Algemeen Ambtsbericht Iran Februari 2021

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Algemeen Ambtsbericht Iran Februari 2021 Algemeen ambtsbericht Iran Datum Februari 2021 Pagina 1 van 141 Algemeen ambtsbericht Iran | Februari 2021 Colofon Plaats Den Haag Opgesteld door Afdeling Ambtsberichten (DAF/AB) Pagina 2 van 141 Algemeen ambtsbericht Iran | Februari 2021 Inhoudsopgave Colofon ....................................................................................................... 2 Inhoudsopgave ............................................................................................. 3 Inleiding ...................................................................................................... 5 1 Politieke en veiligheidssituatie .................................................................... 6 1.1 Politieke situatie ........................................................................................... 6 1.1.1 Politiek(e)(-bestuurlijke) ontwikkelingen .......................................................... 6 1.1.2 COVID-19 ................................................................................................... 11 1.2 Veiligheidssituatie ........................................................................................ 16 1.2.1 Protesten van november 2019 ....................................................................... 16 1.2.2 Explosies en branden in de zomer van 2020..................................................... 18 1.2.3 Koerdistan, Kermanshah en West-Azerbeidzjan ................................................ 19 1.2.4 Khuzestan .................................................................................................. 20 1.2.5 Sistan-Baluchistan ....................................................................................... 22 2 Identiteit, nationaliteit en documenten ..................................................... 23 2.1 Identificatieplicht, identiteits- en reisdocumenten ............................................. 23 2.1.1 Geboorteboekje/identiteitsboekje ................................................................... 23 2.1.2 Nationale identiteitskaart .............................................................................. 23 2.1.3 Paspoort ..................................................................................................... 24 2.1.4 Documentfraude .......................................................................................... 24 2.2 Nationaliteit ................................................................................................ 25 2.2.1 Verkrijging nationaliteit van rechtswege .......................................................... 25 2.2.2 Toetreding via naturalisatie ........................................................................... 25 2.2.3 Verlies van de Iraanse nationaliteit ................................................................. 25 2.2.4 Herverkrijgen van de Iraanse nationaliteit ....................................................... 26 2.2.5 Meervoudige nationaliteit .............................................................................. 26 2.2.6 Kinderen van een Iraanse vrouw en een niet-Iraanse man ................................. 27 3 Mensenrechten .......................................................................................... 29 3.1 Positie van specifieke groepen ....................................................................... 29 3.1.1 Bescherming van burgers .............................................................................. 29 3.1.2 Etnische groepen ......................................................................................... 29 3.1.3 Militaire dienst ............................................................................................. 42 3.1.4 Leden van oppositiepartijen en politieke activisten ............................................ 46 3.1.5 Lesbiennes, homoseksuelen, biseksuelen, transgenders en interseksen (LHBTI) .... 49 3.1.6 Vrouwen ..................................................................................................... 58 3.1.7 Bloed- en erekwesties .................................................................................. 64 3.1.8 (Alleenstaande) minderjarigen ....................................................................... 65 3.2 Nalevingen en schendingen ........................................................................... 68 3.2.1 Vrijheid van meningsuiting ............................................................................ 68 3.2.2 Vrijheid van godsdienst en levensovertuiging ................................................... 78 3.3 Toezicht en rechtsbescherming ...................................................................... 98 3.3.1 Aangifte van een misdrijf .............................................................................. 98 3.3.2 Wetgeving .................................................................................................. 99 3.3.3 Rechtsgang ............................................................................................... 103 3.3.4 Juridische documenten ............................................................................... 108 3.3.5 Arrestaties, bewaring en detenties ................................................................ 112 3.3.6 Doodstraf ................................................................................................. 117 Pagina 3 van 141 4 Vluchtelingen .......................................................................................... 119 4.1 Afghanen in Iran ........................................................................................ 119 4.2 Het Amayesh-systeem ................................................................................ 119 4.3 Legaal verblijf ........................................................................................... 120 4.4 Illegaal verblijf .......................................................................................... 120 4.5 Discriminatie ............................................................................................. 121 4.6 Documenten van de Afghaanse autoriteiten ................................................... 122 5 Terugkeer ................................................................................................ 123 5.1 Problemen bij terugkeer .............................................................................. 123 5.2 Informanten .............................................................................................. 125 6 Bijlagen ................................................................................................... 126 6.1 Lijst van gebruikte afkortingen ..................................................................... 126 6.2 Begrippenlijst ............................................................................................ 127 6.3 Rapporten en publicaties ............................................................................. 129 6.4 Websites .................................................................................................. 137 6.5 Nieuwsbronnen .......................................................................................... 139 6.6 Wetten ..................................................................................................... 140 6.7 Kaart van Iran ........................................................................................... 141 Pagina 4 van 141 Algemeen ambtsbericht Iran | Februari 2021 Inleiding Dit ambtsbericht is opgesteld aan de hand van de in de door het ministerie van Justitie en Veiligheid opgestelde Terms of Reference (ToR) gestelde vragen en genoemde aandachtspunten. De ToR voor dit ambtsbericht is vastgesteld op 17 augustus 2020. Een geanonimiseerde versie van deze ToR is tezamen met het ambtsbericht gepubliceerd op de website van de rijksoverheid.1 In dit algemeen ambtsbericht wordt de situatie in Iran beschreven voor zover deze van belang is voor de beoordeling van asielaanvragen van personen die afkomstig zijn uit Iran en voor de besluitvorming over terugkeer van afgewezen Iraanse asielzoekers. Dit ambtsbericht is een actualisering van het algemeen ambtsbericht van 22 maart 2019. De verslagperiode beslaat de periode van maart 2019 tot en met januari 2021. Relevante ontwikkelingen zijn tot aan de publicatiedatum meegenomen. Dit ambtsbericht betreft een feitelijke, neutrale en objectieve weergave van de bevindingen gedurende de onderzochte periode en biedt geen beleidsaanbevelingen. Dit ambtsbericht is opgesteld aan de hand van openbare en vertrouwelijke bronnen waarbij gebruik is gemaakt van zorgvuldig geselecteerde, geanalyseerde en gecontroleerde informatie. Bij de opstelling is onder meer gebruik gemaakt van informatie van niet-gouvernementele organisaties (ngo’s), vakliteratuur, berichtgeving in de media en (indien van toepassing) relevante overheidsinstanties. De passages in dit ambtsbericht berusten op meerdere bronnen, tenzij anders vermeld of in het geval van algemeen onbetwiste feiten. De geraadpleegde openbare bronnen zijn opgenomen in de bijlagen bij dit ambtsbericht. Voor dit ambtsbericht is ook gebruik gemaakt van vertrouwelijke informatie afkomstig van de diplomatieke vertegenwoordiging van Nederland in Iran en vertrouwelijke gesprekken en correspondentie. De op vertrouwelijke basis ingewonnen informatie is voornamelijk gebruikt ter ondersteuning van en aanvulling op passages die zijn gebaseerd op openbare informatie. De vertrouwelijke bronnen zijn in het voetnotenapparaat aangemerkt als ‘vertrouwelijke bron’ en voorzien van een datum.
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