./+!6+5.*'&%.(!14!J%6/'+&!J2/',,'0!r5%:/.!%5! ./+!.'^$'61*+!5'**'.%7+!3*1026+0!-(!g1*./!9,+*%6'5!,'))!,+0%'8!r5%:/.!,'(!/'7+! /+&3+0!41).+*!./+!.'^$'61*+!62&.2*'&!)3'6+!-(!32..%5:!'!5',+!.1!%.;!-2.!'661*0%5:!.1! V')%,;!$/1!%)!6&1)+!4*%+50)!$%./!r5%:/.;!./+!)1=6'&&+0!A.'^$'61*+B!)6+5+!'50!./+! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! P"!9&)1;!./+!325>=7+*)2)=#)&',!-%5'*(!6'5!42*./+*!*+%541*6+0!-(!N*%+5.'&%).!51.%15)!14!'56%+5.5+))! '50!3*%,%.%7+5+))!14!515=L+).+*5!*+&%:%15)8!J1*+!15!./%)!%))2+;!)++!J'%*'!PQQR8! ! iQ! 3'*.%6%3'5.)!$%./%5!%.!$+*+!'&*+'0(!%5!+D%).+56+!3*%1*!.1!./+!,+0%'!6%*62&'.%15!'50! ./+!%57+5.%15!14!./+!.+*,8!V')%,!'*:2+);!A@/+!*'6%).!,+0%'k6'5!32.!JJr!ZJ%6/'+&! J2/',,'0!r5%:/.[!%5!+7+*(!).1*(!')!./+!:*+'.!$/%.+!:*'504'./+*!.1!./%)!)6+5+!14! 61542)+0;!0+).*26.%7+!J2)&%,)!$/1C7+!.2*5+0!'*1250!4*1,!./+%*!m133*+))%7+C! 62&.2*+8!@/+*+C)!3&+5.(!14!*+71&2.%15'*(!I12./!9)%'5!/%3=/13!12.!./+*+k!EVE!@G;!./+! -%::+).!-*1'06').+*!%5!E'5'0'!61,+)!.1!2)!.1!617+*!2)8!@/+!*+')15p!9!$/%.+!,'5! ).'*.+0!'&&!14!%.B!ZU')/%0;!+.!'&8!PQQR[8!V')%,C)!61,,+5.!0%':51)+)!./+!H2*1= 9,+*%6'5=6+5.*%6!%,32&)+!.1!61&15%O+!./+!4+*.%&+!6*+'.%7+!:*1250)!16623%+0!-(! ,%51*%.(!'*.%).)8!W%5>%5:!./+!3*+))!6+5.*'&%.(!15!r5%:/.!.1!$/%.+!*'6%),;!V')%,! %5.+50)!.1!6/'&&+5:+!./+!'))2,3.%15)!14!./+!95:&1!'50!$/%.+!1*%:%5)!14!.'^$'61*+8! @/+!r1,%5')C!6(5%6%),!%)!51.!2541250+08!@/+!,+0%'!/')!'33*13*%'.+0!./+! %,':+!14!./+!-'50!'50!./+%*!'))16%'.+)!250+*!./+!-'55+*!14!.'^$'61*+!41*!7'*%12)! */+.1*%6'&!'50!31&%.%6'&!':+50')8!V'6>23!716'&%).!g(&+!F),'5%!6'3.2*+0!./%)! )266%56.&(;!A#C0!&%>+!.1!./'5>!R`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r1,%5')!25&+')/+0!./+%*!4*2).*'.%158!@/+(!61,3&'%5+0!'-12.!./+!*',3'5.! '50!)/'&&1$!0+3&1(,+5.!14!+))+5.%'&%).!51.%15)!-(!,+0%'!)+5)'.%15'&%).)8!I/'/<+/'5! +D3&'%5+0;!! ! i"! L+!:1.!.1!01!'!&1.!14!611&!).244!-+6'2)+!14!./+!517+&.(!')3+6.)!14!%.;!-+6'2)+!14! '&&!./+!,+0%'!)/%.8!V2.!%.C)!0%44%62&.!$/+5!./'.!).244!/'33+5)!*%:/.!'$'(;!./+5! (12!$150+*!%4!3+13&+!'*+!'6.2'&&(!%5.+*+).+0!%5!%.!,2)%6'&&(8!V+6'2)+!'!&1.!14! )15:)!15!./'.!'&-2,!'*+!3*+..(!0',5+0!:110!)15:);!-2.!%4!./%)!$/1&+!1./+*! ')3+6.!.1!%.!$')5C.!./+*+;!(12!>51$!&%>+!./+!J2)&%,;!31).=R`""!6*'3!1*! $/'.+7+*8!Y+13&+!')>!$/'.!.'^$'61*+!%)8!#.C)!51./%5:!,1*+!./'5!'!4+$!>%0)! ./'.!.'&>!15&%5+8!Y+13&+!./%5>!%.C)!&%>+!./%)!./%5:!$/+*+!$+!'&&!/'5:!12.;!$+!'&&! )%.!'*1250!%5!./%)!/12)+!ZPQQR[8! ! I%56+!./+!41*,'.%15!14!./+!-'50!%5!PQQh;!,'%5).*+',!,+0%';!,2)%6!'50!515=,2)%6= *+&'.+0;!/')!/17+*+0!'*1250!./+!+D%).+56+!14!@/+!r1,%5')!$/%&+!3%:+15/1&%5:!%.!')!'! 62&.2*'&!517+&.(8!I/'/<+/'5C)!:*%+7'56+!*+:'*0%5:!A./+!J2)&%,;!31).=R`""!6*'3B! )/+0)!&%:/.!15!./+!0%)62*)%7+!*'6+=%54&+6.+0!)+5)'.%15'&%),!14!./+!#)&',%6!*+&%:%15!%5! ./+!,+0%'!'4.+*!I+3.+,-+*!""8!#5!E"!!"-0!ZPQQR[;!'5!+./51:*'3/%6!,151:*'3/!'-12.! ./+!31).=R`""!I12./!9)%'5!J2)&%,!9,+*%6'5!(12./!+D3+*%+56+!%5!./+!V1).15! )2-2*-);!'5./*131&1:%).!I25'%5'!J'%*'!1-)+*7+)!'!6/'5:+!%5!./+!*'6%'&!0(5',%6)!%5! ./+!31).=R`""!F5%.+0!I.'.+)8!I/+!'))+*.);!A@/+!3*%,'*(!4'2&.!&%5+)!'*+!51!&15:+*!<2).! -+.$++5!./1)+!*'6%'&%O+0!')!$/%.+!9,+*%6'5)!7+*)2)!3+13&+!14!61&1*;!1*!+7+5!-&'6>! 7+*)2)!$/%.+!9,+*%6'5);!-2.!-+.$++5!./1)+!6'.+:1*%O+0!')!J2)&%,`515=J2)&%,;! 9*'-`515=9*'-;!'50!6%.%O+5`515=6%.%O+5B!ZPQQRS!P\P[8!#5!./%)!+57%*15,+5.;! ,'*:%5'&%O+0!%0+5.%.%+)!)26/!')!J2)&%,;!9*'-;!%,,%:*'5.;!'50!I12./!9)%'5!'*+!14.+5! 6154&'.+0!'50!<2,-&+0!23!%5.1!15+!',-%:212)&(!:+5+*'&%O+0!1./+*;!2)2'&&(!41250! 0+,15%O+0;!*1,'5.%6%O+0;!6+&+-*'.+0;!1*!4%6.%15'&%O+0!%5!3*+))!,+0%'8!M1*!%5).'56+;! C122"-0*J.1-'!E)0)]"-+!+**15+12)&(!0+)6*%-+)!@/+!r1,%5')C!I12./!9)%'5!,2)%6'&! %54&2+56+)!')!AJ%00&+=H').+*5!,+&10%+)B!ZI+*3%6>!PQQR[8! 9.!I12./!I.*++.!K%5+*;!+7+*(!,+,-+*!14!@/+!r1,%5')!)31>+!238!H7+*(15+! $')!+^2'&&(!716'&!'-12.!/%)!4*2).*'.%15!$%./!./+!3*+))!,%)*+3*+)+5.'.%15)8!X2%.'*%).! ! iP! 9*<25!+D3*+))+0!/%)!0%),'(;!)3+6%4%6'&&(!*+:'*0%5:!./+!)+&4=*+3*1026%-%&%.(!14!./+! ,+0%'S!! @/+(!'&&!$*1.+!./+%*!).1*%+)!-+41*+!./+(!6',+!.1!2)8!@/+*+C)!'!:%:'5.%6!,+0%'! 6%*6&+!<+*>!'*1250!2)!./'.C)!)1!-%:;!./'.!./+(!612&05C.!*+'6/!%5!$%./!'5(!1./+*! /'50!./'.!./+(!'*+!51.!2)%5:!'50!.126/!2)!'5(,1*+8!@/+!6%*6&+!/')!:1..+5!)1! -%:!./'.!./+!0%',+.+*!/')!)3*+'0!4*1,!./+!6+5.+*8!L+C*+!/+*+!%5!./+!,%00&+!14! %.8!g15+!14!./%)!).244!(12C*+!)'(%5:!%)!.*2+8!d12C*+!$*%.%5:!+'6/!1./+*C)!'*.%6&+! 41*!+'6/!1./+*8!950!./+(!%5.+*7%+$!2)!41*!&%>+!f!,%52.+)!'.!'!.%,+!Zr/'5;!+.!'&8! PQQR[8! !! 9*<25C)!-*1./+*!r'*5'!U'(;!./+!0*2,,+*!14!@/+!r1,%5')!'.!./+!.%,+!14!./+! %5.+*7%+$;!'00+0!'!52'56+0!,+.'3/1*S!! 950!./+*+!$')!./%)!15+!)/1$!./'.!$+!3&'(+0!'.8!@/+*+!$+*+!6',+*')!31%5.%5:! '.!1./+*!6',+*')8!#4!(12!./%5>!'-12.!%.;!%.C)!-')%6'&&(!&%>+!4++0-'6>!./'.!./+(C*+! 3*1026%5:8!@/+!%532.!'50!./+!12.32.!'*+!<2).!./+!)',+8!950!%.C)!<2).!:1%5:! '*1250;!'*1250;!'50!'*1250!6*+'.%5:!./%)!%,,+5)+!51%)+8!@/%)!,1,+5.12)! 426>%5:!).*26.2*+!14!51%)+!/')!51./%5:!.1!01!$%./!2)!'5(,1*+!Zr/'5;!+.!'&8! PQQR[8!! ! r'*5'C)!51%)+!,+.'3/1*!'50!9*<25C)!A:%:'5.%6!,+0%'!6%*6&+!<+*>B!1-)+*7'.%15!*+4&+6.)! 2315!./+!)/'&&1$!)+&4=*+4+*+5.%'&%.(!14!615.+,31*'*(!,+0%';!+)3+6%'&&(!%5!*+&'.%15!.1! ./+!#)&',%6!4'%./!'50!62&.2*+!'4.+*!I+3.+,-+*!""8!J+0%'!3*1026+)!,1*+!,+0%'8!@/+! ,+'5%5:!14!,+0%'!%)!&1).!%5!./+!+50&+))!6(6&+!14!,+0%'!*+3*1026.%15)8!#.!)++,)!')!%4! 9*<25!'50!r'*5'!$+*+!3'*'3/*')%5:!M*+56/!./+1*%).!c+'5!V'20*%&&'*0C)!6156+3.!14! )%,2&'6*'!Z"RRe[8!@/+!,+0%'!6*+'.%15!'*1250!./+!.'^$'61*+!/(3+!3*+6%)+&(! 0+,15).*'.+)!./+!+,3.%5+))!14!,+'5%5:!'50!./+!6*+'.%15!14!'!/(3+**+'&%.(!%5! 615.+,31*'*(!,+0%'!Z"RRe[8! ! ! ! ! i\! ! M*1,!J2&.%62&.2*'&%),!.1!Y1&(62&.2*'&%),! 9*<25!'50!r'*5'!'*+!51.!14!J2)&%,!-'6>:*12508!9*<25!.1&0!,+!./'.!./+(!'*+! 14!#50%'5!V+5:'&%!0+)6+5.!'50!./+%*!,1./+*!%)!]%5028!@/+%*!515=J2)&%,!/+*%.':+!%)! 14.+5!17+*&11>+0!%5!3*+))!,+0%'8!@/+%*!3*+)2,+0!0%44+*+56+!%)!)1,+.%,+)!)2-)2,+0! 250+*!./+!,2&.%62&.2*'&%).!-'55+*!14!A0%7+*)%.(8B!C122"-0*J.1-'!E)0)]"-'B!!'*.%6&+! 0+)6*%-+)!./+,!')!A]%502!020+);B!%,3&(%5:!'!).'.2)!3+*%3/+*'&!.1!./+!AJ2)&%,B! ,+,-+*)8!9*<25!$*1.+!+&1^2+5.&(!%5!'!3+*)15'&!,+))':+!17+*!d)#'D11%S!AL+!$12&0! '&$'()!4%50!12*!31%5.)!%:51*+0!'50!12*!_0%7+*)%.(_!51.+0!')!)1,+!>%50!14!-*1$5%+! -'0:+!15!./+!r1,%5')!&'3+&8!M26>!./'.B!Zr/'5;!+.!'&8!PQQR[8!K2*%5:!,(!%5.+*7%+$!'.! ./+!I12./!I.*++.!K%5+*;!9*<25!)31>+!'-12.!./+!A6200&(B!+44+6.)!14!./+! ,2&.%62&.2*'&%),!%5.+50+0!-(!&%-+*'&!3*+))S!A@/+!./%5:!%)!./'.!./+(!2)+!,+!'50!r'*5'! .1!,'>+!./+!$/1&+!./%5:!'!&%..&+!6200&(!-+6'2)+!%.C)!0%7+*)%4%+08!mN/!./+*+C)!'!-&'6>! 020+!%5!./+!-'508C!K'58!mN/!./+*+C)!.$1!V+5:'&%!]%502)!%5!./+!-'508C!m]1&(!)/%.!./+)+! J2)&%,)!,2).!-+!*+'&&(!611&8!@/+(!'*+!'&&!'66+3.%5:8!@/%)!-*'50!14!#)&',;!./%)! *+71&2.%15!./+(C*+!32)/%5:!41*;!./%)!%)!%.8!@/%)!%)!$/'.C)!:1%5:!.1!6/'5:+!./+!*+&%:%158C! L+C*+!51.!+7+5!'!426>%5:!3'*.!14!./'.!*+&%:%15B!Zr/'5;!+.!'&8!PQQR[8!! 9*<25C)!*+,'*>!'-12.!@/+!r1,%5')C!A0%7+*)%4%+0B!%5.+*+./5%6!,+,-+*)/%3! *+)15'.+)!$%./!J'%*'C)!1-)+*7'.%15!14!./+!,2&.%62&.2*'&%).!'-)1*3.%15!14!A#)&',!')!'! ,'*>+*!14!62&.2*'&!0%44+*+56+k.1!+D3'50!./+!*'%5-1$!)3+6.*2,!14!0%7+*)%.(B!ZPQQRS! PPl[8!@/%)!3*16+))!%5!.2*5!0+31&%.%6%O+)!./+!*'6%'&!%0+1&1:%+)!./'.!:17+*5!./+! +D6&2)%15!'50!,'*:%5'&%O'.%15!14!%50%7%02'&)!14!J2)&%,;!I12./!9)%'5;!'50!9*'-! /+*%.':+!%5!./+!F5%.+0!I.'.+)8!95./*131&1:%).!I/'&%5%!I/'5>'*!ZPQQl[!51.+)!./'.!./+! ! ie! 0%7+*)%.(!':+50'!'))%,%&'.+)!'50!0%)3&'()!*'6%'&!0%44+*+56+)!$/%&+!+44'6%5:!./+! -'6>0*13!14!./+!*'6%'&!1*0+*8!A@/%)!51*,!14!L/%.+5+))!%)!15+!15!$/%6/! ,2&.%62&.2*'&%),!%)!3*+,%)+0B!ZI/'5>'*!PQQlS!"PP[8!J1*+17+*;!./+!6+&+-*'.1*(;!3*1= 0%7+*)%.(!%5.+*3*+.'.%15!14!@/+!r1,%5')!31)%.%15)!./+!-'50!')!-+%5:!A611&B!41*! )2331)+0&(!3*1,1.%5:!'!3*1:*+))%7+!A-*'50!14!#)&',8B!@/+!%0+1&1:%6'&!250+*.15+!%)!'! -%5'*(!./'.!0%).%5:2%)/+)!-+.$++5!A:110!J2)&%,)B!7+*)2)!./+!A-'0!J2)&%,)8B!@/%)! -%5'*(!0+,15%O+)!./1)+!$/1!'*+!)2331)+0&(!*+)315)%-&+!41*!.+**1*%),!ZJ'50'5%! PQQeS!"fT!6%.+0!%5!J'%*'!PQQRS!P\f[T!'.!./+!)',+!.%,+;!%.!6&'%,)!./1)+!515= ./*+'.+5%5:!J2)&%,)!')!'66+3.'-&+!41*!3*'6.%6%5:!:110!ZF8I8!9,+*%6'5[!&%-+*'&! ,2&.%62&.2*'&%),8!! @/+!r1,%5')!*+42)+)!.1!-+!)2-)2,+0!250+*!./+!F8I8!*'%5-1$!14!A:110B!+./5%6! ,%51*%.%+)8!L%./!'!5',+!./'.!,+'5)!A)62,-':)B!%5!Y25<'-%!'50!F*02;!@/+!r1,%5')! 01+)!51.!3*+.+50!.1!-+!+D+,3&'*(!14!'!A:110!J2)&%,;B!'661*0%5:!.1!'5(!*+&%:%12)!'50! )16%'&!1*./101D(8!Y&'(%5:!15!./+!%,':+)!14!./+!A-'0!J2)&%,;B!$/%&+!+,-*'6%5:!./+! '-<+6.;!'!0+4%5%.%7+&(!325>!+./1);!./+!-'50!+5&%).)!@+**1*%).!,+.'3/1*)!%5!%.)!)15:)S! AI2%6%0+!V1,-!./+!X'3B;!AI/'*%'!W'$!%5!./+!FI9;B!'50!AL'&t2+0'!I23+*).1*+8B!! #5).+'0!14!'!5+1=&%-+*'&!615)2,+*%).!1*!'!4++&=:110;!'31&%.%6'&!7+*)%15!14!F8I8! ,2&.%62&.2*'&%),;!@/+!r1,%5')!'33+'*)!.1!+D+,3&%4(!'!>%50!14!.*'5):*+))%7+! 3&2*'&%),8!#.!6/'&&+5:+)!./+!*'6%'&!).'.2)=^21!'50!-2%&0)!)1&%0'*%.(!'6*1))!7'*%12)! )16%'&!&%5+)8!@/%)!,%51*%.(=6+5.+*+0!,2&.%62&.2*'&%),;!#!'*:2+;!*+)15'.+)!$%./!$/'.! /%).1*%'5!G%<'(!Y*')/'0!.+*,)!')!A31&(62&.2*'&%),B!%5!/%)!%54&2+5.%'&!.+D.!Q?'=31-'* $)!*j,-0*d,*d"0+."-0!ZPQQ"[8!#5!'!62&.2*'&!J'*D%).!'33*1'6/;!Y*')/'0!144+*)!'! A31&(62&.2*'&B!3+*)3+6.%7+!./'.!'&&1$)!41*!./+!A./+!%5.+*6/'5:+!14!62&.2*'&!41*,)B! ! if! %5).+'0!14!./+!,2&.%62&.2*'&%).!7%+$!14!A./+!$1*&0!')!'&*+'0(!615).%.2.+0!-(!0%44+*+5.! Z'50!0%)6*+.+[!62&.2*+)!./'.!$+!6'5!3&'6+!%5.1!6'.+:1*%+)B!ZPQQ"S!hi[8! Y1&(62&.2*'&%),!+,3/')%O+)!,1,+5.)!14!62&.2*'&!6154&2+56+;!3'*.%62&'*&(!%5!615.+D.! 14!).*2::&+!':'%5).!)16%'&!%5<2).%6+8!#.!4162)+)!15!62&.2*+!')!'!3*16+));!*'./+*!./'5! 6'.+:1*%+);!$%./!./+!:1'&!.1!0%),'5.&+!51.%15)!14!62&.2*'&!6/'27%5%),;!3'*16/%'&%),;! '50!+./51=5'.%15'&%),8!! K2*%5:!'!3/15+!6157+*)'.%15;!#!')>!V')%,!$/'.!/+!$12&0!&%>+!./+!*+'0+*)!14! J9@;')=.+;!'!,2)%6!-&1:!144)/11.!4*1,!./+!IY#g!,':'O%5+;!>51$!'-12.!/%)!-'508!]+! )'%0!.1!,+;!7+*(!)266%56.&(;!A$+C*+!'&&!'-12.!Z41*,%5:[!)1&%0'*%.(!$%./!'&&!3+13&+!14! 61&1*;!*+'6/%5:!12.!.1!./1)+!%5!./+!$%&0+*5+))!14!g1*./!9,+*%6'B!ZF),'5%!PQQR-[8! H,-*'6%5:!./+!61&&+6.%7+!'-<+6.!14!./1)+!'*1250!./+!-'50;!#!)2::+).;!@/+!r1,%5')! 41*:+)!'!K8#8d8!31&(62&.2*'&%).!25%.(!41*!'!3'&&%'.%7+!+508!#5!./+!41&&1$%5:!)+6.%15);!#! %0+5.%4(!.$1!).*'50)!14!@/+!r1,%5')C!31&(62&.2*'&%).!'44%&%'.%15)8! ! 9!Y'*'=#)&',%6!9&&%'56+! T.*.+'*J.F*J.'&+'-*)-(*.+'*@-#)=-)."1-*Q&"!#1&)2*8+,=#+*"-*SF8F/*7')="-0*)-* )2>1!.I411.I21-0*&,=&2'*E1+)7%*gd"0,='*XFKi/*f)!">*+1&!*"-*4=1-.*14*.+'*>"#=1&+1-'F* M'*"-.=1(,#'!*+"!*D)-(*D3*('#2)="-0\*R@.*7)!*"-.'='!."-0*.+).*7+'-*7'*!)7*.+'* d)#'D11%*2"!."-0*41*!g+$!J2)&%,!E11&/*7'*.+1,0+./*l.+1!'*%"(!*)='*l;'7*E,!2">*8112B* )-(*.+1!'*W1.+'=Z*%"(!*)='*lD)(*E,!2">!FBV*f)!">*#+,#%2'!*)-(*.+'-*!)3!/*R@B22*2'.*31,* 0,3!*5,(0'*+17*D)(*7'*=')223*)='FV*6+"!*&'=41=>)-#'*"!*)-*'?'-.*144!+11.*4=1>*.+'* )--,)2*>''."-0*14*.+'*@!2)>"#*J1#"'.3*14*;1=.+*T>'="#)*W@J;TZ/*)-(*".*#1"-#"('!*7".+* .+'*!#=''-"-0*14*g+$!J2)&%,!E11&!W6)321=*XHH`Z/*)*(1#,>'-.)=3*4"2>*.+).*412217!*.+'* ! ih! 2"4'*14*9,'=.1*C"#)-*T>'="#)-*=)&&'=*b)!1-*M)>])*9o=']*7+1*D'#)>'*)*('?1,.*E,!2">* )#."?"!.*)4.'=*)D)-(1-"-0*+"!*41=>'=*2"4'*)!*)*(=,0*(')2'=F!f)!">B!*!.).'>'-.*-1.*1-23* (=)7!*("!.)-#'*4=1>*='2"0"1,!23*':'>&2)=3*!.1=3*14*9o=']a*".*)2!1*41='7)=-!*.+'* ),("'-#'/*)*>,2."'.+-"#*E,!2">I>)51=".3*0=1,&*14*31,.+*gd"0,='*XFYi/*14*6+'*j1>"-)!B* RD2)!&+'>1,!V*>,!"#F*T*4'7*!1-0!*2).'=/*J+)+5'+)-*)--1,-#'!/*R6+"!*!1-0*=')223*!#)='!* .+'*C'&,D2"#)-!F*6+"!*"!*#)22'(*l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p>*-1.* 4')=4,2F*@*)>*4')=FV*M'*!+17'=!*.+'*),("'-#'*7".+*+"!*D')(!*14*!7').*)-(*+')=.4'2.* 71=(!/*">&'22'(*D3*">>'-!'*#1,=)0'*)-(*#1-?"#."1-F*6+'*#=17(*(=)7!*#21!'=*.1*.+'* !.)0'*)-(*.1*.+'*&1'.F*6+'*'-'=03*&')%!*).*.+'*'-(*14*.+'*!'.*7+'-*)22*.+'*&'=41=>'=!*14* ! ii! .+'*'?'-"-0*51"-*T>"=F*6+'*>'>D'=!*14*.+'*EI6')>/*)*+"&I+1&*(,1*#1>&="!'(*14*.71* E,!2">*A)."-1!*WM)>])*9o=']B!*0=1,&Z*=)&*)-(*':#+)-0'*?'=!'!*7".+*T>"=F*6+'* >'>D'=!*14*6+'*j1>"-)!*0'.*D'+"-(*.+'"=*"-!.=,>'-.!*41=>"-0*)-*)=>3*'-!'>D2'* D)#%"-0*.+'*&1'.*)-(*.+'*+"&I+1&*=+3>'=!F*T*#=1!!I0'-='*5)>/*.+'*!1-0*0=17!*"-.1*)* .=)-#'*1?'=*.+'*#1,=!'*14*-"-'*>"-,.'!/*D,.*".*4''2!*2"%'*)-*'.'=-".3F*T>"=*J,2)">)-* #+)-.!*.+'*71=(!/*RT2MTE(,2"22)+F*MTE(,2"22)+F*M)22'2,bTM/*3')+/*M)22'2,bTM/*3')+/* M)22'2,5)+/V*1?'=*!.=1-0*)-(*!.')(3*D)!!*-1.'!*)!#'-("-0*)-(*('!#'-("-0q)22*>1?"-0* "-*!3-#+=1-"]'(*#3#2'!*14*'#!.)!3F*6+'*#2"[,'!*D=')%*,&*)-(*>'=0'*"-.1*1-'F*^##,&3"-0* .+'*2'4.*!"('*14*.+'*+)22/*.+'*>'-/*+"&I+1&I0')='(*)-(*%,4"I#)&&'(/*.+=17*.+'"=*)=>!*,&* "-*D,=!.!*7+"2'*!7)3"-0*D)#%*)-(*41=.+*.1*f)!">B!*,-(,2)."-0*D)!!2"-'F*A1,(23/*.+'3* ='!&1-(*.1*J,2)">)-B!*#)22"-0*14*RT2+)>(,2"2)+nM)22'2,5)+FFFFV*81-0='0)."-0*.+'*="0+.* !"('*14*.+'*=11>/*.+'*71>'-/*!1>'*+"5)DI#1?'='(/*)((*'-'=03*"-.1*.+'*>":*D3*#+''="-0* )-(*#+)-."-0*RT2>)(,2")+n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il! * H12/'&(?FY*(M#819(Z89#,1K(X%F(X%&$"&,(#,.(%"&(+,0#',#%1-,([$180-$#=(!"/'0"K( O#8"1,2%-,K(@F!FK(R/=A(QK(?SSSVF(3"-%-2'#$"A(;A(#/%"-'( ( * H12/'&(?F\*(C"&(T-91,#8K(X%F(X%&$"&,(#,.(%"&(+,0#',#%1-,([$180-$#=(!"/'0"K( O#8"1,2%-,K(@F!FK(R/=A(QK(?SSSVF(3"-%-2'#$"A(;A(#/%"-'( ( ! iR! #5!/%)!31$+*42&!*+6%.'.%15;!9,%*!I2&'%,'5!)(5613'.+0!/%)!'66+5.)!.1!./+! 3/*')+!A9&]9J02&%&&'/8!]9J02&%&&'/8!]'&&+&2c9];!(+'/;!]'&&+&2c9];!(+'/;!]'&&+&2<'/8B! @/+!*+3+.%.%15!14!./+!)'6*+0!3/*')+)!'50!./+!*/(./,%6!:'3)!6*+'.+0!'!4',%&%'*!62+! 41*!'!6'&&!'50!*+)315)+!-+.$++5!./+!31+.!'50!/%)!'20%+56+8!9!.+*,!,1).&(!2)+0!-(! J2)&%,);!A9&/',02&%&&'/B!%)!'5!9*'-%6!3/*')+!,+'5%5:!A3*'%)+!.1!X108B!@/+!,+'5%5:! 14!A9&/',02&%&&'/B!%)!)%,%&'*!.1!./'.!14!A]'&&+&2<'/;B!./+!W'.%5!.*'5)&%.+*'.%15!14!./+! ]+-*+$!.+*,!41*!A3*'%)+!d'/$+/;B!2)+0!%5!./+!E/*%).%'5!615.+D.8!c2D.'31)%5:!.$1! 3/*')+)!4*1,!.$1!0%44+*+5.!*+&%:%15)j#)&',!'50!E/*%).%'5%.(;!I2&'%,'5!615<2*+0!'! )(,-1&%6!%5.+*=4'%./!25%.(!15!).':+!%5)%0+!./+!&'*:+!'6.%7%.(!*11,!14!./+!W'.%51! 6/2*6/;!%5!4*15.!14!'!,2&.%+./5%6!'20%+56+!14!,(*%'0!*+&'.%15)/%3)!.1!#)&',8! @/+!,+,-+*)!14!./+!r1,%5')!0%0!51.!61,31)+!./+%*!3'*.)!%5!./+!)15:8!@/+! -'50!3&'(+0!./+!)',+!3*1:*+))%15!')!'!&113+0!%5).*2,+5.'&!.*'6>!14!3%'51;!-'));!'50! 0*2,!,'6/%5+!./'.!#!41250!%5!'!d12.2-+!7%0+1PP!14!I2&'%,'5C)!3+*41*,'56+!14!./+! )15:8!9.!./+!144=#Ig9!)/1$8!@/+!r1,%5')!A*16>%4%+0B!./+%*!'**'5:+,+5.!'50!%542)+0! %.!$%./!'5!%5=./+=,1,+5.!)315.'5+%.(8!@/*12:/12.!./+!612*)+!14!./+!)15:;!./+!-'50! -2%&.!3+*41*,'56+!+5+*:(!%5!./+!*11,8!V')%,!3&'(+0!'!&113!14!)(5613'.+0!-'))!51.+)! ')6+50%5:!'50!0+)6+50%5:!'*1250!./+!4%4./;!)%D./;!)+7+5./!0+:*++;!'50!./+!.15%6;! $/%&+!)2331*.%5:!./+!6(6&+!14!.+5)%15!'50!*+)1&2.%15T!I/'/<+/'5!'50!H&+).+*! U+6/'*0;!@/+!r1,%5')!.*2,3+.+*;!3&'(+0!51.+)!%5!'!/%:/!*+:%).+*!'66+5.%5:!./+!.15'&! +--)!'50!4&1$)T!#,*'5!/+%:/.+5+0!./+!7%:1*!-(!3&'(%5:!'!0*2,!4%&&!'.!./+!+50!14!+'6/! 6(6&+8!9.!./+!+50!14!./+!6/1*2)!6/'5.;!I/'/<+/'5!)%:5'&+0!./+!).'*.!14!./+! %5.*1)3+6.%7+!)+6.%15!-(!'!^2%6>&(!)>'.%5:!'50!)6*'3%5:!/%)!:2%.'*!).*%5:);!,'>%5:!'! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! PP!“Amir Sulaiman – ‘AlHamduLillah’. ‘Spitting LIghtm Healing the Hood’, Radical Middle Way – London.” Youtube, http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G1TPestUjJw (accessed on September 9, 2010).! ! lQ! 51%)(!:&%))'5018!@/+!-'50!^2%+.+0!01$5!'50!*+6+0+0!%5.1!./+!-'6>:*1250!02*%5:! ./+!*'3%0!).*+',)!14!*+6%.+0!$1*0)8!#.!)6*+',+0!&120&(;!+6/1%5:!./+!+,1.%15'&! %5.+5)%.(!14!./+!31+,!02*%5:!./+!6/1*2)!6/'5.!)+6.%15)8!@/+!)315.'5+12)!.1**+5.!14! +5+*:(!'50!./+!,2)%6'&!'44%5%.(!-+.$++5!./+!3+*41*,+*)!'50!./+!'20%+56+;!'50! ',15:).!./+!3+*41*,+*)!./+,)+&7+);!*+,%50+0!,+!14!./+!6/'*%),'.%6!:1)3+&! 3*+'6/%5:!).(&+!%5!94*%6'5!9,+*%6'5!6/2*6/+)8!! g1.!+7+*(15+!%5!./+!'20%+56+!A6/1*2);B!$/1!O+'&12)&(!+6/1+0!./+!$1*0)!14! A9&/',02&%&&'/k]'&&+&2<'/k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r1,%5')C!4*%+50!6%*6&+;! )$%5:%5:!,(!'*,)!'50!)&',=0'56%5:!./*12:/12.!./+!+7+5%5:8!#!51.%6+0!./'.!./+! :*123)!%5!./+!*11,!'&&!*+3*+)+5.+0!./+!)16%'&!4*%5:+)!14!./+!#Ig9;!'5!1*:'5%O'.%15! ./'.;!'661*0%5:!.1!J%>+!r5%:/.;!*+3*+)+5.)!A./+!,'%5).*+',;!7+*(!/(:%+5%6!'50!7+*(! ).+*%&+!41*,!14!#)&',B!%5!./+!F8I8!ZJ'<++0!PQQR[8!V')%,!.1&0!,+;!'.!./+!I12./!I.*++.! K%5+*;!./'.!./+!1*:'5%O'.%15!/')!'!3*+01,%5'.+&(!9*'-!,+,-+*)/%3;!$%./!./+! ,'<1*%.(!14!./+!,+,-+*)!-+%5:!I/%'!J2&%,)8!@/+!1*:'5%O'.%15!/')!)/1$5!31&%.%6'&! ! l"! %5.+*+).)!%5!Y'&+).%5+!'50!./+!J%00&+!H').;!'50!7+*(!&%..&+!%5.+*+).!%5!I12./!9)%'5! 6156+*5)!)26/!')!./+!"Rei!Y'*.%.%15!14!#50%'!Zr/'5;!+.!'&8!PQQR[8!#50%7%02'&)!14!I12./! 9)%'5;!94*%6'5!9,+*%6'5;!'50!W'.%51!/+*%.':+!'50!1./+*!#)&',%6!)+6.'*%'5!'44%&%'.%15)! )26/!')!I255%!Z$%./!$/%6/!)1,+!,+,-+*)!14!@/+!r1,%5')!%0+5.%4([;!')!$+&&!')!./1)+! 14!'&.+*5'.%7+!%0+5.%4%6'.%15)!)26/!')!./+!I24%!J2)&%,);!':51).%6);!'./+%).);!*'33+*);! '50!325>)!'*+!,%51*%.%+)!%5!./+!#Ig9!61,,25%.(8!@/+!+7+5.C)!144=)%.+!&16'.%15!'.!'! W'.%51!E/2*6/;!'$'(!4*1,!./+!,'%5!#Ig9!6157+5.%15!)%.+!14!./+!L')/%5:.15!K8E8! E157+5.%15!E+5.+*;!#!615.+50;!)%:5%4%+)!./+!'&.+*5'.%7+!)16%'&!).'.2)!'50!%5.+*+).!14! ./+!)/1$C)!3'*.%6%3'5.)8!! 9.!./%)!)/1$;!./+!)3'.%'&!*%4.)!*+3*+)+5.%5:!./+!)16%'&!.+5)%15)!',15:!./+)+! 0%44+*+5.&(!,'*:%5'&%O+0!:*123)!7'5%)/+0!-(!./+!+50!14!./+!+7+5%5:8!@/+!)&',! 0'56+*)!$+*+!-1256%5:!-'6>!'50!41*./!&%>+!./+!/%3=/13!6*+$8!#5!'!6/1*2);!'50!%5! 25%)15;!+7+*(15+!./*+$!23!./+%*!'*,)!'50!)/12.+0!-'6>!./+!%5.+*=4'%./!,+))':+! AA9&/',02&%&&'/k]'&&+&2<'/kB;!*+:'*0&+))!14!/%)!1*!/+*!4'%./8!H7+*(15+!)$'(+08! H7+*(!%50%7%02'&!>5+$!./+!,1,+5.!$')!)3+6%'&8!@/%)!+7+5.!$')!51.!'-12.!0%7%)%158!#.! $')!'-12.!25%15;!'!25%15!',15:!'&&!./+!)16%'&!12.6').)!$%./%5!'50!'*1250!./+! 9,+*%6'5!J2)&%,!61,,25%.%+)!'50!$%./%5!./+!&'*:+*!F8I8!)16%+.(8!#50++0;!%5! 3+*41*,'56+;!@/+!r1,%5')!)(,-1&%O+0!./+!+D+,3&'*(!A-'0!J2)&%,)B!./'.! 615.*%-2.+0!.1!./+!6*+'.%15!14!./%)!)3+6.'62&'*!)16%'&!25%.(!',15:!'!7+*(!,%D+0! 6*1$08! #5!/%)!517+&!^!)>)*O)-*M)2'-;!J%>+!r5%:/.!&%).)!./+!I24%);!./+!6157+*.)!',15:! &1$+*=6').+!]%502);!@2*>%)/!51,'0);!'50!I2-/'*'5!94*%6'5);!'50!1./+*!4*%5:+! ! lP! 251*./101D!#)&',%6!3*'6.%6+)!%5!g1*./!9,+*%6'!./'.!/'7+!-++5!)$+3.!250+*!./+!*2:! -(!9*'-!J2)&%,!62&.2*'&!+&%.+)S!!! #.!'&)1!/'33+5+0!%5!./+!$%&0+*5+))!14!g1*./!9,+*%6';!$/+*+!#)&',!.11>!5+$! 41*,)j%**+42.'-&(!-&'6>;!$%./!%.)!1$5!-&'6>!)6*%3.2*+);!-&'6>!)(,-1&)!'50! -&'6>!/1&(!,+5888!@/%)!-&'6>!#)&',!+7+5!)3'$5+0!).*'5:+!62&.2*+!)++0)T!4*1,! ./+!J11*%)/!I6%+56+!@+,3&+!6',+!./+!J11*%)/!N*./101D!E/2*6/;!$%./! 13%2,=$'&.O%5:!L'&%0!'&=@'/'!'50!/%)!).20+5.!]'>%,!V+(!2)%5:!m./+!-&'6>! ,'5C)!610+!.1!4%.!./+%*!4'6.);C!')!g1*,'5!J'%&+*!)'%0!14!./+!r+*12'6)!'50! X%5)-+*:)8!J'5(!./+)+!0'()!$12&0!'&)1!7%+$!./+!Y*1:*+))%7+!#)&',!)6+5+!')!'! /1,+:*1$5!/+*+)(;!'50!9,+*%6'5!J2)&%,!$1,+5!/'7+!4%*+0!./+!4%*).!)/1.)! .1!6*+'.+!'!$/1&+!1./+*!#)&',!41*!./+,)+&7+)8!950!51$!+7+5!./+!-2,)!'50! 325>)!'*+!).'*.%5:!.1!).'50!23!15!./+!,'*:%5)j>%0)!&%>+!./+!r1,%5')C!V')%,! '50!0+'0!O1,-%+!I/'/<+/'5j.1!6&'%,!./+%*!61*5+*!ZPQQRS!hl=R[8!! ! I%,%&'*&(;!@/+!r1,%5')!&11>)!.1!./+)+!)%.+)!14!)16%'&!.*'5):*+))%15)!.1!6*+'.+!'5! '&.+*5'.%7+!62&.2*'&!)3'6+!'*1250!1*./101D!#)&',8!@/+!-'50!%)!-+/%50!./+!,%))%15!14! -2%&0%5:!5+.$1*>)!',15:!%50%7%02'&)!%5!./+!4*%5:+);!*+:'*0&+))!14!./+%*!%0%1)(56*'.%6! *+&'.%15)/%3!.1!./+!615.+,31*'*(!#)&',%6!1*./101D(8! @/+!r1,%5')!)/'..+*)!./+!).+*+1.(3+!./'.!,2)%6!%)!41*-%00+5!'661*0%5:!.1! )1,+!+D.*+,+!%5.+*3*+.'.%15)!14!./+!#)&',%6!&'$!23/+&0!-(!L+).+*5;!515=J2)&%,! :*123)!ZV&2,+54%+&0!PQQiS!P"Q="[8!@/+!+D%).+56+!14!t'$$'&%;!I24%!31+.*(;!'50!51$! @/+!r1,%5')!'50!1./+*!@'^$'61*+='44%&%'.+0!:*123)!1331)+)!./%)!)/'&&1$! '))2,3.%158!V')%,!)'%0!%5!./+!Egg!%5.+*7%+$;!AL+!'*+5_.!a<2).b!)1,+!'&.+*5'.%7+!.1!'! ).+*+1.(3%6'&!J2)&%,8!L+!'6.2'&&(!,%:/.!-+!144+*%5:!)1,+!)1*.!14!%5)%:/.)!41*!3+13&+! '.!&'*:+!'-12.!*+&%:%15;!'-12.!./+!$1*&0o!Z95)'*%!PQQR[8!#5!/%)!%5.+*7%+$!$%./!@/+! r1,%5');!]2))+%5!U')/%0;!)6/1&'*!14!#)&',!'50!9,+*%6'5!*+&%:%12)!&%4+;!+,3&1()!./+! .+*,!A#)&',%6'.+B!.1!*+4+*!.1!A./%5:)!./'.!,'(!-+!%54&2+56+0!-(!#)&',;!-2.!'*+!51.! 5+6+))'*%&(!*+&%:%12)B!.1!0+)6*%-+!./+!-'50C)!,2)%6!ZU')/%0;!+.!'&8!PQQR[8!#!':*++!$%./! U')/%08!#!$12&0!6'&&!@/+!r1,%5')C)!$1*&07%+$!'!A3'*'=#)&',%6B!3+*)3+6.%7+8!@/+! ! l\! 3*+4%D!A3'*'B!*+4+*)!.1!./+!31)%.%15!14!-+%5:!'&15:)%0+;!1*!6&1)+&(!*+&'.+0!.18!#!'*:2+;! @/+!r1,%5')C!,2)%6!6*%.%6'&&(!+5:':+)!$%./!./+!62&.2*'&;!)16%'&;!'50!31&%.%6'&!,%&%+2D! )=1,-(*'50!)21-0!"('*#)&',8!@/+!r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r1,%5')!%5)%).!2315!'!/1&%).%6;!31&(62&.2*'&%).!7%+$!14! #)&',%6!62&.2*+)S!@/+(!32)/!./+!+0:+)!14!32-&%6!615)6%12)5+));!*+,%50%5:!+7+*(15+! ./'.!#)&',!%)!51.!<2).!15+!*+&%:%15;!:+5+*'&%O+0;!4&'..+5+0;!'5.%./+.%6'&!.1!AL+).+*5B! 7'&2+)!'50!62&.2*+8!@/+(!0'*%5:&(!*+7+'&!./+!4*%5:+)!14!/1$!./+)+!&%7%5:!62&.2*+)! '))16%'.+0!$%./!#)&',!%5.+*)+6.!$%./!%))2+)!14!*'6+;!+./5%6%.(;!5'.%15'&%.(;! :&1-'&%O'.%15;!$'*;!31&%.%6);!,+0%';!313!62&.2*+;!)+D2'&%.(;!/2,'5%),;!/2,1*;! '&%+5'.%15;!&17+;!'50!1./+*!4'6+.)!14!62&.2*+!'50!/2,'5%.(8!U+.'%5%5:!'!,2&.%.20+!14! 0%44+*+56+)!$%./%5!'50!'*1250!./+!62&.2*+)!14!#)&',;!@/+!r1,%5')C)!,2)%6'&!0%))+5.! 6/'&&+5:+)!./+!$1*&0!.1!$*+).&+!$%./!./+!3*14250%.(!14!*+&%:%15!'50!./+!%5+^2%.%+)!14! &%4+8!#5!01%5:!)1;!./+!-'50!*+'6/+)!12.!.1!./1)+!'&%+5'.+0!%5!./+!$%&0+*5+))8! ! 9!AV*1$5B=%0+5.%4%+0!Y1&(62&.2*'&%).!I16%'&!E15:&1,+*'.+! @/+!r1,%5')!+,-*'6+)!'!,2&.%3&%6%.(!14!*'6%'&!'50!+./5%6!1./+*5+))j)26/!')! I12./!9)%'5;!-*1$5;!J2)&%,;!'50!Y'>%).'5%j%5!%.)!)+&4=6*+'.+0!0%)612*)+8!@/%)! ! le! ,2&.%3&%6%.(!/')!6*+'.+0!',1*3/12);!-2.!31$+*42&!)16%'&!*+)15'56+)!41*!%.)!4'5)!'50! 4*%+50)8!@/%)!+./5%6!',-%:2%.(!-*%&&%'5.&(!3*1,1.+)!'!,%51*%.'*%'5!)16%'&!%56&2)%158! @/+!-'50;!%5!%.)!)16%'&!%0+5.%4%6'.%15);!+71>+)!'!D=17-I)-(I&,-%*615.%522,!'>%5!.1! ./+!.'^$'61*+!)2-'&.+*5!)3%*%.8!@/+!r1,%5')!,1-%&%O+)!./%)!0%)62*)%7+!61,3&+D!%5! 1*0+*!.1!25%4(!'!615:&1,+*'.+!14!4*%5:+!)16%'&!:*123)8!@/%)!-*1$5='50=325>! 615:&1,+*'.+!31%5.)!'.!'!31&(62&.2*'&%).!)1&%0'*%.(!$%./!./1)+!$/1!4'&&!12.)%0+!14!./+! $/%.+!51*,)!Z'50!./+!FI!9,+*%6'5!-&'6>=$/%.+!*'6%'&!-%5'*([!%5!*16>!,2)%6=62&.2*+! '50!-(!+D.+5)%15;!%5!./+!F8I8!'50!:&1-'&!)16%+.(S!#50%'5);!Y'>%).'5%);!W'.%51)`E/%6'51! 325>);!94*1=325>);!g'.%7+!9,+*%6'5);!I*%=W'5>'5);!I12./+').!9)%'5);!L+).!#50%'5);! I24%);!9*'-);!@'^$'61*+);!J2)&%,);!%,,%:*'5.);!,%:*'5.!$1*>+*);!)16%'&%).);!^2++*);! ./+!0%)'-&+0;!'50!1./+*!A1./+*)8B!#571>%5:!'5!%56&2)%7%).!325>!-*1$55+));!@/+! r1,%5')!,'>+)!6&+'*!%.)!/1,+=-')+!%0+5.%4%6'.%15!%5!./+!I12./!9)%'5!'50!325>! $1*&0)8!K+6&'*%5:!%.)!).'.2)!')!'!,%51*%.(!$%./%5!'!,%51*%.(!:*123;!@/+!r1,%5')! -*'56/+)!12.!.1!.126/!./1)+!$/1!'*+!)%,%&'*&(!,'*:%5'&%O+0!$%./%5!./+!)16%+.(8!! @/+!r1,%5')!4*+^2+5.&(!'))16%'.+)!$%./!1./+*!515=I12./=9)%'5!,%51*%.(! ,2)%6'&!:*123)8P\!@/+!-'50!%)!%5!6&1)+!615.'6.!'50!/')!)/'*+0!'!).':+!$%./!'!52,-+*! 14!,2)%6%'5)!'50!:*123)!'))16%'.+0!$%./!94*1=325>S!9,2&!R!4*1,!9.&'5.';!X9!'50! I+'5!Y'0%&&';!'&)1!>51$5!')!./+!E16>+*!I3'5%+&);!51$!&%7%5:!%5!92).%5;!@w8!#5! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! P\!The Kominas made a short video satirizing American xenophobia and racism against “ethnic Americans” such as themselves and Mexican immigrants. Using jingoist imagery such as American fast food and mall culture, and conservative media rhetoric including “American responsibility,” “collateral damage,” and “support for the Taliban,” the video marks “Ethno-Americans”—specifically, The Kominas, Das Racist, and Mexican immigrant workers in the food service industry—racially distinct from the right- wingers’ ideal “America.” See video, KTV, 2009. “Ethni-American Musicians Tackle Important Issues in America”, Youtube, December 4. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MiiQwwgPLpA (accessed September 16, 2010).! ! lf! '00%.%15;!V')%,!0+71.+0!'!)+))%15!14!/%)!15&%5+!*'0%1!3106').!)+*%+)!V')%,C)!X1./! ]12*!.1!./+!,2)%6!14!94*1=325>8Pe!! H7+5!,1*+!51.'-&+!%)!./+!-'50C)!6155+6.%15!.1!./+!W'.%51!325>!)16%'&! 615.%5:+5.8!#5!./+!&%5+*!51.+)!14!$"2(*;"0+.!*"-*e,)-.)-)>1*f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r1,%5')!+,3&1()!'!&%.+*'&! .*'5)&'.%15!14!./+!)+&4=%57+5.+0!.+*,!A-*1$5!-*1./+*)B!.1!41*:+!'5!'&&%'56+!$%./! J+D%6'5!'50!1./+*!W'.%51!%,,%:*'5.)!17+*!'!)/'*+0!A-*1$5B!%0+5.%.(8!#.!$')5C.!25.%&! #!$+5.!.1!@/+!r1,%5')C)!4%*).!)/1$!./'.!#!:1.!'!-+..+*!)+5)+!14!$/'.!./%)!6*1))=+./5%6! '&&%'56+!,'(!,+'58! @-*)*>,!.3*D)!'>'-./*@*)>*#),0+.*"-*.+'*>"((2'*14*)*!7"=2"-0*#=17(*14*!7').3* D1("'!F*6+"!*"!*;"#%B!*f)!'>'-./*.71*D21#%!*)7)3*4=1>*.+'*L-"?'=!".3*14*E)!!)#+,!'..!* A17'22*#)>&,!F*A1!*f,-0)2".1!/*)*21#)2*&,-%*D)-(/*D2)!.!*".!*("!.1=.'(*&17'=*#+1=(!* 1,.*14*)*D').*,&*E)=!+)22*)>&F*J+1,."-0*71=(!*"-*Q-02"!+*)-(*J&)-"!+/*.+'*+)=(#1='* ?1#)2"!.*+3&'!*.+'*#=17(/*#1>D,!."-0*.+'*D)!'>'-.*7".+*'-'=03*)-(*>)%"-0*.+'*7)22!* !+)%'F*@-*)*#1-?'=!)."1-*1?'=*.+'*21,(*+)=(#1='*D)-(/*J+)+5'+)-*!#=')>!*"-.1*>3*')=/* !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 24 Basim’s Goth Hour podcast, special Afro-punk edition is posted here http://blip.tv/file/2691651 (access September 20, 2010). ! lh! R6+'*!"-0'=*14*A1!*f,-0)2".1!*"!*"-#='("D2'F*@*21?'*.+"!*D)-(cV*S,="-0*.+'*A1!*f,-0)2".1!B* !'./*.+'*>'>D'=!*14*6+'*j1>"-)!*!'.*,&*.+'"=*'[,"&>'-.F*J+)+5'+)-*!.)-(!*4)#"-0*)* !+1=.*!.)#%*14*0,".)=*)>&2"4"'=*!&')%'=*#)D"-'.*7+"2'*.,-"-0*+"!*0,".)=F*M"!*D2)#%*%,=.)* 7".+*012(*'>D=1"('=3*!."#%!*1,.*"-*)*!')*14*0,".)=*>1+)7%!/*(">*2"0+.!/*!%"--3*5')-!/* +11(3*!7').!+"=.!*7".+*&).#+'!/*0,".)=*4''(D)#%/*D''=!/*0=,-.!/*#+)-.!/*!7')./* +)-(>)('*>'=#+)-("!'*)-(*]"-'!/*4"!.!*14*#)>)=)('="'/*'.#F*@-*Rf217*J+".*L&/V*)* D"2"-0,)2*!1-0*7".+*J&)-"!+*?'=!'!/*f)!">*='&').!*.+'*2"-'!/*R@*(1-p.*7)-.*)!!">"2)."1-* _*@*5,!.*7)-.*.1*D217*!+".*,&/V*1?'=*)-(*1?'=*)0)"-F*b,>&"-0/*!+1,."-0*)-(*D1(3I!,=4"-0/* .+'*>'>D'=!*14*.+'*D)-(*&=)-#'*)=1,-(*.+'*!.)0'*)=')*14*.+'*D)!'>'-.*)-(*.+'-* 2,-0'*"-.1*.+'*),("'-#'/*#'2'D=)."-0*)*#1I&='!'-#'*7".+*.+'"=*#1>&).="1.!*1-*)*D,=!.*14* )(='-)2"-'F* @/+!I3'5%)/!7+*)+!14!./+!)15:!%)!'5!+D6+*3.!4*1,!A9!W')!V'**%6'0');B!'!$+&&= >51$5!.25+!14!./+!I3'5%)/!95'*6/%).)!02*%5:!./+!I3'5%)/!E%7%&!L'*8!L%./!'!325>! '))16%'.%15;!./%)!'5.%=+).'-&%)/,+5.!4%:/.!)15:!/')!-++5!617+*+0!-(!,'5(!'*.%).)! %56&20%5:!V*'O%&%'5!/'*061*+!-'50!c27+5.20+!J'&0%.'!'50!H).15%'5!325>!-'50! G+55')>1508Pf!#5!$*%.%5:!./+!&(*%6)!14!./+!)15:;!9*<25!-1**1$)!15&(!./+!4%*).!).'5O'! 14!./+!1*%:%5'&!7+*)%15S!Ag+:*')!.1*,+5.')!':%.'5!&1)!'%*+);!52-+)!1-)62*')!&1)! %,3%+0+5!7+*;!'125>+!&1)!+)3+*+!+&!0+&1*+!&'!,2+*.+!615.*1!+&!+5%,%:1!&1)!(','!+&! 0+-+*8B!#5!%.)!H5:&%)/!.*'5)&'.%15;!./+!3'))':+!3'%5.)!'!0'*>!%,':+*(!14!$'*!'50!'! )+5)+!14!2*:+56(!41*!'!-'..&+8Ph!@/+!I3'5%)/!7+*)+!'&&1$)!I3'5%)/=)3+'>%5:!W'.%51! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 25 More on the history of the poem, read “A Las Barricadas,” Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A_las_Barricadas&oldid=421875429 (accessed on April 2, 2011). Ph!The verse translates into English as, “The black storms agitate the airs / The dark clouds impede our view / Even death and pain wait for us / Duty calls against our enemy.” The Kominas’ written lyrics, ! li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`'!%,,%:*'5.)!'50!./+! %50%7%02'&)!14!J2)&%,;!I12./!9)%'5;!'50!9*'-!0+)6+5.!$/1!*25!./+!*%)>!14!-+%5:! ).+*+1.(3+0!')!-1,-=./*1$%5:!.+**1*%).)8!F5%.%5:!./+!.$1!+5+,(!:*123)!14!./+!).'.+! 612&0!-+!'!*+)315)+!.1!./+!)1=6'&&+0!A./+!9&=t'+0%O'.%15!14!W'.%51!%0+5.%.(BS!'! 31&%.%6'&!3*16+))!./'.!41).+*)!'!615)+*7'.%7+!'50!5+'*!$/%.+=)23*+,'6%).!/1,+&'50! )+62*%.(!62&.2*+;!&2,3%5:!./+!A-'0B!W'.%51)!$%./!A.+**1*%).!./*+'.B!ZW17'.1!PQQh[T! )&'50+*%5:!*'0%6'&!E/%6'51!'6.%7%).)!')!Am9,+*%6'C)!Y'&+).%5%'5)C!a$/1b!'*+!:+'*%5:!23! '!,17+,+5.!.1!6'*7+!12.!./+!)12./$+).+*5!F5%.+0!I.'.+)k!,++.%5:!615.%5212)&(! $%./!+D.*+,%).)!4*1,!./+!#)&',%6!$1*&0B!ZJ'*%)6'&!PQQfS!e\T!6%.+0!%5!J'%*'!PQQRS! Pee[8!#5!%.)!)15:!AV&1$!I/%.!F3;B!@/+!r1,%5')!)%0+)!$%./!./+!*'0%6'&!71%6+)!',15:! ./+!W'.%51`'!%,,%:*'5.!61,,25%.(8!@/+!-'50!+,-10%+)!'5!%5.+*=+./5%6!A-*1$5B! '6.%7%).=0*%7+5!%0+5.%.(8!J'%*'!0+)6*%-+)!./%)!>%50!14!31&(62&.2*'&%).!'44%&%'.%15!')! -+%5:!-')+0!%5!'!A)/'*+0!31&%.%6'&!*+&'.%15)/%3!.1!./+!5'.%15=).'.+!*'./+*!./'5!'! )/'*+0!%0+5.%.(!-')+0!15!62&.2*+!1*!61&1*B!ZPQQl;!"lQ[8!! E/'*:%5:!41*$'*0!$%./!&120!'50!'::*+))%7+!,2)%6;!'.!./+!-')+,+5.!)/1$;!@/+! r1,%5')!&+0!'!,2&.%+./5%6!6*1$0!.1!./*1$!23!./+%*!4%).)!'50!)/12.!A1%=1%=1%sB!#5! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! however, contain some spelling errors. I consider those errors a result of colloquializing the poem.! ! ll! 01%5:!)1;!./+!-'50!*'0%6'&&(!*+,17+0!./+!325>!'5./+,%6!AN%sB!)/12.!14!%.)!/%).1*%6'&! '))16%'.%15!$%./!./+!$1*>%5:!6&'))!'50!$/%.+=)23*+,'6%).!325>!)>%5/+'0)!%5!./+! F5%.+0!r%5:01,8Pi!M1*!./+!/+*+!'50!51$!%5)%0+!g%6>C)!V')+,+5.!%5!W1$+&&;!'50! '*1250!%5!@/+!r1,%5')C)!)16%'&!)3/+*+;!./+!-'50C)!25%^2+!AN%sB!6'**%+0!'5!'5.%=*'6%).! '50!'5.%=F8I8='))%,%&'.%15!*+)15'56+8!H,-*'6%5:!./+!'-<+6.!%5!./+!).(&+!14!325>;!@/+! r1,%5')C)!N%s!)/12.=12.!*+'6/+0!./1)+!4+&&1$!,%51*%.(!(12./;!)1,+!14!$/1,!$+*+! -*1$5!W'.%51);!1./+*)!$+*+!-*1$5!9)%'5)8! ! E156&2)%15! E2&.2*'&!1./+*5+))!/')!-+61,+!'!41*,!14!A,2&.%62&.2*'&!6'3%.'&B!ZV*()15;! "RRh[!./'.!3*+)+5.=0'(!%50%+!*16>+*)!615)2,+!'50!%57+).!%58!@/%)!%)!%5!3'*.!'! *+4&+6.%15!14!./+!0+,1:*'3/%6)!14!./+!%50%+!*16>!)6+5+!3'*.%6%3'5.)S!./+!,'<1*%.(!%)! $/%.+;!61&&+:+=+026'.+0;!233+*=,%00&+!6&'))!,+5!'50!)1,+!$1,+58!#5!*+)315)+;! 9,+*%6'5!,2)%6%'5)!14!9)%'5!0+)6+5.!0+3&1(!6*+'.%7+!).*'.+:%+)!.1!+D3&1%.;!615.+).;! 6%*62,7+5.;!1*!.*'5)41*,!+./5%6!)%:5%4%+*)!&11,%5:!17+*!./+%*!3*+)+56+!%5!./+!)6+5+! $/%&+!&16'.%5:!'!,1,+5.!14!':+56(!')!+./5%6!,%51*%.%+)8!! @/+!6')+!).20%+)!14!r'./%!r1;!E'*1&!V2%;!'50!@/+!r1,%5')!144+*+0;!.1!./%)! 31%5.!%5!./+!0%))+*.'.%15;!/'7+!/13+42&&(!%&&2).*'.+0!)1,+!14!./+!61,3&+D!$'()!%5! $/%6/!*'6+;!+./5%6%.(;!:+50+*;!)+D2'&%.(;!'50!6&'))!%5.+*)+6.!%5!./+!)16%'&!'50!,2)%6'&! &%7+)!14!9)%'5!9,+*%6'5!%50%+!*16>!,2)%6%'5)8!r'./%C)!'6.%7+!'&&%'56+!$%./!./+!U%1.= X***&!$1,+5=6+5.+*+0!325>!*16>!,2)%6!)6+5+)!3*17%0+)!'5!%,3&%6%.!6*%.%^2+!14!./+! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 27 Read more about Oi!, “Oi!”, Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Cite&page=Oi!&id=425725816 (accessed on April 24, 2011.) ! l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r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r1,%5')!$%&&!*+'33+'*!%5! 6/'3.+*!412*!%5!'!0%)62))%15!'-12.!./+!-'50C)!+441*.)!.1!+5:':+!&%>+=,%50+0! %50%7%02'&)!'6*1))!*+:%15'&!'50!5'.%15'&!-1*0+*)8! @1!6156&20+;!./+)+!./*++!,2)%6%'5=-')+0!6')+!).20%+)!*+)15'.+!$%./!/%).1*%'5! G%<'(!Y*')/'0C)!6*%.%^2+!14!./+!&'.+=6'3%.'&%).!&%-+*'&!,2&.%62&.2*'&%),!%5!./+!F5%.+0! I.'.+)8!AL+C*+!51$!4+0!$%./!'!0%+.!14!62&.2*'&!3&2*'&%),!'50!+./5%6!0%7+*)%.(8!@/+! /%).1*(!14!133*+))%15!'50!./+!4'6.!14!+D3&1%.'.%15!'*+!)/25.+0!')%0+!%5!4'71*!14!'! 6+&+-*'.%15!14!0%44+*+56+!'50!./+!+D3+*%+56+!14!./+!%50%7%02'&!6'5!5'**'.+!./+%*! ! RQ! +./5%6%.(!41*!./+!615)2,3.%15!14!1./+*)B!ZPQQ"S!h\[8!r'./%;!E'*1&;!'50!@/+! r1,%5')C))!+D3+*%+56+)!6/'&&+5:+!./+!6+&+-*'.1*(;!&%-+*'&!A%&&2)%15!14!'2.151,(B! 3*1,%)+0!-(!./+!01=%.=(12*)+&4!+./1)!%5!./+!%50%+!*16>!,2)%6!0%)612*)+!Z]%--+..;! PQQf[8!!g1.!+7+*(15+!6'5!3+*41*,!/%)!1*!/+*!A'2.151,12)B!K8#8d8!':+56(!15!'5!+^2'&! 3&'(%5:!4%+&08!#5!./+!6')+!14!./+!,2)%6%'5)!%5!./%)!3*1<+6.!q!%.!%)!'!3'*.%62&'*!>%50!14! ':+56(!./'.!%)!).*+5:./+5+0!-(!*+4&+D%7%.(;!)+&4=*+%57+5.%15;!'50!'!6157%6.%15!.1! .*'5):*+))8! ! R"! !"#$%&'(P*(C'#<&'81,2(C'#,8,#%1-,#=([%",10(3-=1%108(41%"(['"/LD-0E*(( C"&(!#8&(-5(C"&(]8/L,#91( ( ( ( T.*M"0+2"-'*f)22=11>/*1-'*14*;'7*<1=%*8".3B!*+"0+I&=14"2'*>,!"#*?'-,'!/* >,2."#121='(*!.)0'*2"0+.!*!+"4.'(*"-*41=>)."1-*)##1=("-0*.1*.+'*+"I'-'=03*&'=41=>)-#'* 14*.+'*&=10='!!"?'*'=+,*=1#%*D)-(/*6+'*M!,I-)>"F**b)#%*M!,*':#+)-0'(*!121!*7".+*2')(* 0,".)="!.*f='-.*f'=0+12>/*7+"2'*!+='(("-0*1-*+"!*)>&2"4"'(*+*/2*N*)*.71I!.="-0*!&"%'* 4"((2'(*.+).*1="0"-).'(*"-*8+"-)F**82"&&'(*1-.1*+"!*7)"!./*b)#%B!*'=+,*211%'(*2"%'*)-* '2'#.="#*0,".)=F**b)#%*)-(*f='-.*>1?'(*.17)=(*')#+*1.+'=*.1*2')-*D)#%*.1*D)#%/*)-(* 4"-"!+'(*.+'*!1-0*D3*&2)3"-0*.+'*#+1=,!*>'21(3F***f='-.*)--1,-#'(/*R7'B='*01"-0*.1* .)%'*.+"!*!1-0*.1*.+'*&'1&2'*14*6)"7)-FV**6+'*#=17(*#+''='(*)-(*)&&2),('(F**b)#%*)-(* f='-.*.12(*>'*.+'3*+)(*D''-*!,=&="!'(*.1*!''*.+).*!1>'*14*.+'*12('=*6)"7)-'!'*"-*.+'* ),("'-#'*+)(*.')=!*"-*.+'"=*'3'!*7+"2'*b)#%*&2)3'(*+"!*+*/,*!121F*** 6+'*M!,I-)>"B!*!'.*7)=>'(*,&*.+'*),("'-#'*41=*.+'*'?'-"-0B!*+')(2"-'=/* 8+.+1-"#/*)-*':.='>'*>'.)2*D)-(*4=1>*6)"7)-F**^-*!.)0'/*.+'*2')(*?1#)2"!.*d='((3*A">* 14*8+.+1-"#*)2.'=-).'(*+"!*0,..,=)2*!#=')>!*7".+*+"!*D)-(*>).'B!*!1>D'=*+*/2*!121!F** ^-23*.+'*31,-0*7+".'*>'.)2*4)-!*"-*.+'*),("'-#'/*>)-3*14*7+1>*+)(*412217'(*.+'*D)-(* ,&*)-(*(17-*.+'*Q)!.*81)!./*%-'7*.+).*d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c'6>;!$/1!%)! @'%$'5+)+!9,+*%6'5;!./%)!3+*41*,'56+!$')!./+!-+:%55%5:!14!./+%*!25+D3+6.+0! +5.'5:&+,+5.!%5!./+!61,3&+D!.*'5)5'.%15'&!31&%.%6)!',15:!@'%$'5;!E/%5';!'50!./+! F8I8!!F5$%..%5:&(!c'6>!'50!/%)!-'50=,'.+)!41250!./+,)+&7+)!./*1$5!%5.1!./+!,%D!14!'! @'%$'5+)+!5'.%15'&%).!3*1.+).!)3+'*/+'0+0!-(!+7+5.!1*:'5%O+*)!'50!E/./15%68!!M1*! E/./15%6!'50!./+%*!-'50!&+'0+*!M*+00(;!./%)!/%:/=3*14%&+!+7+5.!144+*+0!'5! 1331*.25%.(!.1!3*13':'.+!'!31&%.%6)=&'0+5!-*'50!14!@'%$'5+)+!%0+5.%.(!.1!'!g1*./! 9,+*%6'5!'50!:&1-'&!'20%+56+8!!K+)3%.+!./+)+!0%44+*+56+);!-1./!-'50)!)/'*+! '44%&%'.%15)!$%./!./+!%)&'50!14!@'%$'5;!/1$+7+*!0%44+*+5.&(!./+)+!&%5>)!,'(!/'7+!-++5! 41*:+08!!J2)%6'&&(;!$%./!./+!%561*31*'.%15!14!./+!'=+,;!-1./!:*123)!32)/!':'%5).!./+! '+)./+.%6!-1250'*%+)!14!*16>!,2)%6;!')!14.+5!'*.%62&'.+0!%5!+./5%6;!*'6%'&;!'50!5'.%15'&! .+*,)8!!! @/%)!6/'3.+*!41&&1$)!./+!).1*(!14!@'%$'5+)+!9,+*%6'5!c'6>!])2!'50!/%)! g1*./=c+*)+(=-')+0!-'50!@/+!])2=5',%;!'50!+D',%5+)!./+%*!+D3+*%+56+)!14! 3+*41*,%5:!%5!7'*%12)!.*'5)5'.%15'&!)%.2'.%15)!4*'2:/.!-(!./+!:+131&%.%6)!',15:! E/%5';!@'%$'5;!'50!./+!F5%.+0!I.'.+)8!!@/%)!0%)62))%15!+D3&1*+)!./+!%0+5.%.%+)!'50! %0+1&1:%+)!*+&'.+0!.1!+./5%6%.(;!*'6+;!'50!'+)./+.%6)!./'.!+,+*:+!'50!)2-,+*:+!%5!./+! ,2)%6'&!3+*41*,'56+)!14!@/+!])2=5',%!Z'50!14!E/./15%6!-(!'!$'(!14!61,3'*%)15[8!! M1&&1$%5:!Y2*>'(')./'C)!ZPQQf[!52'56+0!$1*>!15!./+!+./5%6!5+:1.%'.%15)!-(! )+6150=:+5+*'.%15!I12./!9)%'5!9,+*%6'5);!./%)!6/'3.+*!615)%0+*)!.*'5)5'.%15'&%.(! ')!'!>+(!615.+D.!14!%0+5.%.(!*+6154%:2*'.%15)!%5!./+!3*+)+5.!0'(8!Y2*>'(')./'C)! ! R\! 4*',+$1*>!A+57%)%15a)b!+./5%6%.(!')!+D3*+))%5:!'!).'.+!14!-'&'56+!-+.$++5! 615).*'%5.)!'50!1331*.25%.%+)!'*%)%5:!12.!14!,2&.%3&+!5'.%15)B!ZPQQfS!"e[8!]+*!$1*>! '&)1!6155+6.)!+D3*+))%15)!14!+./5%6%.(!.1!./+!3*16+))+)!14!*'6%'&%O'.%15!'50!)%.2'.+)! ./+!'5'&()%)!$%./%5!./+!*'6%'&!31&%.%6)!14!./+!F5%.+0!I.'.+)!ZPQQfS!R="Q[8* #5!./+!41&&1$%5:!3':+);!#!$%&&!0%)62))!/1$!c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c'6>C)!6*+'.%7+! 615).*26.%15!14!'!25%^2+!A+*/2!*16>B!)1250!'50!:+5*+8!!@/+!5+D.!)+6.%15!$%&&!+D3&1*+! c'6>C)!3+*)15'&!',-%7'&+56+!'50!).*2::&+!$%./!./+!61,3&+D!.*'5)5'.%15'&!31&%.%6)! ',15:!E/%5';!@'%$'5;!'50!@'%$'5+)+!9,+*%6'8!!M1&&1$%5:!'5!'5'&()%)!14!3*+))!'50! ,+0%'!615.*17+*)(!'*1250!@/+!])2=5',%C)!'%*3&'(!'.!./+!N&(,3%6);!./+!6/'3.+*!$%&&! +50!$%./!'!51.+!15!c'6>C)!0+3&1(,+5.!14!./+!,+.'3/1*!14!62&.2*'&!0%3&1,'6(;!%5!&%:/.! 14!./+!31&'*%O%5:!'50!3%:+15/1&%5:!41*6+)!%,3%5:%5:!2315!/%)!-'508* ! 9!E15.'6.!$%./!E/./15%6!'50!@/+%*!V*'50!14!@'%$'5+)+!g'.%15'&%),! @/+!3+*41*,'56+!'.!]%:/&%5+!V'&&*11,!$')!1*:'5%O+0!-(!./+!E1,,%..++!41*! 90,%))%15!14!@'%$'5!.1!./+!F5%.+0!g'.%15);!'--*+7%'.+0!')!E9@Fg8!9661*0%5:!.1! ! Re! E9@FgC)!$+-)%.+;!./+!1*:'5%O'.%15!$')!A+).'-&%)/+0!./*12:/!@'%$'5+)+!9,+*%6'5! E1256%&!14!X*+'.+*!g+$!d1*>!*+3*+)+5.%5:!,1*+!./'5!"Q!@'%$'5+)+!9,+*%6'5! 1*:'5%O'.%15)!%5!./+!'*+'8B!!I%56+!%.)!%56+3.%15!%5!"RRP;!E9@Fg!/')!1*:'5%O+0!'5! '552'&!,'))!*'&&(!02*%5:!./+!'))+,-&(!14!./+!F5%.+0!g'.%15)!+7+*(!I+3.+,-+*;! 3*1.+).%5:!./+!+D6&2)%15!14!@'%$'5!4*1,!./+!F5%.+0!g'.%158!9!)2,,'*(!14!./+!*+6+5.! /%).1*(!14!@'%$'5!'50!%.)!4*'2:/.!*+&'.%15)!$%./!E/%5'!'50!./+!F5%.+0!I.'.+)!6'5!/+&3! 615.+D.2'&%O+!./+!31&%.%6)!)2**1250%5:!./+!+7+5.8!!! L/+5!./+!E1,,25%).!Y'*.(!.11>!J'%5&'50!E/%5'!%5!"ReR;!./+!1331)%.%15'&! E/%5+)+!g'.%15'&%).!Y'*.(!>51$5!')!./+!r21,%5.'5:!Z1*!rJ@[!4&+0!.1!@'%$'58!!F50+*! ./+!,%&%.'*(!*2&+!14!rJ@!&+'0+*!E/%'5:!r'%=I/+>;!@'%$'5!$')!615)%0+*+0!'!)17+*+%:5! 5'.%15!'50!'!3'*.!14!./+!F5%.+0!g'.%15)!25.%&!"Ril8!!94.+*!"Ril;!@/+!F8I8!'50!./+!F8g8! )12:/.!.1!*+-2%&0!*+&'.%15)!$%./!E/%5'!-(!'0/+*%5:!.1!./+!AN5+=E/%5'B!31&%6(! +541*6+0!-(!./+!E/%5+)+!:17+*5,+5.8!!#5!./+!&'.+!"RlQ);!@'%$'5!41*,+0!'!.$1=3'*.(! 0+,16*'6(;!)3&%.!-+.$++5!./1)+!$'5.%5:!*+6156%&%'.%15!$%./!E/%5'!'50!./1)+! )2331*.%5:!@'%$'5+)+!%50+3+50+56+8!!@/+!rJ@!/')!,'%5.'%5+0!%.)!31)%.%15!14! )2331*.%5:!*+6156%&%'.%15!$%./!E/%5';!$/+*+')!./+!5+$&(!41*,+0!1331)%.%15'&!3'*.(! K+,16*'.%6!Y*1:*+))%7+!Y'*.(!ZKYY[!/')!,1-%&%O+0!41*!'!3*1=@'%$'5+)+= #50+3+50+56+!,17+,+5.8!!I%56+!./+5;!31&'*%O%5:!%))2+)!*+:'*0%5:!'!A@'%$'5+)+B! %0+5.%.(!/'7+!)/'3+0!./+!%)&'50C)!62&.2*'&!'50!31&%.%6'&!&'50)6'3+!'.!/1,+!'50! '-*1'0!Z])2!'50!I'*:+5.!PQQlS!\R=eQ[8! @/+!@'%$'5+)+!9,+*%6'5!31&%.%6'&!:*123!E9@Fg!1*:'5%O+0!./%)!3+*41*,'56+! +7+5.!')!'5!'4.+*=3'*.(!41&&1$%5:!./+!PQQi!3*1.+).!*'&&(!':'%5).!./+!F8g88!@/%)!+7+5.! )+*7+0!.1!%5.*1026+!./+!@'%$'5+)+!-'50!E/./15%6!15!%.)!g1*./!9,+*%6'5!.12*!.1!./+! ! Rf! @'%$'5+)+!9,+*%6'5!61,,25%.(!%5!./+!:*+'.+*!g+$!d1*>!,+.*131&%.'5!'*+'8!@/+! 1*:'5%O+*)!14!E9@Fg!%57%.+0!@/+!])2=5',%!.1!3+*41*,!')!'!&16'&;!)2331*.%5:!'6.;! /13%5:!.1!0*'$!'!(125:!&16'&!'20%+56+8!!@/%)!3+*41*,'56+;!.1!@/+!])2=5',%;!,+'5.! '5!+D31)2*+!14!./+%*!,2)%6!12.)%0+!./+%*!2)2'&!4'5=-')+!615)%).%5:!14!PQ=)1,+./%5:= (+'*=1&0!U','31!E1&&+:+!:*'02'.+);!@'%$'5+)+!).20+5.)!).20(%5:!'-*1'0!%5!./+! g+$!d1*>!,+.*131&%.'5!'*+';!')!$+&&!')!4*%+50)!'50!4',%&%+)!14!./+!-'50!,+,-+*)8Pl! 9661*0%5:!.1!c'6>;!@/+!])2=5',%!$')!3'*.%62&'*&(!+D6%.+0!'-12.!)/'*%5:!./+!).':+! $%./!'!-'50!4*1,!@'%$'58!950!'&15:!/%)!-'50=,'.+);!c'6>!/13+0!./'.!/%)!-'50!$12&0! +7+5.2'&&(!.12*!@'%$'5;!./*12:/!./%)!3+*41*,'56+!6155+6.%158! E/./15%6C)!+D3&%6%.!)2331*.!41*!@'%$'5+)+!%50+3+50+56+!4'6%&%.'.+0!./+! 31&%.%6'&!'%,)!14!E9@Fg8!!N5!).':+;!M*+00(!)/12.+0!%5.1!./+!,%6*13/15+;!AM26>! E/%5';!426>!F8g8B!!E/./15%6_)!,+.'&=/+'0!4'5);!$/1!)++,+0!.1!>51$!./+!)6*%3.;! *+)3150+0!-(!)6*+',%5:!-'6>!+D'6.&(!./+!)',+!3/*')+)8!!M*+00(!,'5':+0!.1!).%*!23! ./+!eQ=(+'*=1&0='50='-17+!@'%$'5+)+!*'&&(=:1+*)!%5!./+!'20%+56+!.1!)/12.!12.!./+)+! 31&%.%6'&!)&1:'5)!$%./!'!,+.'&=%5)3%*+0!7+5:+'56+8PR!!M*+00(!)'%0!.1!./+!6*1$0;!_@/+! F8g8!615)%0+*)!./+,)+&7+)!.1!*+3*+)+5.!'&&!5'.%15)!14!./+!$1*&08!!V2.!@'%$'5!%)! &%,%.+0!a14b!%.)!,+,-+*)/%3;!)1!@'%$'5!*+3*+)+5.)!./+!250+*$1*&0;!&%>+!(12!:2()so! U+)15'.%5:!$%./!./+!$1*0!A250+*$1*&0;B!./+!6*1$0!6/++*+08!!K*'$%5:!15!./+!X*++>! .+*,!A6/./15%6;B!,+'5%5:!0+%.%+)!1*!)3%*%.)!14!./+!250+*$1*&0;!M*+00(!'5'&1:%O+)!./+! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! Pl!Through playing several Taiwanese-themed events such as the annual Passport to Taiwan culture fest, The Hsu-nami have picked up fans in the community of Taiwanese students who are studying abroad in the New York metropolitan area. Many of these individuals belong to the organization FTSANY (Federation of Taiwanese Student Association in New York).! PR!It’s important to note that there are pro-reconciliation (with China) members of the Taiwanese community in the New York City area. But it’s not likely that they were present at this show because of the overtly pro-independence nature of the event.! ! Rh! 0'*>;!3':'5=%5)3%*+0!-&'6>=,+.'&!%,':+*(!$%./!./+!%57%)%-&+!).'.2)!14!@'%$'5!%5!./+! +(+)!14!./+!F5%.+0!g'.%15)8!!! Y2,3%5:!/%)!&+4.!4%).!%5!./+!'%*;!M*+00(!)/*%+>+0!./+!&(*%6)!14!./+!)15:! AF5&%,%.+0!@'%$'5B!%5!H5:&%)/!$/%&+!/+'0=-'5:%5:!-+.$++5!./+!7+*)+)S!AL+!/'7+! ./+!&'50;!./+!).*+5:./;!./+!31$+*!`!U%)+!23;!17+*61,+;!.'>+!%.!17+*!`!#:51*+0!.11! &15:;!$+!-+6',+!).*15:+*!`!@+'*!01$5!./+!$'&&)!'50!&+.!2)!*25!17+*8B!!9!4+$!,15./)! 3*%1*!.1!./+!+7+5.;!E/./15%6!'551256+0!./+!5',+!14!./+%*!.12*!.1!g1*./!9,+*%6'!'50! H2*13+!')!./+!AFg&%,%.+0B!@12*8!!@/+!-'50!+7+5!5',+0!./+!E9@Fg!3+*41*,'56+!%5! g+$!d1*>!')!./+!AFg&%,%.+0!g+$!d1*>!E156+*.B!'50!32-&%6%O+0!%.!.1!./+!9,+*%6'5! 3*+))8!!E/./15%6C)!144%6%'&!-'50!$+-)%.+!).'.+)!./+!%5.+5.%15!14!./+!.+*,S!AL+!$'5.!.1! +,3/')%O+!./+!mF5&%,%.+0C!31.+5.%'&!14!@'%$'5!'50!./+!@'%$'5+)+!3+13&+8!!L+!'&)1! $'5.!.1!/%:/&%:/.!mFg!W%,%.+0!@'%$'5;C!'5!+50+'71*!.1!).*15:&(!3*1.+).!/1$!./+!Fg! &%,%.)!@'%$'5_)!42&&!3'*.%6%3'.%15!')!'5!%50+3+50+5.!6125.*(8B\Q!!#5!'!)/1*.! 3*1,1.%15!4%&,!41*!./+!.12*;!./+!3&'(-'6>!14!./+!)15:!AFg&%,%.+0!@'%$'5B!%)!,')/+0! $%./!'!7%0+1!61&&':+!615)%).%5:!14!/%).1*%6'&!411.':+!14!./+!3*1=%50+3+50+56+! A0+,16*'.%O'.%15B!,17+,+5.!'50!'5!'5%,'.%15!%&&2).*'.%5:!./+!+D6&2)%15!14!@'%$'5! 4*1,!-1./!./+!F8g8!'50!./+!L8]8N8!ZE/./15%6!PQQi-[8!!E/./15%6!/')!3+*)15'&!'50! 4%5'56%'&!.%+)!.1!./+!3*1=@'%$'5!%50+3+50+56+!'50!'5.%=E/%5'!31&%.%6'&!3'*.(!>51$5! ')!./+!K+,16*'.%6!Y*1:*+))%7+!Y'*.(!Z1*!KYY[8!!#5!4'6.;!./+!KKY=&+'5%5:! '0,%5%).*'.%15!&+0!-(!@'%$'5C)!3*+)%0+5.!'.!./+!.%,+!E/+5!I/2%=V%'5!3*17%0+0! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 30 This mission statement is stated on Chthonic’s official band website in both English and Chinese (Chthonic 2007a). ! Ri! 3'*.%'&!4%5'56%'&!)2331*.!41*!E/./15%6C)!.12*!14!g1*./!9,+*%6'!'50!H2*13+!ZM*'O%+*! PQQi[8\"!! Y+*41*,%5:!41*!'!515=@'%$'5+)+;!A:&1-'&B!'20%+56+;!E/./15%6!615)6%12)&(! 6*'4.)!'50!0+&%7+*)!%.)!31&%.%6%O+0;!&16'&!A@'%$'5+)+B!%0+5.%.(!%5!1*0+*!.1!0%))+,%5'.+! %.)!5'.%15'&%).!,+))':+!.1!./+!:&1-'&!3132&'*!,2)%6!,'*>+.!'50!./+!17+*)+')! @'%$'5+)+!61,,25%.(8!!@/+(!01!)1!-(!'33*13*%'.%5:!%,':+)!'50!)1250)!4*1,!./+! &%.+*'*(;!*+&%:%12);!'50!,2)%6'&!3*'6.%6+)!'))16%'.+0!$%./!./+!51.%15)!14! @'%$'5+)+5+))8!!E/./15%6!A@'%$'5=%O+)B!./+!g1*./+*5!H2*13+'5!-&'6>!,+.'&!)1250! '50!3+*41*,'56+!3*'6.%6+!.1!4%.!%.)!5'.%15'&%).!':+50'8!!N5!).':+;!M*+00(!'50!/%)! -'50=,'.+)!$1*+!-&'6>=,+.'&=%5)3%*+0!$/%.+!4'6+=3'%5.!$%./!-&'6>!'66+5.)!%5!'*+')! '*1250!./+!+(+)!'50!,12./8!!#5!%5.+*7%+$)!'50!15!./+%*!-'50!$+-)%.+;!E/./15%6! *+6&'%,)!./+!3*'6.%6+!14!A61*3)+!3'%5.B!4*1,!g1*$+:%'5!-&'6>!,+.'&!-(!'00%5:!)1,+! ).(&%).%6!%54&2+56+)!14!./+!Al!X+5+*'&)B!4'6+=3'%5.!4*1,!@'%$'5+)+!41&>!@'1%),! aM%:2*+!\8"b8! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 31 The funding came from the Government Information Office of Taiwan, according to journalist Pat Kao of Taiwan Review. This article also sheds lights on the politicized role of Chthonic within New Taiwanese Songs movement of the early 1990s, which used pop songs to explore and comment on social issues and, more indirectly, politics” (Kao 2008). ! Rl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d12!).%&&!2)+!,10+*5!%5).*2,+5.)!'50!)15:$*%.%5:!.+6/5%^2+);!41*!+D',3&+;! \=.1=i=,%52.+!)15:!&+5:./;!7+*)+=6/1*2)=7+*)+!).*26.2*+;!%5).*2,+5.)!&%>+!:2%.'*)! '50!0*2,)8!!@/+!-1..1,!&%5+!%)!./+!%0+'8!!95!%0+'!%)!'!$'(!41*!1./+*)!.1!+5.+*!(12*! ).1*(B!Z])2!'50!I'*:+5.!PQQlS!eP[8!!#5!/%)!*+,'*>;!M*+00(!61,,+5.)!15!./+!&16'&! ! RR! @'%$'5+)+!+&+,+5.)!14!/%)!-'50!')!'5!+D1.%6!'01*5,+5.;!'!,'*>+.%5:!0+7%)+!.1! 0%44+*+5.%'.+!/%)!-'50!4*1,!./+!H2*13+'5!'50!9,+*%6'5!,+.'&!-'50)!%5!./+! %5.+*5'.%15'&!,2)%6!,'*>+.8!#5!)/1*.;!M*+00(!>51$)!/%)!'20%+56+T!'50!/+!>51$)!/1$! .1!'33+'&!.1!./+,8! ! E/./15%6S!]'*5+))%5:!./+!HD1.%6!Q=+,;!V*'50%5:!'!g'.%15'&%).!#0+5.%.(! J,I;,-0*211%'(*!,D(,'(/*+12("-0*.+'*+*/2*7+"2'*0)]"-0*).*.+'*4211=*)-(* !.)-("-0*!."22*-':.*.1*8+.+1-"#B!*+')(*4"0,='*d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o#._)! +D6%.%5:!./'.!$+!6'5!3&'(!$%./!'!0%44+*+5.!:+5*+!14!*16>!-'50!$%./!./+!)',+!N*%+5.'&! %5).*2,+5.888!!#!-+&%+7+!%._)!'!:110!1331*.25%.(!41*!'&&!4'5)!.1!0%)617+*!5+$!>%50)!14! ,2)%6B!ZV&'--+*,12./!PQQi[8!!M*+00(C)!$1*0!6/1%6+!14!AN*%+5.'&B!*+)15'.+)!$%./!./+! &'5:2':+!2)+0!%5!1./+*!3*+))!,'.+*%'&)8!!#5!./+!144%6%'&!7+*)%15!14!./+!-'50C)!H5:&%)/! -%1:*'3/(;!E/./15%6!0+)6*%-+)!./+!'00%.%15!14!./+!A@'%$'5+)+!.*'0%.%15'&!.$1=).*%5:! 7%1&%5B!')!'5!AN*%+5.'&!.$%).8B\P!!#5!,(!%5.+*7%+$!$%./!/%,;!M*+00(!+D31250)!./'.!./+! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 32 This version of the band biography was originally posted on the band’s official website [http://chthonic.org] but has been replaced by a new version recently. This version, however, is still used on the band’s Facebook page (Chthonic 2008). ! "QQ! '=+,C)!)'0!,+&10%+)!'50!A+D1.%6B!.%,-*+!)+*7+!./+!32*31)+!14!0*'$%5:!./+!&%).+5+*! %5.1!./+!5'**'.%7+!14!./+!,2)%6!ZW%,!PQQl[8! #!'*:2+!./'.!./+!'=+,!%5!E/./15%6C)!,2)%6!)+*7+)!')!'!,2)%6'&!1*5',+5.!.1! +501*)+!M*+00(C)!3*1=@'%$'5!%50+3+50+56+!':+50'8!!I15%6'&&(;!./+!)'0!'50!+D1.%6! )1250!14!./+!'=+,!)%:5%4%+)!./+!72&5+*'-&+;!31$+*&+));!'50!14.+5!4+,%5%O+0!31)%.%15! 14!@'%$'5;!?"!*)*?"!!./+!,')62&%5%).!31&%.%6'&!'50!,%&%.'*(!./*+'.!14!E/%5'8!!#5!,'5(!14! E/./15%6C)!)15:);!./+!'=+,!4*+^2+5.&(!<1%5)!./+!+./+*+'&!4+,'&+!716'&)!.1!/%:/&%:/.! ./+!)1,-+*;!,+&'56/1&(!')3+6.)!14!./+!,2)%68!!@/+!&').!.*'6>!14!E/./15%6C)!$%0+&(! 0%).*%-2.+0!'&-2,!J''("[*f)2'!ZPQQh[!At2')%!Y2.*+4'6.%15B!%)!'-12.!./+!6'&',%.12)! '4.+*,'./!41&&1$+0!-(!./+!,'))'6*+!14!./+!g'.%7+!@'%$'5+)+!-(!./+!c'3'5+)+! 61&15%'&!,%&%.'*(8!@/%)!)15:!+D+,3&%4%+)!./+!:+50+*+0!'50!+./5%6%O+0!.*13+!14!./+! '=+,8!!94.+*!.$1!7+*)+)!14!'::*+))%7+!A/'*0B!)+6.%15)!61,3*%)+0!14!./+!:*1$&%5:!,'&+! 716'&);!012-&+=-'))!0*2,);!'&15:!$%./!./+!*'3%0!'50!3256/(!:2%.'*!'*,+0!$%./!'! /'*)/!0%).1*.%15;!./+!'=+,!+5.+*)!%5.1!./+!41*+:*1250!14!./+!,%D8!!I2=g25:C)!,%51*= )1250%5:!'=+,!)1&1;!6123&+0!$%./!K1*%)C!716'&);!144+*)!'!A)14.B;!,+&10%6!6125.+*3'*.! .1!./+!A/'*0;B!'::*+))%7+;!'50!4').!*/(./,=0*%7+5!,+.'&!)1250!a920%1!HD',3&+!\8"b8!! @/+!-'50!2)+)!./%)!A/'*0!7)8!)14.B!:+50+*+0!0%6/1.1,(!.1!3'*'&&+&!./+!+D.*+,+! .+5)%15!-+.$++5!./+!7%1&+56+!'50!:*%+4!*+&'.+0!.1!./+!61&15%'&!-&110-'./!61,,%..+0! -(!./+!c'3'5+)+!,%&%.'*(!2315!./+!g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iS!e\f[8!!94.+*!615)2&.%5:!$%./!,(!@'%$'5+)+=)3+'>%5:!4',%&%+)!'50!4*%+50);!#! 41250!./'.!./+!$1*0!A/+5'B!)3+&&)!)%,%&'*&(!.1!A/%'5=';B!3/15+.%6'&&(!.*'5)&%.+*'.+0! 4*1,!./+!.+*,!弦仔 %5!./+!@'%$'5+)+`]1&1!0%'&+6.8!!K2*%5:!'5!#5.+*5+.!6/'.!)+))%15;! I2=g25:!+D3&'%5+0!.1!,+!./'.!'=+,!'50!+")-I)!'*+!'&,1).!2)+0!)(515(,12)&(!%5! @'%$'5!ZE/'1!PQQR[8!!]+!)'%0;!A#!6'&&!,(!%5).*2,+5.!二胡!a'=+,b!%5!E/%5+)+;!-2.!%4!#! 5++0!.1!0+)6*%-+!$/'.!#!3&'(!%5!./+!@'%$'5+)+!1*!]1&1!0%'&+6.;!#!$12&0!6'&&!,(! %5).*2,+5.!弦仔!a+")-I)b8B!!I2=g25:!'&)1!+D3&'%5+0!./'.!+")-I)!%)!.(3%6'&&(!2)+0!')!'5! '661,3'5%,+5.!%5).*2,+5.!41*!@'%$'5+)+!41&>!13+*'!).(&+!j1I)I+"!Z歌仔戲T!1*! A:+O'%D%B!%5!Y%5(%5[8\e!! #!%5.+*3*+.!M*+00(C)!0+&%-+*'.+!'0/+*+56+!.1!./+!@'%$'5+)+!3*15256%'.%15! +'-)!Z1*!+")-I)[!')!'!615)6%12)!*+<+6.%15!14!./+!%5).*2,+5.C)!E/%5+)+!'44%&%'.%15)!'50! )%:5%4%+*)8!!V(!%5)%).%5:!15!./+!@'%$'5+)+`]1&1!.+*,%51&1:(;!./2)!'))16%'.%5:!%.!$%./! ./+!@'%$'5+)+!41&>!13+*'!).(&+!j1I)I+";!M*+00(!)+&4=615)6%12)&(!%542)+)! A@'%$'5+)+5+))B!%5.1!/%)!-'50C)!-*'50!%0+5.%.(8!!HD1.%4(%5:!%.)!A&16'&B!'44%&%'.%15);! E/./15%6!.*'5)41*,)!%.)!,2)%6!'50!%,':+!%5.1!'!:&1-'&!62**+56(!$%./!'!0%44+*+56+! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 33 The origins of huqin in central Asia are associated with the ethnic minority Xi people who moved to and settled in China in the 10th century (Wikipedia, December 7, 2009). And the modern innovation of the instrument was motivated by the performers and arrangers such as Liu Tianhua who was trained in western classical violin (Trasher and Stock, December 7, 2009). 34 Su-Nung also explained the terminological differences: Technically, the term “erhu” refers to nan-hu (南 胡), an instrument rarely used in Ko-a-hi. And “hian-a” refers to either jing-hu (京胡) or kezixian (殼子弦 ) (2009). ! "QP! ,'*>+0!-(!'5!A+').+*5B!1*!AN*%+5.'&B!+./5%6%.(8!M&'25.%5:!./%)!0%44+*+56+!%5!./+!4'6+! ./+!%5.+*5'.%15'&!,+.'&!,2)%6!,'*>+.!01,%5'.+0!.10'(!-(!H2*13+!'50!g1*./! 9,+*%6';!E/./15%6!)/%5+)!&%>+!'5!+D1.%6!:+,!4*1,!./+!+').8! * c'6>!])2S!E15).*26.%5:!'5!AH*/2!U16>B!X+5*+! f)#%*"-*;'7*<1=%*8".3B!*M"0+2"-'*f)22=11>F**617)=(*.+'*'-(*14*M!,I-)>"B!*!'./* .+'*D)-(*[,"'.'(*(17-*,-':&'#.'(23F**6+'*!.)0'*()=%'-'(F**J.)0'*A"0+.!*41#,!'(*1-* b)#%*7+"2'*+'*&2)3'(*4)!.*)*.='>121/*D17"-0*)-(*7+"&&"-0*+"!*+*/2*!.="-0!F**RM1=!'* C)#'V*W"-*E)-()="-*8+"-'!'*RJ)"*E)VZ*7)!*.+'*-)>'*14*.+'*.,-'F**6+"!*.,-'*='!1-).'(* )>1-0*.+'*6)"7)-'!'*),("'-#'*>'>D'=!*)!*.+'3*]')21,!23*#2)&&'(*)21-0*.1*.+'*!.')(3* Y.+*-1.'*D').*1-*.+'*D)!!*(=,>F**T!*b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c'6>C)!7+*)%15!14!./+!,%0=PQ./=6+5.2*(!E/%5+)+!'=+,!).'50'*0!A]1*)+!U'6+B! +D+,3&%4%+)!/%)!)+&4=%57+5.+0!A+*/2=*16>B!).(&+8!E15)+*7'.1*(=.*'%5+0!%5!L+).+*5! 6&'))%6'&!7%1&%5!'50!+*/2;!]2'5:!]'%/2'%!$*1.+!AI'%!J'B!a2)2'&&(!.*'5)&'.+0!')! A]1*)+!U'6+B!%5!H5:&%)/b!%5!"RfR8!!@/%)!.25+!%)!)'%0!.1!A0+3%6.!./+!:*'50!166')%15!14! /1*)+!*'6+)!'.!'!4+).%7'&!%5!#55+*!J15:1&%'B!Z]'5)/%5!H5)+,-&+;!Y'%;!'50!]+&&+*! PQQP[8!H./51,2)%61&1:%).!c15'./'5!I.16>!:*123)!./%)!61,31)%.%15!$%./!,%0=PQ./!= ! "Q\! 6+5.2*(!$1*>)!./'.!+71>+!+D.*'=,2)%6'&!%,':+*(!14!./+!+./5%6!,%51*%.(!:*123)!%5! E/%5'!)26/!')!AJ15:1&)!'50!1./+*)!4*1,!./+!:*'))&'50)!14!./+!51*./!'50!$+).B! Z"RRPS!hP[8!!#561*31*'.%5:!41&>!,2)%6!'50!*+:%15'&!).(&+)!'))16%'.+0!$%./!./+! 51*./+*5!'50!$+).+*5!.+**%.1*(!14!E/%5';!./+)+!'=+,!61,31)%.%15)!/+&3+0! 0%))+,%5'.+!./+!)16%'&%).!%0+'&!14!3*1&+.'*%'5%),!6+5.*'&!.1!./+!7%)%15!23/+&0!-(!./+! E/%5+)+!E1,,25%).!:17+*5,+5.!Z"RRPS!hP=iQ[8!!* L%./12.!/'7%5:!'5(!3*+7%12)!>51$&+0:+!14!./+!/%).1*%6'&!615.+D.!14!./+! 61,31)%.%15;!c'6>!.*'5)&'.+)!*16>!:2%.'*!7%*.21)%.(j$%./!+,3/')%)!15!)3++0!'50! ).*+5:./j%5.1!/%)!3&'(%5:!14!'!.$1=).*%5:!)3%>+!4%00&+8!!9.!'5!+D.*+,+&(!4').!.+,31;! c'6>C)!'66+&+*'.+0!4%5:+*%5:!*'6+)!./*12:/!./+!.25+!%5!&+))!./'5!P!,%52.+)8!!]+! )2-0%7%0+)!./+!4%5:+*=3%6>%5:!)+6.%15!%5.1!'!).*+',!14!3&26>+0!l./!51.+!3'..+*5)! aM%:2*+!\8Pb8!!@/%)!*/(./,%6!)2-0%7%)%15!+D3+0%.+)!./+!4&1$!14!./+!,+&10(8!! E157+5.%15'&&(;!A]1*)+!U'6+B!+50)!$%./!'!610'!./'.!6'&&)!41*!./+!.+6/5%^2+!14!A&%5>+0;! 3'2)%5:!-1$B!q!'!61,-%5'.%15!14!A)%,2&.'5+12)!.*+,1&1!-1$%5:!14!-1./!).*%5:)!$%./! '!.*%&&!'50!:&%))'501B!ZI.16>!"RRP;!ie[!q!.1!%,%.'.+!/1*)+!5+%:/)8!!c'6>!.*'5)41*,)!./%)! 517+&;!'&,1).!61,+0%6!3*1:*',,'.%6!,2)%6'&!,1,+5.!%5.1!'!7%*.21)%6!+*/2=*16>! )/*+00%5:!)1&18!!AM1*!./+!./*%&&!14!%.;B!'661*0%5:!.1!c'6>;!/+!'66+&+*'.+)!./+!.*%&&)!$/%&+! +D+*.%5:!3*+))2*+!15.1!./+!).*%5:);!.2*5%5:!./+!<'::+0!)1250!14!'!/1*)+=5+%:/!%5.1!'! &120;!615.%5212)!)6*+',8!!E15.*'*(!.1!,1).!1./+*!3+*41*,'56+)!14!A]1*)+!U'6+;B\f! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 35 There have been several notable performances of “Horse Race” that I used in the comparison with Jack’s performance. Among these performances is the recording by Pong Hsin-Chang and the Hanshin Chinese Folk and Dance Ensemble (2002). On this recording, the tempo is set at quarter note = 152 beats/minute. I also analyzed many other performances of “Horse Race” available on Youtube. A notable one among American audiences is the performance of Chinese piano virtuoso with his father Guoren Lang at the Carnegie Hall in 2007. Here the tempo is set between 170-176 beats/minute. Jack’s performance at the Highline Ballroom at quarter note = 192 beats/minute, exceeds the tempo of all of both these performances, along with others on Youtube. ! "Qe! c'6>C)!7+*)%15!6*')/+)!'50!-2*5)!$/%&+!*%0%5:!15!+D6+))%7+!.+,31!4&26.2'.%15)8!! E*+'.%5:!'5!'&,1).=25615.*1&&'-&+!%5.+5)%.(;!%.!4%5%)/+)!%5!./+!).(&+!14!'!6&%,'6.%6! *16>=).'*!+50%5:8! ! ! H12/'&(PF?*(R#0E(]8/K(C#14#,&8&(O&=0-9&(3#'%AK(@-,(]1==N8(!=/;K(J&4(G-'E(!1%AK( X&$%&9;&'(?UK(?SS\F(3"-%-2'#$"(;A(#/%"-'F( ! #!')>+0!c'6>!'-12.!./+!-'50C)!,1.%7'.%15!-+/%50!3&'(%5:!./%)!)15:8!!]+!)'%0;! A#.C)!'&&!'-12.!./+!6*1$08B!!9.!4%*).!#!./12:/.!./'.!/+!$')!*+4+**%5:!.1!./+!+./5%6! 61,31)%.%15!14!./+!'20%+56+8!!L/+5!#!3*+))+0!/%,!42*./+*;!c'6>!+D3&'%5+0!./'.!/+! :+5+*'&&(!2)+)!./%)!.25+!')!'!)1&1!.1!+D6%.+!./+!6*1$08!!c'6>!+D3*+))+0!./'.!./+!.25+!%)! ! "Qf! 51.!3'*.%62&'*&(!A+./5%6B!.1!/%,8!!c'6>!%)!25%5.+*+).+0!%5!*+4+**%5:!./%)!.25+!.1!%.)! E/%5+)+!1*!+7+5!J15:1&%'5!1*%:%5)8!!#5!/%)!3+*)15'&%O+0!+*/2=*16>!7+*)%15;!c'6>! %542)+)!%54&2+56+)!4*1,!/%)!4'71*%.+!*16>!7%*.21)1);!)26/!')!I$+0%)/!:2%.'*%).!d5:$%+! J'&,).++5;!%5.1!./+!,+&10(!14!./+!E/%5+)+!'=+,!61,31)%.%15!Z])2!PQQR[8!!@1!c'6>;! A]1*)+!U'6+B!)+*7+)!./+!4256.%15!14!0%)3&'(%5:!/%)!.+6/5%6'&!6'3'-%&%.(!15!./+!'=+,! )/1$6')%5:!/%)!-*'50+0!7%*.21)%6!+*/2=*16>!).(&+8\h!* 90'3.%5:!*16>!:2%.'*!7%*.21)%.(;!c'6>!+,3&1()!/%)!25%^2+!+*/2=*16>* .+6/5%^2+)!')!'!,+'5)!.1!%5.*1026+!./+!%5).*2,+5.!.1!'!,2&.%=+./5%6!F8I8!'20%+56+;! $/1!%)!3*+)2,'-&(!'&*+'0(!4',%&%'*!$%./!*16>!,2)%6!3+*41*,'56+)8!!c'6>C)!)+&4= %57+5.+0!).(&+;!#!'*:2+;!+,-*'6+)!'50!3132&'*%O+)!./+!+./5%6!'44%&%'.%15)!14!./+*'=+,! $%./%5!3*+01,%5'.+&(!H2*1=9,+*%6'5!*16>!,2)%6!615.+D.)8!!#5!01%5:!)1;!25$%..%5:&(! 3+*/'3);!/+!)2-)6*%-+)!.1!./+!7'&2+)!14!%50%7%02'&%),!'50!3132&%),!+501*)+0!'50! 6+&+-*'.+0!-(!*16>!,2)%6!3+*41*,+*)!'50!'20%+56+)!Zr+%:/.&(!PQQ"[8!!E15.*'*(!.1! E/./15%6;!c'6>!])2!%)!51.!%5.+*+).+0!%5!+D1.%6%O%5:!1*!3'*.%62&'*%O%5:!/%)!%5).*2,+5.! ')!'5!+./5%6'&&(!,%51*%.(!1-<+6.8!!@/+!])2=5',%C)!+*/2=*16>!)1250!)++>)!.1! 25%7+*)'&%O+!./+!+*/2;!%542)%5:!%.!$%./!*16>!:+).2*+)!'50!'..%.20+)8!!* c'6>!/')!,'0+!'!52,-+*!14!,10%4%6'.%15)!.1!.*'5)41*,!/%)!%5).*2,+5.!%5.1!'5! +&+6.*%6=:2%.'*=&%>+!1-<+6.8!!@/*12:/!.*%'&!'50!+**1*!'50!'!01=%.=(12*)+&4!'33*1'6/;! c'6>!/')!.+).+0!)+7+*'&!,+./10)!14!',3&%4%6'.%15!61,-%5%5:!7'*%12)!,%6*13/15+)! '50!',3&%4%+*)8!!]+!/')!'..'6/+0!'!,%6*13/15+!3%6>=23!.1!./+!7%-*'.%5:!,+,-*'5+!14! ./+!%5).*2,+5.8!!H&+6.*%4(%5:!./+!+*/2!'&&1$)!c'6>!.1!+D3'50!./+!.%,-*'&!31))%-%&%.%+)! 14!/%)!%5).*2,+5.!'50!,%,%6!./+!*%6/!3'&+..+!14!*16>!:2%.'*!.15+!61&1*)8!!U+6+5.&(;!/+! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 36 Interestingly, the application of virtuosity as a means to popularize the erhu resonates with the mid-20th-century notions of Chinese erhu compositions similar to “Horse Race” (Stock 1992, 70). ! "Qh! -12:/.!'5!',3&%4%+*!./'.!/+!)'$!'!6125.*(!4%00&+!3&'(+*!2)%5:!%5!g')/7%&&+8!!@/+! 61,3&+D!-2%&.=%5!+^2'&%O+*!'&&1$)!./+!',3&%4%+*!.1!3*1<+6.!4*1,!./+!'=+,!./+! 0+)%*'-&+!A-++4(!)1250)B!%5!&1$!'50!,%0=*'5:+0!4*+^2+56%+)8!!#5!3+*41*,'56+!'50! 15!*+61*0%5:);!./+!'=+,!)1250!%)!'&$'()!,%D+0!%5!./+!41*+:*1250;!.'>%5:!23!./+! )3'6+!6157+5.%15'&&(!*+)+*7+0!41*!./+!&+'0!716'&!1*!%5).*2,+5.'&!.*'6>8!!E1,,+5.%5:! 15!./+!.+6/5%^2+!14!'00%5:!./+!*+7+*-!+44+6.!15!*+61*0%5:);!c'6>!%5)%).)!15!./+! %,31*.'56+!14!'00%5:!15&(!'!),'&&!',125.!14!*+7+*-!)1!')!.1!51.!0*1$5!12.!./+! 1*%:%5'&!)12*6+!14!./+!+*/2!)12508!L%./!./%);!/+!%5.+50)!41*!./+!)2-.&+!*+7+*-!+44+6.!.1! -*%5:!12.!./+!A3*+)+56+B!14!/%)!%5).*2,+5.8!!]+!)'%0;!AM1*!,+;!#!$'5.!,1*+!3*+)+56+8! 51.!*+'&&(!'%*(!a)1250b8!W%>+!%5!E/./15%6;!a$%./b!./+!+*/2!./+(!32.!'!)/%.!&1'0!14! *+7+*-ka#b!4++&!&%>+!a%.C)b!-'6>:*1250!,2)%6!41*!./+,8!V2.!./+!+*/2!#!$'5.!%)!'5!%5= (12*=4'6+!>%50'!./%5:;!)%56+!%.!*+3&'6+)!./+!716'&)B!Z])2!PQ"Q[8!!c'6>C)!$1*0)!)26/!')! A-++4(B!'50!A%5=(12*=4'6+B!61551.+!'!0+:*++!14!'))+*.%15!1*!+7+5!'::*+))%15;! +5:+50+*%5:!'!,')62&%5+!+D3*+))%7+!,10+8!!@/+!,')62&%5%O%5:!3'..+*5)!%5!c'6>C)! +*/2=*16>!).(&+!615.*').!$%./!./+!4+,%5%O+0!A'%*(B!^2'&%.(!1*;!')!0%)62))+0!%5!./+! 3*+7%12)!)+6.%15;!./+!)14.!'50!+D1.%4%+0!'))16%'.%15)!14!./+!'=+,!%5!E/./15%6C)!,2)%68! c'6>C)!+*/2=*16>!,10%4%6'.%15);!/1$+7+*!,')62&%5%O+0;!'*+!3+*/'3)!,1).! 615)3%6212)!%5!./+!31)%.%15!14!/%)!%5).*2,+5.!02*%5:!3+*41*,'56+)8!E157+5.%15'&&(;! ./+!'=+,!%)!3&'(+0!15!./+!3+*41*,+*C)!&'3!%5!./+!)+'.+0!31)%.%158!!9&.+*5'.%7+&(;!c'6>! 6&%3)!./+!4*':%&+!$110+5!4%00&+!15.1!/%)!$'%).!$/%&+!/+!$%+&0)!/%)!-1$;!)1,+.%,+)! $%./!/%:/&(=615.*1&&+0!-*2.+!41*6+);!%5!'5!23*%:/.!).(&+!)%,%&'*!aM%:2*+!\8\b!.1!c'6>C)! 4'71*%.+!*16>!:2%.'*!7%*.21)1)!)26/!')!I&')/;!41*,+*!&+'0!:2%.'*%).!14!X25)!gC!U1)+)8!! @/+!61,3'*%)15!$%./!I&')/!%)!51.'-&+!4*1,!'!:+50+*!3+*)3+6.%7+8!!I&')/!)&%5:)!/%)! ! "Qi! :2%.'*!&1$!)1!./'.!%.!)%.)!%5!4*15.!14!/%)!:*1%5!'*+'8!!@/+!:2%.'*C)!3*1D%,%.(!.1!/%)! :+5%.'&%'!%)!6123&+0!$%./!./+!4').!)/*+00%5:!,17+,+5.!%5!./+!/%:/!*+:%).+*!15!./+! 4%5:+*-1'*0!14!./+!:2%.'*8!!@/%)!61,-%5'.%15!+5:+50+*)!)%:5%4%+*)!14!A616>!*16>;B! /%:/&%:/.%5:!,')62&%5+!)+D2'&!3*1$+))!*+3*+)+5.+0!%5!3/'&&%6!0%)3&'()!15!./+!:2%.'*! Z@*%5:'&%!PQQf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c'6>C)!$%+&0%5:!14!/%)!Y%,3=I.%6>!6'5!*+'&%O+!./+!A*16>!'50!*1&&B!0*+',!14! 3&'(%5:!,2)%6!$/%&+!A:+..%5:!:%*&)8B!!g1.!15&(!./'.;!/%)!Y%,3=).%6>!$12&0!,'>+!)3'6+! 41*!/%,!.1!4%.!61,41*.'-&(!%5!./+!,1).&(!$/%.+;!,'&+=01,%5'.+0;!/+.+*1)+D2'&!51*,)! $%./%5!*16>!,2)%6!62&.2*+!ZE1'.+)!"RRiT!g:2(+5!PQQ"[8!!9&%:5%5:!$%./!./+!:+50+*! '50!)+D2'&!51*,)!%5!*16>!,2)%6;!3+*/'3);!+5'-&+)!c'6>!.1!'6/%+7+!/%)!:1'&!14!6*+'.%5:! '!25%7+*)'&!'33+'&!41*!/%)!%5).*2,+5.!'50!%.)!'))16%'.+0!+./5%6!,+'5%5:)8! ! "Ql! ! H12/'&(PFP*(R#0E(]8/K(C#14#,&8&(O&=0-9&(3#'%AK(@-,(]1==N8(!=/;K(J&4(G-'E(!1%AK( X&$%&9;&'(?UK(?SS\F(3"-%-2'#$"(;A(#/%"-'F( ( ( @/+!])2=5',%S!K+3&1(%5:!I3%*%.2'&%.(;!K+4&+6.%5:!E154&%6.)! J''"-0*6+'*M!,I-)>"B!*D)!!"!.*S'=="22/*)*.)22*31,-0*>)-*7".+*)*-').23*.=">>'(* D21-('*01).''*)-(*)*4="'-(23*!>"2'/*1-'*14*.+'*6)"7)-'!'*),("'-#'*>'>D'=!*!)"(/*R@* 21?'*.+).*+'B!*7')="-0*)-*l@*21?'*6)"7)-V*6I!+"=.F**6+"!/*.1*>'/*>')-!*4="'-(!+"&FV**b)#%* .12(*>'*.+).*S'=="22*71='*.+'*!+"=.*1-23*D'#),!'*+'*%-'7*.+).*.+'*'?'-.*+)(* R!1>'.+"-0V*.1*(1*7".+*6)"7)-F**M'*#'=.)"-23*+)(*-1*"(')*7+).*%"-(*14*&12"."#)2* )!!,>&."1-*>"0+.*D'*.)%'-*4=1>*".F* ! "QR! L%./!'!@'%$'5+)+!9,+*%6'5!'=+,!3&'(+*!4*15.%5:!'5!'&&=$/%.+=9,+*%6'5!-'50;! .1!,'5(!3+13&+!%5!./+!@'%$'5+)+!9,+*%6'5!61,,25%.(;!@/+!])2=5',%C)!+./5%6! ,'>+23!)3+'>)!.1!./+!%,':%5+0!25%15!-+.$++5!@'%$'5!'50!./+!F5%.+0!I.'.+)8!!! 9661*0%5:!.1!c'6>;!'.!./%)!)/1$;!)1,+!14!./+!@'%$'5+)+!,+,-+*)!14!./+!'20%+56+! 61,,+5.+0!15!'!@%-+.'5!*+4+*+56+!%5!./+!)15:!.%.&+!AH5.+*%5:!./+!J'50'&'B!Z@/+! ])2=5',%!PQQl-[8!!@/+(!./12:/.!./'.!./+!-'50!/'0!2)+0!./+!@%-+.'5!'&&2)%15!')!'! :+).2*+!14!*+)%).'56+!':'%5).!E/%5'8\i!!@/%);!/1$+7+*;!615.*'0%6.)!./+!-'50C)! %5.+5.%158!!#!')>+0!c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h8!!@/%)! *16>!4+).%7'&!)+*%+)!2.%&%O+0!./+!6+&+-*%.(!14!3132&'*!,2)%6%'5)!'50!-'50)!.1!*'%)+! '$'*+5+))!'-12.!./+!@%-+.'5!3&%:/.;!'50!.1!:+5+*'.+!4250)!41*!1*:'5%O'.%15)! $1*>%5:!.1$'*0!./+!6'2)+!14!@%-+.'5!4*++01,8!!@/%)!,2)%61=31&%.%6'&!,17+,+5.! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! \i!Pro-independence Taiwanese individuals would consider Tibet as an ally because they feel empathetic to Tibet’s oppression by the Chinese government. A deeper explanation of this political dynamic appears at the end of this section.! ! ""Q! :*+$!./*12:/12.!./+!&'.+!"RRQ)!'50!&').+0!%5.1!./+!+'*&(!PQQQ)8!!L%./!./+!@%-+.'5! M*++01,!E156+*.!51$!%5!/%50)%:/.;!@/+!])2=5',%C)!0%)62*)%7+!'44%&%'.%15!$%./!@%-+.! *'0%'.+)!-+(150!./+!6'2)+!14!@%-+.'5!%50+3+50+56+;!).*%33%5:!%.!14!%.)!)3+6%4%6! 31&%.%6'&!615.+D.!*+&'.+0!.1!./+!7%1&+5.!E/%5+)+!)233*+))%15!14!@%-+.8!!@'&>%5:!.1!c'6>;! #!:+.!./+!)+5)+!./'.!c'6>!%)!51.!15&(!/(3+*'$'*+!14!./+!31&%.%6'&!*',%4%6'.%15)!14!./+! @%-+.'5!)%:5%4%+*T!'50!/')!32*31)+&(!.*'5)&'.+0!%.!%5.1!'!,1*+!25%7+*)'&!)(,-1&!14! 3+'6+!.1!4%.!./+!-'50C)!17+*'&&!%5.+*+).!%5!*+6156%&%5:!0%44+*+56+;!$/+./+*!+./5%6'&&(! 1*!*+&%:%12)&(!0+4%5+08* @/+!])2=5',%C)!'&&2)%15!.1!V200/%),!615.%52+)!%5.1!./+%*!)+6150!'&-2,! ZPQQR-[;!41*!$/%6/*./+!-'50!5',+0!./+!.%.&+!.*'6>!'50!./+5!./+!'&-2,!'4.+*!'51./+*! V200/%).!*+4+*+56+S!A@/+!M12*!g1-&+!@*2./)8B!!c'6>!+D3&'%5)!./+!).1*(!-+/%50!./%)! 5',+S!* #5!./+!-+:%55%5:;!./+!)15:!$')!6'&&+0!AL'*8B!!V*+5.!$*1.+!/%)!:2%.'*!3'*.)!'50! ./+!-'50!0%0!./+%*!./%5:8!!]+!$*1.+!%.!'-12.!./+!#*'^!$'*!1*!$/'.51.8!!950! '4.+*!'00%5:!./+!'=+,!3'*.;!%.!)1250)!&%>+!'!E/%5+)+!+3%6!$'*8!!!L+!$+*+5_.! &%>%5:!./+!.%.&+!AL'*;B!)1!$+!/'0!)+7+*'&!%0+')8!!#!6',+!23!$%./!./+!%0+'!a14b! 5',%5:!./+!)15:!APPlB!.1!<2).!,'>+!./%5:)!615.*17+*)%'&`,+,1*%'&888!!L+! $+*+!:1%5:!.1!>++3!./'.!5',+;!-2.!/15+).&(!#!015_.!*+'&&(!>51$!./'.!,26/! '-12.!./+!/%).1*(!'50!%4!%.!$12&0!144+50!3+13&+!.11!,26/!1*!51.8!!I1!$+! 0+6%0+0!51.!2)+!./'.!.%.&+!41*!./+!)15:8!!A@/+!M12*!g1-&+!@*2./)o!%)!'!41&&1$=23! 4*1,!./+!.%.&+!oH5.+*%5:!14!./+!J'50'&'8B!!#._)!7+*(!*+&%:%12)!'50!(12!/'7+!.1! ./%5>!'-12.!$/'.!%.!,+'5)8!!A@/+!M12*!g1-&+!@*2./)B!'*+!3'./)!.1!*+'6/! +5&%:/.+5,+5.!'50!,'50'&'!%)!'&)1!:*'3/!14!12.+*!)244+*%5:!.1! +5&%:/.+5,+5.B!Z])2!PQQR[8!! ! @/+!-'50!).++*+0!'$'(!4*1,!31&%.%6'&&(!)+5)%.%7+!.13%6)!)26/!')!./+!#*'^!L'*!'50!./+! PPl!#56%0+5.;!'&)1!>51$5!')!./+!PPl!J'))'6*+;!'!:*'))*11.)=%5)3%*+0!*%1.!':'%5).!./+! :17+*5,+5.!%5!@'%$'5!./'.!-+:'5!15!M+-*2'*(!Pi;!"Rei8!!@/+!5',+!PPl!*+4+*)!.1! ./+!0'.+;!M+-*2'*(!Pl!1*!P=Pl;!15!$/%6/!./+!E/%5+)+!g'.%15'&%).!ZrJ@[!:17+*5,+5.! ! """! 7%1&+5.&(!)233*+))+0!./+!23*%)%5:!(%+&0%5:!'!0+'./!.1&&!14!17+*!.+5!./12)'50! %50%7%02'&)8!!@/+!PPl!#56%0+5.!,'*>)!./+!-+:%55%5:!14!./+!L/%.+!@+**1*!+*'!%5! @'%$'5!02*%5:!$/%6/!./12)'50)!14!@'%$'5+)+!Z515=J'50'*%5[!3+13&+!$+*+! %,3*%)15+0!'50!>%&&+08!!! c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`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l8!M*+00(!W%,!14!E/./15%6!$')!'!,'<1*!1*:'5%O+*!14!./+)+!+7+5.)8!! 9.!./+!E9@Fg!+7+5.;!./+!3*1=%50+3+50+56+;!'5.%=Fg!*'&&(=:1+*)!$+*+!51.! %5.+*+).+0!%5!0*'$%5:!./+!0%).%56.%15!-+.$++5!./+!31&%.%6'&!31)%.%15!Z1*!&'6>!./+*+14[! 14!@/+!])2=5',%!7+*)2)!./'.!14!E/./15%68!E9@FgC)!%5.+50+0!'*.%62&'.%15!14!'! 31&%.%6%O+0!A@'%$'5+)+B!%0+5.%.(!/')!/'0!*%33&+!+44+6.!15!)/'3%5:!./+!32-&%6! *+6+3.%15!14!@/+!])2=5',%8!!J+0%'!617+*':+!14!./+!+7+5.!+D31)+0!@/+!])2=5',%!.1! ./+!17+*)+')!@'%$'5+)+!61,,25%.(!$/1!*+'0%&(!'))16%'.+0!./+!-'50!$%./!3*1= @'%$'5+)+!%50+3+50+56+!31&%.%6)8!!! ! ! ! ! ""\! 9!@'%$'5+)+!9,+*%6'5!9,-%7'&+56+!.1!@*'5)5'.%15'&!X+131&%.%6)! ^-*67"..'=/*b)#%*!'-(!*1,.*)*>'!!)0'*.1*+"!*412217'=!/*Re=)-(>)!*21?'*6+'*M!,I -)>"cV**^,.*14*#,="1!".3/*@*.7''.*+">*D)#%*.1*)!%*+">*41=*.+'*4,22*!.1=3F**@-*)*!+1=.*'>)"2/* +'*.'22!*>'*)D1,.*+"!*"-.'=)#."1-*7".+*)-*'-(')="-0*'2('=23*6)"7)-'!'*71>)-*)4.'=* .+'"=*&'=41=>)-#'*).*.+'*9)!!&1=.*.1*6)"7)-*d'!."?)2F*** b)#%*!)3!/*)4.'=*)*&'=41=>)-#'/*)*0=)-(>1.+'=I)0'(*71>)-*#2,-0*.1*+">F**$".+* )*0=').*D"0*!>"2'/*!+'*!''>'(*=')223*&=1,(*14*+">F**J+'*!)"(*"-*6)"7)-'!'/*[email protected]!*0=').* .+).*31,B='*6)"7)-'!'FV*;1.*%-17"-0*7+).*!+'*!)"(*':)#.23/*b)#%*='&2"'(/*R3')FV*** 6+'-*.+'*'2('=23*71>)-*#)=="'(*1-*.+'*#1-?'=!)."1-*"-*6)"7)-'!'F**$+'-*!+'* =')2"]'(*.+).*b)#%*#1,2(-B.*,-('=!.)-(*+'=/*!+'*)!%'(/*RT='*31,*4=1>*8+"-)UV**J+'* #1,2(-B.*4).+1>*+17*b)#%*#1,2(*D'*4=1>*6)"7)-*D,.*-1.*,-('=!.)-(*6)"7)-'!'F*** 9)!./+!15&(!@'%$'5+)+!9,+*%6'5!,+,-+*!%5!./+!:*123;!c'6>!-+'*)!./+!-2*0+5! 14!+D3&%6'.%5:!./+!31&%.%6'&!31)%.%15!14!/%)!-'508!!c'6>C)!+56125.+*!$%./!./+!+&0+*&(! $1,'5;!5'**'.+0!%5!%.'&%6)!'-17+;!*+4+*)!.1!./+!4*'2:/.!0%).%56.%15!14!-+%5:!A4*1,! @'%$'5!1*!E/%5'8B!!@/%)!%5.+*'6.%15!%&&2).*'.+)!'!).*15:!)+5)+!14!+./5%6!5'.%15'&%),;! 15!./+!3'*.!14!./+!:*'50,1./+*=':+0!$1,'5;!./'.!6'&&)!41*!'!3'*.%)'5!'&&+:%'56+!.1! 15+!5'.%15=).'.+!-')+0!15!15+C)!+./5%6%.(8!!9661*0%5:!.1!./%)!7%+$;!15+!612&0!15&(!-+! +%./+*!4*1,!@'%$'5!1*!E/%5'8!!g1!%50%7%02'&)!612&0!31))%-&(!%50+5.%4(!$%./!-1./! 6125.*%+)!'50!62&.2*+);!51.!.1!,+5.%15!./+!31))%-%&%.(!14!'5!'00+0!%0+5.%4%6'.%15!$%./! '!./%*0!62&.2*+8!!#,31)+0!2315!c'6>;!./+!+./5%6!5'.%15'&%),!./'.!42+&)!./+!E*1))=I.*'%.! 31&%.%6)!-+.$++5!E/%5'!'50!@'%$'5!31)+)!'!0%))15'56+!$%./!c'6>C)!.*'5)5'.%15'&! 23-*%5:%5:!'50!,2&.%+./5%6!.*'%5%5:!%5!,2)%68!!c'6>!,17+0!.1!g+$!c+*)+(!4*1,! @'%$'5!$%./!/%)!3'*+5.)!'.!':+!.$+&7+8!!@1!+5)2*+!./'.!/+!51.!A41*:+.!/%)!*11.);B!41*!'! ! ""e! )2,,+*!$/+5!/+!$')!412*.++5;!c'6>C)!3'*+5.)!)+5.!/%,!.1!g'5<%5:;!E/%5';!./+!1&0! /1,+!14!/%)!:*'504'./+*8!!]+!$')!)+5.!+D3&%6%.&(!.1!).20(!./+!'=+,8!!9.!./+!.%,+;!c'6>! /'0!'&*+'0(!,').+*+0!$+).+*5!6&'))%6'&!7%1&%58!]+!./12:/.!/+!612&0!+')%&(!3%6>!23! ./+!'=+,!-+6'2)+!%.!*+)+,-&+)!./+!7%1&%58!!@/+5!%5!61&&+:+!-'6>!%5!./+!F5%.+0!I.'.+);! /+!0'--&+0!%5!*16>!:2%.'*8!!]+!+7+5.2'&&(!0+7+&13+0!/%)!0%).%56.!,2)%6'&!%0+5.%.(!-(! 3&'(%5:!'=+,*%5!'!*16>!-'50!./'.!/+!).'*.+0!$%./!/%)!,2)%6%'5!4*%+50)!'.!U','31! E1&&+:+!%5!g+$!c+*)+(8!!! #5!'5!15&%5+!6/'.!$%./!,+!17+*!./+!K+6+,-+*!PQQl!/1&%0'(;!c'6>!*+7+'&+0!/%)! 4*2).*'.%15!$%./!./+!.')>!14!0+4%5%5:!./+!+./5%6!1*%+5.'.%15!14!/%)!-'508!! @'%$'5+)+9,+*%6'581*:;!'!-&1:!$%./!'!,%))%15!.1!A@1!6155+6.;!%541*,!'50!3*1,1.+! ./+!3+13&+;!+7+5.)!'50!1*:'5%O'.%15)!./'.!)+*7+!./+!P50!:+5+*'.%15!@'%$'5+)+! 9,+*%6'5!61,,25%.(;B!/'0!'33*1'6/+0!c'6>!41*!'5!%5.+*7%+$!7%'!+,'%&8!!r51$%5:! ./+!-&1:C)!'44%&%'.%15!$%./!,'5(!3*1=@'%$'5!%50+3+50+56+!1*:'5%O'.%15);!c'6>! 6154%0+0!.1!,+!./'.!/+!$')!).2,3+0!-(!)1,+!14!./+!^2+).%15)!')>+0!%5!./+!%5.+*7%+$! +,'%&8!!I++%5:!./%)!%5.+*7%+$!')!'!0%)62*)%7+!)3'6+!.1!*+3*+)+5.!'50!3*1,1.+!/%)! -'50!.1!./+!@'%$'5+)+!9,+*%6'5!61,,25%.(;!c'6>!4&1250+*+0!'.!615<2*%5:!$'()!.1! 6'3.2*+!/%)!3+*)15'&!)+5)+!14!A+./5%6B!-+&15:%5:;!*+71&7%5:!'*1250!.+*,)!)26/!')! @'%$'5+)+;!E/%5+)+;!'50!9)%'5;!61,-%5+0!$%./!/%)!&15:=.%,+!3+*,'5+5.!*+)%0+56+!%5! ./+!F8I8!'50!/%)!-'50C)!A9,+*%6'5B!3+*)155+&8!!]+!$'5.+0!.1!'71%0!./+!*%)>!14! '&%+5'.%5:!%50%7%02'&)!$%./!1331)%5:!31&%.%6'&!7%+$)8!!c'6>!)'%0;!A%4!#!)'(;!mE/%5+)+;C! @'%$'5+)+!3+13&+!$12&0!-+!,'0!)%56+!2)2'&&(!@'%$'5+)+!015_.!)++!./+,)+&7+)!')! E/%5+)+B!Z])2!PQQl[8!!c'6>!&%5>+0!/%)!4++&%5:)!14!+5.*'3,+5.!.1!./+!5+$)!).1*(!'-12.! c'(!E/12;!'5!UuV!)%5:+*=)15:$*%.+*!-')+0!%5!@'%$'5!62**+5.&(!+5<1(%5:!'!)23+*= ! ""f! 6+&+-*%.(!'6*1))!9)%'8!!9661*0%5:!.1!c'6>!'50!1./+*);!E/12!4'6+0!6*%.%6%),)!'50! '662)'.%15)!14!-+%5:!0%)&1('&!.1!@'%$'5!'4.+*!3*16&'%,%5:!./'.!AL+!'*+!'&&!E/%5+)+! 3+13&+B!'.!'!6156+*.!%5!E/%5'8!!!* c'6>!$1**%+0!'-12.!./+!3*1)3+6.!14!-+61,%5:!+5.'5:&+0!%5!./+!%54&',,'.1*(! 3'*.%)'5!31&%.%6)!'6*1))!./+!@'%$'5!I.*'%.;!$/%6/!/+!>51$)!7+*(!&%..&+!'-12.8!c'6>!/')! )3+5.!,1).!14!/%)!&%4+!%5!./+!F8I8!!@/+!0%'&1:!-+&1$!%&&2).*'.+)!c'6>C)!3*+0%6',+5.!14! +./5%6!',-%7'&+56+8!!J(!1$5!/'50&+!5',+!%)!A%,.+5%)B!'50!c'6>C)!)6*++5!5',+!%)!A正 杰!"#$%&;B!./+!61,-%5'.%15!14!/%)!5',+!%5!E/%5+)+!'50!H5:&%)/8* imtenis says: It’s not like you’re playing into the either-green-or-blue political system in Taiwan - am I right to say that, or no? 正杰 jacki says: No, I don't know that much about it. imtenis says: I see. I think there are a lot of us who are in a similar situation 正杰 jacki says: Yea, it's just the Taiwan pride I’ve got. imtenis says: But still feeling kind of out of touch? 正杰 jacki says: Yup. imtenis says: And you wish that your “Taiwan pride” doesn't have to feed into the politics between US, China and Taiwan, right? 正杰 jacki says: Yea, too complicated. ! 9!*+4&+6.%7+!,1,+5.!41*!-1./!c'6>!'50!,+S!./%)!6157+*)'.%15!.126/+0!15!51.! 15&(!31&%.%6'&!%))2+)!)26/!')!./+!@'%$'5=F8I8!*+&'.%15)!'50!./+!E*1))=I.*'%.!+./5%6! 6154&%6.)8!!H7+5!0++3+*!3+*/'3);!$+!0%)617+*+0!./'.!$+!)/'*+!'!615250*2,!')! %50%7%02'&)!14!@'%$'5+)+!0+)6+5.;!1*!,1*+!3*+6%)+&(;!')!"8f=:+5+*'.%15!@'%$'5+)+! 9,+*%6'5);!$%./!*+)3+6.!.1!./+)+!%))2+)8!!@/%)!3*+0%6',+5.!/')!&+0!.1!12*!4++&%5:!14! +5.*'3,+5.!-+.$++5!51$!31&%.%6%O+0!+./51=5'.%15'&&(!0+4%5+0!.+*,)!)26/!')! ! ""h! A@'%$'5+)+B;!AE/%5+)+;B!'50!A9,+*%6'58B!!M++&%5:!&%>+!'!-%:!)%).+*;!#!:2%0+0!./+! 0%)62))%15!14!12*!)/'*+0!',-%7'&+56+T!#!-+6',+!'!>%50!14!32-&%6%.(!61'6/8!!! imtenis says: What I’m sensing is that you’re embracing different parts of your Taiwanese heritage and some of that has to do with its Chinese culture: the culture that both Taiwanese and mainland people share. It’s ok, I think, because you’re not actually in Taiwan now. You're here in the US and the distinction between Taiwan and China is up to you to define as an individual. You don't have to buy into the green-blue party system if you don’t want to. 正杰 jacki says: Interesting. We’re working on our next album and thinking of the concept for it at the moment. And it can be simply the love of two cultures coming together. imtenis says: Oh yea? Nice. I like the positive language. The world needs more of that. 正杰 jacki says: Yea, definitely. imtenis says: Taiwaneseamerican.org is obviously a political org, but you don't have to be as political as they are. And you can still get your points and music across, I think. 正杰 jacki says: I see. Yea, we’re just thinking of a way to publicize the band. imtenis says: They're more interested in the conflict between Taiwan and China, but it seems like to me that you’re not quite as into that...more into the love and peace between countries, especially Taiwan and US. 正杰 jacki says: We don't really have to support anything. imtenis says: Right, of course. I think you can simply say that your music is about two cultures coming together. 正杰 jacki says: Yea, it's better that way so at least our music means something. imtenis says: This is safe, in terms of politics. Two cultures coming together - with love and peace. 正杰 jacki says: Umm, so good. Yea that’s it. #5!./%)!6/'.!)+))%15;!c'6>!+D3*+))+0!@/+!])2=5',%C)!,%))%15!')!'!62&.2*'&! 61&&'-1*'.%15;!1*!%5!/%)!1$5!$1*0);!A./+!&17+!14!.$1!62&.2*+)!61,%5:!.1:+./+*8B!!V(! ! ""i! 51.!5',%5:!./+!A.$1!62&.2*+);B!c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k./+!61,-%5'.%15!14!'5! 9)%'5!62&.2*'&!%615!$%./!./+!.+5'6%.(!14!9,+*%6'5!,10+*5!*16>B!ZPQQl'[8!!@/%)!.+D.! )2::+).)!./+!-'50!/')!-*'50+0!%.)+&4!$%./!'!&2,%5'&!-%=62&.2*'&;!/(3/+5'.+0!%0+5.%.(8!! ](3/+5'.%15!)%:5%4%+)!'!)+5)+!14!-+&15:%5:!.1!.$1!)16%'&!:*123);!)%,2&.'5+12)&(;! -+.$++5!H').!'50!L+).;!-+.$++5!9)%'5!'50!9,+*%6'58!!9.!./+!)',+!.%,+;!./+! %0+5.%4%6'.%15!$%./!15+!:*123!01+)!51.!)23+*)+0+!./'.!$%./!./+!1./+*!:*1238!!@/+!61= +D%).+56+!14!.$1!62&.2*+)!%,3&%+)!'!3+'6+42&;!&17%5:!25%15!')!%,':%5+0!-(!c'6>!'50! /%)!,2)%6=,'>%5:!61/1*.)8!!#5.*%:2%5:&(;!./+!E/%5+)+!7+*)%15\l!14!./+!-'50!-%1:*'3/(! +D3*+))+)!./+!42)%15!'+)./+.%6!%5!,1*+!)3+6%4%6!.+*,)!')!'!A#,2.,=)2!+D6/'5:+! -+.$++5!@'%$'5!'50!./+!F5%.+0!I.'.+)B!Z,(!+,3/')%)[8!!@1!./+!E/%5+)+!*+'0+*);!@/+! ])2=5',%!%0+5.%4%+)!)3+6%4%6'&&(!$%./!-1./!@'%$'5!'50!./+!F8I8;!-2.!15&(!./*12:/! 62&.2*+8!!!@/+!+,3/')%)!15!A62&.2*+B!%,3&%6%.&(!$'*0)!144!'5(!31.+5.%'&!,%)*+'0%5:)! ./'.!,'(!-+!*+&'.+0!.1!./+!+./5%6!31&%.%6)!-+.$++5!@'%$'5!'50!E/%5'8! ! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! \l!In my interview with Jack, I found out that the Chinese biography was supposedly a Chinese translation from the English biography done by a friend. This text is written in traditional Chinese, rather than Simplified Chinese. This is probably an indication of the translator’s Taiwanese national origin, since people who live or were educated in Taiwan all use Traditional Chinese. Simplified Chinese is used in Mainland China. This may affect the Chinese-speaking audience’s perception of their Taiwanese affiliations.! ! ""l! J+0%'!Y*+))2*+)!I2**1250%5:!./+!N&(,3%6!M',+! J+,-+*)!14!./+!@'%$'5+)+!9,+*%6'5!61,,25%.(!%5!./+!g+$!d1*>! ,+.*131&%.'5!'*+'!/'7+!+D3*+))+0!0%)3&+')2*+!$%./!@/+!])2=5',%C)!)++,%5:&(! ',-%:212)!+./5%6!%0+5.%4%6'.%158!!@/+!])2=5',%C)!,2)%6'&!3*+)+56+!'.!./+!PQQl! N&(,3%6)!%5!V+%<%5:;!E/%5'!'2:,+5.+0!./%)!.+5)%158!!#,3*+))+0!-(!@/+!])2=5',%C)! 3+*41*,'56+!411.':+!'%*+0!15!9vg!@+&+7%)%15;\R!c')15!X%&4%&&'5;!3*1026+*!'.!gV9! H5.+*.'%5,+5.!$/1!&'.+*!-+6',+!./+!,2)%6!611*0%5'.1*!14!./+!PQQl!N&(,3%6);!')>+0! ./+!-'50!41*!./+!3+*,%))%15!.1!2)+!%.)!,2)%6!'.!./+!N&(,3%6)8!!X%&4%&&'5!+7+5.2'&&(! 3*1:*',,+0!@/+!])2=5',%C)!.*'6>!AU%)%5:!14!./+!I25B!'.!./+!N&(,3%6!:',+)!%5! V+%<%5:!.1!*+3*+)+5.!./+!E/%5+)+!J+5C)!V')>+.-'&&!@+',8!!HD6%.+0!.1!)/'*+!./%)!5+$);! c'6>!+,'%&+0!/%)!4*%+50);!4',%&(;!4'5);!'50!7'*%12)!1*:'5%O'.%15)!'50!,+0%'!12.&+.)! '-12.!@/+!])2=5',%C)!'%*3&'(!'.!./+!N&(,3%6)8!!@1!/%)!)2*3*%)+;!c'6>!&+'*5+0!./'.!./+! )1=6'&&+0!A@'%$'5+)+!9,+*%6'5!61,,25%.(B!/'0!2)+0!./+!N&(,3%6)!')!'5!166')%15! .1!3*1.+).!':'%5).!./+!E/%5+)+!./*+'.!2315!@'%$'5!'50!@%-+.8!!@/%)!3'*.%62&'*!.+5)%15! 0'.+)!-'6>!.1!"Ri"!$/+5!@'%$'5C)!$%./0*'$'&!4*1,!./+!F8g8!&+0!.1!./+!+D6&2)%15!14! @'%$'5!4*1,!./+!#5.+*5'.%15'&!N&(,3%6!E1,,%..++!Z#8N8E8[8!!W'.+*!'!@'%$'5+)+! *+3*+)+5.'.%7+!4*1,!./+!#NE!*'&&%+0!41*!./+!%56&2)%15!14!@'%$'5!'50!*+:'%5+0!./+%*! '66+))!.1!N&(,3%6!3'*.%6%3'.%15!$%./!./+!6150%.%15!14!2)%5:!./+!5',+!AE/%5+)+! @'%3+%8B!!@/+!%,31)+0!0+)%:5'.%15!14!AE/%5+)+!@'%3+%B!/')!%5).%:'.+0!'!@'%$'5+)+! 5'.%15'&%).%6!-'6>&')/!)%56+!./+5!Zr'1!PQQi[8!!950!./+!'5.%=E/%5'!@'%$'5+)+! 9,+*%6'5!615.%5:+5.;!41*!./+!)',+!*+')15;!*+42)+0!.1!*+61:5%O+!'50!32-&%6%O+!@/+! ])2=5',%C)!'661,3&%)/,+5.!'.!./+!N&(,3%6)8! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 39 This footage features The Hsu-nami’s live set in Union Square Park at the Asian/Pacific American Heritage Festival organized by CAPA (Coalition of Asian Pacific Americans) in May 2007. ! ""R! @/+!515=@'%$'5+)+;!,'%5).*+',!3*+))!'33*1'6/+0!@/+!])2=5',%C)!'%*3&'(!'.! ./+!N&(,3%6)!$%./!'!0%44+*+5.!)3%58!!W16'&!5+$)!12.&+.)!)26/!')!gd"!'50!gc861,! %,,+0%'.+&(!)5'::+0!@/+!])2=5',%!.*%2,3/!'50!6126/+0!%.!')!'!Ac+*)+(!-'50B!5+$)! ).1*(8!!@/+!9))16%'.+0!Y*+))!'&)1!3%6>+0!23!./+!).1*(!'50!0%).*%-2.+0!%.!*+:%15'&&(! '50!5'.%15'&&(!./*12:/!gVE!I31*.);!FI9!@10'(;!'50!1./+*)8!!@/+)+!).1*%+)!6+5.+*+0! ./+%*!5'**'.%7+!15!c'6>C)!+D3+*%+56+)!'50!+./5%6%.(;!$/%&+!5+:&+6.%5:!./+!615.*17+*)(! '50!3*1.+).!':'%5).!./+!#NE!4*1,!./+!3+*)3+6.%7+!14!@'%$'5+)+!5'.%15'&%).)8!! E1&2,5%).!c%,!V+6>+*,'5!14!g1*./c+*)+(861,!$*1.+;!Ag1!012-.!M1*.!W++C)!c'6>!])2;! 1*%:%5'&&(!4*1,!@'%$'5;!$%&&!-+!6/++*%5:!15!/%)!6125.*(,+5!%5!./+!-')>+.-'&&! 61,3+.%.%15!'.!./+!PQQl!I2,,+*!N&(,3%6)!./%)!,15./!ZPQQl[8eQ!!@/%)!).'.+,+5.! 17+*&11>)!./+!+./5%6;!5'.%15'&;!'50!31&%.%6'&!0%).%56.%15!-+.$++5!@'%$'5!'50!E/%5'8!! #.!'&)1!.*'5)&'.+)!c'6>C)!@'%$'5+)+!5'.%15'&!1*%:%5!%5.1!'5!'&&+:%'56+!.1!E/%5'!')!/%)! )2331)+0!A/1,+!6125.*(;B!$%./12.!615)%0+*%5:!./'.!/+!%)!%5!4'6.!'!F8I8!6%.%O+58!!!! I%,%&'*&(;!gc861,!6'&&)!c'6>!A'!5'.%7+!14!@'%$'5!$/1!3&'()!'!.*'0%.%15'&!.$1= ).*%5:+0!E/%5+)+!%5).*2,+5.!6'&&+0!'5!'=+,B!ZJ6]2:/!PQQl[8!!W'-+&%5:!c'6>!')!A'! 5'.%7+!14!@'%$'5B!3*+6&20+)!c'6>C)!&15:=.+*,!*+)%0+56+!%5!g+$!c+*)+(!'50!F8I8!! 6%.%O+5)/%38!!c2D.'31)%5:!c'6>C)!@'%$'5+)+!5'.%15'&!1*%:%5!$%./!./+!'=+,B!!E/%5+)+! *11.);!$/%&+!2)%5:!+./5%6!0+)6*%3.1*)!)26/!')!A5'.%7+B!'50!A.*'0%.%15'&B;!17+*= +,3/')%O+)!./+!+./5%6!1./+*5+))!14!-1./!c'6>!'50!/%)!%5).*2,+5.8!!M*1,!'! ,'<1*%.'*%'5!3+*)3+6.%7+;!./+!*/+.1*%6'&!+44+6.!3*1026+0!-(!./%)!3*+)2,'-&(!$/%.+! 9,+*%6'5!)2-<+6.%7%.(;!*+026+)!c'6>C)!,2&.%=4'6+.+0!@'%$'5+)+=9,+*%6'5! %0+5.%4%6'.%15!%5.1!'!4&'..+5+0!%,':+!14!'5!'&%+5!*+)%0+5.8!!#5!-1./!5+$)!'*.%6&+);!c'6>C)! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! eQ!NorthJersey.com is the online edition of the local newspaper in Bergen County The Record. ! "PQ! 17+*=:+5+*'&%O+0!+./5%6%.(!,'>+)!/%,!41*+%:5;!1*!:+5+*%6'&&(!A51.!9,+*%6'58B!!@/%)! 4++0)!%5.1!./+!).+*+1.(3+!14!./+!Y+*3+.2'&!M1*+%:5+*!')!+D3+*%+56+0!-(!,'5(!9)%'5! ,%51*%.%+)!&%7%5:!%5!./+!F8I8! #5!./+!,%0).!14!./+!6+&+-*'.1*(!)3%*%.!'50!3*+))!61542)%15!'*1250!./+!N&(,3%6! :',+);!#!31).+0!,(!./12:/.)!q!-1./!615:*'.2&'.1*(!Z14!./+!-'50[!'50!6*%.%6'&!Z14!./+! 3*+))[!q!15!,(!-&1:!15!d+&&1$-2OO81*:8!!#5!./%)!-&1:!31).;!#!615.+D.2'&%O+0!,(! 6*%.%^2+!$%./!'!-*%+4!/%).1*%6'&!'66125.!14!@'%$'5=E/%5'!*+&'.%15);!$%./!./+!%5.+5.%15! .1!6&'*%4(!./+!5'.%15'&!0%).%56.%15!'50!31&%.%6'&!0%)32.+!-+.$++5!./+!.$1!6125.*%+)8! N5!./+!-'50!$+-)%.+;!@/+!])2=5',%!32-&%6&(!*+)3150+0!.1!V+6>+*,'5C)!'*.%6&+!'50! ,(!-&1:!31).!-(!'))+*.%5:!'!0%)6&'%,+*!./'.!c'6>!%)!4*1,!A@'%$'5!ZE/%5+)+!@'%3+%!q! N&(,3%6!5',+[8B!@/%)!51.+!$')!%5.+50+0!.1!*+6.%4(!V+6>,'5C)!'))2,3.%15;!A#.C)! %561**+6.!.1!6'&&!./+!E/%5+)+!-')>+.-'&&!.+',!/%)!m6125.*(,+5C8B!!@/+!%56&2)%15!14!./+! 5',+!AE/%5+)+!@'%3+%B!%5!./+!0%)6&'%,+*!)2::+).)!./'.!./+!-'50!'6>51$&+0:+)!./+! E/%5+)+!3*+))2*+!15!@'%$'5;!$%./12.!61,,%..%5:!.1!+%./+*!)%0+!14!./+!E*1))=I.*'%.! 31&%.%6)8!!I%,%&'*&(;!%5!./+!%5.+*7%+$!-(!E,#+E,!"#;!'!E'5'0%'5!,2)%6!5+.$1*>;!c'6>!%)! ^21.+0!')!)'(%5:S!A@/+!).*2::&+)!)244+*+0!-(!./+!@'%$'5+)+!3+13&+!'*+;!14!612*)+;! .+**%-&+;!-2.!./'._)!15&(!%4!(12!.*2&(!-+&%+7+!'5(!14!./1)+!6154&%6.)!1662**+0!%5!./+!4%*).! 3&'6+8!!@/+!3').!%)!3').8!!#!&11>!41*$'*0!'50!/'7+!51!3*1-&+,!$%./!E/%5'!+)3+6%'&&(! $/+5!./+(!$'5.!15+!14!12*!)15:)sBe"!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 41 The quotation can no longer be found on the MuchMusic website. It is, however, cited by Wikipedia. Incidentally, my blog is cited by Wikipedia in The Hsu-nami’s Wikipedia entry. Read about The Hsu-nami on Wikipedia, “The Hsu-nami”, Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Hsu-nami&oldid=415312793 (accessed on February 23, 2011). ! "P"! @/+!17+*=:+5+*'&%O'.%15!14!c'6>!'50!/%)!-'50C)!+./5%6!'44%&%'.%15)!/'33+5);! 2541*.25'.+&(;!')!4*+^2+5.&(!%5!%50+3+50+5.!,+0%'!')!%5!,'%5).*+',!3*+))8!9! -&1::+*!4*1,!A,#"(*8,2.,=';!'!g+$=d1*>=-')+0!music and politics e-zine, writes in a concert review, “@/+!])2=5',%!'*+!&%>+!E/%5+)+!/1.!)'26+!q!51!,'..+*!/1$!%5.+5)+!%.! :+.);!(12!).%&&!>++3!$'5.%5:!,1*+!'50!,1*+B!ZPQQR[8!!@/+!'))16%'.%15!14!./+!)1250!14! @/+!])2=5',%!$%./!AE/%5+)+!/1.!)'26+B!6'5!-+!&%5>+0!.1!./+!62&.2*'&!6&%6/?!14!./+! A+D1.%6B!E/%5+)+!'50!1./+*!9)%'5!4110!62&.2*+!%5!./+!F8I8!ZJ115!PQQfS!ei=lT!W++! "RRRS!\l=R[8!c'6>!'50!@/+!])2=5',%C)!+441*.)!.1$'*0!+D3&%6'.%5:!c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c'6>C)!'=+,!3&'(%5:!615<2*+0!./+!3+62&%'*!%,':+!14!A#*15! J'%0+5!3&'(%5:!'!0*','.%6!E/%5+)+!13+*'!./+,+8B!!#*15!J'%0+5;!*+3*+)+5.%5:!./+! g+$!L'7+!V*%.%)/!]+'7(!J+.'&!,17+,+5.;!%)!'5!H5:&%)/!/+'7(!,+.'&!:*123!14! %5.+*5'.%15'&!'66&'%,!$/1)+!6'*++*!)3'55+0!./+!&').!./*++!0+6'0+)!14!./+!PQ./! 6+5.2*(8!!@/+!)1250!'50!)%:/.!14!E/%5+)+!13+*'!/')!/'0!'!&15:!/%).1*(!14!'))16%'.+0! ')!'5!1-<+6.!14!4'5.')(!'50!'7+*)%15!%5!9,+*%6'5!E/%5'.1$58!!J'%5).*+',!$/%.+! 9,+*%6'5!3*+))!+D3*+))+0!./+%*!0%)3&+')2*+!'50!0%).').+!41*!./+!.*'0%.%15!ZJ115! PQQfS!i"[8!N./+*!)12*6+)!/'7+!%50%6'.+0!%.!')!3'*.!14!./+!+D1.%6!'..*'6.%15!14! ! "PP! E/%5'.1$5!Zd'5:!PQQ"S!\e\=f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eP!! ! W+7+*':%5:!'!@*'5)5'.%15'&!J2)%6'&!K%3&1,'6(! ]1$!01+)!c'6>!,'5+27+*!/%,)+&4!12.!14!./+!31&%.%6%O+0!+./5%6!-%5'*(!-+.$++5! E/%5'!'50!@'%$'5p!]1$!/')!c'6>!&+'*5+0!.1!'..'%5!/%)!%0+5.%.(!')!'!,2)%6%'5!$/%&+! *+.'%5%5:!./+!615.*1&!14!'50!&+7+*':%5:!/%)!)+&4=*+3*+)+5.'.%15!')!'5!+./5%6!,%51*%.(! ?"!*)*?"!!./+!,'%5).*+',!32-&%6p!#!'*:2+!./'.!c'6>!'50!/%)!-'50=,'.+)!/'7+;!,1*+! *+6+5.&(;!615.+D.2'&%O+0!./+%*!,2)%6'&!3*1<+6.!250+*!./+!-'55+*!14!62&.2*'&! 0%3&1,'6(;!+D.+50%5:!4*1,!./+!-'50C)!41*,+*!3*16&','.%15!14!3+'6+=42&!62&.2*'&! +D6/'5:+!1*!61&&'-1*'.%15!')!0%)62))+0!+'*&%+*8!!#5!4'6+!./+!)3&%5.+*%5:!'50! 3%:+15/1&%5:!31&%.%6);!c'6>!])2!/')!61,+!.1!+,-*'6+!/%)!.*'5)5'.%15'&;!%5.*'=+./5%6! &%,-1!'))16%'.+0!$%./!/%)!+*/2!42)%15!*16>!3*1<+6.8!!g1.!15&(!./'.;!%5!'..+,3.!.1! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 42 In a similar vein, Andrew Watson, a representative of major label Universal Records, made a comment about The Hsu-nami after seeing their performance. “If Charle Danials [sic] was adopted by Chinese parents and jamed [sic] with King Crimson that is Hsu-nami.” This quote was found on The Hsu-nami’s Facebook group page (2009a) and Twitter (2009b). ! "P\! )%0+).+3!31&%.%6'&!31)%.%15%5:;!/+!/')!41250!/%,)+&4!)&%33%5:!%5.1!./+!*1&+!14!62&.2*'&! 0%3&1,'.!.1!4'6%&%.'.+!./+!61,,25%6'.%15!'50!250+*).'50%5:!14!0%44+*+56+);!/1$+7+*! %542)+0!-(!+./5%6!1*!*'6%'&!%0+1&1:%+)8! W+0!-(!c'6>C)!7%)%15;!@/+!])2=5',%C)!,%))%15!14!0%3&1,'6(!/')!,'5%4+).+0! %.)+&4!%5!%.)!,1*+!*+6+5.!,2)%6'&!+50+'71*)8!!N5!./+%*!)+6150!'&-2,!Z@/+!])2=5',%;! PQQR[;!./+!)15:!AY'))31*.!.1!@'%$'5B!0+,15).*'.+)!./+!-'50C)!62&.2*'&&(=4162)+0! 0%3&1,'.%6!'33*1'6/!.1!,2)%6'&!)(56*+.%),8!!#5!./%)!)15:;!@/+!])2=5',%!'0'3.+0!./+! ,+&10%+)!14!./*++!@'%$'5+)+!41&>!'50!+'*&(!3132&'*!)15:)!'50!'**'5:+0!./+,!%5.1! '5!+*/2=*16>!,+0&+(8!!t2%.+!&%.+*'&&(;!./+!'**'5:+,+5.!14!./+!,+0&+(!%50+D+)!c'6>C)! *1&+!')!'!62&.2*'&!',-'))'01*!%5!./+!615.+D.!14!/%)!-'508!!@/+)+!)15:)!'&&!41&&1$!./+! )',+!3'..+*5S!c'6>!2)/+*)!%5!./+)+!0%).%56.%7+&(!A@'%$'5+)+Be\!,+&10%+)!$/%&+!&+'0! :2%.'*%).!V*+5.!<1%5)!.1!)2331*.8!!V*+5.!0+7+&13)!./+!,+&10%6!,'.+*%'&!'50!./+5!61= 3*+)+5.)!%.!$%./!c'6>!%5!'!0%:+).%-&+!3*1:*+))%7+=*16>=0*%7+5!.*'5)&'.%158! K2*%5:!./+!4%*).!)15:!14!./+!./*++=)15:!,+0&+(;!AK'*>!I>(B!Z天黑黑[;!$%./! ).*%>%5:!&(*%6%),;!c'6>!%5.*1026+)!./+!,%51*!3+5.'.15%6!,+&10(!14!./+!7+*)+!)+6.%15! 15!/%)!'=+,!17+*!31$+*!6/1*0)!15!./+!:2%.'*8!!#5!./+!6/1*2)!)+6.%15;!:2%.'*%).!V*+5.! <1%5)!c'6>C)!'=+,!012-&%5:!./+!,+&10(8!!9.!./+!+50!14!./+!)+6150!'=+,='50=:2%.'*!<1%5.! 6/1*2);!V*+5.C)!0%).1*.+0!4++0-'6>!:2%.'*!)5+'>)!%5!.1!/'*,15%O+!./+!&').!./*++!51.+)! 14!./+!)+6.%15;!0+)6+50%5:!4*1,!'5!16.'7+!'-17+8!!g1$!16623(%5:!./+!)15%6!6+5.+*= ).':+;!V*+5.!3&'()!'!:2%.'*!)1&1!./'.!0+3'*.)!,+&10%6'&&(!4*1,!./+!1*%:%5'&!3+5.'.15%6! ,+&10(8!!V*+5.!.'>+)!./+!1*%:%5'&!.25+C)!.15'&!6+5.+*!'$'(!4*1,!./+!3+5.'.15%6! ,%51*!)1250!'*1250!9!'50!X!.1!/17+*!'*1250!H!'50!E8!!94.+*!3&'(%5:!'!6&2).+*!14! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 43 These tunes are distinctively marked as “Taiwanese” because of the original lyrics are sung in the Taiwanese dialect. ! "Pe! 51.+)!-')+0!15!./+!E=,'<1*!)6'&+!'50!./+5!/%..%5:!'!/%:/!E;!V*+5.C)!)1&1!0+)6+50)! '50!&'50)!15!'5!9;!-*%5:%5:!-'6>!./+!6/1*2)!,+&10(!%5!./+!1*%:%5'&!9!3+5.'.15%6! ,%51*!,10+8!!c'6>!'50!V*+5.!*+3+'.!./+!'=+,='50=:2%.'*!25%15!%5!./+!&').!6/1*2)!.1! +50!./+!4%*).!)15:!%5!./+!,+0&+(!a920%1!HD',3&+!\8Pb8!N5!).':+;!c'6>!'50!V*+5.;! 2)2'&&(!$+'*%5:!'!AI'(!d+)!.1!@'%$'5B!@=)/%*.;!)%0+!-(!)%0+!$/%&+!3&'(%5:!./+!,+&10(! .1:+./+*!aM%:2*+!\8eb8!!@/+%*!,2)%6'&!'50!>%5+)./+.%6!3+*41*,'56+!%50%6'.+!'5! 25+^2%716'&!25%15!'6*1))!./+!62&.2*'&!'50!5'.%15'&!*%4.!-+.$++5!@'%$'5!'50!./+! F5%.+0!I.'.+);!-+.$++5!9)%'!'50!9,+*%6'8! ! ! H12/'&(PFQ*!R#0E(]8/(#,.(M'&,%(M&'2"-=9K(C#14#,&8&(O&=0-9&(3#'%AK(@-,( ]1==N8(!=/;K(J&4(G-'E(!1%AK(X&$%&9;&'(?UK(?SS\F(3"-%-2'#$"(;A(#/%"-'F( ! ! @/+!])2=5',%!5',+0!./+!)15:!'4.+*!./+!'552'&!62&.2*'&!4+).%7'&!1*:'5%O+0!-(! ./+!@'%$'5+)+!9,+*%6'5!9))16%'.%15!14!g+$!d1*>!Z@99=gd[8!!c'6>!'50!/%)!-'50= ! "Pf! ,'.+!V*+5.!/'7+!+D3*+))+0!./+%*!2&.%,'.+!A0*+',B!14!.12*%5:!@'%$'58!!Y1)%.%15%5:! ./+!)15:!')!'!62&.2*'&!7%)';!./+(!/13+!./'.!./%)!)15:!$%&&!/+&3!./+,!:'%5!'5!+5.*(!%5.1! @'%$'58ee!!9661*0%5:!.1!c'6>;!617+*%5:!@'%$'5+)+!)15:)!)+*7+0!.1!A./'5>!./+!4+).%7'&8! a#b!6/1)+!./+!,1).!4',12)!15+)!./'.!#!>51$!$/+5!#!$')!&%..&+B!Z])2!PQQR[8!!@/+! Y'))31*.!.1!@'%$'5!4+).%7'&!+,+*:+0!%5!PQQP!'4.+*!./+!F5%.+0!I.'.+)!E15:*+))! 0+)%:5'.+0!./+!)+6150!$++>!14!J'(!')!A@'%$'5+)+!9,+*%6'5!]+*%.':+!L++>!.1! *+61:5%O+!./+!615.*%-2.%15)!14!@'%$'5+)+!9,+*%6'5)8B!!I3+'*/+'0%5:!./+!%5%.%'.%7+!.1! A%5.*1026+!@'%$'5!'50!@'%$'5+)+!9,+*%6'5);B!Y'))31*.!.1!@'%$'5!/')!)%56+! -+61,+!./+!&'*:+).;!,1).!%615%6!12.011*!@'%$'5+)+!+7+5.!%5!./+!6125.*(8!!@/+!])2= 5',%!/')!3+*41*,+0!'.!Y'))31*.!.1!@'%$'5!+7+*(!(+'*!)%56+!PQQh8!!N7+*!./+!(+'*);! @/+!])2=5',%!/')!6&'%,+0!./+!%615%6!*1&+!14!/+'0&%5%5:!'.!./+!4+).%7'&8!!! @/+!,+.'3/1*!14!0%3&1,'6(!6156*+.%O+0!$/+5!./+!1*:'5%O+*);!<1%5+0!-(!./+! @'%3+%!H6151,%6!'50!E2&.2*'&!N44%6+!%5!g+$!d1*>!Z'!25%.!14!./+!J%5%).*(!14!M1*+%:5! 944'%*)!14!@'%$'5[;!'331%5.+0!c'6>!')!./+!+7+5.!3*1:*',,+*!41*!Y'))31*.!.1!@'%$'5! PQ"Q8!!c'6>!.11>!./+!31)%.%15!$%./!./+!%5.+5.%15)!.1!,'>+!./+!4+).%7'&!&+))! A.*'0%.%15'&;B!.'>%5:!6&'%,)!')!.1!6*+'.+!'!A/%3B!@'%$'5+)+!9,+*%6'8!N7+*!7'*%12)! 6/'.!)+))%15);!c'6>!615)2&.+0!,+!41*!*+61,,+50'.%15)!41*!-'50)!$%./!'!@'%$'5+)+! 9,+*%6'5!615.%5:+5.8!94.+*!)+*%12)!615)%0+*'.%15);!c'6>!6*+'.+0!'!,2)%6!3*1:*',! 4+'.2*%5:!4%7+!*16>=1*%+5.+0!:*123)!.1!4%.!./+!A@'%$'5+)+=9,+*%6'5!V'50)!U16>! Y'))31*.!.1!@'%$'5!PQ"QB!-%&&8!!@/+!3*1,1.%15!,'.+*%'&)!41*!./%)!+7+5.!*+4&+6.!c'6>C)! 7%)%15!41*!'!/%3;!611&;!'50!(125:!@'%$'5+)+!9,+*%6'8!@/+!+7+5.!4&(+*!)/1$!%,':+)!14! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! ee!The “Passport to Taiwan” metaphor took another turn recently. The attempt to target the popular music market in Mainland China made the band reconsider its specific affiliations to Taiwan. After consulting the Vice President of Universal Music Groups, Jack and his band-mates decided to take out the word “Taiwan” in the title.!! ! "Ph! &120!)3+'>+*)!'50!0+5%,!.+D.2*+!%,':+!')!-'6>:*1250!.1!'33+'&!.1!./+!(125:! @'%$'5+)+!9,+*%6'5)!aM%:2*+!\8fb8! ! ! H12/'&(PF>*(3#88$-'%(%-(C#14#,(?S)S(H=A&'K(.&812,&.(;A(@#,#(^-=.;/'2F( !-/'%&8A(-5(7'%18%F( ( ! "Pi! #5!1*:'5%O%5:!./+!4+).%7'&;!c'6>!*+7+'&+0!.1!,+!./+!0%44%62&.%+)!14!,'5':%5:!./+! 3*1=%50+3+50+56+!31&%.%6>%5:!-(!)1,+!,+,-+*)!14!./+!1*:'5%O%5:!61,,%..++8!#5! 3'*.%62&'*;!/+!/'0!.1!<2::&+!./+!)+,'5.%6!-'::':+!14!15+!14!./+!-'50!5',+)S! U+5,%5-%8!9&)1!>51$5!')!./+!AE/%5+)+!d2'5;B!AU+5,%5-%B!%)!./+!62**+56(!2)+0!%5! J'%5&'50!E/%5'8!M++&%5:!./+!3*+))2*+!.1!3*17+!./+!@'%$'5+)+!'44%&%'.%15!14!./+!-'50;! c'6>!')>+0!,+!.1!7+*%4(!./+!+./5%6!-'6>:*1250!14!W%)'!W%2;!15+!14!.$1!61*+!,+,-+*)! 14!./+!:*1238!!M1*.25'.+&(;!./+!-'50!0+6%0+0!.1!6/'5:+!%.)!5',+!.1!J':5+.%6!#)&'50! 02*%5:!./+!612*)+!14!./+!+7+5.!3&'55%5:8!!c'6>!0%72&:+0!./'.!/+!4+&.!*+&%+7+0!-(!./%)! 5',+!6/'5:+!.1$'*0!./+!A&+))!31&%.%6'&B!+50!14!./+!)3+6.*2,8!!9&15:!$%./!/%)!+441*.)! .1!)2-7+*.!./+!.*'0%.%15)!'.!3').!+7+5.);!c'6>!+5&%).+0!Kc!]'.4%+&0;!'5!95:&1=9,+*%6'5! '5./*131&1:%).!4&2+5.!%5!J'50'*%5!'50!@'%$'5+)+;!')!./+!+,6++!14!./+!+7+5.8!! I.'*.%5:!%5!&'.+!PQQR;!c'6>!/')!+,-'*>+0!15!'!5+$!<12*5+(!')!./+!62&.2*'&! &%'%)15!-+.$++5!7'*%12)!)+6.1*)!14!./+!@'%$'5+)+!'50!E/%5+)+!61,,25%.%+)8!!]+! 01+)!)1!-(!+).'-&%)/%5:!)16%'&!6155+6.%15)!$%./!,2)%6%'5);!'*.%).);!'50!1*:'5%O+*)!14! @'%$'5+)+;!E/%5+)+;!1*!1./+*!9)%'5!9,+*%6'5!615.%5:+5.)!%5!./+!g+$!d1*>! ,+.*131&%.'5!'*+'8!!I%56+!./+!-'50C)!'33+'*'56+!'.!./+!E9@Fg!3+*41*,'56+;!@/+! ])2=5',%!/')!)/'*+0!'!).':+!$%./!'!52,-+*!14!.12*%5:!@'%$'5+)+!,2)%6%'5)!)26/!')! ./+!/%3=/%3!:*123!r12!E/12!E/%5:!'50!3%'51=%50%+!*16>!-'50!@%OO(!V'68!!#5!/%)! 3+*)15'&!6*+'.%7+!&%4+;!c'6>!/')!61&&'-1*'.+0!$%./!'!52,-+*!14!@'%$'5+)+!,2)%6%'5)! )26/!')!./+!/%3=/13!Sb!c'(!IO2!ZSb!小四[!$/1!&%7+)!%5!t2++5)8!!! L%./!./+!62*'.1*%'&!31$+*!./'.!/+!+'*5+0;!c'6>!/')!-++5!-2)%&(!$1*>%5:! .1$'*0!41*:%5:!'!).*15:!3*+)+56+!41*!'!515=3'*.%)'5!,2)%6'&!@'%$'5+)+!9,+*%6'8!! K+3&1(%5:!./+!,+.'3/1*!14!0%3&1,'6(;!c'6>!'50!/%)!-'50=,'.+)!&+7+*':+!./+%*! ! "Pl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j1>"-)!* "-*.+'*7''%23*'>)"2*!'-.*D3*.+'*T!")*9)#"4"#*d1=,>/*)*R&=10='!!"?'*&)-IT!")-*=)("1* !+17V*D=1)(#)!.*1-*dE*=)("1*"-*;'7*<1=%*8".3*)-(*2"?'*1-*.+'*@-.'=-'.F*@-.="0,'(/*@* ">>'(").'23*!')=#+*41=*)-(*21#).'*.+'*),("1*4"2'*14*.+'*=)("1*!+17*!'0>'-.*#1-.)"-"-0* )*4').,='*!.1=3*1-*6+'*j1>"-)!F*@*(17-21)(*)-(*.+'-*&2)3*D)#%*.1*2"!.'-*.1*.+'*E9r*4"2'* 1-*>3*2)&.1&F*6+'*4"2'*D'0"-!*7".+*)*='#1=("-0*14*.+'*D)-(B!*='#'-.*2"?'*!+17*).* e11(-"0+.*f2,'*E1-()3*"-*f,!+7"#%/*f=11%23-/*412217'(*D3*.+'*!+17*+1!.B!* "-.=1(,#."1-*)-(*&+1-'*"-.'=?"'7*7".+*6+'*j1>"-)!B!*D)!!"!.*)-(*2')(*!"-0'=*f)!">F*@-* Pr*>"-,.'!*)-(*k*>'0)D3.'!/*@*2')=-*)D1,.*f)!">B!*"-?12?'>'-.*"-*.+'*1="0"-*)-(* ('?'21&>'-.*14*.+'*.)[7)#1='*>1?'>'-./*>)"-!.=')>*)-(*E,!2">*='#'&."1-*14*6+'* j1>"-)!/*.+'*D)-(B!*)-."I#1-!'=?)."?'*'.+1!*)-(*D2)!&+'>3I="(('-*>,!"#/*)-(*f)!">B!* '441=.!*.1*"0-".'*)*&,-%*>,!"#*!#'-'*"-*9)%"!.)-F*6+'*T9d*=)("1*!'0>'-.*'-(!*7".+*.+'* D)-(B!*!.,("1*='#1=("-0*14*R9)=*S'!"FV*A"!.'-"-0*.1*.+'*!1-0/*@B>*>'!>'="]'(*D3*.+'* D)-(B!*#=')."?'*)&&=1)#+*.1*'->'!+*)*,-"[,'*D+)-0=)I"-!&"='(*0,".)=*="44*)-(*)* 4)>"2")=*f1!.1-")-*!%)*=+3.+>F*6+'*=)("1*4"2'*'-(!*D'41='*.+'*!1-0*"!*1?'=F*@B>*2'4.*7".+* .+'*('!"='*14*7)-."-0*.1*+')=*.+'*='!.*14*.+'*!1-0*)D1,.*7+).*".*4''2!*2"%'*.1*D'*!.1>&'(* D3*D11.!*).*)*#+)1."#*&,-%*!+17FFF** @*.+"-%*.1*>3!'24\*.+"!*D)-(*"!*=')223*01"-0*.1*.=)-!41=>*>3*&=15'#.F*6+'* j1>"-)!*71,2(*144'=*)*J1,.+*T!")-*T>'="#)-*)-(*E,!2">*&'=!&'#."?'*"-?"!"D2'*,-."2* -17F*@*4=)-."#)223*!.)=.*e1102'I!')=#+"-0*41=*"-41=>)."1-*)-(*>'(")*)D1,.*)-(*D3*.+'* ! "\Q! D)-(F*@*2)-(*1-*.+'*D)-(B!*E3!&)#'*&)0'F*@*!'-(*1,.*)*>'(")*D2)!.*1-*67"..'=/* d)#'D11%/*)-(*?)="1,!*!1#")2*-'.71=%"-0*!".'!/*!.)."-0*>3*"-.'='!.*"-*#1--'#."-0*.1*.+'* D)-(F*$".+"-*)*()3/*@>=)-/*1.+'=7"!'*%-17-*)!*C1#%"!.)-"/*7+1*"!*2"?"-0*"-*8+"#)01*).* .+'*>1>'-./*!'-(!*>'*)*("='#.*>'!!)0'*1-*67"..'=*':&2)"-"-0*.+).*+'*"!*.+'*(=,>>'=* 41=*6+'*j1>"-)!F*@-*-1*.">'/*7".+*.+'*+'2&*14*("0".)2*!1#")2*>'(")/*@*!'.*,&*)*>''."-0* 7".+*.+'*D)-(*).*)*("-'=*-')=*J1,.+*J.)."1-*"-*f1!.1-F*$'*[,"#%23*D'#1>'*4="'-(!F*** @/+!3*16+))!./*12:/!$/%6/!#!6',+!.1!>51$!@/+!r1,%5')!%)!51.+$1*./(8!#.! %&&2).*'.+)!/1$!./+!$1*&0!)/'*+0!-(!@/+!r1,%5');!,+;!'50!,'5(!1./+*!'6.%7+! ,+,-+*)!14!./+!J2)&%,='44%&%'.+0;!325>=%54&+6.+0!.'^$'61*+ef!)6+5+;!%)!+,-+00+0!%5! '!:&1-'&!5+.$1*>!-2%&.!-(!0%:%.'&!)16%'&!,+0%'8!#5!6/'3.+*!.$1;!#!0%)62))+0!/1$!./+! -'50!/')!*+0+4%5+0!.1>+5%).%6!,2&.%62&.2*'&%),!$%./%5!./+!F5%.+0!I.'.+)!$/%&+! 41*:%5:!7'*%12)!-150)!$%./!1./+*!+./5%6!'50!*+&%:%12)!,%51*%.%+)8!#5!./%)!6/'3.+*;!#! $%&&!4162)!15!/1$!./+!-'50!/')!.2*5+0!12.$'*0!'50!+').$'*0;!*+615).%.2.%5:!./+! $1*&0C)!:+1:*'3/(!.1!,'>+!%.)!1$5!31).61&15%'&!325>!*16>!.*'5)5'.%158! I%56+!PQQi;!@/+!r1,%5')!/')!-++5!7%:1*12)&(!6*+'.%5:!'!.*'5)&16'&!)16%'&! .+**'%5!7%'!4'6+=.1=4'6+!%5.+*'6.%15)!./*12:/!.12*%5:!'50!15&%5+!)16%'&!5+.$1*>%5:8! J+,-+*)!14!./+!-'50!/'7+!6*1))+0!./+!-1*0+*)!14!,1*+!./'5!./*++!5'.%15=).'.+)! %56&20%5:!Y'>%).'5;!F5%.+0!r%5:01,;!E'5'0';!F8I8;!&+'7%5:!./+%*!/1,+!%5! 51*./+').+*5!F5%.+0!I.'.+)!.1!3+*41*,!%5!./*++!615.%5+5.)!14!./+!$1*&0;!'50! +).'-&%)/!4*%+50!5+.$1*>)!'6*1))!g1*./!9,+*%6';!H2*13+;!./+!J%00&+!H').;!I12./!'50! I12./+').!9)%'8!#!'*:2+!./'.!./+!r1,%5')C)!.*'5)5'.%15'&!'+)./+.%6)!'50!$1*&07%+$! '*+!*+&'.+0!.1;!%4!51.!'!615)+^2+56+!14;!./+!ZI12./[!9)%'5!9,+*%6'5!)+5)+!14!&'6>!14! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! ef!@/+!.'^$'61*+!6156+3.!$')!4%*).!%5.*1026+0!%5!6/'3.+*!.$1;!15!38!hP8! ! "\"! 5'.%15'&!-+&15:%5:!'50!)16%'&!61,41*.!ZJ'%*'!PQQR[8!94.+*!./+!+7+5.)!15!I+3.+,-+*! ""./;!PQQ";!./%)!61&&+6.%7+!).'.+!14!,+&'56/1&%'!/')!-++5!-*12:/.!%5.1!*+&%+4!')!'! *+)315)+!.1!#)&',3/1-%'!'50!./+!L'*!15!@+**1*8!9)!0%)62))+0!%5!6/'3.+*!.$1;!./+! ,+,-+*)!14!@/+!r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`""!:+131&%.%6)8!! W11>%5:!'.!@/+!r1,%5')C)!,2)%6!'50!./+%*!%5.+*'6.%15)!17+*!)16%'&!,+0%';!./%)! 6/'3.+*!)++>)!.1!'*.%62&'.+!'50!250+*).'50!./+!-'50C)!)+&4=,'0+!:+1:*'3/(8!@/+! -'50!0+3&1()!./+!325>!)1250!'50!01=%.=(12*)+&4!)16%'&=5+.$1*>%5:!.1!*+= .+**%.1*%'&%O+!'50!*+=+,-+0!./+,)+&7+)!%5.1!'!$1*&0!3'*.%.%15+0!-(!%0+1&1:(;! 31&%.%6);!'50!,%:*'.%158!#5!01%5:!)1;!@/+!r1,%5')!0+6+5.+*)!325>!'50!*16>!,2)%6!')! 01,%5'.+0!-(!95:&1=9,+*%6';!.'>%5:!-'6>!%.)!/1,+!%5!'!3&'6+!'$'(!4*1,!/1,+8! ! "\P! @/+1*+.%6'&&(;!./%)!6/'3.+*!-2%&0)!15!c1)/!r25C)!6156+3.%15!14!A'20%1.13%'B!')! A),'&&;!,1,+5.'*(;!&%7+0!2.13%')!-2%&.;!%,':%5+0;!'50!)2).'%5+0!./*12:/!)1250;! 51%)+;!'50!,2)%68B!920%1.13%'!%)!'!6156+3.!./'.!615)%0+*)!,2)%6!%5!)3'.%'&!.+*,);! )3+6%4%6'&&(!A./+!)3'6+)!./'.!./+!,2)%6!%.)+&4!615.'%5);!./+!)3'6+)!./'.!,2)%6!4%&&)!23;! ./+!)3'6+)!./'.!,2)%6!/+&3)!2)!.1!%,':%5+!')!&%).+5+*)!16623(%5:!12*!1$5!*+'&!'50! %,':%5'*(!)3'6+)B!ZPQQfS!P"[8!L/%&+!r25C)!41*,2&'.%15!4162)+)!15!)3'.%'&!,+'5%5:)! +,-+00+0!%5!*+61*0+0!)1250;!#!+D.+50!%.!.1!615)%0+*!,2)%6'&!%5).'56+)!%5!'!7'*%+.(! 14!)16%'&!)3'6+);!&%7+!'50!*+61*0+0;!+,-10%+0!'50!7%*.2'&;!3/()%6'&!'50!%,':%5+0;!'&&! 16623%+0!-(!@/+!r1,%5')C)!$%&0&(!0(5',%6!:+1:*'3/(8!M%*).;!./*12:/!'!)+*%+)!14! 6&1)+!)15:!*+'0%5:);!#!$%&&!%&&2).*'.+!/1$!./+!-'50!,'>+)!'!25%^2+!)+.!14!325>= %5)3%*+0!)1250)!%542)+0!-(!-/'5:*'!'50!1./+*!,2)%6'&!41*,)!4*1,!I12./!9)%';!./2)! +71>%5:!'!,2)%6'&!A325>!Y25<'-8B!I+6150&(;!#!$%&&!0%)62))!./+!,2)%6%'5)C!K8#8d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r1,%5')C)!)16%'&!5+.$1*>!15!./+!#5.+*5+.8!@/%)!)2-6/'3.+*!$%&&!-*1'0&(!)%.2'.+!,(! 0%:%.'&!,+./10)!$%./%5!./+!+./51:*'3/%6!&%.+*'.2*+!15!,+0%'!'50!.+6/51&1:(8!#.!$%&&! ! "\\! +50!$%./!'5!+./51:*'3/%6!*+4&+6.%15!15!6*%.%6'&!*'6+!./+1*(;!6(-+*325>!&%.+*'.2*+;! 31).5'.%15'&%.(;!'50!31).61&15%'&%),!%5!'!0%:%.'&!)16%'&!615.+D.8! ! @*'5)5'.%15'&!920%1.13%'S!E*+'.%5:!9!Y25>!Y25<'-! U+61,-%5%5:!)1250)!4*1,!./+!V1).15!)>'!'50!325>!)6+5+;!4*1,!6&'))%6! V*%.%)/!325>!*16>;!4*1,!"RiQ)!V1&&($110!,17%+);!'50!4*1,!Y25<'-%!313!,2)%6!4*1,! ./+%*!3'*+5.)C!02).(!.'3+!61&&+6.%15);!@/+!r1,%5')!+71>+)!'!*'0%6'&&(!.*'5)5'.%15'&! )15%6!&'50)6'3+8!@/+!,+,-+*)!14!./+!-'50!/'7+!+,-+00+0!,(*%'0!+&+,+5.)!4*1,! ./+!*%6/!'50!0%7+*)+!)1250)6'3+;!&%5>+0!.1!./+%*!I12./!9)%'5!/+*%.':+;!%5.1!'! ,%5%,'&%).!325>!)15:!).*26.2*+!61,-%5+0!$%./!'5!25'01*5+0!51%)(!.15+8!#5!%.)!+'*&(! (+'*);!./+!-'50!61%5+0!./+!.+*,!AV1&&($110!325>B!.1!0+)6*%-+!%.)!)12508!N5!./+!4%*).! '&-2,!ZPQQl[;!./+!&(*%6)!14!.*'6>!412*!AK%)/11,!V+-+B!5'**'.+!'!)6+5+!4*1,!'!"RiQ)! V1&&($110!6&'))%6!4%&,!J+12)38!#5!15+!14!./+!)6+5+)!%5!./+!,17%+;!./+!'6.1*!9,%.'-/! V'6/5'5!)'()!AK%)/11,;B!'5!151,'.131+%'!+71>%5:!./+!4%*%5:!14!'!:25;!$/%&+!/+! )/11.)!$%./!/%)!4%5:+*8!#5)3%*+0!-(!./%)!4%&,%6!,1,+5.;!@/+!r1,%5')C)!)15:!)6*+',)! '!-&').!14!425!'50!'07+5.2*12)!4*'.+*5%.(8!#5!%.;!./+!-'50!.'>+)!%.)!&%).+5+*)!./*12:/! ./%)!,17%+!)6+5+;!6/'*:%5:!41*$'*0!17+*!'!h`l!,+.+*!$%./!/'*061*+!716'&)!/'&4= )31>+5=/'&4=)25:!%5!25%)15;!%5.+*)3+*)%5:!./+!)15:!$%./!*+=+5'6.+0!0%'&1:2+!4*1,! ./+!,17%+8!W').!(+'*!%5!PQ"Q;!./+!-'50!*+61*0+0!'!617+*!14!AJ'5<%!G%6/!K''5:Beh! 4*1,!'!4%&,!3*1026+0!%5!W1&&($110;!./+!Y'>%).'5%!4%&,!%502).*(!-')+0!%5!W'/1*+8!@/+! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! eh!In a Pakistani paper, Imran remarks that the motivation behind covering “Manji Vich Daang” is to challenge the authority for banning the music by Naseebo Lal, the original singer of the song. He said, “I was interested in the controversy behind her, and how banning someone like Naseebo Lal is an wefil thing. The only way as a band to pay tribute to someone like her is to cover one of her songs.” For more, read Imtiaz, Huma. 2010b. “Punking Pakistan up.” The Express Tribune, November 23. http://www.karachidigest.com/articles/news/punking-pakistan-up/(accessed on December 7, 2010).! ! "\e! r1,%5')C)!7+*)%15!14!./+!)15:!*+.'%5)!./+!1*%:%5'&!Y25<'-%!&(*%6)!'50!).*%33)!'$'(! ./+!1*5'.+!*/(./,%6!).*26.2*+!%5!./+!1*%:%5'&!7+*)%158!#5!%.)!7+*)%15;!@/+!r1,%5')! .*'5)&'.+)!./+!3'*.)!15!./+!0/1&j'!&'*:+!.$1=/+'0+0!0*2,!4*+^2+5.&(!2)+0!%5! -/'5:*';!'!3132&'*!,2)%6!).(&+!'))16%'.+0!$%./!Y25<'-;!'!62&.2*'&!*+:%15!./'.! ).*'00&+)!-1./!3*+)+5.=0'(!Y'>%).'5!'50!#50%'j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d12.2-+=/'6>+0!411.':+!14!'!612*.+)'5!0'56+!)+^2+56+;! 4+'.2*%5:!4',12)!#50%'!4%&,!'6.*+))!g'*:%)!K2..8ei!#5!&%7+!)/1$);!@/+!r1,%5')! )1,+.%,+)!617+*)!'51./+*!.25+!AE/1&%!r+!Y++6/+B!4*1,!'!3132&'*!V1&&($110!4%&,! 6'&&+0!j+)2-)3)%8!@/+!)15:!%)!>51$5!%5!./+!F8r8!'50!F8I8!')!'!3'*.!14!./+!)1250.*'6>! 14!./+!-&16>-2).+*!/%.!J2,>(10*E"22"1-)"='8el!N2.)%0+!./+!615.+D.!14!./+!-'50;!./+! %50%7%02'&)!,+,-+*)!/'7+!)+*7+0!')!62&.2*'&!.').+=,'>+*)!%5.*1026%5:!,2)%6'&! ).(&+)!14!./+!I12./!9)%'5!)2-615.%5+5.!.1!H5:&%)/=)3+'>%5:!'20%+56+)!&16'&&(!'50! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 47 The Kominas’ video: http://il.youtube.com/watch?v=nk0q4Y-5pvo ; source material for the video mashup: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H9-5cgYYcJY ; the ‘source material’ for the basis of comparison in my analysis: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tJmRawg7Ft4 48 Jha, Subhash K. 2008. “A. R. Rahman Uses ‘Choli Ke Peeche’ Track from Khalnayak in Slumdog Millionaire”, Bollywoodhungama.com, November 27. http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/2008/11/27/12244/index.html (accessed September 14, 2010). ! "\f! %5.+*5'.%15'&&(8!V')%,!/')!KcC+0!'.!&16'&!0'56+!6&2-)!%5!V1).15!)3%55%5:!*+61*0)!'50! /')!0%).*%-2.+0!/1,+,'0+!#5.+*5+.!*'0%1!3106').)!62*'.%5:!1&0!'50!5+$!3132&'*! ,2)%6!4*1,!Y25<'-!'50!4*1,!./+!Y25<'-%!0%)'31*%6!61,,25%.%+)!%5!g+$!d1*>!'50! ./+!F5%.+0!r%5:01,8! J(!*+'0%5:!14!@/+!r1,%5')C)!.*'5)5'.%15'&!,2)%6'&!:+1:*'3/(!-+:%5)!$%./!'! 6&1)+!+D',%5'.%15!14!./+!-'50C)!3+*41*,'56+!%5!E/'*&1..+)7%&&+;!G%*:%5%'8!@/%)!$')!'! )/1$!./'.!#!1*:'5%O+0!15!./+!-'50C)!5'.%15'&!.12*!%5!./+!)2,,+*!14!PQQRS! 6+'*j1>"-)!B!*D)#%,&*!"-0'=*;32'*()-#'!*.1*':#".'*.+'*),("'-#'F*J&1=."-0*)* 4='!+23*#,.*E1+)7%*7".+*#1&&'=I#121=ID2')#+'(*!.=)-(!/*;32'*!.'&!*)7)3*4=1>*.+'* >"#=1&+1-'*1-.1*.+'*()-#'*4211=/*?"01=1,!23*%"#%"-0*+"!*4''.*)&)=./*!%)-%"-0*.1*)*!%)* D').F*M'*(=)7!*,&*+"!*2'4.*)=>*7+"2'*&='!!"-0*(17-*7".+*+"!*="0+.*)=>/*.7"!."-0*+"!* D1(3*.1*(=,>>'=*@>=)-B!*[,)=.'=I-1.'*!.="%'!*1-*.+'*!-)='*(=,>F*e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f)!">F*M'*.+'-*&,22!*.11*+)=(*1-*+"!*>"#*#)D2'*.1* ("!#1--'#.*+"!*>"#F*6+'*>1!+"-0*#=17(*#)=="'!*1-*;32'B!*"-4'#."1,!*'-'=03*"-.1*.+'*-':.* !1-0F* ! "\h! ! H12/'&(QF)*(JA=&(Z89#,1K(C"&(M'1.2&(37+K(!"#'=-%%&8<1==&(`7K(7/2/8%()?K(?SSV( ! g(&+C)!)%0+=.1=)%0+!-10(!*1.'.%15!'50!'*,=)$%5:%5:!'*+!*+,%5%)6+5.!14!)&',= 0'56%5:;!61,,15!%5!325>!)/1$);!'50!)>'5>%5:;!./+!A*255%5:=,'5B!,17+!%5!)>'! ,2)%6!aM%:2*+!e8"b8!]%)!)/12&0+*=-1256%5:!,17+,+5.!%50+D+)!'!0'56+!,17+,+5.! 61,,15!%5!-/'5:*'!,2)%68!I.(&%).%6'&&(;!g(&+C)!0'56+!6*1))+)!412*!*+:%15)!14!./+! $1*&0S!Y25<'-!15!./+!I12./!9)%'5!)2-615.%5+5.T!%5!./+!E'*%--+'5;!c','%6';!./+! -%*./3&'6+!14!)>'!'50!*+::'+T!H5:&'50!%5!L+).+*5!H2*13+;!>51$5!41*!)3'$5%5:!325>! ! "\i! *16>!,2)%6!'50!)+6150=$'7+!)>'!,2)%6T!'50!./+!F5%.+0!I.'.+)!%5!g1*./!9,+*%6';!./+! -%*./3&'6+!14!/'*061*+!325>!'50!./%*0=$'7+!)>'8!g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p!`k!!/1$_0!#!:+.!/+*+;!4*1,!'!&'50!$%./!&15:!,15)115)pB!M++&%5:)!14!&16'&! '&%+5'.%15!42+&!51).'&:%'!41*!W'/1*+;!'!/1,+!4'*!'$'(!4*1,!/1,+8!@/%)!)15:! 0+)6*%-+)!'5!+,1.%15'&!:+1:*'3/(j'!)3'.%'&!615.'%5,+5.!%5!V1).15!Z'50!-(! +D.+5)%15;!./+!F5%.+0!I.'.+)[!%5!<2D.'31)%.%15!$%./!'!)'4+!*+42:+!%5!W'/1*+;!Y'>%).'5;! %5!./+!*+,1.+!&'50!14!./+!I12./!9)%'5!)2-615.%5+5.8* #5!./+!,2)%6;!./+!:2%.'*%).!3&'()!4').!6/*1,'.%6!)%D.++5./!51.+);! 41*+)/'01$%5:!./+!+,+*:+56+!14!'!A325>!Y25<'-B!-(!+,2&'.%5:!'5!%>.'*!1*!'!.2,-%;!'! 15+=).*%5:!3&26>+0!%5).*2,+5.!14.+5!2)+0!%5!./+!,2)%6!14!-/'5:*'!a920%1!HD',3&+! e8"b8!@/+!)15:!*+3*+)+5.)!'!*+3'*'.%7+!:+).2*+!':'%5).!./+!*'6%).!6&%,'.+!&11,%5:! 17+*!Y25>=I>%5/+'0!V1).158!]+*+;!./+!).20%1!*+61*0%5:!14!./+!)15:!'00)!52'56+!.1! ./+!:+1:*'3/%6'&!^2+).%15!6156+*5%5:!+./5%6!-+&15:%5:8!J'*>%5:!'!6&1)2*+!41*!./+! &',+5.!%5!4%*).!/'&4!./+!)15:;!V')%,!0+&%7+*)!./+!&').!&(*%6;!A-11.)!6*2)/%5:!,(! )/12&0+*)!`!$/+*+!'5:+&)!6/1)+!51.!.1!*+,'%58B!I6*+',%5:!'!Y25<'-%!/+*%.':+;!@/+! ! "\l! r1,%5')!2)+)!./+!-/'5:*'!)1250!.1!,'*>!'5!'&.+*5'.%7+!+./5%6%O+0!)3'6+!'*1250!./+! $/%.+=)23*+,'6%).!325>01,8!E').%5:!./+!*'6%).!'))'2&.!%5.1!'!,2)%6'&!3').;!'5!l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a920%1!HD',3&+!e8Pb8!* @/+!.%.&+!14!./+!)15:!AY'*!K+)%B!612&0!%&&2,%5'.+!./+!.*'5)5'.%15'&!)1250)6'3+! 6*+'.+0!-(!./+!,2)%68!AK+)%B!%)!'!.+*,!2)+0!-(!%50%7%02'&)!14!I12./!9)%'5!0+)6+5.!.1! *+4+*!.1!./+%*!/+*%.':+!'50!62&.2*+8eR!AY'*!K+)%;B!%5!F*02;!&%.+*'&&(!,+'5)!A14!./+! 6125.*(;B!1*!A4*1,!./+!,1./+*&'508B!9)!0%)62))+0!%5!./+!3*+7%12)!3'*':*'3/);!./%)! )15:!+,-10%+)!'!A-/'5:*'=325>B!'+)./+.%6;!'!.+*,!./'.!#!2)+!.1!*+4+*!.1!./+!-'50C)! 3*16+))!14!.*'5)&'.%5:!./+!)1250!14!-/'5:*'!%5.1!'!*'$;!325>=%5)3%*+0!0+&%7+*(8!V2.! $/(!$12&0!@/+!r1,%5')!4*',+!%.)!25%^2+!-/'5:*'=325>!'+)./+.%6)!$%./%5!./+! 615.+D.!14!'!.*'5)5'.%15'&!I12./!9)%'5!%0+5.%4%6'.%15p!]1$!%)!-+%5:!I12./!9)%'5! *+&'.+0!.1!-+%5:!'!,%51*%.(!325>!*16>+*!&15:%5:!41*!'!/1,+p!@/+!r1,%5')C)! -/'5:*'=325>;!#!'*:2+;!%)!%57+5.+0!12.!14!'!I12./=9)%'5=!'50!0+)%=%0+5.%4%+0!+./5%6! )3'6+S!%,':%5+0!)1,+$/+*+!-+.$++5!Y25<'-;!./+!"RiQ)!325>!H5:&'50;!'50!3*+)+5.= !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 49 The everyday and historical of the term “desi” has been examined in scholarship. For a historical account of the construction the desi, consult Vijay Prashad’s The Karma of Brown Folk, Minneapolis, M.N.: University of Minnesota Press, 2000. For contemporary and ethnographic narratives on the desi identity, read Sunaina Maira’s Desis in the House: Indian American Youth Culture in New York City, Philadelphia, P.A.: Temple University Press, 2002; and Shankar, Shalini. 2008. Desi Land: Teen Culture, Class, and Success in Silicon Valley, Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press. ! "\R! 0'(!/1,+!%5!./+!51*./+').+*5!F5%.+0!I.'.+)8!V/'5:*'=325>;!41*!@/+!r1,%5');!%)!'! Z,2)%6'&[!/1,+!'$'(!4*1,!%.)!Z3/()%6'&[!/1,+8! @/+!r1,%5')C)!5+$+*!)15:!A@2555555B!3*17%0+)!42*./+*!%5)%:/.)!%5.1!./+! 6155+6.%15!14!%.)!-/'5:*'=325>!'+)./+.%6)!.1!./+!*+::'+!)1250!'50!'!U').'4'*%'5! 12.&11>8!A@2555555B!%)!'!*+,'>+!14!A9*,':%0+15!@%,+B;!'!*+::'+!)15:!1*%:%5'&&(! 3+*41*,+0!'50!*+61*0+0!-(!c','%6'5!'*.%).!L%&&%!L%&&%',)!%5!"Ril8!V*%.%)/!325>! -'50!@/+!E&')/!*+61*0+0!%.)!7+*)%15!'50!*+&+')+0!%.!')!'!V=)%0+!.*'6>!15!./+!AW15015! E'&&%5:B!)%5:&+!%5!"RiR8!N5!'51./+*!AW15015!E'&&%5:B!"PB!)%5:&+!*+&+')+!Z"RiR[! )/1*.&(!'4.+*;!@/+!E&')/!%56&20+0!.$1!02-!,%D+)!14!./+!)15:;!$%./!./+!5',+)!Ac2).%6+! @15%:/.B!'50!Ar%6>!#.!N7+*8B!@/+!E&')/!3*+,%+*+0!%.)!7+*)%15!14!A9*,':%0+15!@%,+B! %5!3+*41*,'56+!%5!E'&%41*5%'!%5!I+3.+,-+*!"RiR8!! @/+!r1,%5')C)!7+*)%15;!+5.%.&+0!A@2555555B!+D/%-%.)!,2)%6'&!6/'*'6.+*%).%6)! 6&1)+*!.1!L%&&%',)C!1*%:%5'&!7+*)%158!V')%,!/')!51.+0!/%)!-'50C)!%5.+5.%15!14!2)%5:! */(./,!.1!+D3*+))!61,3&+D!%0+')!./'.!*+)%).!'!31.+5.%'&&(!*+026.%7+;!&%.+*'&;!4'6%&+! %5.+*3*+.'.%15!Z#,.%'O!PQ"Q-[8!@/+!.+,31!14!@/+!r1,%5')C)!*+,'>+!%)!)&1$+*!./'5! @/+!E&')/C)!7+*)%15!'50!%)!6&1)+*!.1!./'.!14!L%&&%',)C!1*%:%5'&!7+*)%158!@/+!r1,%5')C! 7+*)%15!'&)1!4+'.2*+)!./+!-'))!')!%.!).'50)!12.!3*1,%5+5.&(!%5!./+!,%D!a920%1! HD',3&+!e8\b8!L%./!)(5613'.+0!7'*%'.%15)!)26/!')!01..+0!*/(./,)!'50!.*%3&+.);! V')%,C)!-'))!'6/%+7+)!'!*/(./,%6!'44%5%.(!.1!L%&&%',)C!A)$%5:(B!4++&!a920%1!HD',3&+! e8eb!./'.!%)!'-)+5.!%5!./+!E&')/C)!7+*)%15!a920%1!HD',3&+!e8fb8!M2*./+*,1*+;!@/+! r1,%5')!'013.)!'!>+(!&1$+*!./'5!./+!1./+*!.$1!7+*)%15);!*+50+*%5:!%.!'!&1$+*!'50! /+'7%+*!A02-B!4++&8!@/*++!/+4.(!-'))!3256/+)!13+5!./+!)15:j)1!/+'7(!./'.!#!612&0! '&,1).!4++&!./+!&1$+).!-'))!).*%5:!4&'%&%5:!'50!-1256%5:!15!./+!4%5:+*-1'*0!14!./+! ! "eQ! -'))!:2%.'*8!@/+!r1,%5')C)!-'))!'66+5.2'.%15;!*+7+*-+*'5.!)5'*+!0*2,;!'50! 3+*62))%7+!:2%.'*!3*16+))+0!-(!./+!0+&'(!+44+6.;!,'>+)!./+!)15:!)1250!:*%..%+*!'50! $+%:/.%+*!./'5!./+!L%&&!L%&&%',)C!A*%00%,B!.*'6>!AU+'&!U16>;B!1*%:%5'&&(!3*1026+0!-(! E1D)15+!'50!I1250!K%,+5)%158!* L%./!5+$!Y25<'-%!&(*%6);!@/+!r1,%5')C))!7+*)%15!)+.)!%.)+&4!'3'*.!4*1,!./+! +D%).%5:!7+*)%15)!14!./+!)15:8!L/'.!)2*3*%)+)!,+!%)!./+!-'50C)!6/1%6+!.1!*+='*.%62&'.+! ./+!U').4'*%!./+,+!1,%..+0!%5!./+!E&')/C)!7+*)%158!A9*,':%0+15!@%,+B!%)!'!4%:/.!)15:8! @/+!$1*0!A9*,':%0+15B!%)!./+!c','%6'5!Y'.1%)!.+*,!41*!9*,':+0015;!./+!)3%*%.2'&! -'..&+!-+.$++5!./+!41*6+)!14!:110!'50!+7%&!./'.!%)!3*13/+)%+0!.1!.'>+!3&'6+!%5!./+! AJ125.'%5!14!J+:%001B;!%5!3*+)+5.=0'(!#)*'+&8!#5!./+!94*16+5.*%6;!U').'4'*%! $1*&07%+$!'0'3.+0!-(!,1).!c','%6'5!*+::'+!'*.%).)!14!./%)!3+*%10;!./%)!)3%*%.2'&! -'..&+!%)!+&%6%.+0!.1!17+*./*1$!./+!31$+*)!14!V'-(&15;!1*!./+!H2*13+'5!61&15%O%5:! 133*+))1*);!.1$'*0!./+!+50!14!'!&%-*'.1*(!*+.2*5!.1!v%15;!1*!94*%6'8!@/+!-+:%55%5:!14! ./+!)15:!+71>+)!./+!).'.+!14!0+)3+*'.%15!',15:!./+!133*+))+0!3+13&+;!A9!&1..'! 3+13&+!$15C.!:+.!51!)233+*!.15%:/.!`!9!&1..'!3+13&+!:1%5:!.1!)244+*!.1!.15%:/.8B!@/+! )%5:+*!2*:+)!3*+3'*'.%15)!.1!6154*15.!./+!133*+))1*);!ACE'2)+!./+!-'..&+!%)!:+..%5:! /'*0+*!`!#5!./%)!%*'.%15;!%.C)!9*,':%0+15!.%,+8B!#5!./+!1*%:%5'&!7+*)%15!14!./+!)15:!-(! L%&&%!L%&&%',);!./+!+441*.)!.1!./$'*.!./+!61&15%'&!31$+*!%)!42+&+0!-(!./+!:2%0'56+!14! ./+!U').'4'*%!0%7%5+!>51$5!')!c+/17'/;!1*!c'/SfQ!AV2.!*+,+,-+*;!.1!3*'%)+!c'/17%'f"! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 50 The term “Jah” refers to the divine term of Jehovah in the Rastafari worldview. “Jah” is used in many reggae songs. The Wikipedia entry on “Jah” states the example of Bob Marley’s song “Is this Love” in the line, “We'll share the same room, for Jah provide the bread.” More on the usage “Jah” in Jamaican pop music, read Clarke, Sebastian. 1981. Jah Music: The Evolution of the Popular Jamaican Song, London: Heinemann Educational. 51 The term “Jehovia” in the lyric of the song, however, has a less documented root. Upon a quick search, I found that “Jehovia” is used in the title and lyrics of contemporaneous reggae songs. An example of this ! "e"! `!950!/+!$%&&!:2%0+!(128B!@/+!E&')/!*+7%)+0!./+!1*%:%5'&!&(*%6)!.1!4%.!'!,1*+! %50%7%02'&%).%6!6&'))=-')+0!).*2::&+8!A#._)!9*,':%0+15!`!#._)!51.!6/*%).,')!.%,+8B! N331)%5:!9*,':%0+15!.1!E/*%).,')!%5!./+!)15:C)!&(*%6);!./+!-'50!'*:2'-&(! *+615.+D.2'&%O+)!./+!U').'4'*%!6156+*5!14!*'6%'&!133*+))%15!.1!+D3*+))!'5!'5.%= 615)2,+*%).;!'5.%=6'3%.'&%).!).'56+!6+5.*'&!%5!./+!V*%.%)/!325>!)2-62&.2*+!%5!./+!&'.+! "RiQ)!'50!+'*&(!"RlQ)8* H56125.+*%5:!./+!.$1!51.'-&+!7+*)%15)!14!./+!)15:;!@/+!r1,%5')!6/1)+!.1!*+= %5)+*.!./+!c+/17'/!'&&2)%15!1,%..+0!%5!@/+!E&')/C)!7+*)%158fP!@/+!H5:&%)/!31*.%15!14! @/+!r1,%5')C)!&(*%6)!615.'%5)!'5!+D6+*3.!14!./+!1*%:%5'&!6/1*2)!&(*%6)!-(!L%&&%',);!A9! &1.!14!3+13&+!$15C.!:+.!51!<2).%6+!.15%:/.!`!9!&1.!14!3+13&+!$15C.!:+.!51!)233+*! .15%:/.!`k`!950!3*'%)+!c+/17'/8B!#.!'&)1!'00)!'!7'*%'.%15!.1!@/+!E&')/C)!&(*%6'&! ',+50,+5.S!A950!*+,+,-+*!.1!>%6>!%.!17+*!`k!`!'50!>%6>!%.!12.8B!@/+!%,3+*'.%7+! 61,,'50!.1!3*'%)+!c+/17'/!*+4+*)!.1!./+!U').'4'*%!*11.)!14!./+!1*%:%5'&!*+::'+!.25+! -(!L%&&%',)8!#!)2::+).!./'.!@/+!r1,%5')!+71>+)!./+!U').'4'*%!)3%*%.2'&!%,':+*(!%5! 1*0+*!.1!*+1*%+5.!%.)+&4!.1!%.)!31).61&15%'&!/1,+&'50!%5!Y'>%).'58!#5!./+!51$=6&'))%6! 325>!,151:*'3/!J,D#,2.,='\*6+'*E')-"-0*14*J.32'*Z"RiR[;!K%6>!]+-0%:+!0+)6*%-+)!'! 7').&(!.*'5)5'.%15'&!/%).1*(!14!./+!.*'5)'.&'5.%6!,%:*'.%15!14!./+!94*%6'5!3+13&+! 6+5.*'&!%5!./+!U').'4'*%!5'**'.%7+)!./'.!3132&'.+!./+!615.+5.!14!,'5(!*+::'+!)15:)8! E1,,+5.%5:!15!./+!,+'5%5:!14!*+::'+!.1!./+!L+).!#50%'5!%,,%:*'5.)!%5!c','%6'! '50!V*%.'%5;!]+-0%:+!$*%.+)S!* !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! reference can be found in a popular song in the mid 1970s titled “Jah Jah Jehovia” by Ronnie Davis. Read more about the use of the term “Jehovia” in Jamaican music read Clarke, Sebastian. 1981. 52 The version by the British punk band The Clash, on the contrary, elides the lyrical reference to a spiritual divine and calls for a more individualistic and secular awakening to freedom. “Remember / To kick it over / No one will guide you / Through Armagideon Time.” The sense of individualism is foreshadowed in an additional spoken verse embodying a vagabond spirit during the song’s instrumental introduction. “Play around, don't stay around / This old town too long / Seems like I got to / Travel on!” ! "eP! 94*%6'!./2)!6',+!.1!*+3*+)+5.!41*!-&'6>)!%5!./+!E'*%--+'5!41*-%00+5!.+**%.1*(;!'! W1).!L1*&0;!'!]%).1*(!'-'5015+0!.1!./+!615.*'0%6.1*(!L+).+*5!,(./)!14! 6/%&0/110!%5516+56+!'50!,'5C)!%5/+*+5.!+7%&8!#.!-+6',+!'!,'))%7+!N2.!14! V1250)!15!./+!1./+*!)%0+)!14!)&'7+*(8!V2.!-+(150!./%)!615.%5+5.!14!5+:'.%7+)! $/+*+!&'(!'!3&'6+!$/+*+!'&&!./+!2.13%'5!'50!'5.%=H2*13+'5!7'&2+)!'7'%&'-&+!.1! ./+!0%)31))+))+0!-&'6>!612&0!-+:%5!.1!615:*+:'.+!Z"RiRS!\P[8!! ! Y*141250&(!%542)+0!$%./!)3'.%'&!0+.'%&);!]+-0%:+C)!5'**'.%7+!)2,,'*%O+)!./+! U').'4'*%'5)C!250+*).'50%5:!14!./+%*!31).61&15%'&!6150%.%15)!'50!31)%.%15)8! #5.+*3*+.%5:!./+!'5.%=61&15%'&%),!,+))':+)!%5!./+!*+::'+!)15:)!14!./+!"RhQ);! ]+-0%:+!41*+:*1250)!./+!U').'4'*%'5)C!)3'.%'&!1*%+5.'.%15!.1$'*0!'5!A94*%6'8B!@/+! ,17+,+5.!.1$'*0!'!2.13%6!94*%6'!%)!'5!'6.!14!*+)%).'56+!':'%5).!./+!/%).1*(!14! H2*13+'5!61&15%O'.%158!! @/+!r1,%5')C)!7+*)%15!)/1$)!'!*/(./,%6!'50!&(*%6'&!3*1D%,%.(!.1!L%&&%',)C! 17+*!@/+!E&')/C)!7+*)%15!14!./+!)15:8!L/'.!,'(!./%)!)2::+).!%5!.+*,)!14!./+!-'50C)! 3)(6/1=,2)%6'&!:+1:*'3/(p!G%'!'5!94*1=E'*%--+'5!%,,%:*'5.!*+%5.+*3*+.'.%15!14! ./+!E/*%).%'5!-%-&+;!#!'*:2+;!@/+!r1,%5')!-1**1$)!./+!31$+*!14!'!.*'5)'.&'5.%6! 94*16+5.*%6!)3%*%.2'&!-+&%+48!#5!01%5:!)1;!./+!-'50!.1!%5)6*%-+)!%.)+&4!%5.1!./+! 31).61&15%'&%).!%,,%:*'5.!,+.'=5'**'.%7+8!@/+!-'50!'0'3.)!./+!U').'4'*%!$1*&07%+$! $/%&+!/%:/&%:/.%5:!%.)!I12./!9)%'5!'50!J2)&%,!/+*%.':+!%5!&%:/.!14!./+!).1*%+)!14! 31).61&15(8!#!/+'*!@/+!r1,%5')!6'&&%5:!41*!%.)!1$5!A9*,':%0+15;B!%5!5+$!&(*%6)! 61&&+6.%7+&(!$*%..+5!%5!Y25<'-%!-(!./+!-'508!9661*0%5:!.1!V')%,C)!.*'5)&'.%15;!./+! 4%*).!7+*)+!).'.+)S!AL+!$%&&!15&(!0*%5>!./'.!`!@/'.!./+(!'*+!0*%5>%5:!%5!#*'^!`!L+!$%&&! 15&(!0*%5>!./'.!`!./'.!./+(!$12&0!0*%5>!%5!r'*-'&&'/8Bf\!#.!%)!51.!'!61%56%0+5.!./'.! -1./!#*'^!'50!r'*-'&'!'*+!%615%6!-'..&+!)%.+);!3').!'50!3*+)+5.8!@/+!L'*!%5!#*'^!'4.+*! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 53 This is Basim’s “rough translation” of the original Punjabi posted on MTVdesi blog. Kishwer, 2010. “The Kominas Release ‘Tunnnnnn’”, MTVdesi, October 6, http://www.mtvdesi.com/2010/10/06/the- kominas-release-tunnnnnn/ (accessed on October 19, 2010).! ! "e\! ./+!+7+5.)!15!./+!I+3.+,-+*!""!/')!-++5!'!.13%6'&!3*+16623'.%15!-(!@/+!r1,%5')! )%56+!%.)!4%*).!'&-2,!$"2(*;"0+.!*"-*e,)-.)-)>1*f)3!Z0%)62))+0!%5!E/'3.+*!@$1[8!@/+! -'50!/')!,'0+!6&+'*!%.)!).'56+!14!6').%:'.%5:!./+!A$+).+*5B!$1*&0!41*!+5:':%5:!%5! $'*4'*+!,1.%7'.+0!-(!#)&',13/1-%';!,%&%.'*%),;!'50!%,3+*%'&%),8! #5!61,3'*%)15!.1!A9*,':%0+15B!*+4+*+56+!%5!./+!1./+*!.$1!7+*)%15);!@/+! r1,%5')C)!'&&2)%15!.1!r'*-'&'!%)!&+))!.*'5)3'*+5.8!@/+!-'..&+!14!r'*-'&'!%)!'! )%:5%4%6'5.!+7+5.!%5!#)&',%6!/%).1*(8!M1*!,'5(!J2)&%,);!3'*.%62&'*&(!./+!I/%C'/);!./+! V'..&+!14!r'*-'&'!).'50)!41*!)244+*%5:!'50!,'*.(*01,8fe!#5!./+!0162,+5.'*(!4%&,! 6)[7#)1='\*.+'*f"=.+*14*9,-%*@!2)>!-(!N,'*!J'<++0!ZPQQR[;!$*%.+*!J%6/'+&! J2/',,'0!r5%:/.;!'&15:!$%./!V')%,!'50!I/'/<+/'5!14!@/+!r1,%5');!7%)%.!V%-%!Y'>! K','5;!'!I/%C'/!)/*%5+!%5!W'/1*+;!Y'>%).'58!#5!./+!4%&,;!r5%:/.C)!71%6+17+*!5'**'.%15! 14!/%)!^2+).!41*!'!325>=%5)3%*+0!/+.+*101D!#)&',!%)!<2D.'31)+0!$%./!7%)2'&!)+^2+56+! )/1$%5:!'!&'*:+!*11,!14!,+5!3+*41*,%5:!>).)>;!'!*%.2'&%).%6!,12*5%5:!41*!./+! V'..&+!14!r'*-'&'8!#5!./%)!*%.2'&;!./+!'0/+*+5.);!,1).&(!,+5;!).*%>+!1*!4&':+&&'.+!./+%*! 6/+).)!')!'!$'(!.1!*+,+,-+*!./+!)244+*%5:!14!]2))+%5!%-5!9&%;!./+!/+*1%6!,'*.(*!$/1! 0%+0!%5!./+!-'..&+8ff!900%.%15'&&(;!%5!./+!4%&,C)!.*'%&+*;!./+!)',+!411.':+!%)!%5.*1026+0! %5!./+!-+:%55%5:!14!'!61&&':+!14!%,':+)!14!/+.+*101D!3*'6.%6+)!14!#)&',!%5!Y'>%).'58! r5%:/.C)!71%6+17+*!5'**'.+)!%5!./+!.*'%&+*!)+^2+56+;!A#!).133+0!.*(%5:!.1!0+4%5+!325>! '*1250!./+!)',+!.%,+!#!).133+0!.*(%5:!.1!0+4%5+!#)&',8!@/+(!'*+5C.!)1!4'*!*+,17+0!')! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! fe!In this battle, the Islamic prophet Muhammad’s grandson Hussein ibn Ali led his supporters and family to thwart the military forces representing the first dynastic rule. Tragically Hussein ibn Ali died a martyr at this battle. Shia Muslims, as well as some Sunnis, commemorate the battle of Karbala every year in the month of Muharram. Read more about the Battle of Karbala, Aghaie, Kamran S. 2005. “The Origins of the Sunnite-Shi'ite Divide and the Emergence of the Ta'ziyeh Tradition,” TDR: The Drama Review 49 (4): 42- 47.! ff Read more about the ritual of matam, Aghaie, Kamran S. 2004. The Martyrs of Karbala: Shii Symbols and Rituals in Modern Iran. Seattle, W.A.: University of Washington Press.! ! "ee! (12C0!./%5>8!V1./!-+:'5!%5!.*+,+5012)!-%*./)!%5!.*2./!'50!7%.'&%.(;!-2.!)++,!.1!/'7+! &1).!)1,+./%5:!'&15:!./+!$'(8B!#5!-1./!%5).'56+);!#!615.+50;!./+!4%&,!)++,)!.1! )2::+).!./'.!./%)!)%:/.!14!254',%&%'*!'50!%5.+5)+!0+71.%15!612&0!%5!)1,+!$'(! *+3*+)+5.!./+!.*'5):*+))%7+!+./1)!14!.'^$'61*+;!'5!'&.+*5'.%7+!3*'6.%6+!14!#)&',! %5)3%*+0!-(!325>8!@/+!6156+3.!14!.'^$'61*+;!')!'*.%62&'.+0!-(!./+!4%&,!'50!%.)! 3*1,1.%15!,+0%';!*+3*+)+5.)!'!6'.+:1*(=0+4(%5:!*23.2*+!%5!./+!1*./101D!'2./1*%.(! 14!#)&',8!#4!./'.C)!./+!6')+;!./+5!./+!V'..&+!14!r'*-'&';!')!'!)(,-1&!14!,'*.(*01,;!,'(! 144+*!'5!252)2'&&(!*%6/!'50!3*1026.%7+!)+.!14!'5.%=+).'-&%)/,+5.!325>=%5)3%*+0! ,+'5%5:)!'33+'&%5:!.1!./+!.'^$'61*+!'0716'.+)8! @/+!3'*'&&+&!'&&2)%15)!.1!r'*-'&'!'50!#*'^!,'>+!,1*+!)+5)+!$/+5!615)%0+*+0! $%./%5!./+!)2-7+*)%7+!+./%6'&!0%,+5)%15!'))16%'.+0!$%./!.'^$'61*+8!V1./!%,':+*%+)! 615<2*+!+,3'./(!41*!./1)+!)244+*%5:!4*1,!'!$'*8!H,-*'6%5:!./+!'-<+6.!'50!./+! ,'*.(*!$/%&+!6/'&&+5:%5:!'2./1*%.(!+D+,3&%4%+)!'!325>=%5)3%*+0!)2-<+6.%7%.(8!#!'*:2+! ./'.!./+!-'..&+!14!r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r%)/$+*! PQ"Q[8!! #!$%&&!51$!+D3&1*+!./+!6155+6.%15!./+!U').'4'*%!)3%*%.2'&!-'..&+!'50!'! Y'>%).'5%!).'.+!14!0+).%.2.%158!I3+6%4%6'&&(!#!')>S!L/(!$12&0!@/+!r1,%5')! ! "ef! *+615.+D2'&%O+!'!)15:!'-12.!'!U').'4'*%!)3%*%.2'&!-'..&+!Z1*!'!6&'))=-')+0!).*2::&+!%5! V*%.'%5;!%5!./+!6')+!14!@/+!E&')/C)!7+*)%15[!%5.1!'!)15:!'-12.!'&61/1&%),p!#!615.+50! ./'.!@/+!r1,%5')!2)+)!'!A)1*0%0!.'&+!14!'&61/1&%),B!Zr%)/$+*!PQ"Q[!.1!*+)15'.+!$%./! '!&1$+*=6&'))!71%6+!%5!Y'>%).'58!r++5!15!4%5+!&%5:2%).%6!0%).%56.%15);!./+!,+,-+*)!14! @/+!r1,%5')!61&&+6.%7+&(!$*1.+!./+!&(*%6)!%5!A/'*061*+!#50%'5!*%6>)/'$!0*%7+*! Y25<'-%ka./'.b!6')2'&!Y25<'-%!)3+'>+*)!)++,!.1!/'7+!'!/'*0!.%,+!$%./!%.8Bfh!K2*%5:! ./+%*!).'(!%5!W'/1*+!%5!PQQi!'50!+'*&(!PQQl;!V')%,!'50!I/'/<+/'5!,'0+!+441*.)! .1$'*0!).'*.%5:!'!325>!)6+5+!.1!*+'6/!'6*1))!'&&!6&'))+)!14!./+!3+13&+!%5!Y'>%).'58! F)%5:!$/'.+7+*!*+)12*6+)!'.!./+%*!0%)31)'&;!./+(!<1%5+0!+441*.)!$%./!4*%+50)! %56&20%5:!J%>+!r5%:/.!.1!1*:'5%O+!'!K8#8d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iQ)!V*%.%)/!325>!*16>!)6+5+);!./+!,+,-+*)!'50!4*%+50)!14!@/+!r1,%5')!/'7+! $1*>+0!.1!%5).%:'.+!'!325>=%5)3%*+0!6&'))=-')+0!).*2::&+!%5!Y'>%).'58!#,*'5! +D3&'%5+0!%.!&'.+*;!AL+C0!&%>+!.1!)++!12*!,2)%6!-+%5:!3&'(+0!%5!.'D%)!%5!r'*'6/%!')!$+&&! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 56 The Kominas’ disclaimer of the linguistic inspiration for the song “Tunnnnnn” is stated in an email message sent out to its news subscribers on October 4, 2010. ! "eh! ')!%5!)1,+-10(C)!J+*6+0+)B!Z#,.%'O!PQ"Q-[8!@/%)!25%^2+!7+*)%15!14!A325>!*16>B!51.! 15&(!6'&&)!41*!'5!%5.+*=6&'))!)1&%0'*%.(!%5!W'/1*+8! @/%)!7+*)%15!14!325>!*16>;!'0716'.+0!-(!Y'>%).'5%!9,+*%6'5!V')%,!'50! I/'/<+/'5;!'&15:!$%./!./+%*!$/%.+!9,+*%6'5!4*%+50!J%>+!r5%:/.;!2&.%,'.+&(!%)!'! *+)315)+!.1!./+%*!0%)%&&2)%15,+5.!$%./!./+!F5%.+0!I.'.+)8!M1*!J%>+!r5%:/.;!')!'!$/%.+! -&2+=+(+0!J2)&%,!6157+*.;!325>!*16>!%5!W'/1*+!,+'5)!.'>%5:!)%0+)!$%./!./+!3+13&+;! ./+!%5516+5.;!'50!./+!6').%:'.+0!J2)&%,)!%5!./+!$1*&0;!':'%5).!./+!)23+*!31$+*!14! ./+!F8I8!#5!./+!4%&,;!./+!)+^2+56+!15!./+!325>!)/1$!+50)!$/+5!J%>+!r5%:/.!%56%.+)! ./+!A325>=+0!23B!6*1$0!-(!)6*+',%5:!%5.1!./+!,%6*13/15+!AX+1*:+!V2)/!%)!'! ,1./+*426>+*B!%5!F*028!@/+!6*1$0!250+*).110!/%)!0+4%'56+!':'%5).!F8I8!,%&%.'*(! %,3+*%'&%),8!! M*1,!./+!Y'>%).'5%!9,+*%6'5!-'50!,+,-+*)C!3+*)3+6.%7+;!./+!%0+'!14!325>! *16>!%5!Y'>%).'5!%)!%&&2).*'.%7+!14!./+%*!0%)%&&2)%15,+5.8!#!*+&'.+!./%)!0%)%&&2)%15,+5.! .1!./+!31&%.%6%O+0!31)%.%15!14!'5!'-<+6.!,%51*%.(8!#5!'5!%5.+*7%+$!$%./!./+!LFjF* e,)=(")-!%5!PQQi;!'*1250!./+!.%,+!$/+5!V')%,!'50!I/'/<+/'5!*+&16'.+0!.1!W'/1*+;! V')%,!*+,'*>);!A#.!)++,)!$+%*0!.1!&+'7+!<2).!$/+5!$+!$+*+!15!./+!-*%5>8!#4!#_0! ).'(+0!./+5!#!$12&0!/'7+!-++5!3&'(%5:!.1!)(,3'./+.%6!$/%.+!&%-+*'&)8!#!0%05_.!$'5.! ./'.8!#5!Y'>%).'5;!3+13&+!$'5.!.1!*+-+&!':'%5).!./+!31&%6+!'50!*+&%:%12)!'2./1*%.(!'50! 325>!%)!./+!3+*4+6.!$'(!.1!01!./'.B!ZV2..!PQQi[8!@/+!r1,%5')C)!1*%+5.'.%15!.1$'*0! Y25<'-;!Y'>%).'5;!'50!./+!*+).!14!./+!I12./!9)%'5!)2-615.%5+5.!,'(!-+;!%5!3'*.;!'! ,%51*%.'*%'5!*+3'*'.%158!@/+%*!:+1:*'3/%6'&!%0+5.%4%6'.%15!$%./!'5.%=F8I8!325>! Y'>%).'5!6'5!-+!615)%0+*+0!'!*+)315)+!.1!./+!31).=R`""!,+&'56/1&%6!).'.+!14! '&%+5'.%158!@/*12:/!./+%*!6*+'.%7+!'0'3.'.%15)!14!Y25<'-%!,2)%6'&!*11.)!'50! ! "ei! .*'5)5'.%15'&!*12.+)!7%'!./+!F8r8;!c','%6';!94*%6';!r'*-'&';!'50!W'/1*+;!./+!,2)%6%'5)! /'7+!-2%&.!'!3)(6/1=)16%'&!/1,+!%5!./+%*!,2)%68!@/%)!,2)%6'&!/1,+!*+)15'.+)!$%./! c1)/!r25C)!51.%15!14!A'20%1.13%';B!'5!A'&,1).=3&'6+B!^2'&%.(!14!2.13%'!14!./+! %,':%5'*(!&'50)6'3+!./'.!%50%7%02'&)!+D3+*%+56+!$/%&+!&%).+5%5:!.1!,2)%68!r25! 0+)6*%-+)!'!7%)%.!.1!'5!'20%1.13%6!)3'6+!')!./+!41&&1$%5:S!! '&,1).=3&'6+)!14!62&.2*'&!+56125.+*!./'.!,'(!-+!3/()%6'&!3&'6+)!-2.! 5+7+*./+&+))!+D%).!%5!./+%*!1$5!'20%.1*(!)1,+$/+*+8!@/+!3&'6+)!,2)%6!144+*)! ,'(!51.!-+!,'.+*%'&!1*!.'5:%-&+;!-2.!#!>51$!$/+*+!#!$'5.!.1!:1!$/+5!#!$'5.! .1!:+.!./+*+8!#!6'5!32.!15!'!)15:!'50!&%7+!%.;!/+'*!%.;!:+.!%5)%0+!%.)!51.+)!'50! 6/1*0);!:+.!%5)%0+!%.)!5'**'.%7+)!'50!41&&1$!%.)!<12*5+()!'50!3'./)!ZPQQfS!P= \[8! ! #!/'7+!/'0!)%,%&'*!+D3+*%+56+)!14!7%)%.%5:!7'*%12)!)%.+)!14!@/+!r1,%5')C!325>! .*'5)5'.%15!$/%&+!&%).+5%5:!.1!./+!,2)%6!-(!@/+!r1,%5')8!#!$12&0!%,':%5+!./'.!%.! 3*1026+)!)%,%&'*!+44+6.)!41*!./+!4'5)!'50!4*%+50)!14!./+!-'508!@/%)!,2)%6'&!/1,+! 2&.%,'.+&(!3*17%0+)!'!)'4+!)3'6+!41*!@/+!r1,%5')!'50!%.)!&%).+5+*)!5+:1.%'.+!./+%*! 4++&%5:)!14!-1.!-+&15:%5:;!'50!)+5)+!14!&'6>!14!62&.2*'&!6%.%O+5)/%3!ZJ'%*'!PQQR[!%5! ./+!'5.%=%,,%:*'5.;!#)&',13/1-%6!32-&%6!%5!./+!F8I8!#5!./+!41&&1$%5:!)+6.%15);!#!$%&&! %&&2).*'.+!/1$!./%)!2.13%6!/1,+!+D.+50)!-+(150!./+!'20%.1*(!.+*,)!14!./+!,2)%6!%5.1! (+.!'51./+*!A'&,1).=3&'6+;B!'!)3'6+!14!0%:%.'&!)16%'&%.(8! ! @/+!AV*1$5B!I16%'&!9*6/%3+&':1)! 6V1).15;!I'.2*0'(!c25+!f./;!$+_*+!.'>%5:!-'6>!./+!J%00&+!H').!$%./!./+!/+&3!14!12*! -*1./+*!-'50!xI255(9&%@/+r%0B!q!@/+!r1,%5')!15!@$%..+*!Z@]HrNJ#g9I;!PQ"Q'[! * #5!./+!)2,,+*!14!PQ"Q;!@/+!r1,%5')!.12*+0!.1!./+!F5%.+0!r%5:01,!.1! 3+*41*,+0!'.!.$1!&'*:+=)6'&+!4+).%7'&);!'&15:!$%./!9&=@/'$*';!'!E/%6':1=-')+0! +D3+*%,+5.'&!6*2).!325>!-'50!&+0!-(!I(*%'5!9,+*%6'5!J'*$'5!r',+&8!N5!./%)!.12*;! ! "el! ./+!-'50)!)/'*+0!'!-%&&!$%./!./+!*+51$5+0!V*%.%)/!9)%'5!/%3!/13!.+6/51!-'50!M25= K'=J+5.'&!'50!J2)&%,!/%3!/13!:*123!Y1+.%6!Y%&:*%,':+!'50!/25:!12.!$%./!./+! ,+,-+*)!14!9)%'5!K2-!M1250'.%15!$/1!)3+'*/+'0+0!./+!V*%.%)/!9)%'5!+&+6.*15%6'! )6+5+8!N5+!14!./+!/%:/&%:/.)!14!./+!.*%3;!'661*0%5:!.1!@/+!r1,%5');!%)!3+*41*,%5:!15! V1--(!M*%6.%15C)!*'0%1!)/1$!15!./+!VVE!9)%'5!g+.$1*>8!K2--+0!')!AM*%6.%15;B!./%)! *'0%1!)/1$!)/1$6')+)!A5+$!'50!25)%:5+0!V*%.%)/=9)%'5!,2)%6!4*1,!V*%D.15!.1! V1,-'(8B!F315!%57%.'.%15;!@/+!r1,%5')!*+61*0+0!'!412*=)15:!)+))%15!4+'.2*%5:! )15:)!)25:!%5!I12./!9)%'5!&'5:2':+);!:+'*+0!.1$'*0!./+!V*%.%)/!9)%'5!61,,25%.(8! @/+!&%7+!)+))%15!3+*41*,'56+!$')!&'.+*!-*1'06').!15!./+!VVE8!! F5'-&+!.1!.*'7+&!.1!./+!F8r8!.1!41&&1$!./+!-'50;!#!)'.!'.!/1,+!%5!6+5.*'&! G%*:%5%';!&11>%5:!41*!.12*!230'.+)!15&%5+8!#!,15%.1*+0!./+!)16%'&!5+.$1*>%5:!$+-)%.+)! )26/!')!M'6+-11>;!J()3'6+;!'50!./+!-'50C)!-&1:!'&,1).!0'%&(8!9,15:!./+!7'*%12)! )16%'&!,+0%'!12.&+.);!./+!,1).!'6.%7+!'50!%5.+*+).%5:!+5:':+,+5.;!#!41250;!1662**+0! 15!@$%..+*;!$/+*+!#!*+6+%7+0!%5).'5.!A.$++.B!,+))':+)!14!"eQ!6/'*'6.+*)!1*!&+))!)+5.! -(!@/+!r1,%5');!9&!@/'$*'!'50!./+%*!41&&1$+*)8!@/+)+!.$++.)!$+*+!32-&%6&(!)+5.!.1! '50!)/'*+0!',15:!./+!-'50)C!41&&1$+*)8!F)%5:!./+!A*+.$++.B!4256.%15;!2)+*)!612&0! )/'*+!./+)+!-*%+4!,+))':+)!^2%6>&(!'50!)3*+'0!./+,!.1!1./+*)!2)+*)!%5!0%)3'*'.+! 3'*.)!14!./+!$1*&08!N5!@$%..+*;!./+!*'0%1)/1$!/1).!V1--(!M*%6.%15!3*1,1.+0!@/+! r1,%5')!/+'7%&(8!M*%6.%15!)+5.!12.!'!.$++.;!A.15%:/.!$+!:1!%5!/'*0!$%./!5+$! +,+*:%5:!'6.)!4*1,!F56&+!I',8888!#_&&!-+!.'&>%5:!.1!x./+>1,%5'!u!x0')*'6%).! y-*1$5('5>++)B Z-1--(4*%6.%15!PQ"Q[8!#5!./%)!,+))':+;!M*%6.%15!41&&1$+0!./+! 6157+5.%15!14!2)%5:!'!A/')/.':B!.1!:*123!,+))':+)!250+*!'!61,,15!.13%6'&!&'-+&8! I3+6%4%6'&&(!/+!2)+0!./+!/')/.':!14!Ay-*1$5('5>++)B!.1!6'.+:1*%O+!/%)!,+))':+8!#! ! "eR! ,%))+0!./+!,+))':+!*+.$++.+0!-(!@/+!r1,%5')T!-2.!41*.25'.+&(!6'2:/.!./+!15+! *+.$++.+0!-(!./+!1./+*!A-*1$5('5>++)B!:*123!K')!U'6%).8!94.+*!./+!F8r8!.12*;!./+! -'50!).'*.+0!2)%5:!1./+*!*+&'.+0!/')/.':)!615.'%5%5:!./+!$1*0!A-*1$5B!.1!3*171>+! 15&%5+!0%'&1:2+)!'-12.!:&1-'&!I12./!9)%'5!%0+5.%.%+)8!M1*!%5).'56+;!@/+!r1,%5')! 2)+0!./+!/')/.':!Ay-*1$5-'50*+3'*'.%15)B!.1!*+&'(!'!,+))':+!4*1,!%.)!-*1./+*! -'50!I255(!9&%!'50!./+!r%0!Z@]HrNJ#g9I!PQ"Q-[8!! L/'.!'*+!./+!+./5%6!'50!:+131&%.%6'&!%,3&%6'.%15)!14!A-*1$5=5+))B!%5!@/+! r1,%5')C)!)16%'&!$1*&0p!@/+!-'50C)!41*:%5:!14!'!-*1$5!%0+5.%.(!6'5!-+!250+*).110! ')!'5!'5.%=*'6%).!'50!'5.%=61&15%'&%),!31&%.%6'&!:+).2*+!%5!0%)612*)+)!'-12.!*16>! ,2)%6!'50!./+!31).61&15%'&!6150%.%15)8!#5!'5!%5.+*7%+$!$%./!E6O"003/!V')%,!,'>+)! 51.+!14!./+!-'50C)!*+6+5.!6/'5:+)S!AL+C*+!)%5:%5:!&+))!'50!&+))!%5!H5:&%)/8!L+!,'(! 32&&!'!V'0!V*'%5)!'50!3/')+!./+!*16>!12.!'&&!.1:+./+*sB!Zr%)/$+*!PQ"Q[8!V')%,C)! <2D.'31)%.%15!14!A)%5:%5:!&+))!'50!&+))!%5!H5:&%)/B!'50!A3/')+!./+!*16>!12.B!%)! %5.*%:2%5:8!V1./!3/*')+)!%,3&(!'!,17+,+5.!'$'(!4*1,!./+!6+5.+*8!Y25<'-%!&'5:2':+;! %5!./%)!+D',3&+;!*+3*+)+5.)!'!,17+,+5.!'$'(!4*1,!./+!H5:&%)/!&%5:2%).%6!6+5.+*!%5! *16>!,2)%6!62&.2*+!$1*&0$%0+8!@/+!*+4+*+56+!14!./+!-&'6>!/'*061*+!-'50!V'0!V*'%5)! 42*./+*!*+%541*6+)!./+!,17+,+5.!14!0+6+5.+*%5:!./+!$/%.+=01,%5'.+0!:+5*+!14!*16>! '50!325>!*16>!,2)%68fi!#5!./+!)',+!%5.+*7%+$;!V')%,!0+)6*%-+)!/%)!:1'&!-+%5:!A@1! :+.!$/%.+!3+13&+!4&2+5.!%5!Y25<'-%;!)1!./+(!6'5!.+'6/!%.!.1!-*1$5!3+13&+B!Zr%)/$+*! PQ"Q[8!#5!./%)!3*1716'.%7+!).'.+,+5.;!V')%,!,'>+)!'5!'5'&1:(!-+.$++5!./+! /%).1*%6'&!4'6.!14!H2*13+'5!61&15%'&%),!'50!./+!95:&1=9,+*%6'5!01,%5'56+!$%./%5! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! fi!Bad Brains started as a Fusion jazz band, but came into fame as a hardcore band in the late 1970s and early 1980s. Later the band developed a strong reggae and metal sound, departing its genre anchors in punk and hardcore music. More about Bad Brains, “Bad Brains,” Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bad_Brains&oldid=424145641 (accessed April 15, 2011).! ! "f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r%5:01,8!@/%)!7+*)%15!14! -*1$5!%0+5.%4%6'.%15!%)!%5.+*=+./5%6;!-2.!$%./%5!./+!:&1-'&!I12./!9)%'5;!0+)%!615.+D.8! N5!./+!144%6%'&!-'50!$+-)%.+;!@/+!r1,%5')!0+)6*%-+)!%.)+&4!')!'!A0+)%!325>!12.4%.! 61,3*%)+0!14!412*!-*1$5!)15)!14!I12./!9)%'5!3'*+5.)8B!M1*!./+!,1).!3'*.;!./+! ,+,-+*)!14!./+!-'50!2)+!./+!*'6+=%54&+6.+0!&'-+&!A-*1$5B!')!'!)(515(,!41*!./+! +./5%6!.+*,)!14!A0+)%B!'50!AI12./!9)%'5;B!%56&2)%7+!14!./+!-'50!,+,-+*)!14!#50%'5! 0+)6+5.8!! N./+*!.%,+);!#!/'7+!1-)+*7+0;!./+!-'50!/')!2)+0!./+!.+*,!-*1$5!.1!).*%6.&(! *+4+*!.1!'!)+5)+!14!Y'>%).'5%!9,+*%6'5!4*'.+*5%.(8!N2.)%0+!./+!615.+D.!14!./+!-'50;!./+! ,2)%6%'5)!/'7+!*+4+**+0!.1!./+%*!4*%+50)!%5!1./+*!,2)%6'&!:*123)!)26/!')!./+! 3)(6/+0+&%6!'&.+*5'.%7+!6125.*(!021!I255(!9&%!u!./+!r%0!')!./+%*!A-*1$5!-*1./+*)8B! #5!'5!E6O"003*%5.+*7%+$;!V')%,!*+4+*)!.1!./+!,+,-+*)!14!I255(!9&%!u!./+!r%0!')! ! "f"! -+%5:!AY/%&&%).'5%;Bfl!'!.+*,!)%:5%4(%5:!./+!:*123C)!Y'>%).'5%!-'6>:*1250!'50!/1,+! -')+!%5!Y/%&'0+&3/%'!Zr%)/$+*!PQ"Q[8!@/+!r1,%5')!/')!&'-+&+0!%.)!-%*./3&'6+!')! AV1).15).'58B!94.+*!'!)+*%+)!14!*+&16'.%15);!.$1!14!./+!,+,-+*)!'*+!51$!-')+0!%5!./+! )1=6'&&+0!AY/%&&%).'5;B!5+%:/-1*%5:!./+%*!-*1$5!-*1./+*)8!V2%&0%5:!'!4*%+50!5+.$1*>! ./'.!*+)+,-&+)!+D.+50+0!A>%5)/%3B!*+&'.%15)!$%./!I255(!9&%!u!./+!r%0!'50!1./+*!&%>+= ,%50+0!:*123);!./+!,+,-+*)!14!./+!-'50!/'7+!6*+'.+0!'5!%,':%5+0!Y')>%).'5%= 9,+*%6'5!/1,+!-')+!%5!./+!F5%.+0!I.'.+)8!! @/+!6&1)+!*+&'.%15)/%3!-+.$++5!@/+!r1,%5')!'50!I255(!9&%!u!./+!r%0!/')!&+0! .1!'!41*,'&!25%.+0!4*15.!$/+5!./+!.$1!-'50)!<1%5+0!+441*.)!%5!).'*.%5:!'5! %50+3+50+5.!*+61*0!&'-+&!6'&&+0!Y161!Y'*.(!%5!PQ"Q8!#,*'5!)2::+).)!./'.!15+!14!./+! ,1.%7'.%15)!-+/%50!).'*.%5:!Y161!Y'*.(!$')!.1!+5:':+!%5!./+!62&.2*'&!3*16+))!14! .').+=,'>%5:!1*;!%5!/%)!$1*0);!A+).'-&%)/%5:!'5!'+)./+.%6B!Z#,.%'O!PQ"Q'[8!@/%)! '+)./+.%6;!#!)2::+).;!%)!*+&'.+0!.1!./+!0%')31*%6!Y'>%).'5%!'50!I12./!9)%'5!)16%'&! 615:&1,+*'.+!41).+*+0!-(!@/+!r1,%5')!'50!%.)!-*1./+*!-'50)8!#,*'5!+&'-1*'.+)!15! ./%)!'+)./+.%6S!! L+!015C.!%0+5.%4(!$%./!#)&',!')!,26/!')!$+!%0+5.%4(!$%./!12*!Y'>%).'5%! /+*%.':+8!I15:)!&%>+!AY'*0+)%BT!(12!.'>+!'!.(3%6'&!%>.'*'!a'!.*'0%.%15'&!15+= ).*%5:!%5).*2,+5.b!*%44!'50!,%D!%.!$%./!*+::'+!'50!)>'8!@/'.!>%50!14!).244!%)! +D6%.%5:!.1!2)8!@/+!%0+'!%)!51.!.1!42)+!./+)+!>%50)!14!,2)%6;!-2.!.1!.'>+!I12./! 9)%'5!,2)%6!'50!.*'5)&'.+!%.!%5.1!)1,+./%5:!$/+*+!(12!2)+!%.!$%./!./+! %5).*2,+5.)!$+!>51$!/1$!.1!3&'(!-+6'2)+!$+!:*+$!23!%5!9,+*%6';!$+! %0+5.%4(!$%./!*16>!62&.2*+!'50!./+!%5).*2,+5.)8!950!./+!%0+'!14!./*++!.1!4%7+! -*1$5!>%0)!,'>%5:!,2)%6k!(12!6'5!2)+!(12*!1$5!716'-2&'*(;!)1!./'.C)!$/'.! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 58 On Twitter, Basim playfully set his location as “Black Medina.” A city in western Saudi Arabia, also the burial site for Prophet Muhammad, Medina signifies the second holiest city in Islam. A Black Medina thus is a more-real-than real locality that, rather hauntingly, conceals wherever he may be physically at the moment on the U.S. east coast. Basim’s play on his virtual geo-location suggests a deferring of his actual physical location in the United States. Reframing his physical location using the mobile technology and digital social media can be read as a kind of pan-Islamic solidarity and possibly a resistance against the borders the U.S. nation-state. ! "f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fR!X+1:*'3/%6'&&(!)3+'>%5:;!./+!V*%.%)/!#50%'5!H,3%*+;!1*!./+!V*%.%)/! U'<;!61&15%O+0!'50!:17+*5+0!./+!+5.%*+!)2-615.%5+5.!14!I12./!9)%'8!@+,31*'&&(;!./+! V*%.%)/!*2&+!%5!./+!:*+'.+*!I12./!9)%'!&').+0!'&,1).!'!6+5.2*(!-+:%55%5:!4*1,!"lfi8! @/+!61&15%'&!*2&+!+50+0!%5!"Rei!$/+5!V*%.%)/!#50%'!$')!3'*.%.%15+0!4%*).!%5.1!$/'.! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 59 The map of the British India Empire is used as Poco Party’s website background image on http://pocoparty.com/ (accessed December 10, 2010). ! "f\! &'.+*!-+6',+!0%).%56.!5'.%15=).'.+)!>51$5!')!#50%'!ZU+32-&%6!14!#50%'[;!Y'>%).'5! Z#)&',%6!U+32-&%6!14!Y'>%).'5[;!'50!V'5:&'0+)/!ZY+13&+C)!U+32-&%6!14!V'5:&'0+)/[8! @/+!/%).1*%6'&!Y'*.%.%15!$')!-')+0!15!./+!*+&%:%12)!0+,1:*'3/%6!0%7%0+!%5!./+!'*+'8!! L/(!,%:/.!./+!41250+*)!14!Y161!Y'*.(!.1!+5&%).!)26/!'!,'3!.1!*+3*+)+5.! ./+,)+&7+)p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r%5:01,!')!./+!V*%.%)/!61&15%O'.%15!14!#50%'T!./+!/+*1%6!+441*.)!14!./+! J'*%1!V*1./+*)!')!./+!5+1=%,3+*%'&%).!$'*)!%5!#*'^!'50!94:/'5%).'5!$':+0!-(!./+! L+).T!'50!./+!6/'*'6.+*!14!@1'0!.1!./+!#50%'5!U'<'!Z#50%'5!*2&%5:!4%:2*+!14!./+! V*%.%)/!#50%'5!H,3%*+[8!9&&20%5:!.1!I3%7'>C)!$+&&=>51$!'*.%6&+!AE'5!./+!I2-'&.+*5! )3+'>p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fe! 25%4%6'.%15!612&0!-+!+D3'50+0!-+(150!./+!)3+6%4%6!/%).1*%6'&!+7+5.!14!./+!#50%'5! Y'*.%.%15!%5!"Rei8!#!/'7+!1-)+*7+0!./+!51.%15!14!25%4%6'.%15!%5!3*'6.%6+!')!'5! +,1.%15'&!61,3'))!')!'!,+'5)!.1!-*%5:!.1:+./+*!%50%7%02'&)!'6*1))!7'*%12)!)16%'&! -'**%+*)8!9.!./+%*!).13!%5!E/'*&1..+)7%&&+!15!./+!PQQR!.12*;!./+!,+,-+*)!14!@/+! r1,%5')!'661,3'5%+0!N,'*!L'^'*;!./+!-*'%56/%&0!-+/%50!^'$$'&%!325>!3*1<+6.! I'*,2).!%5!./+!3+*41*,'56+!14!/%)!)15:!AU+.2*5!.1!9,-'&'8B!I.*2,,%5:!./+!6/1*0)! 15!/%)!'612).%6!6&'))%6'&!:2%.'*;!N,'*!*+3+'.)!./+!6/1*2)!&%5+)S!A@/+(!6'&&!%.!3'*.%.%15! `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r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ff! @/+!@'^$'61*+!K%:%.'&!K%')31*'!! @/+!r1,%5')!%)!>51$5!41*!%.)!%615%6!*1&+!$%./%5!./+!:*'))*11.)!,2)%6!62&.2*+! )+&4=&'-+&+0!')!A.'^$'61*+8B!J%>+!r5%:/.;!./+!'2./1*!14!./+!517+&!6+'*6)[7)#1='!;! 61%5+0!./+!.+*,!%5!1*0+*!*+6&'%,!'!)3'6+!41*!'5!'&.+*5'.%7+;!325>=%5)3%*+0!3*'6.%6+! 14!#)&',8!!@/+!#5.+*5+.!/')!14.+5!-++5!615)%0+*+0!')!15+!14!./+!615.*%-2.%5:!4'6.1*)! 14!./+!-%*./!14!./+!.'^$'61*+!)6+5+!ZE*'4.)!PQQR[8!F)%5:!)16%'&!5+.$1*>%5:!)%.+! E3!&)#'!'50!+,'%&;!J%>+!r5%:/.!*+'6/+0!12.!.1!7'*%12)!325>!*16>+*)!14!J2)&%,! /+*%.':+!&%7%5:!%5!g1*./!9,+*%6';!41*,%5:!'!5+.$1*>!14!4*%+50)!'50!+5./2)%').)! '*1250!./+!)+&4=%0+5.%4%+0!&'-+&!14!.'^$'61*+8!#5!./+!)2,,+*!14!PQQi;!J%>+!r5%:/.! <1%5+0!.1:+./+*!$%./!4%7+!F8I8!'50!E'5'0'=-')+0!-'50)!%56&20%5:!@/+!r1,%5')!.1! ,'>+!./%)!15&%5+!61,,25%.(!%5.1!'!3/()%6'&!*+'&%.(8!@/+(!1*:'5%O+0!./+!4%*).!A@'^$'= .12*8B!@/+!-'50);!'&15:!$%./!4*%+50);!4'5);!0162,+5.'*(!3/1.1:*'3/+*!r%,!V'0'$%;! '50!4%&,,'>+*!N,'*!J'<++0;!.12*+0!g1*./!9,+*%6';!.*'7+&%5:!4*1,!./+!F8I8!+').! 61').!.1!./+!J%0$+).!%5!'!3'%5.+0=:*++5!)6/11&!-2)!./'.!J%>+!r5%:/.!/'0!32*6/')+0! 15!+V'(8! @/+!r1,%5')C)!01=%.=(12*)+&4!5+.$1*>!%)!61,3*%)+0!14!J2)&%,=;!I12./=9)%'5= %0+5.%4%+0;!'50!1./+*!.'^$'61*+=%5)3%*+0!,2)%6%'5);!&%).+5+*);!'*.%).);!4%&,,'>+*);! '50!-&1::+*)8!#5!'!*'0%1!%5.+*7%+$;!-'))%).!'50!)%5:+*!V')%,!'..*%-2.+)!./+!5')6+5.! 41*,'.%15!14!./+!.'^$'61*+!)6+5+!.1!./+!15&%5+!61,,25%6'.%15!-+.$++5!J%>+! r5%:/.!'50!./+!J2)&%,!325>!,2)%6%'5)!'6*1))!g1*./!9,+*%6'8!V')%,!)'%0;!A#!:2+))! ./+*+!$+*+!'!&1.!14!>%0)!3&'(%5:!%5!7'*%12)!)6'..+*+0!-'50);!).'50'*0!*16>!-'50)8! V+6'2)+;!#!:2+));!$+!'&&!/'7+!J2)&%,!5',+);!$+!$12&0!-+!')>+0!^2+).%15)!'-12.! #)&',k!L+!:1.!%5!.126/!$%./!+'6/!1./+*8!950!$+!,+.!&1.)!14!3+13&+!$/1!$+*+!%5.1! ! "fh! 325>;!%5.1!#)&',!'&*+'0(k8!@/+!#5.+*5+.!3&'(+0!'!-%:!3'*.!%5!./%)8!L+!'&&!:1.! 6155+6.+0!'50!#!:2+))!$+!.*%+0!.1!4&+)/!12.!./%)!%0+'!14!'!62&.2*'&!)3'6+B!Z9>-'*!'50! ])%'1!PQQR[8!! #!-+6',+!'$'*+!14!./+!.'^$'61*+!)6+5+!-(!4%*).!&%).+5%5:!.1!'5!15&%5+!*'0%1! 3*1:*',!./'.!4+'.2*+0!'5!%5.+*7%+$!$%./!V')%,;!./+5!7%'!@$%..+*!'50!J()3'6+;!#! *+'6/+0!./+!,+,-+*)!14!@/+!r1,%5')!'50!)6/+02&+0!'!,++.%5:!%5!V1).15!a./%)! %5.+*'6.%15!%)!*+6125.+0!%5!./+!-+:%55%5:!14!./+!6/'3.+*b8!94.+*!#!,+.!'50! %5.+*7%+$+0!./+!-'50;!#!31).+0!,(!*+7%+$!14!./+!-'50C)!4%*).!'&-2,!L%&0!g%:/.)!%5! X2'5.'5',1!V'(!15!,(!-&1:!d+&&1$V2OO81*:8!@/+5!#!-+6',+!>51$5!')!15+!14!./+! .'^$'61*+;!1*!.'^D;!&'-+&+0!-(!./+!Ay.'^DB!/')/.':!15!@$%..+*;!%5!./+!0%:%.'&!)16%'&! .+**'%5!)2**1250%5:!@/+!r1,%5')8!]1$!#!-+6',+!+,-+00+0!%5!./+!.'^$'61*+!)6+5+! 6'5!%&&2).*'.+!./+!+D.+5.!.1!$/%6/!./+!)16%'&!5+.$1*>)!'*+!)2331*.+0!-(!0%:%.'&!)16%'&! ,+0%'8!#5!6+'*6)[7)#1='!*s"-';!#!*+'0!15+!14!'5!'3.!0+)6*%3.%15!14!./%)!0%:%.'&!*%.+!14! 3'))':+;!'5!%5%.%'.%15!A*%.2'&B!61,,15!.1!,1).!41&&1$+*)!14!@/+!r1,%5')!'50!1./+*! .'^$'61*+!-'50)8!v%5+!615.*%-2.1*!Y'00(E'>+);!'!L+).=#50%'5=%0+5.%4%+0!.$+5.(= )1,+./%5:=(+'*=1&0!$1,'5!$/1!&%7+)!%5!t2++5);!g+$!d1*>;!0+)6*%-+)!/1$!)/+! -+6',+!+,-+00+0!%5.1!./+!)6+5+S! 9!4+$!,15./)!%5.1!61&&+:+!%5!PQQe%)/;!'!4*%+50!14!,%5+!.1&0!,+!'-12.!./%)! 15&%5+!,'>+)/%4.!-11>!6'&&+0!./+!A@'^$'61*+)8B!#!0%05C.!3'(!.11!,26/! '..+5.%15!.1!%.;!-2.!/+!,'0+!%.!'!/2:+!0+'&8!]+!$+5.!15!'50!15!/1$!./+*+!'*+! >%0)!12.!./+*+!&%>+!,+;!A-*1$5!>%0);!J2)&%,!>%0)8Bk!#!6/+6>!12.!15&%5+;! -12:/.!./+!-11>!144!9,'O15;!'50!*+'0!%.!%5!&%>+!'!0'(k!L+%*0&(!+512:/;!')!%4! J%>+!'..'6/+0!&1$=<'6>!%5!./+!-11>);!/+!'00+0!,+!15!J()3'6+;!./+5!./+! r1,%5');!%.!)3%*'&+0!%5.1!./%)!/2:+!61,,25%.(8!#!$')!+D6%.+0s!#!)3+50!&1'0)!14! .%,+!6/'..%5:!23!>%0)!'&&!'*1250!./+!$1*&0!'-12.!,2)%6k!F3!25.%&!'!(+'*!':1;! #!4%5'&&(!,+.!4'6+!.1!4'6+!$%./!'!4+$!15&%5+!@'^D!>%0)8!J1)/%5:!'*1250! .1:+./+*!.1!)15:)!$+!&%).+5+0!.1!17+*!'50!17+*!15!J()3'6+;!+,'%&%5:!+'6/! 1./+*!,3\)!./'.!.11>!41*+7+*!.1!)+50!)%56+!)1,+!14!2)!).%&&!/'0!0%'&=23!ZM1&+(! '50!U1)+!PQ"Q[8! ! "fi! ! #!-+6',+!4*%+50)!$%./!Y'00(E'>+)!15!@$%..+*;!'4.+*!*+'0%5:!/+*!61,3+&&%5:! 5'**'.%7+!%5!./+!O%5+8!6+'*6)[7)#1='*s"-'!%)!-')%6'&&(!)%D!w+*1D=613%+0!012-&+=)%0+0! 3':+)!14!.+D.!'50!3%6.2*+);!).'3&+0!.1:+./+*8!@/+!415.!).(&+!%)!)+.!%5!.(3+*$*%.+*!4'6+8! #5!-&'6>!'50!$/%.+!%5>;!./+!'+)./+.%6)!14!./+!O%5+!*+)+,-&+)!./+!:*'))*11.)! 32-&%6'.%15)!14!4'5=O%5+)!%5!./+!325>!)6+5+)!%5!W15015!'50!g+$!d1*>!02*%5:!&'.+! "RiQ)!'50!"RlQ)!ZI3+56+*!PQQf[8!@/+!617+*!'*.!%)!'!61&&':+!615)%).%5:!14!)>+&+.15);! O%33+*);!'!6'*.115%)/!0*'$%5:!14!'!4&'55+&=6&'0!,2)%6%'5!$%./!)6'*4=617+*+0!4'6+! /1&0%5:!'!-'));!'50!'!)/%*.&+))!r2*.!E1-'%5!aM%:2*+!e8Pb8!@/+!O%5+!$')!61,3%&+0!'50! +0%.+0!-(!r'%.!M1&+(!'50!V*%.5(!U1)+;!-1./!'*+!'6.%7+!-&1::+*)!$%./%5!./+!.'^$'61*+! )6+5+8!r'%.!)+5.!12.!'!.$++.!'551256%5:!./+!'7'%&'-%&%.(!14!6+'*6)[7)#1='!*s"-'8! 94.+*!61**+)3150%5:!$%./!r'%.!7%'!./+!K%*+6.!J+))':+!4256.%15!15!@$%..+*!'50! )+50%5:!/+*!zf!7%'!Y'(3'&;!#!*+6+%7+0!%5!./+!,'%&!'!&'*:+!,'5%&'!+57+&13+!615.'%5%5:! ./+!O%5+;!'&15:!$%./!'!/1,+,'0+!-11.&+:!EK=U!14!'!)/1$!*+61*0%5:!4+'.2*%5:!@/+! r1,%5');!'50!1./+*!.'^$'61*+=*+&'.+0!:*123)8!! ! "fl! ! H12/'&(QF?*(C"&(0-<&'(-5(*+$%*,-.,/'0$)%1"2$K(0-/'%&8A(-5(#'%18%( ( #5!'!325>!:*'))*11.)!,'55+*;!@/+!r1,%5')!/')!<1%5+0!+441*.)!$%./!-&1::+*);! ,2)%6!$*%.+*);!'50!./+%*!4*%+50)!'50!4'5)!%5!6*+'.%5:!'!).*15:!3*+)+56+!$%./%5! 7'*%12)!0%:%.'&!)16%'&!)3'6+)8!L/+./+*!./+(!)+&4=%0+5.%4(!1*!'*+!,'*>+0!')!.'^$'61*+! 1*!51.;!./+)+!%50%7%02'&)!).'>+!6&'%,)!')!.1!./+%*!+D%).+56+!%5!)3%.+!14!'&%+5'.%15! +D3+*%+56+0!%5!./+!3/()%6'&!$1*&08!@/+!'7'%&'-%&%.(!14!4*++!)16%'&!5+.$1*>%5:! )14.$'*+!.11&)jJ()3'6+;!M'6+-11>;!@$%..+*;!+.6j/')!+5'-&+0!./+!-'50!.1!+D.+50! %.)!)16%'&!5+.$1*>)!-+(150!./+!3/()%6'&!615).*'%5.)!14!-+%5:!/1,+=-1250!%5!./+!F8I8! g1*./+').;!'50!14!-+%5:!J2)&%,;!I12./!9)%'5!,%51*%.%+)!&%7%5:!%5!g1*./!9,+*%6'8!! ! "fR! #5!./%)!)+6.%15;!#!+D3&1*+!./+!)3'.%'&!0%,+5)%15!14!@/+!r1,%5')C)!61,,25%.(;! $/%&+!')>%5:S!L/'.!01+)!@/+!r1,%5')C)!A0%:%.'&!0%')31*'B!&11>!&%>+p!@1!'00*+))!./%)! %5^2%*(;!#!0+6%0+0!.1!.*'5)41*,!%5.1!'!0%:%.'&!+./51:*'3/+*;!0162,+5.%5:!'50! '5'&(O%5:!./+!)16%'&!%5.+*'6.%15)!$%./!'!615)6%12)5+))!14!./+!5'.2*+!14!0%:%.'&!,+0%'8! #!/'7+!-+61,+!'!6(-1*:=%)/!+./51:*'3/+*;!+D.+50%5:!,(!3/()%6'&!)+&4!2)%5:!7'*%12)! 0%:%.'&!.+6/51&1:%+)8!]'6>%5:!.1!-*+'>!01$5!)14.$'*+!-'**%+*);!%5!'!6(-+*325>!).(&+;! #!)+.!12.!.1!+D3&1*+!./+!0%:%.'&!)16%'&!.+**'%5!615).*26.+0!-(!@/+!r1,%5')8!#!&+7+*':+0! .11&)!)26/!')!$+-)6*'3%5:!'50!,'33%5:!.+6/51&1:%+);!4*1,!4%+&0!14!./+!0%:%.'&! /2,'5%.%+)8!#!$%&&!0%)62))!./+!)6/1&'*&(!%,3&%6'.%15)!14!./+)+!5+$!0%:%.'&! +./51:*'3/%6!,+./10)!%5!./+!)2-6/'3.+*!e8"8!950!'!.+6/5%6'&!+&'-1*'.%15!14!./+)+! ,+./10)!'33+'*)!%5!./+!'33+50%D!14!./%)!0%))+*.'.%158!! F)%5:!0%:%.'&!,+./10);!#!6*+'.+0!'!0%:%.'&!,'3!./'.!0%)3&'()!'&&!14!@/+! r1,%5')C)!4*%+50)!15!J()3'6+!%5!./+!$1*&08!@/+!,'3!14!r1,%5')C)!)16%'&!:+1:*'3/(! %)!/1).+0!15&%5+8hQ!M1*!./+!32*31)+!14!./%)!0%))+*.'.%15;!')!'!.+D.2'&!0162,+5.;!#!/'7+! .'>+5!'!)+*%+)!14!)6*++5)/1.)!.1!0+,15).*'.+!./+!0+3./!'50!4&+D%-%&%.(!14!./%)! 0(5',%6!)3'.%'&!7%)2'&%O'.%158!F)%5:!./%)!0(5',%6!0%:%.'&!,'3;!#!/'7+!0%)617+*+0!5+$! 3'..+*5)!14!@/+!r1,%5')C)!:&1-'&!4*%+50!5+.$1*>)8!@/%)!,'3!51.!15&(!7%)2'&%O+)!-2.! '&)1!/+&3)!615.+D.2'&%O+!./+!).1*%+)!14!@/+!r1,%5')C)!.*'5)&16'&!16623'.%15!'50! 3*+16623'.%158!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 60 As of April 26, 2011, the dynamic map is hosted on my personal blog at: http://beingwendyhsu.info/wp- content/uploads/2010/12/kominasmap3.html ! "hQ! ! H12/'&(QFP(B#$()*(C"&(T-91,#8N8(34)5,/$(H'1&,.(@18%'1;/%1-,(1,(%"&(O-'=.! ! 9.!'!,'6*1!&+7+&;!./%)!,'3!'*.%62&'.+)!'!*'0%6'&&(!.*'5)5'.%15'&!'50!%5.+*= 615.%5+5.'&!0%).*%-2.%15!14!4*%+50)!aM%:2*+!e8\b8!9!-')+&'(+*!14!./+!$1*&0C)!*+:%15)!q! ,'*>+0!-(!7'*%12)!)/'0+)!14!:*++5!%5!./+!-'6>:*1250!=!/+&3)!615.+D.2'&%O+!./+! 4*%+50!0%).*%-2.%15!'6*1))!615.%5+5.'&!-1250'*%+)8!9661*0%5:!.1!./+!,'3;!'*+')!14! /%:/!4*%+50!0+5)%.(!%56&20+S!g1*./!9,+*%6';!H2*13+;!'50!9)%'8!V2.!./+!).1*(!14! .*'5)&16'&%.(!-+61,+)!,1*+!61,3&+D!')!$+!O11,!%5!15!./+!,'3!.1!:+.!,1*+! :+1:*'3/%6'&!0+.'%&8! @/+!&'*:+).!'*+'!14!4*%+50!6156+5.*'.%15!%)!g1*./!9,+*%6'8!94.+*!O11,%5:!%5! 15!./%)!*+:%15;!./+!,'3!-*+'>)!01$5!./+!:+5+*'&!6156+5.*'.%15!.1!0%)3&'(!./+! )3+6%4%6!0+5)+!'*+'!)3*+'0%5:!'&15:!15!./+!51*./+').!61').!14!./+!F5%.+0!I.'.+)8!@/%)! :+1:*'3/%6'&!6156+5.*'.%15!*+4&+6.)!./+!3/()%6'&!&16'.%15!14!@/+!r1,%5')C)!/1,+!%5! V1).15;!g+$!d1*>!E%.(;!'50!Y/%&'0+&3/%'8!@/+!515=g1*./+').!0%)3+*)%15!14!4*%+50)!%5! ! "h"! g1*./!9,+*%6'!)++,)!.1!-+!6156+5.*'.+0!%5!$+).=61').!6%.%+);!'50!515=61').'&!6%.%+)! )26/!')!E/%6':1;!9.&'5.';!'50!@1*15.18!#5!'00%.%15;!%5!(+&&1$!31%5.);!./+!,'3! %50%6'.+)!7'*%12)!&16'.%15)!$/+*+!./+!-'50!/')!3+*41*,+08!J1).!14!./+)+!g1*./! 9,+*%6'5!6%.%+)!'*+!)%.+)!$/+*+!@/+!r1,%5')!/'7+!3+*41*,+08!@/+!-'50!/')!-++5!15! .$1!%50%7%02'&!F8I8!.12*)!'50!3+*41*,+0!'.!4+).%7'&)!%5!@1*15.1!'50!J15.*+'&!15!.$1! )+3'*'.+!166')%15)8!J1).!14!./+!-'50C)!3+*41*,'56+);!/1$+7+*;!')!)/1$5!%5!M%:2*+! \8P;!.11>!3&'6+!5+'*!%.)!/1,+!%5!./+!51*./+').!*+:%15!14!./+!F5%.+0!I.'.+)8!! ! ! ! H12/'&(QFQK(B#$(?*(C"&(T-91,#8N8(34)5,/$(H'1&,.(@18%'1;/%1-,(1,(J-'%"( 79&'10#( ! @/+!r1,%5')!/')!4*%+50)!'6*1))!./+!615.%5+5.!14!9)%'8!N5!./%)!,'3;!)/1$5!%5! M%:2*+!e8e;!./+!0+5)+).!'*+')!14!4*%+50)!'*+!&16'.+0!%5!./+!)2-=*+:%15)!14!L+).;!I12./;! '50!I12./+').!9)%'8!L%./!,1*+!0+.'%&;!$+!4%50!./+)+!0+5)+!'*+')!.1!-+!&16'&%O+0! ! "hP! $%./%5!./+!-1*0+*)!14!./+)+!412*!5'.%15=).'.+)S!Y'>%).'5;!J'&'()%';!#5015+)%';!'50! #)*'+&!aM%:2*+!e8fb8! ! ! H12/'&(QF>K(B#$(P*(C"&(T-91,#8N8(34)5,/$(H'1&,.(@18%'1;/%1-,(1,(781#! ! @/+!r1,%5')C)!6155+6.%15!.1!Y'>%).'5!%)!*+&'.+0!.1!./+!-'50!,+,-+*)C! 3+*)15'&!'50!/+*%.':+!6155+6.%15)!.1!./+!3&'6+8!9)!0%)62))+0!3*+7%12)&(;!V')%,;! I/'%).'5%!0+)6+5.8!@/+(!/'7+!)3+5.! )%:5%4%6'5.!.%,+!&%7%5:!%5!Y'>%).'58!V')%,!'50!I/'/<+/'5!&%7+0!%5!W'/1*+!'50!$1*>+0! ')!<12*5'&%).)!%5!PQQl!'50!+'*&(!PQQR8!@/+(!3&'(+0!%5!'!-'50!6'&&+0!g1-&+!K*+$!'50! 3+*41*,+0!./*++!)/1$)S!.$1!%5!W'/1*+;!15+!%5!#)&','-'0!%5!c25+!PQQl!aM%:2*+!e8hb8! K*2,,+*!#,*'5!$+5.!.1!,+0%6'&!)6/11&!%5!W'/1*+8!V')%,!'50!#,*'5;!'&15:!$%./!.$1! 4*%+50)!./+(!,+.!%5!Y'>%).'5;!41*,+0!'!-'50!6'&&+0!./+!K+'0!V/2..1)!02*%5:!./+%*! .+52*+!%5!W'/1*+8! ! "h\! ! ! H12/'&(QFUK(B#$(Q*(C"&(T-91,#8N8(34)5,/$(H'1&,.(@18%'1;/%1-,(1,(3#E18%#,( ! #,*'5!/')!+D3*+))+0!./'.!./+!:1'&!14!/%)!-'50!%)!.1!%5).%:'.+!'5!%50+3+50+5.! ,2)%6!)6+5+!')!'5!'&.+*5'.%7+!.1!./+!,'%5).*+',!313!,2)%6!%502).*(!%5!Y'>%).'58!#5! '5!%5.+*7%+$!$%./!'!Y'>%).'5%!5+$)3'3+*!15!/%)!*+6+5.!.*%3!.1!Y'>%).'5;!/+!51.+)S!! J(!.'>+!15!./+!,2)%6!%502).*(!/+*+!%)!./'.!./+*+!'*+!7+*(!4+$!&%7+!7+52+)! /+*+;!15+!%5!r'*'6/%!'50!51$!15+!%5!#)&','-'08!V2.!./+*+!%)!51!3&'6+!$%./! 3*13+*!)1250!'50!&%:/.!./'.C)!0+0%6'.+0!.1!<2).!-+%5:!'!3*13+*!,2)%6!7+52+8! 9&)1;!./+*+!'*+!'*1250!)%D!,2)%6!6/'55+&)!-2.!./+(!015C.!)++,!.1!3*1,1.+! 5+$!,2)%6!1*!01!).1*%+)!15!-'50)!./'.!'*+!<2).!41*,%5:8!@/+(C*+!51.!*+'&&(! &%>+!.').+!,'>+*);!./+(C*+!<2).!:1%5:!$%./!$/'.!)+&&);!#!4%50!./'.!>%50!14! ! "he! 4*2).*'.%5:8!#!./%5>!%.!6'5!-+!6/'5:+0;!'50!%.C)!15+!14!./+!./%5:)!$+C0!&%>+!.1! )++!./*12:/!Z#,.%'O!PQ"Q'[8!! ! ]+*+!#,*'5!,'>+)!)2::+).%15)!.1$'*0!'!.*'5)5'.%15'&!12.*+'6/!41*!Y161!Y'*.(;!./+! *+61*0!&'-+&!./'.!/+!).'*.+0!$%./!/%)!,2)%6!61&&+':2+)!%5!@/+!r1,%5')!'50!I255(!9&%! u!./+!r%08!#,*'5C)!).'.+!%,3&%+)!'5!%50+3+50+5.!1*!A%50%+B!+./1)8!@/%)!%50%+!%0+1&1:(! +5'-&+)!/%,!.1!'*.%62&'.+!'!25%^2+!>%50!14!Y'>%).'5%!9,+*%6'5!51).'&:%'!./'.!%)! 1*%+5.+0!.*'5)5'.%15'&&(!.1$'*0!Y'>%).'58!! ! ! H12/'&(QFYK(B#$(>*(C"&(T-91,#8N8(34)5,/$(H'1&,.(@18%'1;/%1-,(1,(X-/%"([#8%( 781#( ! @/+!,1).!)2*3*%)%5:!3'..+*5!#!41250!15!,'3!f!aM%:2*+!e8ib!%)!./+!+D.+5.!14! @/+!r1,%5')C)!0%:%.'&!4*%+50)/%3!I12./+').!9)%'8!I3+6%4%6'&&(;!J'&'()%'!'50!#5015+)%'! ).'50!12.8!@/+)+!.$1!6125.*%+)!'*+!>51$5!41*!'!).*15:!3*+)+56+!14!&16'&!325>!)6+5+)! ! "hf! %5!2*-'5!6+5.+*);!%5!3'*.%62&'*;!c'>'*.';!./+!6'3%.'&!14!#5015+)%'!ZL'&&'6/!PQQl[!'50! r2'&'!W2,32*;!./+!6'3%.'&!14!J'&'()%'8!@/+!r1,%5')!%)!'$'*+!14!%.)!31)%.%15!*+&'.%7+! .1!./+!:&1-'&!325>!.+**'%58!#5!'!*+6+5.!%5.+*7%+$;!V')%,!&'256/+)!'!0+4+5)%7+!*+,'*>;! *+'6.%5:!.1!./+!%5.+*7%+$+*C)!61,,+5.!'-12.!./+!:+1:*'3/%6!6154%5+,+5.!14!325>! $%./%5!./+!95:&13/15+!$1*&08!]+!)'()S! L/'.!'5!%:51*'5.!^2+).%158!95:&13/15+!$1*&0p!Y25>!%)!.+5!.%,+)!-%::+*!%5! r2'&'!W',32*!a!"#b!./'5!%.!+7+*!$%&&!-+!%5!./+!Fr;!M*'56+;!1*!X+*,'5(8!N*! 9,+*%6'8!g1;!./+!*+')15!41*!41*,%5:!./+!K+'0!V/2..1);!'50!./+!*2)/!.1!32.!'! )%5:&+!15&%5+!$')!.1!)/1$;!'.!&+').!61),+.%6'&&(;!./'.!Y'>%).'5!$')!')!6'3'-&+! 14!32..%5:!12.!325>!*16>!')!@2*>+(;!J'&'()%';!c'3'5;!'50!W+-'5158!@/+!FI9!%)! :110!.1!)+&&!1-)62*+!J'&'()%'5!'50!c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h"!( L12&0!@/+!r1,%5')C)!4*%+50!6156+5.*'.%15!%5!I12./+').!9)%'!-+!&%5>+0!.1!./+! 4'6.!./'.!J'&'()%'!'50!#5015+)%'!/'7+!'!J2)&%,=,'<1*%.(!3132&'.%15p!N5!./+!,'3!%5! M%:2*+!e8l;!#!/'7+!/%:/&%:/.+0!'&&!./+!6125.*%+)!14!./+!$1*&0!$%./!'!J2)&%,=,'<1*%.(! 3132&'.%15!%5!6%.*2)!1*'5:+8!@/%)!,'3;!)2*+&(;!01+)!51.!)/1$!'!7%)%-&+! 61**+)3150+56+!-+.$++5!./+!-'50C)!4*%+50!61,,25%.(!'50!./+!:&1-'&!J2)&%,! 3132&'.%158!( !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! h"!As I’m finishing the dissertation, the taqwacore movements in Indonesia and Malaysia are emerging. Last October, Marwan Kamel, the frontman of Chicago-based taqwacore band Al Thawra started to use the “#IndoTaqx” and #Mtaqx# as an effort to locate and link all taqwacore-identified users on Twitter. So far there have been 60 tweets labeled with these hashtags. I will continue to monitor and document this formation of the transnational social networks.( ! "hh! ! ! H12/'&(QF\K(B#$(U*(C"&(T-91,#8N8(34)5,/$(H'1&,.8(O-'=.41.&(aB/8=19( B#_-'1%A(!-/,%'1&8(1,(=12"%(2'#Ab( ! J1*+17+*;!#!/'7+!0%)617+*+0!./'.!./+!,'*>%5:!14!AJ2)&%,!,'<1*%.(!6125.*%+)B! 612&0!31.+5.%'&&(!&+'7+!12.!5'.%15=).'.+)!$%./!7%)%-&+!Z-2.!51.!,'<1*%.([!J2)&%,! 3132&'.%158!N5!./+!,'3!aM%:2*+!e8Rb;!'!)2*3*%)%5:&(!&'*:+!6&2).+*!/17+*)!17+*!#)*'+&8! I2**1250+0!-(!J2)&%,=,'<1*%.(!6125.*%+);!#)*'+&C)!3132&'.%15!%)!if8f{!c+$%)/8!@/+! J2)&%,=,'<1*%.(!6125.*(!0%).%56.%15!17+*)/'01$)!#)*'+&C)!J2)&%,)8!E1,3*%)%5:!14! &'*:+).!*+&%:%12)!,%51*%.(;!J2)&%,)!%5!#)*'+&;!+)3+6%'&&(!./1)+!$/1!%0+5.%4(!')! Y'&+).%5%'5);!/'7+!-++5!31&%.%6'&&(!'6.%7+;!0+)3%.+!./+!4'6.!./'.!./%)!:*123!615).%.2.+)! 15&(!"h{!14!./+!3132&'.%158!@/+!r1,%5')C)!4*%+50!6155+6.%15!.1!#)*'+&!,'(!-+!&+))! *+&%:%12)&(!./'5!,2)%6'&&(!,1.%7'.+08!#5!W%O!g1*0C)!9fJ*d=1-.2"-'!0162,+5.'*(!4%&,! '-12.!./+!+,+*:%5:!325>!*16>!)6+5+!%5!#)*'+&;!'!52,-+*!14!(125:!,2)%6%'5)!/'7+! ! "hi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aB/8=19(B#_-'1%A(!-/,%'1&8(1,(=12"%(2'#Ab( ! #!./%5>!./'.!#!/'7+!17+*=+).%,'.+0!./+!+44+6.)!14!,(!/(31./+)%O+0!:&1-'&! AJ2)&%,!%0+5.%.(;B!'!)++,%5:&(!17+*='*6/%5:!*+&%:%12)!61,,15'&%.(;!%5!./+!41*,'.%15! 14!@/+!r1,%5')C)!.*'5)5'.%15'&!)16%'&!$1*&08!I3+'>%5:!$%./!V')%,!'-12.!,(!,'3;!#! &+'*5+0!'-12.!'!).*15:!)+6.'*%'5!0%44+*+56+!-+.$++5!./+!g1*./!9,+*%6'5!'50!./+! ! "hl! I12./+').!9)%'5!+D3+*%+56+!14!#)&',8!V')%,!)'%0!./'.!./+!I12./+').!9)%'5!325>!>%0)! ./'.!/+!/')!-+4*%+50+0!15&%5+!'&&!)++,!.1!-+!A7+*(!*+&%:%12)8B!@/+(!3*'(!4%7+!.%,+)!'! 0'(!'50!^2+).%15!V')%,!41*!/%)!&'D!1-)+*7'56+!14!U','0'58!U'./+*!./'5!*+&%:%15;!#! '*:2+!./'.!325>!*16>j1*!,1*+!:+5+*'&&(!*16>!,2)%6j/')!'6.+0!')!'!62&.2*'&! .+6/51&1:(!%5!./+!41*,'.%15!14!@/+!r1,%5')C)!0%:%.'&!61,,25%.(8!9)!0%)62))+0!%5!./+! 3*+7%12)!)+6.%15;!@/+!r1,%5')!.*'5)&'.+)!*16>!,2)%6!7%'!'!I12./!9)%'5!1*!0+)%! )+5)%-%&%.(8!#5!%5.+*7%+$);!#,*'5!/')!+D3*+))+0!./'.!./+!-'50C)!%0+5.%4%6'.%15! 3*%7%&+:+)!+./5%6%.(!17+*!*+&%:%15!Z#,.%'O!PQ"Q-[8!@/+!4%*).!.%,+!V')%,!'50!#!,+.;!/+! +D3&'%5+0!.1!,+!15+!14!./+!:1'&)!14!./+!-'50S!AL%./!./%)!:*123;!$+C*+!>%50!14!0+)%8! L+C7+!:1.!'!&%..&+!-%.!14!'!I12./!9)%'5!7%-+8!L+C*+!<2).!.*(%5:!.1!32.!./%5:)!12.!15! *+61*0!%5!H5:&%)/!41*!12*!&%..&+!-*1./+*)!'50!)%).+*)!%5!./+!$1*&08B!! M%5'&&(;!#!/'7+!0+3&1(+0!./+!.+*,!A0%:%.'&!0%')31*'B!.1!'*.%62&'.+!@/+! r1,%5')C)!0%:%.'&!)16%'&!:+1:*'3/(8!#!+D.+50!./+!51.%15!14!'!A7%*.2'&!0%')31*'B! 0+4%5+0!')!A'!,+.'3/1*!41*!'!.+**'%5!%5!$/%6/;!02+!.1!+D3+*%+5.%'&!'50!/%).1*%6'&! 0(5',%6);!)16%'&!':+5.)!31)%.%15!./+,)+&7+)!1331)%.%15'&&(!')!$+&&!')! 1331*.25%).%6'&&(!.1!./+!).'.2)!^21!1*!./+!01,%5'5.!%0+1&1:(B!ZY%5'*0!'50!c'61-)! PQQhS!le[8!@1!/%:/&%:/.!./+!0%:%.'&!)16%'&!.+6/51&1:%+)!2)+0!-(!./+!,+,-+*)!14!./%)! 0%)3+*)+0!61,,25%.(;!#!%5)+*.!./+!.+*,!A0%:%.'&B!.1!%5)%).!15!./+!%,31*.'56+!14!'! .+6/51&1:%6'&&(!,+0%'.+0!615.+D.!)-(!,+./10!%5!')6+*.'%5%5:!./+!615.12*!'50! 615.+5.!14!./%)!61,,25%.(8! @/+!.+*,!A0%')31*'B!61551.+)!'!)+5)+!14!+D%&+;!,%:*'.%15;!.*'5)&16'&%.(;!'50! 5+.$1*>8!K+&%-+*'.+&(;!@/+!r1,%5')!$1*>)!/'*0!.1!615).*26.!'!.*'5)&16'&!/1,+! '$'(!4*1,!/1,+8!@/%)!0%')31*'!%)!,'*>+0!-(!'!)/'0+!14!-*1$5;!'!61&1*!%50%6'.%7+!14! ! "hR! %.)!I12./!9)%'5!+./5%6!-+&15:%5:8!@/%)!0%:%.'&!0%')31*'!*'0%6'&&(!.*'5):*+))+)!./+! -1250'*%+)!-+.$++5!./+!J2)&%,!'50!./+!515=J2)&%,!.+**%.1*%+);!'!/%:/&(!6/'*:+0! :+1:*'3/%6'&!0%).%56.%15!'4.+*!I+3.+,-+*!""8!#.!'&)1!.*'7+*)+)!./+!N*%+5.'&%).!H').= L+).!-%5'*(;!'!:+131&%.%6'&!615).*26.%15!./'.!*+%541*6+)!./+!0%44+*+56+)!-+.$++5!./+! .$1!/'&7+)!14!./+!$1*&0!15!+%./+*!)%0+!14!./+!W+7'5.%5+!E1').!ZY*')/'0!PQQ"T!I'%0! "RiR[8!#5!'*.%62&'.%5:!./+!*'0%6'&!31).=5'.%15'&%.(!14!./%)!0%')31*';!#!/13+!.1!<1%5!./+! +441*.)!14!c1)/!r25!'50!/%)!61&&+':2+)!%5!9,+*%6'5!I.20%+)!.1!6*+'.+!)6/1&'*&(!5+$! )6/1&'*&(!0%)612*)+!.1!2501!:+5+*'.%15)!14!F8I8!'50!$/%.+=6+5.*%6!)6/1&'*)/%3!15!./+! 9,+*%6')8!@/+)+!,'3)!/%:/&%:/.!'50!*+,+0(!)6/1&'*&(!A,%).'>+)B!)26/!')S!A%:51*%5:! *'6%'&;!+./5%6;!'50!)+D2'&!0%44+*+56+!-+6'2)+!%.!0%)*23.)!./+!5'.%15'&!4'5.')(T! +541*6%5:!$/%.+5+))!')!9,+*%6'5+));!1-&%:'.1*(!,15162&.2*'&%),!')!31&%.%6'&!'50! 62&.2*'&!6%.%O+5)/%3B!Zr25!PQQfS!PQ[8!! ! H12/'&(QF)SK(B#$(\*(C"&(T-91,#8N8(34)5,/$(H'1&,.8(O-'=.41.&(aX#%&==1%&( `1&4b( ! ! "iQ! @/+)+!,'3)!)/1$!51.!'!6(-+*325>!4'5.')(;!-2.!'!)16%'&!*+'&%.(!./'.!/')! )3'$5+0!%5!'!0%:%.'&!)3'6+8!@/+!r1,%5')!/')!*+6154%:2*+0!./+!$1*&0C)!,'3!'50! 6*+'.+0!%.)!1$5!25%^2+!+./5%6%O+0!325>!*16>!0%')31*'8!@/%)!+,+*:%5:!.*'5)5'.%15'&! 4*%+50=.+**%.1*(;!)/1$5!%5!M%:2*+!e8"Q;!%)!51.!<2).!'5!%,':%5+0!61,,25%.(8!#.!%)!'! 62&.2*'&!'50!)16%'&!)3'6+!6*+'.+0!-(!325>!*16>!)1250!'50!./+!+D6/'5:+)!14!,%D= .'3+);!,3\);!4'6+=.1=4'6+!7%)%.);!)/1$);!.$++.);!O%5+);!-&1:!31).);!/(3+*&%5>);!7%*.2'&! /2:);!+5612*':+,+5.!'50!).*+5:./8!! ]+*+!%)!'!5+.$1*>!14!4*%+50=%)&'50)!q!&%>+!'5!'*6/%3+&':1;!)6'..+*+0!'6*1))! -10%+)!14!$'.+*8!@/%)!)3'6+!/')!+5'-&+0!,'5(!,%)4%.);!A-*1$5%+);B!%,,%:*'5.);! ^2++*);!'50!325>)!.1!615:*+:'.+!'50!%5.+*'6.!$%./12.!4++&%5:!&%>+!'5!12.6').8! Y'00(E'>+)!6'3.2*+)!./%)!)+5.%,+5.!%5!/+*!615.*%-2.%15!14!6+'*6)[7)#1='!*s"-'S! A#.C)!4++&%5:!'!)+5)+!14!250+*).'50%5:;!'!-+:%55%5:!31%5.8!L+!'*+!'&&!).%&&!)1!0%44+*+5.! 4*1,!+'6/!1./+*8!@'^D!%)5C.!'-12.!$/1C)!,1*+!/'*061*+!./'5!$/1;!1*!$/%6/!%)!./+! &120+).;!1*!+7+5!$/1!$+'*)!./+!,1).!)3%>+)8!#.C)!'-12.!./+!)/++*!/'33%5+))!$+!/'7+! )++%5:!+'6/!1./+*!'50!')!)115!')!$+!01;!/2:)!'*+!:%7+5!'$'(!4*++&(B!ZM1&+(!PQ"Q[8!! @1!6156&20+;!#!/13+!./'.!-(!'*.%62&'.%5:;!^2%.+!&%.+*'&&(;!./+!615.12*!'50!)/'3+! 14!./%)!)3'6+;!7%'!./+!.+6/5%^2+!14!$+-!,'33%5:;!#!/'7+!+D.+50+0!c1)/!r25C)! 6156+3.%15!14!'20%1.13%'!4*1,!./+!*+'&,!14!4++&%5:);!*+'6.%5:!.1!./+!)15%6!^2'&%.%+)!14! ,2)%6;!.1!./+!*+'&,!14!./+!)16%'&!'50!+7+5.2'&&(;!./+!3/()%6'&8!L1*>%5:!.1$'*0!'! )/'*+0!31).=5'.%15'&!2.13%'5!7%)%15;!./+!,2)%6%'5)!'))+*.!./+%*!6*+'.%7+!':+56(!%5! -1./!,2)%6'&!3+*41*,'56+!'50!)16%'&!'6.%15)8!#5!./+!6')+!14!@/+!r1,%5');!,2)%6= ,'>%5:!/')!&+0!.1!7'*%12)!4'6+.)!14!)16%'&!1*:'5%O%5:!'50!*+'&=&%4+!615)+^2+56+)!)26/! ! "i"! ')!K8#8d8!.12*);!*+61*0%5:!3*1026.%15;!3+*41*,'56+!+D6/'5:+);!/'5:12.);!'50!*+61*0! &'-+&!41*,'.%158! V1**1$%5:!4*1,!M126'2&.C)!Z,+.'3/1*%6!2)+!14[!'*6/%3+&':1;!@/+!r1,%5')C)! '*6/%3+&':1;!')!%&&2).*'.+0!%5!,(!0%:%.'&!+./51:*'3/%6!3*1<+6.;!%)!%5!4'6.!A3/()%6'&&(! 0%)3+*)+0!(+.!'.!./+!)',+!.%,+!617+*)!./+!+5.%*+.(!14!'!)16%+.(B!ZM126'2&.!"RlQS! "Rh[8!F5&%>+!M126'2&.C)!'*6/%3+&':1;!@/+!r1,%5')C)!6125.+*3'*.!%)!51.!'!325%.%7+! )().+,!%.)+&4;!-2.!%)!'!)2-7+*)%15!14!15+8!#.!%)!%5!'!615).'5.!).*2::&+!.1!)2*7%7+!'50! 4&12*%)/!%5!./+!,%0).!14!3').!'50!3*+)+5.!:&1-'&!%5+^2%.%+)!&+4.!17+*!4*1,!./+! /%).1*%6'&!61&15%'&!&+:'6(8!9!).+'04').&(!:*1$%5:!5+.$1*>;!./%)!:&1-'&!'*6/%3+&':1! 41).+*)!'!*+42:+!41*!%.)!,+,-+*!%)&'50);!$/%&+!6125.+*%5:!./+!41*6+)!./'.!%,3%5:+! 2315!%.)!0%)3+*)+0!-2.!31$+*42&!+D%).+56+8!#!',!$*%.%5:!./%)!')!#!*+6'&&!./+!.'^$'61*+! *+)315)+!.1!)2331*.!./+!*+6+5.!31&%.%6'&!+7+5.)!%5!H:(3.;!@25%)%';!'50!./+%*! 5+%:/-1*%5:!6125.*%+)8!N5!M+-*2'*(!""./;!PQ"";!./+!0'(!./+!H:(3.%'5!0%6.'.1*! J2-'*'>!4+&&;!V'(='*+'=-')+0!'6.%7%).`-&1::+*!@'OO(I.'*!.$++.+0!'!).'.+,+5.!./'.! *+3*+)+5.)!'!.*'5)5'.%15'&;!.'^$'61*+=%5)3%*+0!'5.%=).'.2)=^21!)1&%0'*%.(!.1!)2331*.! ./+!*+71&2.%158!]+*!25+^2%716'&!).'.+,+5.!%571>+0S!AU+71&2.%15!%)!.'^$'61*+B! Z@'OO(I.'*!PQ""[8!@/%)!,+))':+!')!*+.$++.+0!-(!,'5(!3+13&+!./'.!0'(8!#!$')!15+!14! ./+,8! ! ! "i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p!@/%)!%)!+)3+6%'&&(!'!3*+))%5:!^2+).%15!615)%0+*%5:!./'.!./+! 62&.2*'&!'50!)16%'&!3*16+))+)!./'.!$+!%57+).%:'.+!'*+!%56*+')%5:&(!,+0%'.+0!'50!-2%&.! -(!0%:%.'&!.+6/51&1:%+)8! #5!./%)!)2-6/'3.+*;!#!')>S!/1$!6'5!0%:%.'&!.+6/51&1:(!4'6%&%.'.+!4%+&0!*+)+'*6/! '50!+./51:*'3/%6!$*%.%5:p!L/'.!,%:/.!-+!./+!./+1*+.%6'&!%,3&%6'.%15)!14!./+)+!5+$! ,+./10)p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i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h[8!T-.+=1&12103*14*E'(")!Z9)>+$!'50!L%&>!PQQP[T!E'(")* $1=2(!\*T-.+=1&12103*1-*;'7*6'==)"-!ZX%5)-2*:;!W2:/10;!'50!W'*>%5!PQQP[8!#5! +./51,2)%61&1:(;!)3+6%4%6'&&(!$%./!./+!32-&%6'.%15!14!.$1!+))'(!)+.)jE,!"#*)-(* 6'#+-1#,2.,='!ZW()&144!'50!X'(!PQQ\[!'50!$"='(*41=*J1,-(\*Q-0"-''="-0*)-(* 6'#+-1210"'!*"-*J1-"#*8,2.,='!!ZX*++5+!'50!Y1*6+&&1!PQQf[j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f[8!#5!/+*!,151:*'3/!J'-!)."1-)2*j-172'(0'/* ! "ie! @1,%+!]'/5!6+5.*'&%O+)!./+!3*16+))!14!Z*+[7%+$%5:!'!7%0+1!*+61*0%5:!')!'!,+./10!.1! 250+*).'50!./+!.*'5),%))%15!14!-"+1-*D,31;!c'3'5+)+!.*'0%.%15'&!0'56+8!@/+!'-%&%.(! .1!*+$%50!'50!$'.6/!./+!7%0+1!%5!)&1$!,1.%15!'&&1$)!'!6&1)+=23!'66+))!.1!./+! )2-.&+.(!14!./+!.*'5),%))%15!3*16+))!'50!./+!+,-10%+0!3*'6.%6+!14!0'56+!ZPQQiSil= R[8h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p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l;!J()3'6+!/')!,1*+!./'5!""Q!,%&&%15!,15./&(! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 62 Gretchen Schoel offers an ethnographic account of a live, real-time Internet blues jam that she organized between blue musicians in Tokyo and Clarksdale, Mississippi. Her inquiry points at the intersection of cultural and material technology. The blues jam is a specific incident where cultural technology of blues music is tweaked according to the aesthetic particulars of the material technology of the Internet and the Internet-mediated sounds and sight of the blues performance. For more, read “Filling in the Blanks: Lessons from an Internet Blues Jam,” Japanese Cybercultures, ed. Gottlieb, Nanette and Mark J. McLelland. New York: Routledge, 2003.! ! "if! '6.%7+!2)+*)!%5!./+!$1*&0T!',15:!./+,;!l!,%&&%15!,2)%6!'*.%).)!'50!-'50)!ZN$('5:! PQQl[8! ]1$!6'5!$+!')!+./51:*'3/+*)!.'>+!'!)5'3)/1.!14!./+)+!0%:%.'&!)16%'&!,+0%'! %5.+*'6.%15)p!I1,+!+./51:*'3/+*)!/'7+!+D.+50+0!,+./10)!14!3'*.%6%3'5.= 1-)+*7'.%15!%5.1!15&%5+!61,,25%.%+);!615026.%5:!+,'%&!'50!15&%5+!^2+).%155'%*+)! ZE')3'*(!'50!J'5O+5*+%.+*!PQQ\T!J2*./(!PQQi[!'50!'5'&(O%5:!2)+*=6*+'.+0! 0%)612*)+!%5!6/'.!*11,)!Zg'>',2*'!PQQP[;!15!0%)62))%15!-1'*0)!'50!5+$):*123)! Zr%*)/+5-&'..=X%,-&+..!"RRhT!W()&144!PQQ\[;!4'5!'50!'*.%).!$+-)%.+)!ZNCU+%&&+(!'50! K1/+*./(!PQQ\T!Y%5'*0!'50!c'61-)!PQQh[;!'50!)16%'&!5+.$1*>%5:!)%.+)!ZJ2*./(! PQQl'[8!#5!'!)266%56.!'*.%6&+!'-12.!0%:%.'&!+./51:*'3/(;!)16%1&1:%).!K/%*' 12.&%5+0!./+!%5.+&&+6.2'&!31.+5.%'&%.%+);!&%,%.'.%15);!'50!+./%6'&!6156+*5)!14!412*!5+$! .+6/51&1:%+)S!15&%5+!^2+).%155'%*+);!0%:%.'&!7%0+1;!)16%'&!5+.$1*>%5:!$+-)%.+);!'50! -&1:)!ZPQQl-[8!W+))!6157+5.%15'&&(;!%5!./+!41*,'.!14!'!7%0+1!31).+0!15!d12.2-+;! 62&.2*'&!'5./*131&1:%).!J%6/'+&!L+)6/!32.)!41*./!'!3*1716'.%7+!).'.+,+5.!14!A@/+! ,'6/%5+!%)!2)`%5:!2)8B!U+61:5%O%5:!./+!+D.+5.!.1!$/%6/!615.+,31*'*(!)16%'&!&%4+!%)! +,-+00+0!%5.1!./+!0%:%.'&!15&%5+!+57%*15,+5.;!5',+&(!./+!L+-!P8Q;!L+)6/! '0716'.+)!41*!'!)+.!14!0%:%.'&&(!+,31$+*+0!,+./10)!.1!+D3&1*+!./%)!5+$!)16%'&%.(8! @/+)+!5+$!,+0%'!.11&)!2)+!)14.$'*+!&'5:2':+!14!/(3+*.+D.2'&%.(!Z]@JW[!'50!,+.'! +D3*+))%15!ZwJW[!',15:!'!4+$!1./+*);!.1!).*26.2*+!2)+*)C!+D3+*%+56+)!'50!0'.'! $%./%5!./+!%541*,'.%15!$1*&0)8!L+)6/C)!7%0+1!25&+')/+)!51.!15&(!./+!+026'.%15'&! 31.+5.%'&)!%5!&+'*5%5:!)14.$'*+!.11&);!-2.!'&)1!:+).2*+)!.1$'*0!./+!%5.+&&+6.2'&! '33*13*%'.%15!14!,'6/%5+!&'5:2':+!41*!)16%'&!)6%+56+)!'50!/2,'5%.%+)!%5^2%*%+)! ZPQQi[8!! ! "ih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h\!#!+,3&1(+0!./+!.+6/5%^2+!14!A$+-=)6*'3%5:;Bhe!./+!3*16+))!14! ,%5%5:!0'.'!4*1,!./+!#5.+*5+.;!%5!1*0+*!.1!6'3.2*+!)16%'&!5+.$1*>)!14!./+!-'50)!%5! ./%)!0%))+*.'.%158!L%./!./+!/+&3!14!./+!F5%7+*)%.(!14!G%*:%5%'C)!I6/1&'*)C!W'-;!#!$*1.+!'! 3*1:*',!.1!3'*)+!12.!./+!*+&+7'5.!%541*,'.%15!%5!./+!)12*6+!610+!14!./+!3*14%&+!$+-! 3':+)!14!@/+!r1,%5')C)!J()3'6+!4*%+50)8!! W').!K+6+,-+*;!#!'..+50+0!./+!@]9@E',3!Z@/+!]2,'5%.%+)!'50! @+6/51&1:%).)!E',3[;!'5!A256154+*+56+B!$/+*+!/2,'5%.%+)!)6/1&'*)!'50! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 63 Ruby is an object-oriented programming language that combined syntax inspired by Perl. It originated in Japan in the mid-1990s. To read more about the history, semantics, syntax, and other aspects of Ruby, read the Wikipedia entry, “Ruby,” Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ruby_(programming_language)&oldid=425144797 (accessed April 21, 2011). 64 Web-scraping refers a complex set of programmatic methods to extract information from web pages. Read more about web-scraping: “Web Scraping,” Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Web_scraping&oldid=424921951 (accessed on April 18, 2011). ! "ii! .+6/51&1:%).)!615:*+:'.+!.1!144+*!3*1716'.%15)!'50!3*'6.%6'&!)1&2.%15)!.1!./+!0%:%.'&! /2,'5%).%6!)6/1&'*)/%38hf!9.!./%)!:'./+*%5:;!/1).+0!-(!./+!FG'C)!I6/1&'*)C!W'-;!#! -+:'5!.1!615.+,3&'.+S!L/'.!$12&0!/'33+5!%4!$+;!'6'0+,%6!+./51:*'3/+*);!'013.! ,1-%&+!.+6/51&1:%+)!)26/!')!@$%..+*!$/+5!$+!'*+!A%5!./+!4%+&0B!3/()%6'&&(!*+,17+0! 4*1,!12*!+7+*(0'(!A/1,+Bp!9!./12:/.!+D3+*%,+5.S!&+.!2)!%,':%5+!./+!%561*31*'.%15! ,1-%&+!'50!XYI!.+6/51&1:(!%5.1!4%+&0!*+)+'*6/;!&%5>%5:!&%7+!'50!3/()%6'&!%5.+*'6.%15)! %5!./+!4%+&0!$%./!7%*.2'&!/2-)!14!61,,25%.%+)!'50!%541*,'.%158!M1*!%5).'56+;!gYU! <12*5'&%).)!2)+0!@$%..+*!.1!32-&%)/!4&')/!4%+&0!*+31*.)!15;!'50!X11:&+!J(!J'3!.1! *+3*+)+5.!./+!'44+6.+0!&16'&+)!14!./+!$%&04%*+)!%5!I12./+*5!E'&%41*5%'!%5!PQQi! ZM1&>+54&%>!PQQi[8hh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he first THATCamp unconference was hosted by the Center for History and New Media at George Maason University. THATcamp is growing movement. Of international interests, it now meets in locations across the world. To find out more about THATCamp, visit the official website [http://thatcamp.org/] or follow the #THATCamp hashtag on Twitter. 66 There is in fact an emergence of commercial websites (for example, Ushahidi.com) that generate and crowdsource field reports. Crowdsourcing, according to Wikipedia, is the outsourcing the task of gather data to “an undefined, large group people or community, through an open call.” More on crowdsourcing, read “Crowdsourcing,” Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Crowdsourcing&oldid=425634742 (accessed on April 24, 2011).! ! "il! -*+'>01$5!-+.$++5!./+!4%+&0!'50!/1,+!%5!6157+5.%15'&!3*1<+6.)!'50!612&0! 31.+5.%'&&(!0+,16*'.%O+!./+!3*16+))!14!4%+&0$1*>8! H./51:*'3/%6!$*%.%5:!%571&7+)!'!)+.!14!3*16+))+)!0%).%56.!-2.!*+&'.+0!.1!4%+&0! *+)+'*6/8!L/'.!.+6/51&1:%6'&!+D.+5)%15)!,'(!42*./+*!./+!.')>)!14!0162,+5.%5:;! '5'&(O%5:;!'*.%62&'.%5:;!'50!*+3*+)+5.%5:!4%+&0!1-)+*7'.%15)!'50!%5.+*'6.%15)p!#!/'7+! $%.5+))+0!'5!+,+*:+56+!14!-&1::%5:!')!4%+&0!51.+=.'>%5:!',15:!,(!3++*)!%5! +./51,2)%61&1:(8!J(!61&&+':2+!W++!V%0:110!-&1::+0!.1!0162,+5.!/%)!4%+&0! %5.+*'6.%15)!$%./!-&2+:*'))!,2)%6%'5)!%5!./+!EO+6/!U+32-&%6!02*%5:!/%)!.%,+!'-*1'0! $/%&+!2)%5:!./%)!-&1:!')!'!$'(!.1!41*:+!.*'5)5'.%15'&!&%5>)!-+.$++5!/%,!'50!/%)! ,2)%6%'5=%541*,'5.);!0%)3+*)+0!'6*1))!H2*13+!ZPQQl[8!V+5!@'2)%:;!Y/K!6'50%0'.+!'.! g+$!d1*>!F5%7+*)%.(;!2)+)!/%)!-&1:!L+%*0!G%-*'.%15)!')!'!,2&.%,+0%'!3&'.41*,!.1! '*6/%7+!'50!'5'&(O+!/%)!3/1.1;!.+D.;!'20%1;!'50!7%0+1!4%+&0!*+61*0%5:)!$/%&+!/+!%)! 01%5:!4%+&0!$1*>!%5!V'5:>1>!./%)!(+'*!ZPQ""[8! K2*%5:!./+!612*)+!14!,(!4%+&0!*+)+'*6/;!,(!-&1:!d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iR! 3*16+))!14!+./51:*'3/%6!'5'&()%)!'50!*+3*+)+5.'.%158!@/+!6%*62&'*%.(!14!./%)! %541*,'.%15!4++0-'6>!5+.$1*>!%)!%&&2).*'.+0!'!3%6.2*+!./'.!#!41250!15!'5!15&%5+!3/1.1! ).*+',!'-12.!@/+!r1,%5')C)!PQQR!.12*!15!./+!3/1.1!)16%'&=5+.$1*>!$+-)%.+!M&%6>*8! g(&+;!V')%,C)!(125:+*!-*1./+*;!<1%5+0!./+!.12*!')!'!4%+&0!*+)+'*6/+*!41*!K/%*' J2*./(8!J2*./(!$')!).20(%5:!./+!+44+6.)!14!)16%'&!,+0%'!15!./+!41*,'.%15!14!./+! .'^$'61*+!)6+5+!)1!/+!/%*+0!g(&+;!/%)!).20+5.!'.!./+!.%,+;!.1!0162,+5.!'50!.$++.! /%:/&%:/.)!14!./+!.12*8!g(&+!6'3.2*+0!'5!%5.+*+).%5:!+./51:*'3/%6!,1,+5.!$/+5! I/'/<+/'5!$')!*+'0%5:!,(!-&1:!31).!'-12.!/%)!-'50!$/%&+!./+!-'50!$')!).%&&!15!.12*8! #5!)1,+!%5).'56+);!,(!*1&+!')!-&1::+*!/')!/+&3+0!,+!:'%5!'!6&1)+*!'66+))!'50! %5)%:/.!%5.1!./+!,2)%6%'5)C!)16%'&!'50!,2)%6'&!&%4+8!94.+*!#!,+.!@/+!r1,%5')!'.!./+! I12./!I.*++.!K%5+*;!#!$*1.+!'!-&1:!31).!'-12.!./+!-'50C)!4%*).!'&-2,8!@/+!-'50!)/'*+0! ./%)!'&-2,!*+7%+$!$%./!%.)!4'5)!'50!4*%+50)8!#5!*+)315)+;!9*<25;!@/+!r1,%5')C)! :2%.'*%).!'.!./+!.%,+;!$*1.+!.1!,+!%5!'!3+*)15'&!,+))':+!15!M'6+-11>!+&26%0'.%5:!/%)! +./5%6!%0+5.%4%6'.%15!'50!/%)!',-%7'&+56+!*+:'*0%5:!,'%5).*+',!,+0%'C)!.'>+!15! .'^$'61*+8!c',+)|gJK;!'!6&1)+!4*%+50!14!./+!-'50;!61,,+5.+0!15!,(!-&1:!31).!-(! 144+*%5:!'5!%5)%:/.!%5.1!V')%,C)!-'))=3&'(%5:8( @1!615.%52+;!#!$12&0!&%>+!.1!+D3&1*+!./+!31))%-%&%.%+)!14!'&.+*5'.%7+!,+./10)!14! *+3*+)+5.%5:!'50!'5'&(O%5:!+./51:*'3/%6!%5.+*'6.%15)8!#C,!'!7%)2'&!./%5>+*8!#!+5<1(! &+'*5%5:!7%'!7%)2'&%O'.%15)!'50!,'3)8!F5.%&!*+6+5.&(;!A,'33%5:B!/')!-++5!'33&%+0! 15&(!,+.'3/1*%6'&&(!')!'!)3'.%'&!./+1*+.%6'&!4*',+$1*>!%5!,'5(!/2,'5%.%+)! 0%)6%3&%5+)!%56&20%5:!,2)%6!ZV1/&,'5!"RRhT!E')3'*(!'50!J'5O+5*+%.+*!PQQ\T!I6/+%5! PQQPT!I$%));!I&113!'50!]+*,'5!"RRl[8!@*'0%.%15'&&(;!+./51:*'3/+*)!%5)+*.!'!)%5:&+! 3':+!,'3!%5!./+!-+:%55%5:!14!./+%*!,151:*'3/!&16'.%5:!./+%*!5'**'.%7+)!15!'!,'38! ! "lQ! L/'.!/'33+5)!$/+5!+./51:*'3/+*)!%57+).%:'.+!61,,25%.%+)!61,3*%)+0!14!,2&.%3&+! )%.+);!)1,+!15=!'50!1./+*)!144=&%5+p!9!0%:%.'&!,'3!612&0!51.!15&(!+56'3)2&'.+!./+! :+1:*'3/%6'&!617+*':+!14!./+)+!5+$!3*1<+6.);!-2.!'&)1!'*.%62&'.+!./+!%5.*%6'.+! 0(5',%6)!14!)16%'&!%5.+*'6.%15)!'6*1))!7'*%12)!:+1:*'3/%6'&!-1250'*%+)8!M1*! %5).'56+;!@/+!L1*&0!J2)%6'&!J'3!3*1<+6.!-(!NO'5!9>)1(!aM%:2*+!e8""b!-')+0!'.!./+! g+$!J+0%'!W'-!'.!./+!X*'02'.+!E+5.+*!14!EFgd!+D3&1*+)!./+!*23.2*+!-+.$++5!'20%1! -1250'*%+)!'50!'6.2'&!5'.%15'&!-1*0+*)!ZPQ"Q[8!#5!,(!0%:%.'&!3*1<+6.;!#!2)+0!N3+5! W'(+*);!'!$+-=,'33%5:!.11&;!.1!,'3!./+!E3!&)#'!4*%+50!5+.$1*>)!14!./+!,2)%6%'5)!%5! ./+!).20(8!@/%)!)+*%+)!14!:+1)3'.%'&!7%)2'&%O'.%15hi!/'7+!+5'-&+0!,+!.1!)++!3'..+*5)! 14!)16%'&!&%5>':+!./'.!#!/'05C.!'5.%6%3'.+08!@/+(!'&)1!'&&1$+0!,+!.1!:+5+*'.+!,1*+! ^2+).%15)!'-12.!+./5%6!-+&15:%5:!'50!.*'5)5'.%15'&!61,,25%.%+)8!! ! H12/'&(QF))*(B/810#=(O-'=.(B#$(a;&%#bK(80'&&,8"-%(%#E&,(-,(R#,/#'A()SK(?S))( !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 67 As of April 26, 2011, the dynamic map is hosted on my personal blog at: http://beingwendyhsu.info/wp- content/uploads/2010/12/kominasmap3.html ! "l"! I1;!$/'.!1./+*!0%:%.'&!,+./10)!612&0!+D.+50!12*!6'3'6%.%+)!')!+./51:*'3/%6! 0162,+5.'*%'5)!'50!'5'&().)p*O'#.1=!;!'!$+-=-')+0!<12*5'&!./'.!2)+)!+&+6.*15%6! ,2&.%,+0%'!.1!*+3*+)+5.!)6/1&'*&(!,'.+*%'&;!/')!32-&%)/+0!'!4+$!+./51:*'3/%6! 3*1<+6.)!%5!'!0%:%.'&!41*,8!#5!'!3*1<+6.!+5.%.&+0!S"0".)2*S3-)>"#!*T#=1!!*8,2.,='!;!r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a./'.b!6/'&&+5:+)! 6157+5.%15'&!L+).+*5!51.%15)!14!./+!m4*++01,C!14!%541*,'.%15!'50!>51$&+0:+! )/'*%5:C!')!$+&&!')!&+:'&!0+,'50)!41*!)%5:&+='2./1*+0;!m%5517'.%7+;C!1*%:%5'&!$1*>)!')! ./+!-+56/,'*>!41*!%5.+&&+6.2'&!3*13+*.(!0+4%5%.%15)B!ZE/*%).+5!PQQh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lP! %5^2%*%+);!#!615)%0+*!./+!'6.!14!+./51:*'3/%6!$*%.%5:!')!'!41*,!14!.+D.2'&%O'.%15! ZE&%441*0!'50!J'*62)!"Rlh[8!I1!%5!./+!%5).'56+!14!'*.%62&'.%5:!4%+&0!0'.';!$+!,'(!-+! 6*+'.%5:!'5!'*6/%7+!14!.+D.)!./'.!%5.+*3*+.!62&.2*'&!3*'6.%6+)8!#4!./'._)!./+!6')+;!,(! 0%:%.'&!,'3)!,'>+!23!'!62&.2*'&!'*6/%7+!./'.!0162,+5.)!./+!,2)%6%'5)C!)16%'&!&%4+!%5! ,(!3*1<+6.8!K%:%.'&!.+D.!%)!,1*+!4&+D%-&+!./'5!3*%5.+0!.+D.!ZL+)6/!PQQi[8!! J1*+!4&+D%-&+!./'5!6157+5.%15'&!'*6/%7+!Z'!32-&%)/+0!<12*5'&!'*.%6&+!1*!-11>[;! '!0%:%.'&!'*6/%7+!6'5!-+!6&1)+*!.1!&%4+!-+6'2)+!%.!%)!'>%5!.1!./+!3*'6.%6+!14!-2%&0%5:!'! *+3+*.1*(!4*1,!$/%6/!3+*41*,+*)!'50!':+5.)!0*'$!)6*%3.);!,+'5%5:);!'50! %5)3%*'.%15)8!K%:%.'&!.+D.)!'*+!'&)1!,1*+!61&&'-1*'.%7+!./'5!3*%5.+0!,+0%'!ZL+)6/! PQQi[8!K%:%.'&!32-&%6'.%15)!14!*+)+'*6/;!%5!./+!41*,!14!-&1:)!1*!0%)62))%15!41*2,);! 31)%.%15!./+!*+)+'*6/+*)!%5!./+!,1*+!'66125.'-&+!31)%.%15;!A')!*+)3150+5.)!/'7+!./+! 1331*.25%.(!.1!+5:':+!32-&%6&(!$%./!./+!*+)+'*6/!3*16+))!'50!%.)!12.32.)B!ZJ2*./(! PQQl-[8!#5!32-&%)/%5:!,(!,'3)!15!,(!3+*)15'&!$+-)%.+;!#!$')!'-&+!.1!+')%&(!)/'*+! ./+)+!7%)2'&%O'.%15)!$%./!,(!,2)%6%'5=%541*,'5.)8!V')%,!:1.!+D6%.+0!'-12.!./+!%0+'! 14!2)%5:!,(!,'3!.1!3%.6/!'!.12*!.1!J'&'()%'!'50!#5015+)%'8!#!./12:/.!./'.!,(!,'3! 612&0!-+!<2).!'51./+*!&'(+*!14!,(!3'*.%6%3'.%15!')!'5!'6'0+,%6!+./51:*'3/+*!$%./%5! @/+!r1,%5')C)!$1*&08!K%:%.'&!+./51:*'3/(!612&0!-+!./+!42.2*+!14!32-&%6!1*!'33&%+0! +./51,2)%61&1:(8!J(!/13+!%)!./'.!./+)+!3*1716'.%15)!$12&0!/13+42&&(!+5612*':+! +./51:*'3/+*)!.1!./%5>!'-12.!'50!'6.!15!./+!+D3+*%,+5.'&!31))%-%&%.(!'50!3*':,'.%6! 3*16+))+)!14!0%:%.'&!+./51:*'3/%+)8!! ! ! ! ! "l\! 9!K%)=N*%+5.'&%O%5:!E(-+*325>!J%))%15! @1!6156&20+!./%)!)2-6/'3.+*;!#!$%&&!144+*!'!*'./+*!256157+5.%15'&!5'**'.%7+! ./'.!*+,'*>)!15!)16%'&!+61&1:(j,+0%'.+0!-(!0%:%.'&!.+6/51&1:(!'50!./+! 31).61&15%'&j$%./%5!$/%6/!@/+!r1,%5')!'50!#!'*+!+,-+00+08!#5!./%)!)+6.%15;!#!$%&&! '00*+))!./+!*'6%'&!'50!31).61&15%'&!31&%.%6)!%,3&%6'.+0!%5!./+!62**+5.!.+**'%5!14! 0%:%.'&!62&.2*+!-(!4%*).!*+6125.%5:!'!)3+6%4%6!)16%'&!+D6/'5:+!-+.$++5!@/+!r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j1>"-)!*1-*67"..'=*)D1,.*EF@FTFB!*2).'!.*>":.)&'*O"#%"*A''%:*W6MQj^E@;TJ*XHPP)ZF*@* 412217*.+'*+3&'=2"-%*"-#2,('(*"-*.+'*.7''.*)-(*2)-(*1-*)*D210*&1!.*1-*E6OS'!"*)D1,.* EF@FTFB!*-'7*>":.)&'F*E')-7+"2'/*6+'*j1>"-)!*#)=="'!*1-*)*!+1=.*#1-?'=!)."1-*7".+*".!* 4="'-(*tD(?]*"-*J3(-'3/*D1.+*':&='!!"-0*!,&&1=.*41=*EF@FTFB!*&12"."#1I>,!"#)2*)0'-()F* u,"#%23*&1"-."-0*).*)-1.+'=*2"-%/*@*5,>&*.1*EF@FTFB!*>":.)&'*!".'/*#=').'(*':#2,!"?'23*41=* +'=*2"!.'-'=!*.1*(17-21)(*+'=*>":.)&'F*T*!">&2'*7'D!".'/*O"#%2''%:F#1>*"!*&='!'-.'(* 7".+*)*('!"0-*!#+'>'*='>"-"!#'-.*14*7'D*&)0'!*14*.+'*')=23*.1*>"(*P``H!F*T*>)!+*,&*14* 217I.'#+I211%"-0*">)0'!*"-#2,('!*1-*.+'*="0+./*)*2)=0'*!&"--"-0*021D'/*)-(*.+'*2'4./*.71* "('-."#)2*1?'=2)&&"-0*!#=''-!+1.!*14*)*D=17!'=*7"-(17/*)*2)=0'*RO"8j"*AQQjvV*D)--'=* "-*)*!+"-3*?"!,)223*21,(*012('-*41-.F*T4.'=*(17-21)("-0*)-(*]11>"-0*1-*.+'*R#2"&*)=.V* ! "le! 0=)&+"#!*D'217*.+'*D)--'=/*+)#%"-0*>3*7)3*.+=1,0+*.+'*?"!,)2*!#+'>'*14*.+'*7'D!".'/*@* ("!#1?'=*4,=.+'=*0=)&+"#)2*('.)"2!/*41=*"-!.)-#'/*.+'*.':.*RL-".'(*J.).'!*d'('=)2*C'!'=?'* J3!.'>V*!,&'=">&1!'(*1?'=*)-*">)0'*14*)*021D'F*6+'*1.+'=*.':.,)2*)-(*">)0'* "#1-10=)&+3*14*.+'*@-.'=-'.*("!&2)3'(*1-*.+'*7'D*&)0'/*@*.+"-%/*='&='!'-.!*.+'*&12'>"#!* ='0)=("-0*4=''(1>*14*!&''#+*)-(*021D)2*#1>>,-"#)."1-*"-*.+'*!1I#)22'(*@-.'=-'.*)0'* gd"0,='*hFPXiF*d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o/*@*#1-."-,'*.1*D=17!'*.+'*7'DF! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 68 My original narrative, posted on my blog, lacked an account of Vicki Leekx’ request for my email address, in exchange for the download link of the mixtape. Ethnomusicologist Wayne Marshall pointed out in his reply tweet (http://twitter.com/wayneandwax/status/27437787745619968) that users are required to ‘pay’ with their email address. Indeed, the email sent by Vicki Leekx states, “To get your free download, click the link below. By clicking Confirm and Download, you agree to the terms of this promotion and to receive future email updates from Vicki Leekx. You agree to receive future emails from Vicki Leekx and M.I.A.” This transaction does seem less than innocuous than what I had hoped for. The users, at the very least, give up the rights to email privacy in exchange for the “free” download of the mixtape. I can only hope that M.I.A. will do something subversive, in line with her cyberpunk agenda, with this list of email addresses. ! "lf! ! H12/'&(QF)?*(X0'&&,8"-%(-5(`10E1=&&EcF0-9K(0#$%/'&.(-,(R#,/#'A()?K(?S))F( ! #5!'!4+$!,%52.+);!#!41250!,()+&4!+5.'5:&+0!%5!'5!%541*,'.%15!5+.$1*>!./'.! .*'5)6+50)!)+7+*'&!:+1:*'3/%6'&!-1250'*%+)8!@/+!r1,%5')C)!,+))':+!$')!)+5.!7%'! '5!%Y/15+;!,1-%&+!0+7%6+!-(!15+!14!./+!,+,-+*)!14!./+!-'50!3/()%6'&&(!&16'.+0!%5! ./+!51*./+').+*5!F5%.+0!I.'.+)8!#!*+6+%7+0!./+!,+))':+!7%'!./+!$+-!./*12:/! @$%..+*861,;!$/%&+!)%..%5:!'.!'!6144++!)/13!%5!g+$!]',3)/%*+;!3+*/'3)!'!4+$!/12*)! '$'(!4*1,!./+!3/()%6'&!&16'.%15!14!./+!-'50C)!,+,-+*)8!N5!@$%..+*;!#!*+'0!'!4+$! )/1*.!6157+*)'.%15)!-+.$++5!@/+!r1,%5')!'50!%.)!4*%+50)!$1*&0$%0+8!M1&&1$%5:!./+! &%5>!%56&20+0!%5!@/+!r1,%5')C)!.$++.;!#!7%)%.+0!'!/'5042&!14!7%*.2'&!)%.+)!%56&20%5:S! G%6>%&+'>D861,!'50!J@GK+)%861,;!./+!$+-)%.+!14!./+!-*1'06').%5:!144)/11.!4*1,! J@G!./'.!.'*:+.)!'20%+56+)!14!I12./!9)%'5!0+)6+5.!%5!./+!F5%.+0!I.'.+)!'50!1./+*! H5:&%)/=)3+'>%5:!&16'&+)!%5!./+!$1*&08!L/'.!@/+!r1,%5')!&+0!,+!%5.1!$')!'! ,%6*161),!14!'!,2)%61=)16%'&!%541*,'.%15!5+.$1*>!./'.!.%+)!.1:+./+*!%50%7%02'&)! )/'*%5:!'!6&2).+*!14!%5.+*+).)!%5!0+)%!)16%'&!'50!62&.2*'&!&%4+S!'5!#5.+*5+.=-')+0! 6','*'0+*%+!&11)+&(!-')+0!15!'!I12./=9)%'5=%0+5.%4%+0!)+5)%-%&%.(8!! ! "lh! V1*5!J'./'5:%!AJ'('B!9*2&3*':')',;!J8#898!%)!'!I*%=W'5>'5=V*%.%)/!*'33+*! $/1)+!6&'%,!.1!4',+!$1*&0$%0+!$')!/+*!)15:!AY'3+*!Y&'5+)B!15!./+!)1250.*'6>!14! -&16>-2).+*!/%.!J2,>(10*E"22"1-)"='!ZV1(&+!PQQl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|J|#|9|;!PQ"Q0[8!W').!g17+,-+*;!J8#898!,'0+!'5! '551256+,+5.!14!/+*!Z#5.+*5+.[!'&.+*!+:1!02--+0!')!G%6>%!W++>D!Z|J|#|9|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d12.2-+!/'0!32&&+0!/+*! 615.*17+*)%'&!,2)%6!7%0+1!AV1*5!M*++B;!J8#898!)+&4=*+&+')+0!./+!7%0+1!-(!/1).%5:!./+!%.! 15!/+*!$+-)%.+8! ! "li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g!FY!#g!J#KKWH!NM!9!K#X#@9W!UFrFIs!@]Hd!E9g!@Ud! @N!MFEr!FI;!#!9#g@!YF@@#g!Ng!@]H!I@NYYHUI!LH!XN!VH!]9ErHUI88!,+0)}4+0)}! %5!-+0!sB!Z|J|#|9|!PQ"Q+[8!#5!./%)!.$++.;!J8#898!)6*+',);!%5!'&&!6'3);!.1!'0716'.+!41*!'! 6(-+*325>!*+71&2.%15!',15:!%,,%:*'5.);!*+42:++);!'50!1./+*!)2-'&.+*5!:*123)!./'.! )/+!/')!)/1$5!)2331*.!41*!%5!./+!3').!ZY1$+*)!PQ"Q[8!J8#898!0*133+0!./+!,%D.'3+! 15&%5+!,'>%5:!./+!4%&+!01$5&1'0'-&+!'4.+*!,%05%:/.!15!c'52'*(!";!PQ""8!@+5!0'()! '4.+*!)/+!)+&4=*+&+')+0!/+*!,%D.'3+;!J8#898!.$++.+0!'!3%6.2*+!14!6/%&0*+5!14!I12./! 9)%'5!0+)6+5.!ZI*%!W'5>'5p[!/200&%5:!'*1250!412*!0+)>.13!61,32.+*)8!I/+!02--+0! ./+!%,':+!')!AsGs#sEsrs#sWsHsHsrsws!I@UHH@!@H9J!s!""`"`""B!Z|J|#|9|!PQ""[8! G%6>%W++>D!/')!51.!-++5!J8#898C)!15&(!6(-+*325>!3*1<+6.8!H'*&%+*!&').!(+'*;!J8#898!)+.! 144!./%)!&+'>%5:!*',3':+!-(!'551256%5:! (+)./+&%..&+3+13&+$%&&5+7+*$%5-2../+(6'5426>)/%.23861,!02*%5:!/+*!g1*./! ! "ll! 9,+*%6'5!.12*!%5!I+3.+,-+*!PQ"Q!Z|J|#|9|!PQ"Q'[8!J8#898!'&)1!'6.%7+&(!)/'*+)!5+$)! ).1*%+)!'-12.!%,,%:*'.%15;!$'*!6*%,+);!'50!I*%=W'5>'5!*+42:++)!15!@$%..+*8!I/+! )1,+.%,+)!6123&+)!5+$)!).1*(!&%5>)!$%./!$+-!&+'>':+!14!25=*+&+')+0!.*'6>)8!9&15:! $%./!'!&%5>!.1!'!5+$)!).1*(!'-12.!')(&2,!)++>+*)!%5!92).*'&%';!J8#898!'551256+0!'! 5+$&(!6*+'.+0!$+-)%.+!6'&&+0!e@]HYHNYWHNg@]HVN9@861,!Z|J|#|9|!PQ"Q4[8!@/+! $+-)%.+!'2.1,'.%6'&&(!).*+',)!J8#898C)!)15:!Ad12!E'5!]'7+!J(!J15+(;!V2.!d12!E'5C.! ]'7+!J+B;!'50!0%)3&'()!l=-%.!,17%5:!:*'3/%6)!14!'!)2)3+50+0!)3%55%5:!:&1-+! .'*:+.+0!-(!412*!*1.'.%5:!4%*%5:!:25)8!#5!'5!+'*&%+*!.$++.;!J8#898!+D3&'%5);!A#!YF@!@]#I! NF@s!#!rgNL!@]H!JHK#9!X#GHI!EUHK#@!@N!L]#@H!KFKHIs!./'.!$/%.+!020+!3&'(%5! 31>+*!:%4!%)!&%.+*'&B!Z|J|#|9|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r1,%5');!'&15:!$%./!,+;!'50!,1*+!./'5!"hQ;QQQ!14!/+*! 41&&1$+*)!15!@$%..+*;!/'33%&(!$'50+*!$%./%5!'50!'*1250!%.8! ! "lR! @/%)!6(-+*325>!4*15.%+*!%)!25&%>+!./+!N*%+5.&%').!15+!')!6/'*'6.+*%O+0!-(! L+50(!]2%!r(15:!E/25!ZPQQ\[8!E1,,+5.%5:!15!6(-+*325>!4%6.%15!'50!4%&,)!14!./+! "RlQ)!.1!"RRQ);!E/25!/%:/&%:/.)!./+!0(5',%6)!14!A/%:/=.+6/!N*%+5.'&%),B!%5!$/%6/! '5!9,+*%6'5!Z$/%.+[!61$-1(!+5.+*);!./*12:/!'5!'6.!14!3+5+.*'.%15;!%5.1!'! 0%)+,-10%+0;!7%*.2'&!)3'6+!14!+*1.%6!4'5.')%+)!14!./+!N*%+5.8!]%:/=.+6/!N*%+5.'&%),! +5'-&+)!./+!61$-1(!.1!A+*')+!/%)!-10(!%5!1*:'),%6!+6).')(k)26/!)+D2'&!4'5.')%+)! '50!615^2+).;!41*!./%)!1*:'),%6!+6).')(!615).*26.)!6(-+*)3'6+k')!'!)1&%3)%).%6! )3'6+B!ZPQQ\S!"f[8!E15.*'*%&(;!J8#898!%)!51.!'5!A#,3+*%'&!615)1&+!61$-1(B!ZPQQ\S"l[8! Y&'(42&&(!'50!3+*41*,'.%7+&(;!J8#898!%0+5.%4%+)!/+*)+&4!')!'!31).=5'.%15'&!%,,%:*'5.! 1*3/'5=6/%&0!$/%&+!).'.%5:!'!6(-+*325>!,%))%15!.1!.+'*!01$5!./+!%,3+*%'&%).! ).*26.2*+)8!M1*!./'.!*+')15;!@/+!r1,%5')!'50!#!-1./!&11>!23!.1!/+*8! W%)'!g'>',2*'!6*%.%^2+)!./+!32-&%6!0%)612*)+)!./'.!6&'%,!./+!#5.+*5+.!')!'! -1*0+*&+))!)3'6+S!'!.+**'%5!%5!$/%6/!2)+*);!&%>+!.12*%).);!6'5!+')%&(!615)2,+!./+! 62&.2*+!'50!%,':+!14!./+!0%).'5.!N./+*!ZPQQP[8!#5!./%)!5+$!,+0%'!.+**'%5;!9)%'5);! +)3+6%'&&(!%,,%:*'5.);!'*+!0%:%.'&&(!.(3+=6').+0!1*!A6(-+*.(3+0B!')!A+D+,3&'*(! %541*,'.%15!$1*>+*)B!ZPQQPS!Pe[8!#!./%5>!./'.!g'>',2*'C)!*+'0%5:!6'3.2*+)!15&(!15+! 3'*.!14!./+!).1*(8!K2*%5:!,(!0%:%.'&!4%+&0!*+)+'*6/;!#!/'7+!0%)617+*+0!0%)3'*'.+!)16%'&! )3'6+)!15!@/+!#5.+*5+.!./'.!'*+!*'6%'&%O+0!'50!+./5%6%O+0!%5!$'()!,1*+!61,3&+D! ./'5!$/'.!g'>',2*'!0+)6*%-+)8!J'(-+!./%)!*+4&+6.)!'!0%44+*+56+!%5!./+!.%,+!14!12*! *+)+'*6/8!g'>',2*'!$')!01%5:!/+*!4%+&$1*>!%5!./+!"RRQ)T!$/+*+')!,1).!14!,(!4%+&0! *+)+'*6/!$')!615026.+0!%5!./+!,%0!.1!&'.+!PQQQ)8!HD.+50%5:!4*1,!g'>',2*'C)! 41*,2&'.%15;!#!'*:2+!./'.!./+*+!%)!51.!15+!)%5:&+!6(-+*!)3'6+;!')!./+*+!'*+!,2&.%3&+! 6(-+*!)3'6+)8!@/+!#5.+*5+.!%)!51.!15+!:%'5.!-&1-!14!)3'6+8!950!./+*+!'*+!-1*0+*)!'50! ! "RQ! -1250'*%+)j)14.$'*+=!'50!/'*0$'*+=0+3+50+5.j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hR!! #!41&&1$!g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he software disconnection between China and the United States (and the rest of the world) on Myspace is maybe a product of the financial and political relationship between the countries. In order to follow up this inquiry, one could search news stories about company structure and changes of Myspace. For more detail, read David Barboza’s article “Murdoch Is Taking MySpace to China”, April 27, 2007. http://www.nytimes.com/2007/04/27/business/worldbusiness/27myspace.html (accessed on January 13, 2011). ! "R"! W%>+!J8#898;!#C,!'5!%,,%:*'5.!6/%&0!$/1!*+&%)/+)!%5!./+!31).=5'.%15'&!)3'6+! 3*144+*+0!-(!./+!#5.+*5+.8!W+))!'!*'33+*`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c1<&(3&'5-'9#,0&(#8(3/;=10(X0"-=#'8"1$( ( ( ( N5!92:2).!h;!PQQR;!@(3/115!J1*'>1.!).*26>!./+!%)&'50!14!@'%$'58!@/+! .(3/115!.*%::+*+0!,20)&%0+);!)+7+*+!4&110%5:;!'50!./+!&1))!14!,'5(!&%7+)!'50!/1,+)! ./*12:/12.!)12./+*5!@'%$'58!#5!./+!$'>+!14!.(3/115!'50!%.)!'4.+*,'./;!#!$%.5+))+0! '!.*+,+5012)!',125.!14!&17+!'50!)2331*.!4*1,!./+!@'%$'5+)+!9,+*%6'5!,2)%6%'5)C! 61,,25%.(8!I2)'5!'50!H,%&(!])2;!./+!4*15.=$1,+5!14!HD%.!E&17;!,'0+!'!7%0+1!14! ./+,)+&7+)!3&'(%5:!'50!)%5:%5:!愛拚才會贏!A9%=V%'/5/!c'/=+/!H'/;B!'!6&'))%6!313! )15:!)25:!%5!./+!0%'&+6.!14!@'%$'5+)+8!@/%)!)15:!$')!%615%6!%5!./+!@'%$'5%O'.%15! ,17+,+5.!&+0!-(!./+!,+,-+*)!'50!)2331*.)!14!./+!K+,16*'.%6!Y*1:*+))%7+!Y'*.(!%5! ./+!&'.+!"RlQ)!'50!"RRQ)8!@/+!])2!)%).+*)!31).+0!./+%*!/1,+-*+$+0!)2331*.!7%0+1! 15!d12.2-+!'50!3*1,%)+0!.1!015'.+!Pf!6+5.)!41*!+7+*(!%5).'56+!14!7%0+1!3&'(!15!./+! $+-)%.+8!L%./%5!'!4+$!/12*);!./+(!^2%6>&(!,+.!./+!:1'&!14!*+'6/%5:!fQQ!/%.)!'50! *'%)%5:!./+!',125.!')!./+(!3*1,%)+08iQ!#5!'00%.%15;!,2)%6%'5)!'50!61,,25%.(! 1*:'5%O+*)!61,-%5+0!./+%*!+441*.)!.1!*'%)+!4250)!./*12:/!-+5+4%.!6156+*.)8!@/+!])2= 5',%!012-&+=-%&&+0!$%./!r12!E/12!E/%5:;!'!/%3=/13!:*123!.12*%5:!4*1,!@'%$'5;!'.!'! 6156+*.!+5.%.&+0!J&"=".*14*6)"7)-!%5!g+$!d1*>!E%.(8!@/+!+7+5.!*'%)+0!)2-).'5.%'&! 4250)!'50!-*12:/.!,+0%'!'..+5.%15!.1!./+!0%)').+*)!%5!@'%$'58! #!$')!,17+0!-(!./%)!)2*:+!14!)2331*.!41*!@'%$'5!:+5+*'.+0!-(!./+!@'%$'5+)+! 9,+*%6'5!61,,25%.(8!F)%5:!K8#8d8!)16%'&!,+0%'!'50!+7+5.!1*:'5%O%5:;!./+)+! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! iQ!H,%&(!'50!I2)'5!])2!^2%6>&(!,+.!./+!:1'&!14!*+'6/%5:!fQQ!/%.)!'50!*'%)%5:!./+!',125.!')!./+(! 3*1,%)+08!@/+!7%0+1!:1.!6%*62&'.+0!%5!@'%$'5!'50!./+!6+&+-*%.(!)%5:+*)!,'0+!'!,16>!3+*41*,'56+! -')+0!15!./%)!7%0+18!@/+!@'%$'5+)+!3*+))!3*+)+5.+0!%.!')!'5!+D',3&+!14!)2331*.!4*1,!./+!17+*)++)! @'%$'5+)+!61,,25%.%+)8!G%0+1!&%5>!%)!/+*+S!/..3S``$$$8(12.2-+861,`$'.6/p7~iPJR= >(GD)6u4+'.2*+~3&'(+*|+,-+00+0! ! "R\! @'%$'5+)+!9,+*%6'5!'*.%).)!*+'6/+0!./+%*!'20%+56+)!'6*1))!./+!F8I8!'50!%5!@'%$'5! )3*+'0%5:!./+%*!)2331*.!41*!@'%$'58!94.+*!*+.2*5%5:!4*1,!,(!.*%3!.1!)++!@/+!])2= 5',%C)!-+5+4%.!)/1$;!#!0+6%0+0!.1!1*:'5%O+!'!)%,%&'*!+7+5.!.1!<1%5!./+!+441*.)!14!,'5(! %5!./+!61,,25%.(!'6*1))!./+!F8I88!@1!-*%5:!./+!E/'*&1..+)7%&&+!'50!./+!F5%7+*)%.(!14! G%*:%5%'!ZFG'[!61,,25%.%+)!.1:+./+*!41*!@'%$'5;!#!+57%)%15+0!'!&%7+!+5'6.,+5.!14! Ag'>')/%B;!)1,+.%,+)!)3+&&+0!')!Ag'>')%B!(那卡西),!'5!%615%6!@'%$'5+)+!:*'))*11.)! ).(&+!14!3132&'*!,2)%6!3+*41*,'56+!./'.!+,+*:+0!%5!./+!"R\Q)!02*%5:!./+!c'3'5+)+! 16623'.%15!+*'!15!./+!%)&'508!#!:'./+*+0!'!52,-+*!14!,2)%6%'5!4*%+50)!4*1,!./+!FG'! ,2)%6!0+3'*.,+5.!'50!./+!&16'&!,2)%6!61,,25%.(!.1!&+'*5!'!/'50=3%6>+0!)+&+6.%15! 14!)2*4!'50!:'*':+!*16>!)15:)!4*1,!"RhQ)!'50!"RiQ)!@'%$'5!'50!%.)!5+%:/-1*%5:! 6125.*%+)!)26/!')!c'3'5;!I%5:'31*+;!#5015+)%';!'50!E',-10%'8!#!'&)1!+5&%).+0!'! 52,-+*!14!0'56+*=4*%+50)!$/1!6/1*+1:*'3/+0!)3+6%4%6'&&(!41*!./+!3+*41*,'56+!.1! 61,3&+.+!./+!./+'.*%6'&!')3+6.)!14!./+!g'>')/%!3+*41*,'56+8!c1%5%5:!+441*.)!$%./!./+! @'%$'5+)+!I.20+5.!9))16%'.%15!'.!FG'!'50!'!&16'&!@'%$'5+)+!6'4?;!$+!*'%)+0!'&,1).! z"QQQ!4*1,!./+!+7+5%5:C)!4+).%7%.%+)!aM%:2*+!f8"b8!N5!'!,1*+!3+*)15'&!&+7+&;!./%)! +7+5.!*+'&%O+0!,(!0*+',!14!+5'6.%5:!'!g'>')/%!3+*41*,'56+8!@/+!+7+5.!%5.*1026+0! ./+!%54+6.%12)!g'>')/%!'+)./+.%6!14!./+!)3+6.'62&'*!%5j'!01$5=/1,+!@'%$'5+)+! ).(&+j!%5!'!),'&&!61&&+:+!.1$5!%5!6+5.*'&!G%*:%5%'8!94.+*!./+!-+5+4%.!+7+5.;!$+! 0+6%0+0!.1!615.%52+!.1!3+*41*,;!)3*+'0%5:!12*!&17+!41*!@'%$'5!'50!./+!7%5.':+!*16>! ! "Re! )1250)!14!9)%'8 ! H12/'&(>F)*(D&0&1$%(5-'(@-,#%1-,(5-'(!"1=.(O&=5#'&(I/&(H-/,.#%1-,(1,( C#14#,('#18&.(;A(@d1#,e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`9)%'5! 0+)6+5.!3+*41*,%5:!'50!&%7%5:!%5!./+!F5%.+0!I.'.+)8!9)!#C,!$*%.%5:!./+)+! ! "Rf! +./51:*'3/%6!5'**'.%7+);!./+!+44+6.)!14!+./51:*'3/%6!$*%.%5:!/'7+!41*,+0!'!0++3+*! +,1.%15'&!%,3'6.!15!,+8!V2.!#!/'7+!-++5!.1*5!'-12.!,(!02'&=*1&+!')!'5! +./51:*'3/+*;!')!)1,+15+!$/1!-+'*)!./+!Z3*14+))%15'&[!%5.+*+).!'50!31$+*!.1! *+3*+)+5.!,(!%541*,'5.C)!+D3+*%+56+);!'50!')!)1,+15+!$/1!)++,%5:&(!)/'*+)!'! )16%'&!31)%.%15!'50!%0+5.%.(!$%./!./+)+!%541*,+*!,2)%6%'5)8!@/%)!.+5)%15!*+,'%5)! 25*+)1&7+0!'4.+*!412*!6/'3.+*)!14!$*%.%5:8! @1$'*0!./+!+50!14!$*%.%5:!,(!0%))+*.'.%15;!#!)/'*+0!./+!3'%5)!'50!:'%5)!14! 0%))+*.'.%15!$*%.%5:!$%./!'!:*'02'.+!).20+5.!61&&+':2+;!J%6/'+&!V%)/138!]+!.1&0!,+! /+!0+6%0+0!.1!6+5.+*!/%)!+./51:*'3/(!14!325>!,2)%6!15!/%)!1$5!+D3+*%+56+)!14! 3&'(%5:!%5!XL9U;!'!*+51$5+0!,+.'&=325>!:*123!./'.!)3'$5+0!%5!U%6/,150!%5!./+! ,%0!"RlQ)8!L/+5!/+!')>+0;!A/'7+!(12!$*%..+5!'-12.!(12*!1$5!+D3+*%+56+)p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h! #5!./%)!&').!6/'3.+*;!#!)3+'>!./*12:/!./%)!)%&+56+!-(!*+31)%.%15%5:!,()+&4!')!'! ,2)%6%'5!'50!3+*41*,+*8!#!,17+!4*1,!./+!31)%.%15!14!'5!+./51:*'3/%6! &%).+5+*`1-)+*7+*!'*.%62&'.+0!%5!./+!3*+7%12)!6/'3.+*);!.1!51$!/%:/&%:/.!,(!1$5! )2-<+6.%7%.(!')!'!3+*41*,+*8!KO%'5s!./+!-'50!#!41*,+0!%5!*+)315)+!.1!./+! .*'5)5'.%15'&!'%0!+441*.)!14!,(!%541*,'5.)!0+)6*%-+0!'-17+;!/')!-+61,+!,(! 3+*41*,'.%7+!*+)315)+!.1!./+!3+*)%).+5.!^2+).%15%5:!*+:'*0%5:!,(!0%))+*.'.%15!-(! '6'0+,%6!'50!515='6'0+,%6!12.)%0+*)S!A#)!./+*+!*16>!,2)%6!%5!9)%'pB!AL/1!'*+!./+! *16>!,2)%6%'5)!14!9)%'5!0+)6+5.pB!AL/%6/!-'50)!'*+!(12!.'&>%5:!'-12.pB!9&15:)%0+! ,(!-'50=,'.+)!%5!KO%'5s;!#!$1*>!.1!%5)6*%-+!9)%'!'50!9)%'5!9,+*%6'!%5.1!*16>!,2)%6! 0%)612*)+)8!#!%5.+50!41*!./%)!,%))%15!.1!*+)15'.+!$%./!@/+!r1,%5')C)!,2)%6'&!'50! )16%'&!+5:':+,+5.!.1!0%)3&'6+!./+!:+131&%.%6'&!6+5.+*!14!*16>!,2)%6!'50!14!:&1-'&! )16%+.(!'.!&'*:+8! #5!'00%.%15!.1!-*+'>%5:!./+!)%&+56+!'50!6&'%,%5:!'!)3'6+!41*!9)%'!'50!9)%'5! 9,+*%6'!%5!&16'&!'50!*+:%15'&!,2)%6!)6+5+);!,(!3+*41*,'56+)!$%./!KO%'5s!/'7+! /+&3+0!,+!.1!',+&%1*'.+(,(!3+*)15'&!).*2::&+!$%./!1*%+5.'&%),!'50!*'6%'&! ,+&'56/1&%'!ZH5:!'50!]'5!PQQ\[8!@/*12:/!KO%'5s;!#!/'7+!+5:':+0!$%./!,(!0(5',%6! '50!',-%7'&+5.!Z0%)[%0+5.%4%6'.%15!')!'!@'%$'5+)+!9,+*%6'58!9.!./+!)',+!.%,+! 3+*41*,%5:!%5!KO%'5s!/')!144+*+0!,+!1331*.25%.%+)!.1!615).*26.%7+&(!+5:':+!$%./! 9)%'5!9,+*%6'5!&1))!14!'!)+5)+!14!/+*%.':+!'50!)16%'&!-+&15:%5:8! T.*.+'*67"!.'(*f=)-#+*6')*f)]))=/*)*21#)2*.')!+1&*1-*.+'*(17-.17-*>)22*14* 8+)=21..'!?"22'/*6,=%"!+*=,0!/*E)1"!.*8+"-'!'*&=1&)0)-()*&1!.'=!/*+11%)+!/*)-(* b)&)-'!'*.')*!'.!*#=').'*)-*1?'=.23*R':1."#V*!&)#'*D3*;1=.+*T>'="#)-*!.)-()=(!F*6+'* 6')*f)]))=*"!*)*&=">'*?'-,'*41=*.1,="-0*D)-(!*.1*>)%'*)*!.1&*41=*)*!+17*"-*#'-.=)2* ! "Ri! O"=0"-")F*T>&!*)='*!.)#%'(*,&*1-*.1&*14*')#+*1.+'=a*>'=#+)-("!'*.)D2'!*("!&2)3*SF@F >)('*1D5'#.!*.1*D'*':#+)-0'(*41=*!1>'*>1-'3*.1*('4=)3*.+'*#1!.*14*.=)?'2"-0*)-(* &'=41=>"-0F*J1>'*14*.+'*+"&!.'=!*"-*f1+'>")-*8+)=21..'!?"22'*+)?'*!+17-*,&*.1*!''* .+'"=*4)?1=".'*&)-IT!")-*!,=4*)-(*0)=)0'*=1#%*D)-(*S]")-cF*$'B='*D2)!."-0*6)"7)-'!'* TIe1Ie1*1-*.+'*.'.',%*Wb)&)-'!'*!.=)7*>).Z*!.)0'*"-*.+'*4=1-.*=11>*14*.+'*.')!+1&F*@* &,.*1-*>3*='(*YH!I4,.,="!.*!.32'*!,-02)!!'!*)-(*)*#1,&2'*14*7+".'*4').+'=*D1)!*)=1,-(* >3*-'#%F*6+'*02)>*='(*)##'-.!*4=1>*.+'!'*&=1&!*144!'.*.+'*'2'#.="#*D2,'*("!#1I!.32'* D2)]'=*.+).*>3*>1>*,!'(*.1*7')=*"-*.+'*')=23*P`YH!*"-*6)"7)-F*@*)!%*.+'*#=17(/*RS1* 31,*%-17*7+).*TB*e1Ie1*>')-!UV*6+'*#=17(*)-!7'=!*7".+*)*!14.*R-1FV*@*='.1=.*7".+*)* ='!1,-("-0*&=1>"!'/*[email protected]!*)*!':3*()-#'*4=1>*6)"7)-F*T-(*@*7"22*!+17*31,FV*$".+* !3-#1&).'(*0=11?'*D'.7''-*)*#+)I#+)I#+)*=+3.+>*)-(*)*hIh*=1#%*(=,>*D')./*.+'*D)-(* !.)=.!*&2)3"-0*.+'*"-.=1(,#."1-*14*)*!1-0*'-.".2'(*R821.+'!*14*6')=!FV*^="0"-)223*)* b)&)-'!'*&1&*!1-0*"-*.+'*!.32'*14*'-%)/*.+'*!1-0*7)!*='(1-'*"-*)*-,>D'=*14*?'=!"1-!*"-* E)-()="-*8+"-'!'*D3*6)"7)-'!'*&1&*!"-0'=!*"-*.+'*2).'*P`GH!*)-(*')=23*P`KH!F*6+'* ?'=!"1-*.+).*7'*%-17*D'!.*"!*D3*8)"*E"*E"F*@*!"-0*)2.'=-)."-0*D'.7''-*>3*.+=1).*)-(* +')(*?1"#'/*7".+*.+'*)..'>&.*.1*)=."#,2).'*.+'*?12,&.,1,!*TIe1Ie1*?1#)2"])."1-F*@*()-#'* 7+"2'*42)"2"-0*.+'*4').+'=*D1)!/*'-)#."-0*)*?"-.)0'*6)"7)-'!'*("?)F*M12("-0*.+'* >"#=1&+1-'*7".+*>3*="0+.*+)-(/*)-(*,!"-0*>3*2'4.*+)-(*.1*>1."1-*.+'*4217*)-(* #)('-#'*"-*.+'*>,!"#/*@*>1('2*7+).*@*!)7*1-*.+'*0)>'*!+17!*1-*6)"7)-'!'*.'2'?"!"1-* )!*)*#+"2(F*T4.'=*.+'*&'=41=>)-#'/*>3*4="'-(*T2"*!)3!*.1*>'/*R>3*4="'-(!*21?'(*31,=* &'=41=>)-#'c*^-'*14*.+'>*!)"(*.+).*@6*7)!*':)#.23*+17*!+'*)27)3!*">)0"-'(*".FV! #!$')!/'33(!.1!/+'*!./'.!,(!3+*41*,'56+!14!'5!9C!X1=X1!Z阿哥哥) ).'*!4*1,! "RhQ)!@'%$'5!$')!6157%56%5:8!V2.!$/'.!+D'6.&(!0%0!)/+!,+'5!-(!./+!A%.Bp!#)!%.!)1,+! ! "Rl! )1*.!14!).+*+1.(3%6'&!4'5.')(!14!'!3+*41*,'56+!%5!'!0%)61!-'*!%5!)1,+$/+*+!%5!./+! *+,1.+!615.%5+5.!14!9)%'p!#5!@/'%&'50!Z$/%6/!14.+5!:+.)!,%D+0!23!$%./!@'%$'5[p!#! $%&&!5+7+*!>51$8!#.C)!$+%*0!.1!-*1'6/!'!6157+*)'.%15!'-12.!+./5%6!+))+5.%'&%),!'50! N*%+5.&'&%),;!+)3+6%'&&(!'.!'!/11>'/!'50!'&61/1&=)+*7%5:!.+'/12)+!4*+^2+5.+0!-(! $/%.+!/%3).+*)8!@/+!%0+'!./'.!#!612&0!31))%-&(!*++5'6.!./+!4'5.')(!14!9)%'5!+D1.%6%),! ./*12:/!'!,2)%6'&!3+*41*,'56+!-+:'5!.1!%**%.'.+!,+8!#!./12:/.!.1!,()+&4;!/1$!$12&0! #!'00*+))!./%)!%5!3+*41*,'56+p!L/+5!#!0+&7+0!0++3+*;!#!*+'&%O+0!./'.!#;!%5!4'6.;!01!)1! '&*+'0(8!( #5!3+*41*,'56+;!#!+5'6.!'!52,-+*!14!'*6/+.(3+)!*+&'.+0!.1!./+!4',%&%'*!Z'50! 254',%&%'*[!3+*41*,%5:!3+*)15'+!./'.!#!&+'*5+0!4*1,!,(!).20(!14!*+61*0!&%5+*!51.+);! '&-2,!'*.;!'50!d12.2-+!7%0+1)8!#!6*+'.+!)+.&%).)!./'.!,17+!4*1,!'5!9C!X1=X1!)+:,+5.! 4+'.2*%5:!'!0%7'=+)^2+!716'&!3+*41*,'56+;!.1!'!:'*':+!*16>!31*.%15!./'.!0+&%7+*)! @'%$'5+)+!52*)+*(!*/(,+)!%5!'!*'$!3*1.1=325>!,'55+*8!M1*!%5).'56+;!'.!./+!@+'! V'O''*;!'4.+*!./+!71&23.212)!3+*41*,'56+!14!AE&1./+)!14!@+'*);B!$+!^2%6>&(!,17+0! %5.1!'5!%5.+5)+!:'*':+!*16>!-&16>!./'.!4+'.2*+0!12*!&+'0!:2%.'*%).!W'5%+*!15!'5! +D.*+,+&(!42OO+0!12.!)1&18!#!)+.!144!./+!:'*':+!*16>!31*.%15!-(!)%5:%5:!Ag%!L'!L';B!'! @'%$'5+)+!52*)+*(!*/(,+!'-12.!'!6&'(!01&&!./'.!*+3*+)+5.)!'5!1*3/'5+0!6/%&08!#! &+'*5+0!./%)!)15:!')!'!6/%&0!'50!/'7+!'&$'()!&17+0!%.8!K*'$%5:!%5)3%*'.%15!4*1,!./+! ,2)%6!-(!E'*1&!V2%!'50!r'./%!r%&&+*;!#!*+='**'5:+0!./+!)15:;!.2*5%5:!'!)'0!)15:!'-12.! '5!1*3/'5+0!:%*&!%5.1!4+,=31$+*!.*%2,3/8!#5!,(!'**'5:+,+5.;!./+!)15:!-+:%5)!$%./! '!>&+O,+*=%54&2+56+0!*/(./,!'50!./+5!.*'5)%.%15)!%5.1!U%1.=X***&=%5)3%*+0!:'*':+! *16>!)15:8!9.!./+!@+'!V'O''*;!#!)6*+',+0!.1!'))+*.!716'&!3*1$+));!$/%&+!0'56%5:!'50! ! "RR! -'..%5:!'*1250!./+!,%6!).'50;!+71>%5:!c',+)!V*1$5C)!4',12)!:(*'.%5:!*16>!m5C!*1&&! ,17+)8( N)6%&&'.%5:!-+.$++5!0%)3'*'.+!).(&+)!14!,2)%6!'50!./+%*!'))16%'.+0! +,-10%,+5.);!#!32*31)+42&&(!./$'*.!./+!'20%+56+C)!+D3+6.'.%15!41*!'!,2)%6'&! '2./+5.%6%.(!-1250!.1!'!)3+6%4%6!.%,+!'50!3&'6+8!@/+!*23.2*+!-+.$++5!'*6/+.(3+);! '50!-+.$++5!./+!7'*%12)!7+*)%15)!14!,(!3+*41*,%5:!)+&7+)!15).':+!'50!,(!144).':+! 3+*)15'!q!')!'5!1*0%5'*(!:*'02'.+!).20+5.!`!/%3).+*!$%./!0'*>=4*',+0!:&'))+)!'50! )>%55(!<+'5)!%5!/+*!+'*&(!./%*.%+)!q!%)!'!>+(!+&+,+5.!14!3&'(8!#!41*+:*1250!./%)!3+*)15'! *%4.!%5!,(!3+*41*,'56+!-(!,'>%5:!7%)%-&+!,(!3*16+))!14!,1*3/%5:;!41*!+D',3&+;! 32..%5:!15!,(!4+'./+*!-1')!'50!)25:&'))+)!%5!./+!,%00&+!14!)+.!'4.+*!-'5.+*%5:! -+.$++5!)15:);!'50!)1,+.%,+)!')>%5:!3+13&+!$/+*+!,(!)25:&'))+)!'*+!'50! +D3&'%5%5:!./'.!A9C!X1=X1!)1250)!-+..+*!%4!#!$+'*!,(!)25:&'))+)8B( @/%)!3+*41*,'56+!).*'.+:(!14!0+).'-%&%O%5:!4'5.')%+)!'50!'*6/+.(3+)!%)! 51./%5:!5+$8!@/+!r1,%5')!3&'()!$%./!./+!0%)612*)+!14!.+**1*%),!%5!%.)!)15:!AI2%6%0+! V1,-!./+!X'3B!%5!<2D.'31)%.%15!$%./!V1&&($110!6&'))%6)!'50!0+71.%15'&!)15:!A#!L%&&! L1*)/%3!d12!J(!W17+B!Z1*%:%5'&&(!-(!Y'>%).'5%!^'$$'&%!,2)%6%'5!g2)*'.!M'.+/!9&%! r/'5[8!X1%5:!-'6>!%5!/%).1*(;!E/%5+)+!9,+*%6'5!7'20+7%&&+!3+*41*,+*!W++!@25:!M11;! 1*!M*'5>!W++!0+3&1(+0!'!)%,%&'*!).*'.+:(8!#5!3+*41*,'56+;!W++!%)!51.+0!41*!)&%33%5:!%5! '50!12.!14!./+!).+*+1.(3%6'&!AE/%5'!,'5B!'50!I61.),'5;!'50!+5'6.%5:!+./5%6!'50! *'6%'&!0%44+*+56+)!7%'!'66+5.!'50!716'&!7%*.21)%.(!./'.!,').+*)!'!$%0+!*'5:+!14!)15:)! 14!7'*%12)!+./5%6!'44%&%'.%15)8!]%).1*%'5!r*().(5!J115!'*:2+)!./'.!W++C)!3+*41*,'56+! *+7+'&)!./+!3+*41*,'.%7+!5'.2*+!14!*'6+;!./2)!0+615).*26.%5:!*'6%'&!+))+5.%'&%),!7%'! 3+*41*,%5:!ZPQQf[8( ! PQQ! #))2+)!14!:+50+*!'50!)+D2'&%.(!'*+!'&)1!'.!3&'(!%5!,(!3+*41*,'56+8!#!'&$'()! $+'*!'!3'5.)!)2%.!$/+5!#!3+*41*,8!#5!'*.%62&'.%5:!'!4+,,+!9C!X1=X1!71&23.212)5+));! #!32.!15!./+!4+'./+*!-1');!-*%5:%5:!%5!./+!+&+,+5.!14!6',38!#!%5.+5.%15'&&(!<2D.'31)+! :+50+*(!ZI+0:$%6>!"RRf[!)%:5%4%+*)!)26/!')!4+'./+*!-1')!'50!:(*'.%5:!,1.%15;!$%./! ,(!,1*+!:+50+*=5+2.*'&!.1,-1(%)/!)2%.=6&'0!)+&4!250+*5+'./!./+!-1')8!@/+!-1')!'*+! '!*+)2&.!14!'5!%5)3%*'.%15!0*'$5!4*1,!&15:!/12*)!14!6&1)+!*+'0%5:!14!3+*41*,'56+! )+^2+56+)!%5!./+!4%&,!M'(7"0*)-(*.+'*T-0=3*@-#+;!1*%:%5'&&(!41*!./+!32*31)+!14! $*%.%5:!'!)6/1&'*&(!'*.%6&+!./'.!#!32-&%)/!02*%5:!:*'02'.+!)6/11&!Z])2!PQQi[8!@/+! 611&!)25:&'))+)=6&'0!0%7'!%,':+!$')!0*'$5!4*1,!./+!:*+'.!9)%'5!9,+*%6'5!4+,'&+! *16>!0%7'!d1>1!N51!%5!/+*!*+6+5.!3+*41*,'56+)!$%./!Y&').%6!N51!-'508!V+.$++5! )15:)!)1,+.%,+);!#!,'>+!2..+*'56+)!.1!+,2&'.+!'!0%7';!./'5>%5:!./+!'20%+56+!$%./!'! )/++3%)/!2&.*'=4+,,+!71%6+8!@/%)!:+50+*!3&'(!*+&%+7+)!)1,+!14!./+!'5D%+.(!14!,(! -+%5:!^2++*!%5!'5!14.+5!%5.+5)+&(!/+.+*1)+D2'&!+57%*15,+5.!14!*16>!,2)%6!)6+5+)8! 920%+56+!,+,-+*)!612&0!4%50!./+,)+&7+)!)/%4.%5:!./+%*!31)%.%15!4*1,!*16>!4'5)!.1! 313!:*123%+);!0+3+50%5:!15!./+!:+50+*%5:!14!,(!3+*41*,'56+!14!'.!./+!,1,+5.8( @/+!3+*41*,'56+)!14!KO%'5s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f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hQ)!'50!"RiQ)!@'%$'5;!#! -+:'5!.1!'33*1'6/!,(!,1,!')!'!)12*6+!14!>51$&+0:+!*+:'*0%5:!./+!,2)%6!14!A/+*! .%,+8B!L+!/'7+!/'0!'!52,-+*!14!+D6/'5:+)!'-12.!./+!&(*%6'&!615.+5.!14!./+!)15:);! $/%&+!)/'*%5:!d12.2-+!3+*41*,'56+)!.1!0%)62))!12*!).(&%).%6!3*+4+*+56+)8!I%56+!./+! 7+*(!4%*).!3+*41*,'56+!14!KO%'5s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aM%:2*+!f8Pb;!41*:%5:!'!,2)%6'&!/'*,15(!./'.!)++3)!%5.1!12*! ! PQP! *+&'.%15)/%3!144).':+8!950!.1!'5!+D.+5.;!#!/'7+!42&4%&&+0!./+!*16>!).'*!0*+',!./'.!,(! ,1./+*!3*1-'-&(!/')!'&$'()!/'08! H12/'&(>F?*(C"&(#/%"-'N8(;#,.(@d1#,e(41%"(X-,1#(]8/K(3#88$-'%(%-(C#14#,! M%5'&&(;!-+(150!./+!3+*)15'&;!KO%'5s!/')!%,3*%5.+0!%.)+&4!%5!/+*%.':+! 61,,25%.%+)!&16'&&(!'50!*+:%15'&&(8!@/+!-'50!/')!3+*41*,+0!'.!)+7+*'&!/+*%.':+! 6+&+-*'.%15!+7+5.)!1*:'5%O+0!-(!7'*%12)!@'%$'5+)+!'50!E/%5+)+!9,+*%6'5! 1*:'5%O'.%15)!%5!G%*:%5%'!'50!g+$!d1*>8!94.+*!3+*41*,%5:!'.!./+!Y'))31*.!.1!@'%$'5! M+).%7'&!&').!)2,,+*;!15!'!-%&&!62*'.+0!-(!c'6>!])2!14!@/+!])2=5',%;!KO%'5s! %,3*+))+0!./+!'20%+56+!%5!g+$!d1*>8!c'6>!%57%.+0!2)!.1!*+.2*5!.1!g+$!d1*>!.1! 3+*41*,!'.!./+!]+&&1s!@'%$'5!U16>)!6156+*.!'.!./+!@'%$'5!E+5.+*!aM%:2*+!f8\b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g+$!d1*>!15!'!).20+5.!7%)'8!950!'!)2-)+.!14!./%)!:*123!$+*+!(125:+*! @'%$'5+)+!5'.%15'&!$/1!'33+'*+0!.1!-+!%5!./+%*!&'.+!.++5);!14!/%:/=)6/11&!':+;! 31))%-&(!A3'*'6/2.+!>%0)B!$/1!'*+!&%7%5:!%5!./+!F5%.+0!I.'.+)!$%./12.!./+%*!3'*+5.)8!! L+!3+*41*,+0!'!)+.!14!)15:)!4+'.2*%5:!.25+)!4*1,!@'%$'58!g+'*!./+!+50!14! ./+!)+.;!$+!3&'(+0!A9&%!I/'5B!Z'&)1!>51$!')!AX'1!I/'5!t%5:B[;!'!@'%$'5+)+!52*)+*(! */(,+!'-12.!./+!g'.%7+!@'%$'5+)+!3+13&+!'50!./+!,125.'%512)!&'50)6'3+8!N2*! '**'5:+,+5.!$')!-')+0!15!'!617+*!7+*)%15!-(!'!"RhQ)!@/'%!-'50!6'&&+0!I15!14! Y16>+.!J2)%68!L+!&+'*5+0!./+!)15:!4*1,!'!*+61*0%5:!*+&+')+0!-(!I+'..&+=-')+0!%50%+! &'-+&!I2-&%,+!M*+^2+56%+)8!#!/'7+!%56&20+0!'!).20%1!*+61*0%5:!14!12*!7+*)%15!14!A9&%! I/'5B!a920%1!HD',3&+!f8"b8!! L+!+5&%7+5+0!'!)15:!./'.!,1).!3+13&+!%5!./+!'20%+56+!>5+$!'50!3*1-'-&(! /'0!51.!/+'*0!)%56+!./+(!$+*+!6/%&0*+58!I%5:%5:!'&15:!.1!./+!6/1*2)!)+6.%15!14!./+! )15:;!./+!'20%+56+!,+,-+*)!*'%)+0!./+%*!'*,)!'-17+!./+%*!/+'0)!$'7%5:!.1!./+! */(./,!14!./+!)15:8!@/+!,+,-+*)!14!./+!'20%+56+!)++,+0!+&'.+0!-(!./+!)15:8!#5!4'6.;! ! PQe! ./+!).'.+!14!+&'.%15!.*'5)6+50+0!./+!7'*%12)!)16%'&!0%7%0+)!%5!./+!'20%+56+8!N2*! 3+*41*,'56+!14!./%)!)15:;!%615%6!14!@'%$'5;!<1&.+0!./+%*!,+,1*%+)!14!@'%$'5;!'!)+5)+! 14!4',%&%'*%.(;!51).'&:%';!1*!+7+5!62&.2*'&!1$5+*)/%38!#.!3*1-'-&(!'&&1$+0!./+,!.1! '66+))!51.%15)!14!A/1,+B!1*!A@'%$'5;B!/1$+7+*!615).*26.+0!%5!./+%*!,%50);!-')+0!15! ./+%*!%50%7%02'&!*+&'.%15)/%3!.1!./+!%)&'508!I61..!J'*62)!0+)6*%-+)!./%)!3'*.%62&'*! 0(5',%6!')!A62&.2*'&!'50!3+*)15'&!'44%*,'.%15B!ZPQQlS!PQR[8!#!$%&&!42*./+*!./%)!31%5.! -(!31%5.%5:!12.!./+!.*'5)41*,'.%7+!')3+6.)!14!./%)!'44%*,'.%158! 94.+*!./+!3+*41*,'56+;!'!$1,'5!$/1!'33+'*+0!.1!-+!%5!/+*!&'.+!4%4.%+)! '33*1'6/+0!,+8!L+'*%5:!'5!+D/%&'*'.+0!),%&+!15!/+*!4'6+;!)/+!%5.*1026+0!/+*)+&4!')! '!,+,-+*!14!./+!V1'*0!14!K%*+6.1*)!14!./+!@'%$'5!E+5.+*8!I/+!./'5>+0!,+!3*142)+&(! 41*!3+*41*,%5:!'.!./+!@'%$'5!E+5.+*8!I/+!+D6&'%,+0;!A(12*!,2)%6!,'0+!,+!&17+!*16>! ,2)%68!#!5+7+*!'33*+6%'.+0!*16>!,2)%6!-+41*+8!d12*!,2)%6!-*12:/.!.1:+./+*!1&0+*! 3+13&+;!(125:!3+13&+8!#!&17+!%.s!#.!4+&.!&%>+!'5!+D3&1)%15ss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f! 61,41*.!%5!$/%6/!$+!4+&.!&%>+!$+!-+&15:+0;!'.!&+').!41*!./+!02*'.%15!14!3+*41*,'56+8! ! H12/'&(>FP*(@d1#,eK(]&==-e(C#14#,(D-0E8K(C#14#,(!&,%&'K(J-<&9;&'(?SK(?S)SF( 3"-%-2'#$"(;A(B1E&(3&%d1,2&'K(0-/'%&8A(-5(#'%18%F! ( v11,%5:!-'6>!12.!.1!3+*)3+6.%7+!14!'5!'6'0+,%6!+./51:*'3/+*;!#!615)%0+*!,(! -'50!KO%'5s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h! ZPQQe[8!#5!/+*!6/'3.+*!+5.%.&+0!AH./51:*'3/(;!H./51,2)%61&1:(;!'50!Y1).=L/%.+! @/+1*(;B!L15:!'*:2+)!41*!./+!*1&+!14!,2)%6%'5)!'50!'6'0+,%6)!')!32-&%6! %5.+&&+6.2'&)8!I/+!6%.+)!H0$'*0!I'%0!41*!/%)!41*,2&'.%15!14!./+!32-&%6!%0+5.%.(!'50! *+)315)%-%&%.(!14!'5!%5.+&&+6.2'&S! @/+!6+5.*'&!4'6.!41*!,+!%);!#!./%5>;!./'.!./+!%5.+&&+6.2'&!%)!'5!%50%7%02'&! +501$+0!$%./!'!4'62&.(!41*!*+3*+)+5.%5:;!+,-10(%5:;!'*.%62&'.%5:!'!,+))':+;! '!7%+$;!'5!'..%.20+;!3/%&1)13/(;!1*!13%5%15!.1;!')!$+&&!')!41*;!'!32-&%6k!@/+*+! %)!51!)26/!./%5:!')!'!3*%7'.+!%5.+&&+6.2'&;!)%56+!./+!,1,+5.!(12!)+.!01$5! $1*0)!'50!32-&%)/!./+,!(12!/'7+!+5.+*+0!./+!32-&%6!$1*&0!Z"RReS""T!6%.+0! -(!L15:!PQQe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eS!\"l[8!#!'0,%*+!L15:C)!+441*.)!%5! 61&&20%5:!$%./!/+*!,2)%6%'5=%541*,'5.)8!V2.!/+*!41*,2&'.%15!01+)!51.!'00*+))!,(! )%.2'.%15!')!'!)6/1&'*=3+*41*,+*8!L/'.!/'33+5)!$/+5!./+!)6/1&'*!%)!'&)1!'!32-&%6&(! 3+*41*,%5:!':+5.p!#!/'7+!51.!41250!'5(!)244%6%+5.!'5)$+*)!.1!./%)!^2+).%15!$%./%5! +D%).%5:!+./51,2)%61&1:%6'&!&%.+*'.2*+8! E15.%52%5:!./+!62&.2*'&!$1*>!14!A2501%5:!4%+&0$1*>B!-(!,(!,+5.1*!J%6/+&&+! r%)&%2>!ZPQQl[;!#!/'7+!*+4*',+0!./+!4%+&0!14!,(!+./51:*'3/%6!+D',%5'.%15!/+*+!.1! 4162)!15!,(!1$5!+D3+*%+56+)!')!'5!9)%'5!9,+*%6'5!3+*41*,%5:!':+5.8!J(!:1'&)!%5! ! PQi! ./%)!6/'3.+*!$+*+!.1!'00*+))!./+!3*'6.%6+!14!32-&%6!)6/1&'*)/%3!')!'!)6/1&'*= 3+*41*,+*;!'50!.1!'00!.1!./+!./+1*+.%6'&!6157+*)'.%15!'-12.!6*%.%6'&!31)%.%15'&%.(!%5! +./51:*'3/(!Zr%)&%2>!"RRlT!L15:!PQQl[8!#!/'7+!144+*+0!'!)+.!14!5'**'.%7+)!./'.! %&&2).*'.+!,(!%571&7+,+5.!')!'!)6/1&'*=3+*41*,+*!%5!*16>!,2)%6!3+*41*,'56+8!J(! $1*>!')!)6/1&'*=3+*41*,+*!/13+42&&(!61,3&+.+)!./+!4++0-'6>!6(6&+!$/+*+!L15:!&+4.! 1448!K+-1*'/!L15:!31)%.%15)!/+*!+./51:*'3/%6!+50+'71*)!'5!')!A'!615)+^2+56+!14! 3+*41*,'56+B!ZPQQeS!f[;!+D+,3&%4(%5:!./+!6156+3.!14!./+!A3+41*,'.%7+;B!'4.+*!c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l! 7$$&,.1c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r1,%5')C)!144%6%'&!$+-)%.+8! @/+!%541*,'.%15!*+:'*0%5:!4*%+50!&16'.%15)!$')!41250!%5!%.)!,1).!61,3&+.+!41*,!15! ./+!)16%'&!5+.$1*>%5:!)%.+!J()3'6+8!! @1!+D.*'6.!'50!3*16+))!./+)+!0'.'!)+.);!#!$*1.+!'5!9Y#!Z933&%6'.%15! Y*1:*',,%5:!#5.+*4'6+[i"!2)%5:!U2-(!.1!3'*)+!12.!15&(!./+!*+&+7'5.!.+D.8!K2*%5:!./+! 3+*%10!./'.!#!$')!$1*>%5:!15!./%)!0%:%.'&!3*1<+6.;!@/+!r1,%5')!/'0!6&1)+!.1!\;QQQ! 4*%+50)!15!J()3'6+8!@/+)+!$+*+!'&&!J()3'6+!2)+*)!$/1!/'0!*+^2+).+0!.1!-+61,+! 4*%+50)!$%./!@/+!r1,%5');!1*!7%6+!7+*)'8!J(!9Y#!&+7+*':+!.$1!U2-(!:+,)S! J+6/'5%O+iP!'50!X+1>%.i\!.1!61,3&+.+!./+!.')>!14!$+-=)6*'3%5:8!M%*).;!#!%5.+:*'.+0! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 71 The most complete and up-to-date explanatory document on API is available on Wikipedia. Read, “Application programming interface,” Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Application_programming_interface&oldid=424863947 (accessed on April 19, 2011). 72 To learn more about Mechanize, visit the official documentation website: http://mechanize.rubyforge.org/mechanize/ 73 To learn more about ruby gem Geokit, visit the official documentation website: http://geokit.rubyforge.org/ ! PQR! J+6/'5%O+!%5.1!./+!9Y#!.1!'6.!')!'!$+-!6*'$&+*!5'7%:'.%5:!$%./%5!./+!+57%*15,+5.!14! J()3'6+8!@/+!9Y#!6*'$&+0!./*12:/!./+!$+-!3*14%&+!3':+)!14!'&&!14!@/+!r1,%5')C! J()3'6+!)3'6+!'50!+D.*'6.+0!'&&!./+!:+1:*'3/%6'&&(!*+&'.+0!.+D.!4*1,!./+!3*14%&+! 3':+)!14!P;lhi!4*%+50)8!I++!G%0+1!HD',3&+!";ie!'!$+-6').!.1!:+.!'!)+5)+!14!./+!9Y#C)! $+-!6*'$&%5:!3*16+))8!F)%5:!./+!X+1>%.;!'!U2-(!:+,!./'.!%,3&+,+5.)!./+!X11:&+! X+1610+*;!./+!9Y#!./+5!.*'5)&'.+0!./%)!%541*,'.%15!%5.1!'!)+.!14!)3'.%'&!611*0%5'.+);! )3+6%4%6'&&(!&'.%.20+!'50!&15:%.20+8!M%:2*+!98"!)/1$)!./+!*+)2&.)!14!./+!4%*).!ei! 4*%+50)!14!@/+!r1,%5')8!@/+!4%*).!.$1!61&2,5)!'*+!./+!&'.%.20+!'50!&15:%.20+! 611*0%5'.+)8 ! H12/'&(7F)*(C#;=&(0-,%#1,1,2(#(8#9$=&(-5(%"&(&c%'#0%&.(.#%#(5'-9(BA8$#0&(aQY( 5'1&,.8b( ( !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 74 Video Example 1 is hosted on my blog along with the audio examples used throughout the dissertation. Visit link: http://beingwendyhsu.info/?p=612. Password is: “melancholia”. ! P"Q! Y/')+!P!=!:+1)3'.%'&!7%)2'&%O'.%15!q!$')!./+!3*16+))!14!.2*5%5:!./+!/'*7+).+0! 0'.'!%5.1!'!,+'5%5:42&!7%)2'&%O'.%158!F)%5:!N3+5W'(+*);if!'5!13+5=)12*6+!$+-! ,'33%5:!*+)12*6+!-')+0!15!c'7'I6*%3.;!#!6*+'.+0!'!0(5',%6!,'3!615.'%5%5:!'&&!./+! 31%5.)!14!./+!3/()%6'&!&16'.%15)!14!./+!-'50C)!J()3'6+!4*%+50)!'50!3+*41*,'56+! .12*)!aM%:2*+*!98Pb8!@1!615.+D.2'&%O+!./+!*+'0%5:!14!./+!3/()%6'&!31%5.);!#!'00+0! 7'*%12)!,'3!&'(+*)8!#!'00+0!'!X11:&+!).*++.!,'3!&'(+*!.1!&'-+&!./+!7%)2'&%O'.%15!$%./! ./+!3*13+*!5',+!14!6125.*%+)!'50!6%.%+)8!#!'00+0!'!&'(+*!./'.!%50%6'.+0!./+!7'*%12)! *+:%15)!14!./+!$1*&0!aM%:2*+!98\b8!@1!-+..+*!)++!./+!'*+'!6156+5.*'.%15!14!4*%+50);!#! .2*5+0!./+!31%5.)!%5.1!6&2).+*)!aM%:2*+!98eb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o learn more about web mapping program OpenLayers, visit the official website: http://openlayers.org/ and read the Wikipedia article, “OpenLayers,” Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=OpenLayers&oldid=410057518 (accessed January 25, 2011). ! P""! ! H12/'&(7F?*(7(3'&=191,#'A(`18/#=1d#%1-,( ( ! H12/'&(7FP*(`18/#=1d#%1-,(41%"(7(!-,%1,&,%(I#A&'( ( ! P"P! ! H12/'&(7FQ*(`18/#=1d#%1-,(41%"(!=/8%&'(3#%%&',8 ! P"\! M1;=1-2'#$"A( ! ! ! 9-02&*'/%,;!U'<'8!PQQR!Ag+7+*,%50!./+!#)&',8!@/+!r1,%5')!9*+!Y25>S!@/+! @'^$'61*+!V'50!I3*+'0)!#.)!I16%1=31&%.%6'&!J+))':+!$%./!V*')/!W(*%6)!'50! E'.6/(!@25+);B!A1!*T-0'2'!*6">'!;!92:2).!"P;!/..3S``'*.%6&+)8&'.%,+)861,`! PQQR`'2:`"P`+5.+*.'%5,+5.`+.=,2)&%,=325>"P!Z'66+))+0!I+3.+,-+*!\;! PQ"Q[8! ! 9:/'%+;!r',*'5!I8!PQQe8!6+'*E)=.3=!*14*j)=D)2)\*J+""*J3>D12!*)-(*C".,)2!*"-*E1('=-* @=)-8!I+'..&+;!L898S!F5%7+*)%.(!14!L')/%5:.15!Y*+))8! ! 9:/'%+;!r',*'5!I8!PQQf8!A@/+!N*%:%5)!14!./+!I255%.+=I/%_%.+!K%7%0+!'50!./+!! H,+*:+56+!14!./+!@'_O%(+/!@*'0%.%15;B!6SC\*6+'*S=)>)*C'?"'7!eR;!518!e! ZL%5.+*[S!eP=ei8! ! 9/,+0;!@'5O%&'8!PQQR8!AU+0+4%5%5:!Y25>;!J(!L'(B;!6)[7)#1='*$'D]"-';!N6.1-+*!"i8! /..3S``.'^$'61*+8$1*03*+))861,`PQQR`"Q`"i`*+0+4%5%5:=325>=,(=$'(`! Z'66+))+0!I+3.+,-+*!"h;!PQ"Q[8! ! 9>-'*;!9,5'!'50!950*+$!])%'18!PQQR8!A@/+!r1,%5')S!I12./!9)%'5!J2)&%,!Y25>8B! 9)%'!Y'6%4%6!M1*2,;!J'*6/!\";!/..3S``$$$8')%'3'6%4%641*2,81*:`)/1$=! 0+.'%&83/3p)/1$|%0~"ef!Z'66+))+0!J'*6/!\";!PQQR[8! ! 9>)1(;!NO'58!PQ"Q8!J2)%6'&!L1*&0!J'38!/..3S``$$$8,2)%6'&$1*&0,'381*:` ! Z'66+))+0!c'52'*(!"e;!PQ""[8! ! 95)'*%;!9O'0+/8!PQQR8!AY25>!J++.)!#)&',!41*!g+$!X+5+*'.%15!%5!F8I8;B!8;;F#1>;! 92:2).!"\;!/..3S``$$$8655861,`PQQR`FI`Ql`""./`:+5+*'.%158%)&',8! 325>8*16>`%50+D8/.,&y655I@E@+D.!Z'66+))+0!92:2).!\";!PQ"Q[8! ! 933'02*'%;!9*<258!"RRh8!AK%)<256.2*+!'50!K%44+*+56+!%5!./+!X&1-'&!E2&.2*'&! H6151,(8B!E1('=-".3*).*A)=0'\*8,2.,=)2*S">'-!"1-!*14*e21D)2"])."1-8! J%55+'31&%);!J8g8S!F5%7+*)%.(!14!J%55+)1.'!Y*+))8! ! 9)'%;!I2)'5!J8!"RRf8!A@*'5)41*,'.%15)!14!@*'0%.%15S!@/*++!X+5+*'.%15)!14!c'3'5+)+! 9,+*%6'5!J2)%6!J'>%5:8o!E,!"#)2*u,)=.'=238! ! 9)>+$!'50!L%&>8!PQQP8!T-.+=1&12103*14*E'(")F!J'&0+5;!J898S!V&'6>$+&&!Y2-&%)/%5:8! ! V'&'56+;!E/*%).%5+8!PQQl8!Ag1.1*%12)!r%5S!M%&%3%51!9,+*%6'!U+=%,':%5+)!950*+$! E25'5'5;B!b1,=-)2*14*T!")-*T>'="#)-*J.,("'!!"";!518!"!ZM+-*2'*([S!li="Qh8! ! ! P"e! V'55%).+*;!J'../+$8!PQQh8!$+".'*f13!/*$+".'*;1"!'\*E)!#,2"-"."'!*)-(*P`YH!*@-("'* e,".)=*C1#%8!V2*&%5:.15;!G8@8S!9)/:'.+8! ! V'*-1O';!K'7%08!PQQi8!AJ2*016/!#)!@'>%5:!J(I3'6+!.1!E/%5'B;!93*%&!Pi8! /..3S``$$$85(.%,+)861,`PQQi`Qe`Pi`-2)%5+))`$1*&0-2)%5+))`Pi,()3'! +8/.,&!Z'66+))+0!c'52'*(!"\;!PQ""[8! ! V'20*%&&'*0;!c+'58!"RRe8!A@/+!#,3&1)%15!14!J+'5%5:!%5!./+!J+0%';B!J">,2)#=)*)-(* J">,2)."1-;!.*'5)8!I/+%&'!M'*%'!X&')+*8!955!9*-1*S!F5%7+*)%.(!14!J%6/%:'5! Y*+))8! ! V+6>+*,'5;!c%,8!PQQl8!V+6>+*,'5S!c+*)+(!V'50!J'>+)!N&(,3%6!E2.;!;1=.+5'=!'3F#1>;! 92:2).!R8!/..3S``$$$851*./<+*)+(861,`-+..+*&%7%5:`! c+*)+(|-'50|,'>+)|N&(,3%6|62.8/.,&!Z'66+))+0!c'52'*(!"\;!PQ"Q[8! ! V%0:110;!W++8!PQQl8!d=1-.*91=#+*_*9=)+)8!Y+*)15'&!-&1:8 ! /..3S``-&%0:1108$1*03*+))861,`!Z'66+))+0!c'52'*(!"e;!PQ""[8! ! V/'-/';!]1,%!r8!PQQe8!6+'*A1#)."1-*14*8,2.,='F*g+$!d1*>S!U12.&+0:+8! ! V&'--+*,12./85+.8!PQQi8!E]@]Ng#E_)!g+$!d1*>!E156+*.!@1!M+'.2*+!I+6150!96.! L%./!N*%+5.'&!G%1&%58!I+3.+,-+*!"\8!/..3S``$$$8*1'0*255+**+61*0)861,`! -&'--+*,12./85+.`5+$)8')3Dp,10+~9*.%6&+u5+$)%.+,#K~lQi"P!! Z'66+))+0!c'52'*(!i;!PQ"Q[8! ! V&2,+54%+&0;!W'**(8!PQQi8!AHD3&10%5:!J(./)!%5!J1*1661!'50!I+5+:'&S!I24%)!J'>%5:! J2)%6!'4.+*!R`""./;B!E,!"#*"-*.+'*91!.I`_PP.+*$1=2(;!+08!U%..+*;!c15'./'5!'50! c8!J'*.%5!K'2:/.*(8!g+$!d1*>S!U12.&+0:+8! * V1/&,'5;!Y/%&%3!G8!"RRh8!oY%&:*%,':+;!Y1&%.%6);!'50!./+!J2)%6'&!U+,'33%5:!14!./+! g+$!H2*13+8o!Q.+-1>,!"#12103!eQ;!518!\!Z92.2,5[S!\if=e"P8! ! V*()15;!V+./'5(8!"RRh8!mA95(./%5:!V2.!]+'7(!J+.'&BS!I(,-1&%6!HD6&2)%15!'50! J2)%6'&!K%)&%>+);C!T>'="#)-*J1#"1210"#)2*C'?"'7!h";!518!f!ZN6.1-+*[S!lle=lRR8! ! E')3'*(;!E1).'!'50!L1&4*',!J'5O+5*+%.+*8!PQQ\8!AM*1,!I2-62&.2*+!.1!E(-+*62&.2*+S! @/+!c'3'5+)+!g1%)+!9&&%'56+!'50!./+!#5.+*5+.;B!b)&)-'!'*83D'=#,2.,='!8!H08! X1..&%+-;!g'5+..+!'50!J'*>!J6W+&&'508!g+$!d1*>S!U12.&+0:+8! ! E').*1;!E/*%).=955+8!PQQi8!AG1%6+)!%5!./+!J%51*%.(S!U'6+;!X+50+*;!I+D2'&%.(;!'50!./+!! 9)%'5!9,+*%6'5!%5!Y132&'*!J2)%6;B!b1,=-)2*14*91&,2)=*E,!"#*J.,("'!!"R;!518!\!! Z92:2).[S!PP"=P\l8! ! E/+5:;!955+!98!PQQ"8!@/+!J+&'56/1&(!14!U'6+S!Y)(6/1'5'&()%);!9))%,%&'.%15;!'50! ]%00+5!X*%+48!g+$!d1*>S!ND41*0!F5%7+*)%.(!Y*+))8! ! ! P"f! E/*%).+5;!r%,!'50!E/*%)!E115+(8!PQQh8!AK%:%.'&!K(5',%6)!96*1))!E2&.2*+);B! ! O'#.1=!8!M'&&;!G1&2,+!P;!#))2+!";!Q&+'>'=)8!/..3S``7+6.1*)82)68+02`3*1<+6.)`! %50+D83/3p3*1<+6.~hi!Z'66+))+0!c'52'*(!PP;!PQ""[8! ! E/25;!L+50(!]8!r8!PQQ\8!AN*%+5.%5:!N*%+5.'&%),;!1*!]$1!.1!J'3!E(-+*)3'6+;B! T!")-T>'="#)F;'.\*Q.+-"#".3/*;)."1-)2"!>/*)-(*83D'=!&)#';!+08!W++;!U'6/+&!E8! '50!I'2=&%5:!E(5./%'!L15:8!g+$!d1*>S!U12.&+0:+8! ! E/./15%E8!PQQl8!V%1:*'3/(!G8PQQl8!/..3S``$$$84'6+-11>861,`6/./15%6.$p7~%541! Z'66+))+0!K+6+,-+*!e;!PQQR[8! ! E&%441*0;!c',+)8!"RRe8!oK%')31*')8o!8,2.,=)2*T-.+=1&12103!R;!518!\!Z92:2).[S!\QP=\\l8! ! E&%441*0;!c',+)!'50!X+1*:+!H8!J'*62)8!"Rlh8!$="."-0*8,2.,='\*6+'*91'."#!*)-(*912"."#!* 14*Q.+-10=)&+38!V+*>+&+(;!E898S!F5%7+*)%.(!14!E'&%41*5%'!Y*+))8! ! E&'*>+;!I+-').%'58!"Rl"8!b)+*E,!"#\*6+'*Q?12,."1-*14*.+'*91&,2)=*b)>)"#)-*J1-0;! W15015S!]+%5+,'55!H026'.%15'&8! ! E1'.+);!g1*,'8!"RRi8!AZU[+71&2.%15!g1$pB;!J':"-0*.+'*e=11?'\*91&,2)=*E,!"#*)-(* e'-('=/*+08!L/%.+&+(;!I/+%&'8!g+$!d1*>S!U12.&+0:+8! ! E1/+5;!Y'.*%6%'8!PQ"Q8!AK%:%.'&!r+()!41*!F5&16>%5:!./+!]2,'5%.%+)C!U%6/+);B!;'7*<1=%** 6">'!F!g17+,-+*!"h8!/..3S``$$$85(.%,+)861,`PQ"Q`""`"i`'*.)`! "i0%:%.'&8/.,&p|*~"!Z'66+))+0!c'52'*(!"e;!PQ""[8! ! E1,,%))%15!41*!./+!90,%))%15!14!@'%$'5!.1!./+!F5%.+0!g'.%15)8!9-12.!F)8! /..3S``2541*.'%$'581*:`p3':+|%0~P!!Z'66+))+0!g17+,-+*!P;!PQQR[8! ! E15.*+*');!U2))+&&8!PQ"Q8!AJ2)&%,=]%502!U16>!V'50)!Y'*.!14!g+$!J17+,+5.;B!FI9! @10'(;!c'52'*(!\;!/..3S``$$$82)'.10'(861,`&%4+`.13).1*%+)`PQ"Q=Q"=QP! hhihRhi"R|D8/.,!Z'66+))+0!I+3.+,-+*!P;!PQ"Q[8! ! E*'4.);!W(0%'8!PQQR8!A@'^$'61*+S!@/+!U+'&!J2)&%,!Y25>!F50+*:*1250;B!gYU81*:;!c2&(!! Pf8!/..3S``$$$853*81*:`.+,3&'.+)`).1*(`).1*(83/3p).1*(#0~"QiQ"Qf\h! Z'66+))+0!J'*6/!"i;!PQ""[8! ( H5:;!K'7%0!W8!"RRi8!AN2.!@/+*+!'50!17+*!@/+*+S!t2++*5+))!'50!K%')31*'!%5!9)%'5! 9,+*%6'5!I.20%+)8B!J1#")2*6':.;!518!fP`f\!Z92.2,5!q!L%5.+*[S!\"=fP8! ! H5:;!K'7%0!W8;!'50!I/%5/++!]'58!PQQ\8!o9!K%'&1:2+!15!U'6%'&!J+&'56/1&%'8o!A1!!\*6+'* 912"."#!*14*E1,=-"-0;!+0%.+0!-(!K'7%0!W8!H5:!'50!K'7%0!r'O'5<%'58!V+*>+&+(! '50!W1)!95:+&+);!E898S!F5%7+*)%.(!14!E'&%41*5%'!Y*+))8! ! H)3%*%.2;!d+5!W8!"RRP8!T!")-*T>'="#)-*9)-'.+-"#".3\*f="(0"-0*@-!.".,."1-!*)-(* @('-."."'!8!Y/%&'0+&3/%';!Y898S!@+,3&+!F5%7+*)%.(!Y*+))8! ! P"h! M+&0,'5;!950*+'8!PQQi8!AH7+*(15+!L1*+!L/%.+8B!$)=&'(*C')2".3;!I+3.+,-+*!Pe8! /..3S``$$$8$'*3+0*+'&%.(,':'O%5+861,`PQQi`QR`! +7+*(15+|$1*+|$/%.+8/,&!Z'66+))+0!J'*6/!l;!PQ""[8! ! M1&+(;!r'%.!'50!V*%.5(!U1)+8!PQ"Q8!6+'*6)[7)#1='!*s"-'8!M+-*2'*(8!I+&4=32-&%)/+0! O%5+8! ! M&1*%0';!U%6/'*08!PQQP8!6+'*C"!'*14*.+'*8=')."?'*82)!!\*T-(*M17*@.B!*6=)-!41=>"-0* $1=%/*A'"!,='/*81>>,-".3/*)-(*Q?'=3()3*A"4'F!g+$!d1*>S!V')%6!V11>)8! ! M1&>+54&%6>;!K'7%08!PQQi8!ArYVI!U'0%1!E17+*)!L%&04%*+)!F)%5:!J'5(!I12*6+)B;! gYU861,;!N6.1-+*!Ph8!/..3S``$$$853*81*:`.+,3&'.+)`).1*(`! ).1*(83/3p).1*(#0~"fhff\"h!Z'66+))+0!c'52'*(!"e;!PQ""[8! ! M126'2&.;!J%6/+&8!"RlQ8!At2+).%15)!15!X+1:*'3/(;B!917'=_j-172'(0'\*J'2'#.'(* @-.'=?"'7!*)-(*^.+'=*$="."-0!/*P`KXIP`KK;!+08!X1*015;!E1&%58!@*'5)8!X1*015;! E1&%5;!W+1!J'*)/'&&;!c1/5!J+3/',;!'50!r'.+!I13+*8!g+$!d1*>S!Y'5./+15! V11>)8! ! ======8"RRf8!S"!#"&2"-'*)-(*9,-"!+\*6+'*f"=.+*14*.+'*9="!1-8!g+$!d1*>S!G%5.':+!V11>)8! ! M126'2&.;!J%6/+&;!'50!c'(!J%)>1$%+68!"Rlh8!AN4!N./+*!I3'6+);B!S")#="."#!*"h;!518!"! I3*%5:[S!PP=Pi8! ! M1D;!9'*15!98!PQQe8!C')2*81,-.=3\*E,!"#*)-(*A)-0,)0'*"-*$1=%"-0I82)!!*8,2.,='8! K2*/',S!K2>+!F5%7+*)%.(!Y*+))8! ! M*'O%+*;!K'7%08!!PQQi8!E/./15%ES!9!/+'7(!,+.'&!'&&1(!14!,2)%6!'50!31&%.%6);!;'7*<1=%* 6">'!F!92:2).!"h8!/..3S``$$$85(.%,+)861,`PQQi`Ql`"h`'*.)`"h%/.=! ,+.'&8"8i"\hleh8/.,&!Z'66+))+0!g17+,-+*!"i;!PQQR[8! ! M*+*+=c15+);!I')/'8!PQQi8!A9!Y'&+*!I/'0+!14!L/%.+T!]1$!#50%+!U16>!W1).!#.)!I12&;B! 6+'*;'7*<1=%'=!l\;!518!\P!ZN6.1-+*[S!"ih8! ! M*+20;!I%:,2508!"Rf\8!AJ12*5%5:!'50!J+&'56/1&%';B!%5!6+'*J.)-()=(*Q("."1-*14*.+'* 81>&2'.'*9!3#+1210"#)2*$1=%!*14*J"0>,-(*d=',(;!71&8!"e;!.*'5)8!'50!+08!c',+)! I.*'6/+(;!W15015S!]1:'*./!Y*+))8! ! X%5)-2*:;!M'(!K8;!W%&'!9-2=W2:/10;!'50!V*%'5!W'*>%58!PQQP8!E'(")*$1=2(!\* T-.+=1&12103*1-*;'7*6'==)"-8!V+*>+&+(;!E898S!F5%7+*)%.(!14!E'&%41*5%'!Y*+))8! ! X13%5'./;!X'('.*%8!"RRf8!ACV1,-'(;!F8r8;!d2-'!E%.(CS!V/'5:*'!J2)%6!'50!./+! H5:+50+*%5:!K%')31*';B!S")!&1=)!e;!518!\S!\Q\=\P"8! ! ! P"i! ======8!PQQf8!@>&1!!"D2'*S'!"='!*\*u,''=*S")!&1=)!*)-(*J1,.+*T!")-*9,D2"#*8,2.,='!;! 9'=?'=!'*E1('=-"."'!8!K2*/',S!K2>+!F5%7+*)%.(!Y*+))8! ! X*++5+;!Y'2&!K8!'50!@/1,')!Y1*6+&&18!PQQf8!$"='(*41=*J1,-(\*Q-0"-''="-0*)-(* 6'#+-1210"'!*"-*J1-"#*8,2.,='!F!J%00&+.1$5;!E8@8S!L+)&+('5!F5%7+*)%.(!Y*+))8* ! X23.';!9>/%&8!"RRP8!A@/+!I15:!14!./+!g15'&%:5+0!L1*&0S!@*'5)5'.%15'&!#0+5.%.%+)!'50!./+! U+%5)6*%3.%15!14!I3'6+!%5!W'.+!E'3%.'&%),;B!8,2.,=)2*T-.+=1&12103!i;!518!"!ZM+-*2'*([S! h\=iR8! ! X23.';!9>/%&!'50!c',+)!M+*:2)158!"RRi8!T-.+=1&1210"#)2*A1#)."1-!\*f1,-()="'!*)-(* e=1,-(!*14*)*d"'2(*J#"'-#';!+08!9>/%&!X23.';!c',+)!M+*:2)158!V+*>+&+(;!E898S!! F5%7+*)%.(!14!E'&%41*5%'!Y*+))8! ! ]'/5;!@1,%+8!PQQi8!J'-!)."1-)2*j-172'(0'\*Q>D1(3"-0*8,2.,='*.+=1,0+*b)&)-'!'*S)-#'8! J%00&+.1$5;!E8@8S!F5%7+*)%.(!14!L+)&+('5!Y*+))8! ( ]+-0%:+;!K%6>8!"RiR8!J,D#,2.,='\*6+'*E')-"-0*14*J.32'8!g+$!d1*>S!U12.&+0:+8! ! ]+),150/'&:/;!K'7%08!"RRR8!A#50%+S!@/+!#5).%.2.%15'&!Y1&%.%6)!'50!9+)./+.%6)!14!'! Y132&'*!J2)%6!X+5*+;B!8,2.,=)2*J.,("'!!"\;!518!"S!\e=h"8! ! ]%--+..;!U('58!PQQf8!AL/'.!#)!#50%+!U16>pB!91&,2)=*E,!"#*)-(*J1#"'.3!Pl;!518!"! ZM+-*2'*([S!ff=ii8! ! ]%)',';!H&&%+!J8!PQQQ8!AY1).61&15%'&%),!15!./+!J'>+S!@/+!J2)%6!14!c1/5!J+&&+56',3;! K'7%0!V1$%+;!'50!c1/5!v1*58B!C')("-0*91&\*T&&=1)#+'!*.1*6':.,)2*T-)23!"!*"-* 91&,2)=*E,!"#;!+08!U%6/'*0!J%00&+.158!!g+$!d1*>S!ND41*0!F5%7+*)%.(!Y*+))8! ! ]1;!M*+08!PQQR8!A9)%'5!9,+*%6'5!J2)%6!'50!H,31$+*,+5.S!#)!@/+*+!I26/!'!@/%5:!')! m9)%'5!9,+*%6'5!c'OOpC;B!$"#%'(*6+'1=3/*;)%'(*9=)#."#'8!J%55+'31&%);!J8g8S! F5%7+*)%.(!14!J%55+)1.'!Y*+))8!! ( ]1,;!J'*&15!r8!"Rli8!J1-0!*14*e12(*E1,-.)"-*\*8)-.1-'!'*C+3>'!*4=1>*J)-*d=)-#"!#1* 8+"-).17-8!V+*>+&+(;!E898S!F5%7+*)%.(!14!E'&%41*5%'!Y*+))8! ! /11>);!-+&&8!"RRR8!AH'.%5:!./+!N./+*;Bd'>"-"!.*T&&=1)#+'!*.1*6+'1=3*)-(* E'.+1(12103\*T-*@-.'=("!#"&2"-)=3*C')(+*;!+08!I/'*&+5+!]+))+=V%-+*;!E/*%).%5'! X%&,'*.%5;!'50!U1-%5!W(0+5-2*:!;!g+$!d1*>S!ND41*0!F5%7+*)%.(!Y*+))8! ( ])2;!L+50(8!PQQi8!AC')("-0*)-(*u,''="-0*92).1*"-*M'(7"0*)-(*.+'*T-0=3*@-#+;B!! u,''=*91&,2)=*8,2.,='\*A".'=).,='/*E'(")/*d"2>/*)-(*6'2'?"!"1-/!+08!Y++&+;! @/1,')8!g+$!d1*>S!Y'&:*'7+!J'6J%&&'58! ! ! ! ! P"l! ])2;!L+50(!'50!E'*+(!I'*:+5.8!PQQl8!U16>%5:!N2.!V+.$++5!./+!W16'&!'50!./+! X&1-'&S!@*'5)5'.%15'&!#50+3+50+5.!J2)%6!#502).*(!%5!@'%$'5;!T>)20)>\*6+'* O"=0"-")-!@-.'=("!#"&2"-)=3*e=)(,).'*C'?"'7;!P;!g18"!ZM'&&[S!\R=fP8! ! ])2=5',%;!@/+8!PQQl'8!V%1:*'3/(8!/..3S``/)2=5',%861,`/1,+`-%1:*'3/(`! Z'66+))+0!N6.1-+*!"f;!PQQl[! ! ======8!PQQR'8!V200/%),8!d)#'D11%8!N6.1-+*!"R8!! /..3S``O/=/>84'6+-11>861,`51.+83/3p51.+|%0~"fR\\Qe"lPQe!Z'66+))+0! c'52'*(!"i;!PQ"Q[8! ! #::2&0+5;!E'*1&%5+8!PQQi8!Ag+7+*!J%50!./+!V2*>')S!U16>%5Ck!r1,%5')!%5!V1).15!'.! ./+!I'0!E'4?!%5!W1$+&&;!J'))'6/2)+..);!'50!#5)+.;!@'>%5:!'!K*%5>!V*+'>;B ! 6+'*J,-;!c'52'*(!PQ;!/..3S``$$$8./+)2586182>`)1&`/1,+3':+`5+$)`! '*.%6&+PRQli8+6+!Z'66+))+0!92:2).!\Q;!PQ"Q[8! ! #,.%'O;!]2,'8!PQ"Q8!AY25>%5:!Y'>%).'5!238B!@/+!HD3*+))!@*%-25+;!g17+,-+*!P\8! /..3S``$$$8>'*'6/%0%:+).861,`'*.%6&+)`5+$)`325>%5:=3'>%).'5=23`! Z'66+))+0!K+6+,-+*!i;!PQ"Q[8! ! #50';!c15'./'5!w8;!'50!U+5'.1!U1)'&018!PQQl8!6+'*T-.+=1&12103*14*e21D)2"])."1-\*T* C')('=8!J'&0+5;!J9S!V&'6>$+&&8! ! c1)+3/;!J'(;!'50!c+55%4+*!M%5>8!"RRR8!9'=41=>"-0*M3D="(".38!J%55+'31&%);!J8g8S!F5%7+*)%.(!14! J%55+)1.'!Y*+))8! ! r'1;!E/%=,%58!PQQi8!#NE_)!U2&+)!K15_.!933&(!.1!Y2-&%6!'.!95(!H7+5.)8!6)"&'"*6">'!;! I+3.+,-+*!"e8!/..3S``$$$8.'%3+%.%,+)861,`g+$)`+0%.1*%'&)`'*6/%7+)`! PQQi`QR`"e`PQQ\\iliQh!Z'66+))+0!c'52'*(!"e;!PQ"Q[8! ! r'1;!Y'.8!PQQl8!AF5&%,%.+0!V'50;B!6)"7)-*C'?"'78!c'52'*(!l8! /..3S``.'%$'5*+7%+$85'.8:178.$`6.8')3pD#.+,~PfQhfuE.g10+~"Pl! Z'66+))+0!g17+,-+*!PQ;!PQQR[8! ! r+%:/.&+(;!r+%*8!PQQ"8!U+615)%0+*%5:!U16>8!6+'*8)>D="(0'*81>&)-"1-*14*91&*)-(* C1#%8!H08!I,%15!M*%./;!L%&&!I.*'$;!'50!c1/5!I.*++.8!g+$!d1*>S!E',-*%0:+! F5%7+*)%.(!Y*+))8!! ( r%*)/+5-&'..=X%,-&+..;!V'*-'*'8!"RRh8!A@/+!H&+6.*15%6!G+*5'62&'*;B!81--'#.'(\* Q-0)0'>'-.!*7".+*E'(");!+08!J'*62);!X+1*:+!H8!E/%6':1;!#8W8S!@/+!F5%7+*)%.( ! 14!E/%6':1!Y*+))8! ! ======8!PQQ\8!Ar10'>!J1,+5.);!M&')/-2&-!J+,1*%+)S!U+4&+6.%15)!15!R`"";B!6SC\*6+'** S=)>)*C'?"'7!ei;!518!"!ZI3*%5:[S!""=el8! ! ! P"R! r%)&%2>;!J%6/+&&+!U8!"RRl8!J'"]'*.+'*S)-#'c\*f))%)*E,!"#)2*A"4'*)-(*.+'*Q.+-10=)&+3* 14*9'=41=>)-#'8!g+$!d1*>S!ND41*0!F5%7+*)%.(!Y*+))8! ! ======8!PQQl8!AZF5[K1%5:!M%+&0$1*>S!I/'*%5:!I15:);!I/'*%5:!W%7+);B! J+)(17!*"-*.+'*d"'2(\*;'7*9'=!&'#."?'!*d1=*d"'2(71=%*"-*Q.+-1>,!"#12103;!+08! V'*O;!X*+:1*(!'50!@%,1./(!c8!E11&+(;!P50!+0%.%15;!g+$!d1*>S!ND41*0! F5%7+*)%.(!Y*+))8! ! r%)/$+*8!PQ"Q8!At!u!9!$%./!6+'*j1>"-)!!V')%,!F),'5%!u!#,*'5!J'&%>!Y'*.!##S!mL+C*+! I%5:%5:!W+))!'50!W+))!%5!H5:&%)/C;B!J@G%::(861,;!92:2).!h;! /..3S``-&1:8,.7%::(861,`PQ"Q`Ql`Qh`^='=$%./=./+=>1,%5')=-')%,=2),'5%= %,*'5=,'&%>=3'*.=%%=$+*+=)%5:%5:=&+))='50=&+))=%5=+5:&%)/`!Z'66+))+0! I+3.+,-+*!"e;!PQ"Q[8! ! r5%:/.;!J%6/'+&!J8!PQQR8!^!)>)*O)-*M)2'-F!V+*>+&+(;!E898S!I14.!I>2&&!Y*+))8! ! r25;!c1)/8!PQQf8!T,("1.1&")\*E,!"#/*C)#'/*)-(*T>'="#)8!V+*>+&+(;!E898S!F5%7+*)%.(!14!! E'&%41*5%'!Y*+))8! ! W',;!c1)+3/8!"RRR8!AH,-*'6%5:!_9)%'5!9,+*%6'5!J2)%6_!')!'5!]+2*%).%6!K+7%6+B! b1,=-)2*14*T!")-*T>'="#)-*J.,("'!;!G1&8P;!g18";!M+-*2'*(8! ! W++;!c1)+3/%5+!K8!"RRi8!9'=41=>"-0*T!")-*T>'="#)\*C)#'*)-(*Q.+-"#".3*1-*.+'* 81-.'>&1=)=3*J.)0';!T!")-*T>'="#)-*M"!.1=3*)-(*8,2.,='8!Y/%&'0+&3/%'S! @+,3&+!F5%7+*)%.(!Y*+))8! ! W++;!U'6/+&!E8!'50!I'2=&%5:!E(5./%'!L15:8!PQQ\8!T!")-T>'="#)F;'.\*Q.+-"#".3/* ;)."1-)2"!>/*)-(*83D'=!&)#'8!g+$!d1*>S!U12.&+0:+8! ! W++;!U1-+*.!X8!"RRR8!^="'-.)2!\*T!")-*T>'="#)-!*"-*91&,2)=*8,2.,=';!T!")-*T>'="#)-* M"!.1=3*)-(*8,2.,='8!Y/%&'0+&3/%'S!@+,3&+!F5%7+*)%.(!Y*+)8! ! W+7%.O;!@','*'8!PQQf8!Ad1>1!N51!'50!./+!F54%5%)/+0!J2)%6!14!mc1/5!'50!d1>1CS! #,':%5%5:!X+50+*!'50!U'6%'&!H^2'&%.(!%5!./+!W'.+!"RhQ);o!@>&1!!"D2'*.1*M12(*\* $1>'-*)-(*8,2.,='*"-*.+'*P`GHp!;!+0%.+0!-(!97%.'&!]8!V&16/!'50!W'2*%! F,'5)>(8!g+$!d1*>S!g+$!d1*>!F5%7+*)%.(!Y*+))8! ( W%3)%.O;!X+1*:+8!"RRe8!S)-0'=1,!*8=1!!=1)(!\*91&,2)=*E,!"#/*91!.>1('=-"!>/*)-(*.+'* 91'."#!*14*92)#'8!g+$!d1*>S!G+*)18!! ! W17'.1;!U1-+*.18!PQQh8!AE*2%)%5:!15!J%&%.'*(!K*%7+S!mX110C!W'.%51)!'50!mV'0C!W'.%51)! %5!./+!9:+!14!]1,+&'50!I+62*%.(!'50!X&1-'&!L'*8B!6+'*9,D2"#*Q3'*E)0)]"-';! G1&8!\!g18!P;!M'&&;!/..3S``$$$832-&%6+(+81*:`,':'O%5+`7PQ5\`! &+7'.1|&'.%51)8/.,&!Z'66+))+0!I+3.+,-+*!P";!PQ"Q[8! ! ! PPQ! W1$+;!W%)'8!"RRh8!@>>"0=)-.*T#.!\*^-*T!")-*T>'="#)-*8,2.,=)2*912"."#!8!K2*/',;!g8E8S! K2>+!F5%7+*)%.(!Y*+))8! ! W26%0!E2&.2*+8!PQQR8!AE156+*.!U+7%+$)S!@/+!])2=5',%!'.!./+!Y'))31*.!.1!@'%$'5! M+).%7'&;!F5%15!I^2'*+;!gdE!f`P\`QR8!AJ'(!Ph8!A,#"(*8,2.,=';! /..3S``&26%062&.2*+8$1*03*+))861,`PQQR`Qf`Ph`6156+*.=*+7%+$=./+=/)2= 5',%='.=./+=3'))31*.=.1=.'%$'5=4+).%7'&=25%15=)^2'*+=5(6=fPeQR`!Z'66+))+0! J'(!\Q;!PQQR[8! ! W2,;!E')+(!J8!r8!"RRh8!@-*J')=#+*14*)*O1"#'*\*j)=)1%'*)-(*.+'*81-!.=,#."1-*14*@('-.".3* "-*8+"-'!'*T>'="#);!Q?'=3()3*81>>,-"#)."1-8!J'/$'/;!g8c8S!W8!H*&-'2,! 9))16%'.+)8! ! W()&144;!U+5?!@898!PQQ\8!AJ2)%6'&!W%4+!%5!I14.6%.(S!95!#5.+*5+.!H./51:*'3/(;B!E,!"#* )-(*6'#+-1#,2.,=';!+08!W()&144;!U+5?!@898!'50!W+)&%+!E8!X'(8!J%00&+.1$5;!E8@8S! L+)&+('5!F5%7+*)%.(!Y*+))8! ! W()&144;!U+5?!@898!'50!W+)&%+!E8!X'(8!PQQ\8!E,!"#*)-(*6'#+-1#,2.,='8!J%00&+.1$5;! E8@8S!L+)&+('5!F5%7+*)%.(!Y*+))8! ! J'/15;!J'2*++58!PQQe8!C"0+.*.1*C1#%\*6+'*f2)#%*C1#%*81)2"."1-*)-(*.+'*8,2.,=)2* 912"."#!*14*C)#'8!K2*/',S!K2>+!F5%7+*)%.(!Y*+))8! ! J'%*';!I25'%5'8!PQQP8!S'!"!*"-*.+'*M1,!'\*@-(")-*T>'="#)-*<1,.+*8,2.,='*"-*;'7*<1=%* 8".38!Y/%&'0+&3/%'S!@+,3&+!F5%7+*)%.(!Y*+))8! ! ======8!PQQf8!o@*'56+=M1*,'.%15)!S!N*%+5.'&%),!'50!E1),131&%.'5%),!%5!d12./! E2&.2*+8o!#5!Q)!.*E)"-*J.=''.*\*T!")-*T>'="#)-*91&,2)=*8,2.,=';!+08!I/%&3'! K'7?;!W+%W'5%!g%)/%,+!'50!@')/'!X8!N*+58!g+$!d1*>S!g+$!d1*>!F5%7+*)%.(! Y*+))8! ! ======8!PQQR8!J%))%5:S!d12./;!E%.%O+5)/%3;!'50!H,3%*+!'4.+*!R`""./8!K2*/',;!g8E8S! K2>+!F5%7+*)%.(!Y*+))8! ! J'5'&'5)'5;!J'*.%5!M8!PQQQ8!A#5.*1026.%15S!@/+!H./51:*'3/(!14!9)%'5!9,+*%6'S! g1.+)!@1$'*0!'!@/%6>!K+)6*%3.%15;B!8,2.,=)2*81>&)!!\*Q.+-10=)&+"#* Q:&21=)."1-!*14*T!")-*T>'="#)8!Y/%&'0+&3/%';!Y898S!@+,3&+!F5%7+*)%.(!Y*+))8! ! ======8!PQQ\8!e21D)2*S"?)!\*d"2"&"-1*e)3*E'-*"-*.+'*S")!&1=);!9'=?'=!'*E1('=-"."'!8! K2*/',;!g8E8S!K2>+!F5%7+*)%.(!Y*+))8! ! J'*62);!X+1*:+!H8;!+08!"RRh8!81--'#.'(\*Q-0)0'>'-.!*7".+*E'(")8!E/%6':1;!#8W8S! F5%7+*)%.(!14!E/%6':1!Y*+))8! ! ======8!"RRl8!Q.+-10=)&+3*.+=1,0+*6+"#%*)-(*6+"-8!Y*%56+.15;!g8c8S!Y*%56+.15! F5%7+*)%.(!Y*+))8! ! PP"! J'*62);!I61..8!PQQe8!AE*+'.%5:!'!E1,,25%.(;!g+:1.%'.%5:!9,15:!E1,,25%.%+)S! Y+*41*,%5:!J%00&+!H').+*5!J2)%6!41*!'!K%7+*)+!J%00&+!H').+*5!'50!9,+*%6'5! Y2-&%6B;!9'=41=>"-0*Q.+-1>,!"#12103\*6')#+"-0*)-(*C'&='!'-.)."1-*"-*$1=2(* E,!"#*Q-!'>D2'!;!+08!@+0!I1&);!V+*>+&+(;!E898S!F5%7+*)%.(!14!E'&%41*5%'!Y*+))8! ! J'*%)6'&;!c1*:+8!PQQf8!A]1,+&'50!I+62*%.(;!J%&%.'*%),;!'50!./+!M2.2*+!14!W'.%51)!'50! W'.%5')!%5!./+!F5%.+0!I.'.+);B!C)("#)2*M"!.1=3*C'?"'7!R\;!ZM'&&[S!\R=fP8! ! J69&%).+*;!H&%O'-+./!98!PQQP8!C)=)c\*O1(1,/*917'=/*)-(*9'=41=>)-#'*"-*M)"."*)-(*@.!* S")!&1=)8!V+*>+&+(;!E898S!F5%7+*)%.(!14!E'&%41*5%'!Y*+))8! ! J6]2:/;!J'*:'*+.8!PQQl8!c+*)+(C)!])2=5',%!X+..%5:!N&(,3%6!9%*3&'(8!; Y%5'*0;!950*+!'50!I+'5!c'61-)8!PQQh8!AV2%&0%5:!'!G%*.2'&!K%')31*'S!]%3!]13!%5! E(-+*)3'6+;B!E(-+*)1250)S!H))'()!15!G%*.2'&!J2)%6!E2&.2*+;!+08!9(+*);! J%6/'+&!K8!g+$!d1*>S!Y+.+*!W'5:!Y2-&%)/%5:;!#568! ! Y161!Y'*.(;!A@/+!J2)/*11,!r%5:01,C)!E1&15%'&!U+%:5B;!/..3S``31613'*.(861,`! '*6/%7+)`./+=,2)/*11,=>%5:01,)=61&15%'&=*+%:5!Z'66+))+0!K+6+,-+*!"Q; ! PQ"Q[8! ! Y1&2,-1=W%2;!K'7%08!PQQP8!AJ2&.%62&.2*'&%),!g1$S!E%7%&%O'.%15;!g'.%15'&!#0+5.%.(;! '50!K%44+*+56+!V+41*+!'50!94.+*!I+3.+,-+*!""././;B!D1,-()=3*X!PR;!518P! Z)2,,+*[S!"QR="Pi8! ! Y1$+*);!9558!PQ"Q8!AJ8#898!J'>+)!]+*!I.'56+!F..+*&(!E&+'*!$%./!_V1*5!M*++_!G%0+1! aFYK9@HKbB!93*%&!Pi8!AFTF*6">'!!/..3S``&'.%,+)-&1:)8&'.%,+)861,`! ,2)%6|-&1:`PQ"Q`Qe`,%'=,'>+)=/+*=).'56+=2..+*&(=6&+'*=$%./=-1*5=4*++! 7%0+1="8/.,&!Z'66+))+0!c'52'*(!"P;!PQ""[8! ! Y2*>'(')./';!V'50'5'8!PQQf8!;'01.")."-0*Q.+-"#".3\*J'#1-(Ie'-'=)."1-*J1,.+*T!")-* T>'="#)-!*6=)?'=!'*)*6=)-!-)."1-)2*$1=2(8!g+$!V*25)$%6>;!gcS!U2.:+*)! F5%7+*)%.(!Y*+))8! ! Y*')/'0;!G%<'(8!PQQQ8!6+'*j)=>)*14*f=17-*d12%F!J%55+'31&%);!J8g8S!F5%7+*)%.(!14!! J%55+)1.'!Y*+))8! ! ======8!PQQ"8!Q?'=3D1(3*$)!*j,-0Id,*d"0+."-0\*T4=1IT!")-*81--'#."1-!*)-(* .+'*E3.+*14*8,2.,=)2*9,=".38!V1).15;!J9S!V+'615!Y*+))8!* ! ======8!PQQ\8!A@/+!X*++5!J+5'6+S!J6E'*./(%),!94.+*!R`""./B;!6+'*J,D#1-."-'-.)2;!! ";!518!"!Z)3*%5:[S!hf=if8! ! U'3/'+&=]+*5'50+O;!]+%>+;!'50!I/'5515!I.++58!PQQh8!T4=1)!")-*Q-#1,-.'=!*\*8,2.,='/* M"!.1=3/*912"."#!8!g+$!d1*>S!g+$!d1*>!F5%7+*)%.(!Y*+))8! ! U')/%0;!]2))+%5;!r'%.&%5!M1&+(;!V')%,!F),'5%;!'50!I/'/<+/'5!r/'58!PQ"Q8! A@'^$'61*+!U1250.'-&+S!N5!Y25>);!./+!J+0%';!'50!./+!J+'5%5:!14!mJ2)&%,;C! C'2"0"1-S"!&).#+'!F1=0;!M+-*2'*(!"Q;!/..3S``$$$8*+&%:%150%)3'.6/+)81*:`! '*6/%7+`62&.2*+`PPPf`.'^$'61*+|*1250.'-&+{\9|15|325>);|./+|,+0%';|'5 0|./+|,+'5%5:|14|{HP{lQ{RE,2)&%,{HP{lQ{RK`!Z'66+))+0! I+3.+,-+*!P";!PQ"Q[8! ! U+(+);!90+&'%0'8!"RRR8!J1-0!*14*.+'*8)0'(/*J1-0!*14*.+'*d=''\*E,!"#*)-(*.+'** O"'.-)>'!'*C'4,0''*Q:&'="'-#'8!Y/%&'0+&3/%';!Y898S!@+,3&+!F5%7+*)%.(!Y*+))8! ! U1:%5;!J%6/'+&8!"RRh8!f2)#%4)#'/*$+".'*;1"!'\*b'7"!+*@>>"0=)-.!*"-*.+'*M1223711(* * E'2."-0*91.8!V+*>+&+(S!F5%7+*)%.(!14!E'&%41*5%'!Y*+))8* ! ! PPe! U1)+;!@*%6%'8!"RRe8!f2)#%*;1"!'\*C)&*E,!"#*)-(*f2)#%*8,2.,='*"-*81-.'>&1=)=3** T>'="#);!E,!"#*8,2.,='8!]'517+*;!g]S!L+)&+('5!F5%7+*)%.(!Y*+))S!F5%7+*)%.(! Y*+))!14!g+$!H5:&'508! ! U2-%5;!c1+&8!PQQP8!A9,-%7'&+5.!#0+5.%.%+)S!@/+!9,+*%6'5!r&+O,+*!J17+,+5.!')!'! U+)315)+!.1!U23.2*+;B!Y'3+*!3*+)+5.+0!'.!./+!'552'&!,++.%5:!14!./+!I16%+.(!! N4!H./51,2)%61&1:(;!H).+)!Y'*>;!E8N8S!N6.1-+*!"l8!! ! I'6%*-+(;!N,'*8!PQQh8!A@/+!E&')/S!Y25>!J++.)!#)&',!%5!'!W16'&!V'50!@/'.!I/*+0)! ! I.+*+1.(3+);B!6+'*f1!.1-*e21D';!93*%&!"l;!/..3S``$$$8-1).15861,`! '+`,2)%6`'*.%6&+)`PQQh`Qe`"l`./+|6&')/`!Z'66+))+0!92:2).!\Q;!PQ"Q[8! ! I'%0;!H0$'*08!"RiR8!^="'-.)2"!>F!g+$!d1*>S!U'501,!]12)+8! ! ======8!"RRe8!C'&='!'-.)."1-!*14*.+'*@-.'22'#.,)2\*6+'*P``r*C'".+*A'#.,='!8!g+$!! d1*>S!Y'5./+15!V11>)8! ! I6/+%5;!W12%)8!PQQP8!AJ'33%5:!],15:!J+0%'!%5!K%')31*%6!I3'6+;B!#5!E'(")*$1=2(\** T-.+=1&12103*1-*;'7*6'==)"-;!+08!M'(!K8!X%5)-2*:;!W%&'!9-2=W2:/10;!'50!! V*%'5!W'*>%58!V+*>+&+(;!E898S!F5%7+*)%.(!14!E'&%41*5%'!Y*+))8! ! I6/1+&;!X*+.6/+5!M8!PQQ\8!AM%&&%5:!%5!./+!V&'5>)S!W+))15)!4*1,!'5!#5.+*5+.!V&2+)!c',;B! b)&)-'!'*83D'=#,2.,='!;!+08!X1..&%+-;!g'5+..+!'50!J'*>!J6W+&&'508!g+$!d1*>S! U12.&+0:+8! ! I61..;!c',+)!E8!"RRQ8!S1>"-)."1-*)-(*.+'*T=.!*14*C'!"!.)-#'\*M"(('-*6=)-!#="&.!8!g+$! ]'7+5S!d'&+!F5%7+*)%.(!Y*+))8! ! I+0:$%6>;!H7+8!PQQ\8!61,#+"-0*d''2"-0\*T44'#./*9'()0103/*9'=41=>)."?".38!K2*/',;! g8E8S!K2>+!F5%7+*)%.(!Y*+))8!! ! ======8!"RRf8!!AX1)/!V1(!X+1*:+;!d12!J2).!V+!9$42&&(!I+62*+!%5!d12*!J')62&%5%.(sB! 38!"P=PQ!%5!81-!.=,#."-0*E)!#,2"-"."'!;!+08!J'2*%6+!V+*:+*;!V*%'5!L'&&%);!'50! I%,15!L'.)15;!g+$!d1*>S!U12.&+0:+8! ! I+*3%6>;!H7'58!PQQi8!A9&&'/;!9,3);!'50!95'*6/(;B!C122"-0*J.1-';!N6.1-+*!e;! /..3S``$$$8*1&&%5:).15+861,`5+$)`).1*(`"hhfeleP`! '&&'/|',3)|'50|'5'*6/(!Z'66+))+0!92:2).!PQ;!PQQR[8! ! I/'5>'*;!I/'&%5%8!PQQl8!K+)%!A)-(\*6''-*8,2.,='/*82)!!/*)-(*J,##'!!*"-*.+'*J"2"#1-* O)22'38!K2*/',;!g8E8S!K2>+!F5%7+*)%.(!Y*+))8! ! I/%,'>'$';!r'*+58!PQQP8!;)."1-)2*TD5'#."1-\*.+'*T!")-*T>'="#)-*f1(3*^-!.)0'8!! K2*/',;!g8E8S!K2>+!F5%7+*)%.(!Y*+))8! ! ! ! PPf! I>&'*;!K+%0*+8!PQQ"8!S)-#"-0*7".+*.+'*O"=0"-\*f1(3*)-(*d)".+*"-*.+'*d"'!.)*14*61=.,0)!/* ;'7*E':"#18!V+*>+&+(;!E898S!F5%7+*)%.(!14!E'&%41*5%'!Y*+))8* ! I3+56+*;!9,(8!PQQf8!S@<\*6+'*C"!'*14*A1Id"*8,2.,='8!g+$!d1*>S!J'*%15!V1('*)8! ! I.++5;!I/'55158!PQQh8!oU'6%5:!9,+*%6'5!J10+*5%.(S!V&'6>!9.&'5.%6!g+:1.%'.%15)!14! 9)%'!'50!./+!_I$%5:_!J%>'01);o!#5!T4=1)!")-*Q-#1,-.'=!\*8,2.,='/*M"!.1=3/* 912"."#!;!+08!U'3/'+&=]+*5'50+O;!]+%>+!'50!I/'5515!I.++5;!g+$!d1*>S!g+$! d1*>!F5%7+*)%.(!Y*+))8! ! I.16>;!c15'./'58!"RRP8!AE15.+,31*'*(!U+6%.'&!I1&1)!41*!./+!E/%5+)+!@$1=I.*%5:+0! M%00&+!H*/28B!f="."!+*b1,=-)2*14*Q.+-1>,!"#12103!"S!ff=ll8! ! I.*'2));!g+%&8!"RRf8!AY13!U+7%+$T!9)%'5=9,+*%6'5)!I.'>+!'!E&'%,!15!U16>;B!;'7* <1=%*6">'!/*J'(!h8/..3S``^2+*(85(.%,+)861,`:).`! 42&&3':+8/.,&p*+)~RRQEHhKi"e\VMR\f9\fifhEQ9Rh\RflPhQ;!! Z'66+))+0!J'*6/!i;!PQ""[8! ! I$%));!@/1,;!c1/5!J8!I&113;!'50!950*+$!]+*,'5;!+08!"RRl8!E)&&"-0*.+'*f').\** 91&,2)=*E,!"#*)-(*81-.'>&1=)=3F*J'&0+5;!J898S!V&'6>$+&&8* ! @'2)%:;!V+58!PQ""8!$'"=(*O"D=)."1-!8!Y+*)15'&!-&1:;!! /..3S``$$$8$+%*07%-*'.%15)861,`!Z'66+))+0!15!c'52'*(!"e;!PQ""[8! ! @'(&1*;!@%,1./(8!PQQ\8!o9!U%00&+!L*'33+0!%5!'!J().+*(S!@*'5)5'.%15'&!J2)%6! I',3&%5:!'50!H5%:,'_)!_U+.2*5!.1!#5516+56+_;o!#5!E,!"#*)-(*6'#+-1#,2.,=';! +08!W()&144;!U+5?!@898!'50!W+)&%+!E8!X'(8!J%00&+.1$5;!E8@8S!L+)&+('5!F5%7+*)%.(! Y*+))8! ! @/+-+*:+;!Y'2&8!PQQ\8!o_H./5%6!I1250)_S!@/+!H6151,(!14!K%)612*)+!14!L1*&0!J2)%6! I',3&%5:;o!#5!E,!"#*)-(*6'#+-1#,2.,=';!+08!W()&144;!U+5?!@898!'50!W+)&%+!E8! X'(8!J%00&+.1$5;!E8@8S!L+)&+('5!F5%7+*)%.(!Y*+))8! ! @/*')/+*;!9&'5!U8!'50!c15'./'5!Y8c8!I.16>8!A]2^%58B!e=1?'*E,!"#*^-2"-'8!^:41=(*E,!"#** ^-2"-';!/..3S``$$$81D41*0,2)%615&%5+861,`)2-)6*%-+*`'*.%6&+`:*17+! `,2)%6`ef\hR!Z'66+))+0!K+6+,-+*!i;!PQQR[8! ! @*%5:'&%;!c2&%'5'8!PQQf8!AW17+!X25);!@%:/.!Y'5.);!'50!V%:!I.%6>)S!L/1!Y2.!./+!E16>!%5! U16>p;B!f".#+*E)0)]"-';!Pl8!ZI3*%5:[8!/..3S``-%.6/,':'O%5+81*:`'*.%6&+`&17+=! :25)!Z'66+))+0!M+-*2'*(!"Q;!PQ"Q[8! ! F8I8!I+5'.+8!PQQ"8!LFJFTF*9).="1.*T#.8!"Qi./!E15:8;!").!)+))8!]8!U8!\"hP;!/..3S``+3%681*:`! 3*%7'6(`.+**1*%),`/*\"hP8/.,&;!Z'66+))+0!I+3.+,-+*!"";!PQ"Q[8! ! ! ! ! PPh! G'&7+*0+;!W%5:!r%+28!PQQf8!oJ'>%5:!@*'5)5'.%15'&!G%+.5',+)+!J2)%6S!I1250)!14!! ]1,+!'50!U+)%).'56+;o!#5!Q)!.*E)"-*J.=''.*\*T!")-*T>'="#)-*91&,2)=*8,2.,=';!! +08!K'7?;!I/%&3';!W+%W'5%!g%)/%,+!'50!@')/'!X8!N*+58!!g+$!d1*>S!g+$!d1*>!! F5%7+*)%.(!Y*+))8! ! L'^'*;!N,'*8!PQQR'8!A@/+!Y1+.C)!K+'./;B!e)=('-!*41=*.+'*A,!+;!U'&%+:/;!g8E8S!W2&2!! Y*+))8! ! ======8!PQQR-8!V%1:*'3/(8!/..3S``)26/*+61*0)861,`/1,+8/.,&!Z'66+))+0!15!c25+!e;! PQQR[8! ! L'5:;!N&%7+*8!PQQ"8!AV+.$++5!./+!g1.+)S!M%50%5:!'5!9)%'5!9,+*%6'!%5!Y132&'*! J2)%6;B!T>'="#)-*E,!"#!"R!518!e!ZL%5.+*[S!e\R=ehf8! ! ======8!PQQh8A@/+)+!9*+!./+!V*+'>)S!]%3=]13!'50!94*1')%'5!ZK%)[E155+6.%15);B!#5! T4=1T!")-*'-#1,-.'=!\*8,2.,='/*M"!.1=3/*912"."#!/*+08!U'3/'+&=]+*5'50+O;!]+%>+!! '50!I/'5515!I.++58!g+$!d1*>S!gdF!Y*+))8! ! ======8!PQQi8!AU'33%5:!'50!U+33%5:!9)%'5S!U'6+;!92./+5.%6%.(;!'50!./+!9)%'5!! 9,+*%6'5!JE;B!#5!T2"'-*Q-#1,-.'=!\*91&,2)=*8,2.,='*"-*T!")-*T>'="#);!+08! J%,%!@8!g:2(+5!'50!@/2(!W%5/!g:2(+5!@28!K2*/',;!g8E8S!K2>+!F5%7+*)%.(! Y*+))8! ! ======8!PQ"Q8!AV+/%50!r1*+'.1$5C)!M'*+!H').!J17+,+5.;!'!K++3!]%).1*(;B!AFTF** 6">'!;!g17+,-+*!"Q8!/..3S``&'.%,+)-&1:)8&'.%,+)861,`,2)%6|-&1:`! PQ"Q`""`-+/%50=>1*+'.1$5)=4'*=+').=,17+,+5.='=0++3=/%).1*(8/.,&! Z'66+))+0!J'*6/!";!PQ""[8! ! L/'&+(;!K+-1*'/8!PQQh8!AV&'6>!V10%+)`d+&&1$!J')>)S!@/+!N*%+5.'&%).!9+)./+.%6!%5! ]%3=]13!'50!V&'6>!G%)2'&!E2&.2*+;B!#5!T4=1T!")-*Q-#1,-.'=!\*8,2.,='/*M"!.1=3/* 912"."#!;!+08!-(!U'3/'+&=]+*5'50+O;!]+%>+!'50!I/'5515!I.++5;!g+$!d1*>S!g+$!! d1*>!F5%7+*)%.(8! ! L%&)15;!E'*1&8!PQQi8!m@/+!@*12-&+!$%./!#50%+!U16>S!#.C)!g1.!c2).!U'6+8!#.C)!E&'));B! J2).'F!J'*6/!"i;!PQQR;!/..3S``$$$8)&'.+861,`%0`P"ih"li`3':+52,`'&&`! Z'66+))+0!M+-*2'*(!";!PQQR[8! ! L15:;!K+-1*'/8!PQQe8!J&')%*@.*A1,('=\*T!")-*T>'="#)-!*E)%"-0*E,!"#8!g+$!d1*>S! U12.&+0:+8! ! ======8!PQQl8!AJ17%5:S!M*1,!Y+*41*,'56+!.1!Y+*41*,'.%7+!H./51:*'3/(;B!! J+)(17!*"-*.+'*d"'2(\*;'7*9'=!&'#."?'!*d1=*d"'2(71=%*"-*Q.+-1>,!"#12103;!+08! V'*O;!X*+:1*(!'50!@%,1./(!c8!E11&+(;!P50!+0%.%15;!g+$!d1*>S!ND41*0! F5%7+*)%.(!Y*+))8! ! ! ! PPi! d'5:;!J'(4'%*!]8!]8!PQQP8!oJ'))!J+0%'!'50!@*'5)5'.%15'&!I2-<+6.%7%.(;o!#5!6+'** T-.+=&12103*14*e21D)2"])."1-\*T*C')('=;!+08!#50';!c15'./'5!w8!'50!U+5'.1!! U1)'&018!J'&0+5;!J898S!V&'6>$+&&!Y2-&%)/+*8! ! d'5:;!J%5'8!PQQ"8!AN*%+5.'&%),!'50!./+!J2)%6!14!9)%'5!#,,%:*'5.!E1,,25%.%+)!%5! E'&%41*5%';!"RPe="Ref;B!T>'="#)-*E,!"#;!"R;!518!e!Z$%5.+*[S!\lf=e"h8! ! d'51;!E/*%).%5+!U8!PQQP8!6')=!*14*A1-0"-0\*;1!.)20")*)-(*;)."1-*"-*.+'*b)&)-'!'* 91&,2)=*J1-0F!E',-*%0:+;!J898S!]'*7'*0!F5%7+*)%.(!9)%'!E+5.+*8! ! d115;!Y'2&!c8!PQQ"8!AmI/+_)!U+'&&(!V+61,+!c'3'5+)+!g1$sCS!@'%>1!K*2,,%5:!'50! 9)%'5!9,+*%6'5!#0+5.%4%6'.%15)8B!T>'="#)-*E,!"#!"R;!518!e!Z$%5.+*[S!e"i=\i8! ! d1)/%0';!X+1*:+8!"RRi8!C'>"-"!#"-0*"-*J7"-0.">'\*b)&)-'!'*T>'="#)-!*"-*T>'="#)-* 91&,2)=*E,!"#/*P`XkIP`GH8!I'5!M*'56%)61;!E898S!g'.%15'&!c'3'5+)+!9,+*%6'5! ]%).1*%6'&!I16%+.(8! ! d1)/%51;!r+5<%8!PQQh8!81?'="-0\*6+'*M"(('-*T!!),2.*1-*^,=*8"?"2*C"0+.!8!g+$!d1*>S! U'501,!]12)+8! ! v%,,+*,'5;!H*%68!PQQl!AV'*'6>!N-','S!#50%+!U16>+*B;!91&*E)..'=!;!92:2).!"l;! '66+))+0!J'(!"i;!PQ"Q!a/..3S``$$$8313,'..+*)861,`3,`4+'.2*+`-'*'6>= 1-','=%50%+=*16>+*`b8! ! ! O1E1$&.1#( ( A9!W')!V'**%6'0');B!$"%"&'(")/*6+'*d=''*Q-#3#21&'(");!! /..3S``+58$%>%3+0%'81*:`$`%50+D83/3p.%.&+~9|&')|V'**%6'0')u1&0%0~eP"lif! ePR!Z'66+))+0!93*%&!P;!PQ""[8! ! AV'0!V*'%5);B!$"%"&'(");!6+'*d=''*Q-#3#21&'(")/!! /..3S``+58$%>%3+0%'81*:`$`%50+D83/3p.%.&+~V'0|V*'%5)u1&0%0~ePe"efhe"! Z'66+))+0!93*%&!"f;!PQ""[8! ! AE*1$0)12*6%5:;B!$"%"&'(")/*6+'*d=''*Q-#3#21&'(")/!! /..3S``+58$%>%3+0%'81*:`$`%50+D83/3p.%.&+~E*1$0)12*6%5:u1&0%0~ePfh\ei eP!Z'66+))+0!15!93*%&!Pe;!PQ""[8! ! AH*/2;B!$"%"&'(")/*6+'*d=''*Q-#3#21&'(");!! /..3S``+58$%>%3+0%'81*:`$`%50+D83/3p.%.&+~H*/2u1&0%0~ePf\eQ\Pf! Z'66+))+0!93*%&!PP;!PQ""[8! ! A@/+!])2=5',%;B!$"%"&'(")/*6+'*d=''*Q-#3#21&'(");!! /..3S``+58$%>%3+0%'81*:`$`%50+D83/3p.%.&+~@/+|])2=! 5',%u1&0%0~e"f\"PiR\!Z'66+))+0!M+-*2'*(!PP;!PQ""[8! ! PPl! AN%s;B!L%>%3+0%';!6+'*d=''*Q-#3#21&'(");!! /..3S``+58$%>%3+0%'81*:`$`%50+D83/3p.%.&+~I3+6%'&SE%.+u3':+~N%su%0~ePfi Pfl"h!Z'66+))+0!93*%&!Pe;!PQ""8[! ! AN3+5W'(+*);B!$"%"&'(")/*6+'*d=''*Q-#3#21&'(");! /..3S``+58$%>%3+0%'81*:`$`%50+D83/3p.%.&+~N3+5W'(+*)u1&0%0~e"QQfif"l! Z'66+))+0!c'52'*(!Pf;!PQ""[8! ! AU2-(;B!$"%"&'(")/*6+'*d=''*Q-#3#21&'(");! /..3S``+58$%>%3+0%'81*:`$`%50+D83/3p.%.&+~U2-(|Z3*1:*',,%5:|&'5:2':+[u1&0%0~ ePf"eeiRi!Z'66+))+0!93*%&!P";!PQ""[8! ! AL+-!)6*'3%5:;B!$"%"&'(")/*6+'*d=''*Q-#3#21&'(");!! /..3S``+58$%>%3+0%'81*:`$`%50+D83/3p.%.&+~L+-|)6*'3%5:u1&0%0~ePeRP"Rf "!Z'66+))+0!93*%&!"l;!PQ""[8! ! ! @180-2'#$"A( ( 9)1-%!I+>)28!PQQh8!8".=,!8!M*%+50&(!M%*+!U+61*0%5:)8!MMU!QQe8!EK8! ! V',-11!I/11.)8!PQQe8!C'!')=#+*)-(*S'?'21&>'-.*Q98!I.'.2)!t21!U+61*0)8!EK8! ! V2%;!E'*1&8!PQQe8!6+"!*"!*M17*@*C'#1?'=F!K*25>+5!V2..+*4&(!U+61*0)8!KVU!Q"8!EK8! ! ======8!PQ""8!C'(*J+"&8!HD1!U+61*0)8!EK8! ! E/./15%68!PQQQ8!`.+*Q>&3=')-8!g%:/.4'&&`@+**1*%O+*!U+61*08!EK8! ! ======8!PQQh8!J''("[*f)2'8!JU#8!EK8! ! E&')/;!@/+8!PQQi8!A9*,':%0+15!@%,+;B!6+'*d,.,='*@!*L-7="..'-*gJ1,-(.=)#%i8!I15(8!! EK8! ! K%'6*%.%6'&8!PQQi8!I+&4=.%.&+08!9*&%5:.15!G898S!#55+*!H'*!I.20%1)8!H2:1!").!Y*1026.%15)8!! EK8! ! KO%'5s8!PQ""8!T2"*J+)-*TB*e1Ie18!I+&4=*+&+')+08!E/'*&1..+)7%&&+!G898S!I'50'&$110!! I.20%18!K%:%.'&!K1$5&1'08!! /..3S``0O%'58-'506',3861,`'&-2,`'&%=)/'5='=:1=:1!Z'66+))+0!93*%&!Pi;! PQ""[8! ! H'6/!N./+*)C!J1./+*)8!PQQi8!I+&4=.%.&+0!HY8!Y'**1.!15!'!Y1*6/!U+61*0)8!EK8! ! X110!9)%'5!K*%7+*)8!PQQR8!S="?'*T7)3*M1>'8!I+&4=*+&+')+08!EK8! ! ! PPR! ]')5)/%5!H5)+,-&+;!95:+&'!Y'%;!'50!K%O!]+&&+*8!PQQP8!W%5+*!g1.+)8!E,!"#*4=1>*8+"-)* )-(*6)"7)-\*M)-*J+"-*8+"-'!'*d12%*w*S)-#'*Q-!'>D2'F*/..3S``,2618! '&+D'50+*).*++.861,`G%+$`e"ee"R!Z'66+))+0!K+6+,-+*!i;!PQQR[8! ! ])2=5',%;!@/+8!PQQl-8!Q-.'="-0*.+'*E)-()2)8!I+&4=*+&+')+08!EK8! ! ======8!PQQR-8!6+'*d1,=*;1D2'*6=,.+!8!I+&4=*+&+')+08!EK8! ! r%6>%5:!X%'5.8!"RRe8!T2"'-*"FSF!r8!rWY!\e8!EK8! ! r%.+!N3+*'.%15)8!PQQf8!S)-('2"1-*()38!rN9!U+61*0)8!rN9!QQe8!EK8! ! ======8!PQQh8!M')=.*T..)#%!/*f)#%*.1*f)#%8!rN9!U+61*0)8!rN9!QQh8!EK8! ! ======8!PQQR8!d'!."?)2F!96.2'&&(!U+61*0)8!9E@!"\8!EK8! ! r1;!r'./%8!PQQR8!e">>'*811."'!8!M1*!./+!V%*0)!E1&&+6.%7+8!EK8! ! r1,%5');!@/+8!PQQl8!$"2(*;"0+.!*"-*e,)-.)-)>1*f)38!I+&4=*+&+')+08!EK8! ! ======8!PQ"Q8!Q!#)&'*.1*.+'*f2)#%1,.*f')#+8!I+&4=*+&+')+08!K%:%.'&!K1$5&1'08! /..3S``>1,%58')`+)6'3+`!Z'66+))+0!93*%&!Pi;!PQ""[8! ! g1.1*%12)!JIX;!@/+8!PQQi8!A,-#+*E1-'3*WA">".'(*Q("."1-*Q&ZF!E1*0&+))!U+61*0%5:)8!! EKW!fl8!EK8! ! N-&%)>8!PQQR8!$').+'=*9)..'=-!F!E'50(!E1&1*+0!K*':158!EKK!QQ"8!EK8! ! Y',3'5%5;!I2)2;!c',%&'!I'&%,312*;!'50!I2/'%&'!I'&%,312*8!PQQ"8!f'223*S)-#'** * C+3.+>*@('-."4"#)."1-8!VKU#!Q"8!EK8!! ! Y&2)`J%52)8!PQQi8!x_P*y92,!_E"-,!z*?!F*f211(.+"=!.3*f,.#+'=!8!@++5-+'.!\l\8! ! Y15:;!])%5=E/'5:!'50!]'5)/%5!E/%5+)+!M1&>!'50!K'56+!H5)+,-&+8!PQQP8!E,!"#*4=1>* 8+"-)*)-(*6)"7)-\*M)-*J+"-*8+"-'!'*d12%*w*S)-#'*Q-!'>D2'F*HFEK!"i\e! /..3S``,2618'&+D'50+*).*++.861,`G%+$`e"ee"R!Z'66+))+0!K+6+,-+*!i;! PQQR[8! * Y*'-%*!'50!./+!I2-).%.2.+)8!PQQl8!M%7+!W%..&+!Y%+6+)8!I+&4=*+&+')+08!U%6/,150!G898S!! I1250!14!J2)%6!U+61*0%5:!I.20%18!EK8! ! U+5,%5-%8!PQQ\8!Y+13&+C)!HY8!I+&4=*+&+')+08!EK8! ! ======8!PQQl8!@/+!Y/1+5%D8!I+&4=*+&+')+08!EK8!! ! ======8!PQQR8!I2*4'6+8!I+&4=*+&+')+08!EK8!! ! P\Q! I+',8!"RRf8!T='*<1,*S="?"-0*E'*8=)]3UF!@126/!'50!X1!U+61*0)8!@X!"eP8!EK8! ! @/'1!$%./!./+!X+.!K1$5!I.'(!K1$58!PQQl8!$'*f=)?'*f''*J."-0!*)-(*T228!r%&&!! U16>!I.'*)8!rUI!el"8!EK8! ! @%,!V+!@1&08!PQQi8!X+..%5:!V(8!I+&4=*+&+')+08!N8E8!I.20%1)8!EK8!! ! ======8!PQQR8!M*1,!./+!#5)%0+8!I+&4=*+&+')+08!EK8! ! @25:;!c'6>8!PQQh8!!6+'*A"4'*)-(*6">'!*14*8+'-07"-8!rN9!U+61*0)8!rN9!QQf8!EK8! ! G'*%12)!9*.%).)8!"RRf8!Q)=*14*.+'*S=)01-8!M1*.25+!e!U+61*0)8!UMMK!QQ"8!EK8! ! G'*%12)!9*.%).)8!PQQh8!$1%*T-(*C122F!#.6/(!r1*+'5!U+61*0)8!#rU!QQi8!EK8! ! G+*)2)8!"RRl8!671*8'-.!*92,!*6):8!E'*1&%5+!U+61*0)8!iffi8!EK8! ! L%&&%',);!L%&&%8!PQQh8!A9*,':%0+15!@%,+;B!d,22*L&\*E1='*M".!*4=1>*J.,("1*1-'8! ]+'*.-+'.!U+61*0)8!EK8! ! d+&&1$!Y+*%&8!PQQh8!a"Ri\b8!T*e=)"-*14*J)-(\*E,!"#*41=*.+'*J.=,002'*D3*T!")-!*"-** T>'="#)8!Y'*015!U+61*0)8!I,%./)15%'5!M1&>$'()!U+61*0%5:)8!Y9!"QPQ8!EK8! ! ! `1.&-2'#$"A( ! E/./15%E8!PQQi'8!L;2">".'(*8+.+1-"8/*L;2">".'(*6)"7)-8!! /..3S``6/./15%681*:`25&%,%.+0`!Z'66+))+0!c'52'*(!i;!PQ"Q[8! ! ======8!PQQi-8!L;2">".'(*6T@$T;*J+1=.*d"2>*W;1.*E,!"#*O"('1ZF! /..3S``7%0)8,()3'6+861,`%50+D864,p42)+'6.%15~7%0)8%50%7%02'&u7%0+1%0~"P! f"ReRi!Z'66+))+0!g17+,-+*!"i;!PQQR[8! ! J'<++0;!N,'*8!PQQR8!6)[7)#1='!\*.+'*f"=.+*14*9,-%*@!2)>8!KGK8!J15.*+'&;!E'5'0'S! H(+I.++&M%&,8! ! @'(&1*;!c+55%4+*!J8!PQQR8!;'7*E,!2">*8112F!KGK8!W1)!95:+&+);!E898S!I+7+5./!9*.!! U+&+')%5:8! ! L+)6/;!J%6/'+&8!PQQi8!A@/+!J'6/%5+!%)!F)`%5:!F);B!/..3S``>*+D8>! ).'.+8+02`0)3'6+`/'50&+`PQRi`eRiP!Z'66+))+0!c'52'*(!"Q;!PQ""[8! ( ( +,%&'<1&48( ! 9>/.'*;!9)%,8!PQ"Q8!#5.+*7%+$!-(!'2./1*8!X=6/'.8!J'(!i8! ! P\"! V2%;!E'*1&8!PQQi8!#5.+*7%+$!-(!'2./1*8!H,'%&8!K+6+,-+*!"\8! ! ======8!PQQR8!Y+*)15'&!%5.+*7%+$!$%./!'2./1*8!L')/%5:.15;!K8E88!M+-*2'*(!l8! ! E/'1;!I2=g25:8!PQQR8!#5.+*7%+$!-(!'2./1*8!JIg!J+))+5:+*8!K+6+,-+*!e8!! ( ])2;!H,%&(!'50!I2)'5!])28!PQQR8!Y+*)15'&!%5.+*7%+$!$%./!'2./1*8!9*&%5:.15;!G98! c'52'*(!"h8! ! ])2;!c'6>8!PQQl8!#5.+*7%+$!-(!'2./1*8!9,+*%6'5!N5&%5+!#5).'5.!J+))+5:+*8!K+6+,-+*! P"8! ! ======8!PQQR8!#5.+*7%+$!-(!'2./1*8!X11:&+!L'7+8!K+6+,-+*!l=""8! ! ======8!PQ"Q8!#5.+*7%+$!-(!'2./1*8!X11:&+!L'7+8!M+-*2'*(!l=R8! ( r/'5;!I/'/<+/'5;!9*<25!U'(;!r'*5'!U'(;!'50!V')%,!F),'5%8!PQQR8!#5.+*7%+$!-(! '2./1*8!V1).15;!J898S!J'(!R;!PQQR8! ( r1;!r'./%8!PQQi8!Y+*)15'&!%5.+*7%+$!$%./!'2./1*8!g+$!d1*>;!gd8!92:2).!"P8! ( W%,;!M*+00(8!PQQl8!#5.+*7%+$!-(!'2./1*8!@'%3+%;!@'%$'58!c2&(!e8!! ( J+/.';!Y*'-%*8!PQQl8!Y+*)15'&!#5.+*7%+$!$%./!'2./1*8!U%6/,150;!G98!K+6+,-+*!R8! ! F),'5%;!V')%,8!PQQR8!@+&+3/15+!6157+*)'.%15!$%./!'2./1*8!92:2).!PQ8! ( L'^'*;!N,'*8!PQQR68!#5.+*7%+$!-(!'2./1*8!9&+D'50*%';!G98!c25+!f8( ( ( C41%%&'( ( V')%,V1(@+&&+,!ZPQQR;!92:2).!"[8!@/'._)!4255(8!#!.1&0!Egg!$+!$+*+!./*++!'./+%).)!! '50!15+!,2)&%,;!'50!./+(!4&%33+0!%.!a@$%..+*!31).b8!U+.*%+7+0!4*1,! /..3S``.$%..+*861,`V')%,V1(@+&&H,`).'.2)`\PellilQlh!! ! V1--(4*%6.%15!ZPQ"Q;!I+3.+,-+*!"e[8!.15%:/.!$+!:1!%5!/'*0!$%./!5+$!+,+*:%5:!'6.)! 4*1,!F56&+!I',8888!#_&&!-+!.'&>%5:!.1!x./+>1,%5')!u!x0')*'6%).! y-*1$5('5>++)!a@$%..+*!31).b8!U+.*%+7+0!4*1,! /..3S``.$%..+*861,`0')*'6%).`).'.2)`PefQihiffle! ! |J|#|9|!ZPQ"Q';!I+3.+,-+*!PQ[8!/..3S``e./+3+13&+15./+-1'.861,`Y8I!JNg@UH9W!s! @NFU!K9d!NgHs! /..3S``(+)./+&%..&+3+13&+$%&&5+7+*$%5-2../+(6'5426>)/%.23861,!a@$%..+*! 31).b8!U+.*%+7+0!4*1,!/..3S``.$%..+*861,`ys`|J|#|9|`).'.2)`PfQ\lPf\""Q! ! ! P\P! |J|#|9|!ZPQ"Q-;!I+3.+,-+*!PR[8!/..3S``e./+3+13&+15./+-1'.861,`Y8I!#!YF@!@]#I! NF@s!#!rgNL!@]H!JHK#9!X#GHI!EUHK#@!@N!L]#@H!KFKHIs!./'.!$/%.+!020+! 3&'(%5!31>+*!:%4!%)!&%.+*'&!a@$%..+*!31).b8!U+.*%+7+0!4*1,! /..3S``.$%..+*861,`ys`|J|#|9|`).'.2)`PfRQhf"hPQ"! ! |J|#|9|!ZPQ"Q6;!g17+,-+*!PQ[8!J#9!'>'!G#Erd!WH9rI!/+'0%5:!23!.1!&++0)!a@$%..+*! 31).b8!U+.*%+7+0!4*1,!/..3S``.$%..+*861,`ys`|J|#|9|`).'.2)`! fRhie"\"""hlf"P"! ! |J|#|9|!ZPQ"Q0;!K+6+,-+*!i[8!%.!)2DD!./'.!$%>%!&+'>)!/'7+!.1!/'50!17+*!./+%*!016D!P! 5+$)!12.&+.)!P!-*+'>!./+!5+$)!.1!./+!$1*&0;!%.!01+)5.!,'>+!)+5)+8888!a@$%..+*! 31).b8!U+.*%+7+0!4*1,!/..3S``.$%..+*861,`ys`|J|#|9|`).'.2)`! "P"PPe\\ihPllRiPR! ! J|#|9|!ZPQ"Q+;!K+6+,-+*!i[8!LH!XUNL#g!FY!#g!J#KKWH!NM!9!K#X#@9W!UFrFIs! @]Hd!E9g!@Ud!@N!MFEr!FI;!#!9#g@!YF@@#g!Ng!@]H!I@NYYHUI!LH!XN!VH! ]9ErHUI88!,+0)}4+0)}!%5!-+0!s!a@$%..+*!31).b8!U+.*%+7+0!4*1,! /..3S``.$%..+*861,`ys`|J|#|9|`).'.2)`"P"Ph"Rel"PQfRhel! ! |J|#|9|!ZPQ"Q4;!K+6+,-+*!"f[8!/..3S``e./+3+13&+15./+-1'.861,`! /..3S``$$$8:2'*0%'586182>`$1*&0`PQ"Q`0+6`"f`')(&2,='2).*'&%'=! 6/*%).,')=%)&'50!a@$%..+*!31).b8!U+.*%+7+0!4*1,! /..3S``.$%..+*861,`ys`|J|#|9|`).'.2)`"fP"eifQhfPiQPiPQ! ! |J|#|9|!ZPQ"";!c'52'*(!"Q[8!Gs#sEsrs#sWsHsHsrsws!I@UHH@!@H9J!s!""`"`""! /..3S``.$%.3%6861,`\12%,"!a@$%..+*!31).b8!U+.*%+7+0!4*1,! /..3S``.$%..+*861,`ys`|J|#|9|`).'.2)`PefP"iPRRePeliQeQ! ! @'OO(I.'*!ZPQ"";!M+-*2'*(!"P./[8!U+71&2.%15!%)!.'^$'61*+!a@$%..+*!31).b8!U+.*%+7+0! 4*1,!/..3S``.$%..+*861,`@'OO(I.'*`).'.2)`\hei\hle\elihlPfh8! ! ./+/)25',%8!PQQR8!67"..'=8!c2&(!PQ8/..3S``.$%..+*861,`@/+])25',%`).'.2)`! Pi\e\eilP\!Z'66+))+0!c'52'*(!"R;!PQ"Q[8! ! @]HrNJ#g9I!ZPQ"Q';!J'(!Ph[8!V1).15;!I'.2*0'(!c25+!f./;!$+_*+!.'>%5:!-'6>!./+!! J%00&+!H').!$%./!./+!/+&3!14!12*!-*1./+*!-'50!xI255(9&%@/+r%0!s! /..3S``%)8:0`6^f)!a@$%..+*!31).b8!U+.*%+7+0!4*1,! /..3S``.$%..+*861,`ys`@]HrNJ#g9I`).'.2)`"eii"PRel\l! ! @]HrNJ#g9I!ZPQ"Q-;!g17+,-+*!P[8!y-*1$5-'50*+3'*'.%15)!U@!! xI255(9&%@/+r%0S!H7+*(-10(!:+.)!'!7%0+1!:',+!7%0+1;!$+!$'5.!'!7%0+1!! :',+!7%0+1!.11!a@$%..+*!31).b8!U+.*%+7+0!4*1,! /..3S``.$%..+*861,`@]HrNJ#g9I`).'.2)`PReihQf\"l\! ! ! ! ! P\\! @]HrNJ#g9I!ZPQ""';!c'52'*(!h[8!@/'._)!6'..(!')!426>8!U@!xJ@GK+)%S!G#rr#!WHHrwS! @]H!VHX#gg#gX!NM!@]H!HgK!MNU!J8#898!/..3S``-%.8&(`/L2e^&!x|J|#|9|! x0%3&1!a@$%..+*!31).b8!U+.*%+7+0!4*1,!/..3S``.$%..+*861,`ys`@]HrNJ#g9I`! ).'.2)`P\"PR"ePQ"lRhffQe!!