Dialogues with Wang Gungwu on the History of the World

INDEX

A Anglo-Peranakan stage, 199, 200 Africa, 82–83, 215–16 Anglo-Portuguese ties, 86 age of colonialism, 229–32 anonymity, 197 age-old continent-wide political anti-colonialism, 123–24 dynamics, 230 anti-imperialism, 123–24 agrarian structure, collapse of, Appalachians, 220 145 Arabic consolidation of core, 216 Akbar the Great, 232 Arabic-Islamic world, 216 Alexander, 3, 59–60 Arab-Persian shipping, 73 America, 226 armed conflict, 221–22 Britain and, 135 Armstrong, Karen, 235 defence services in, 183 Association of Southeast Asian American arc, 215 Nations (ASEAN), 57, 90 American Civil War, 219, 220 vs. EU, 137–38 American Revolution, 108 Austronesian migration, 119 American system, 142 authenticity, concept of, 194 Ames, Roger T., 211n6 authoritarian democracy, 210 Anderson, Ben, 194 Axial Age, 235 Anglo-Americans, 10–11, 188, 217 B imperial system, 17 Babylonians, 3–4 Anglo-Dutch relationship, 111 Balkanization, 90 Anglo-Dutch Treaty, 99 Battle of Salamis, 92n2 Anglo-French powers, 82–83 Battle of Talas, 20 Anglo-Japanese alliance, 98 Beiyang, 97

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Book of Change, The (Yi Jing), Cold War, 83 204 communism, 142, 145 bows, principal types of, 234 communist party, 151, 156–57 Braudel, Fernand, 230 Confucian order, 27–41 British Commonwealth, 136–37 continental front, 167–73 British democracy, 115 continental power, 165–66 British Empire, 125 decolonization, 135 British Isles, 112–13 democracy, 43, 126–27 British Parliament, 157 economic development, 127–28 British scholarship, 116 economic growth, 130–31 Buddhism, 39–41 education, 5 in India, 176 entry into global age, 1–6 bureaucratic system, 143 vs. India, 129–39 Burmese naval power, 66 navies, 164 Byzantines, 25 Opium War in, 141, 164, 172 political-economic structure C of, 138–39 capitalism, 144–45, 222 religion’s capture of politics, China, 146 19–25 Caribbean, 77 second-largest economy, 142 Catherine the Great, 222 and soft power concept, Catholic Church, 178 173–91 Catholicism in the Philippines, in world history, 6–19 78 Chinese agrarian system, 145 Central Asia, extensive power Chinese Buddhists, 152, 205 of, 231 Chinese capitalism, 146 Central Asian core, 222–27 Chinese Communist Party, 101, Central Asian development, 233 224 Central Asian Steppes, 233 Chinese historiography, 101 Chams, 64, 65 Chinese imperial state, 142–43 chariots, 234 Chinese labour, 196 Chiang Kai-shek, 144–46 Chinese library, 201 China, 214 Chinese literary culture, 202 bureaucracy, 4 Chinese Muslims, 152

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Chinese nationalists, first Confucian literati, 143 generation of, 144 Conservative Party, 115 Chinese school, 203 conservatives, 116 Chinese territory, 100 constitutionalism, 116 Chinese universities, 191 Continental America, 219–22 Chola Empire, 67 continental and maritime power, Christian, 21–22 combining, 213–16 vs. Muslim conflict, 82–83 Central Asian core, 222–27 Christian Europe and Muslim Continental America, 219–22 world, line between, 232 Islamic continental power, Christianity, 217 216–19 Church, 24 continental fringes, 214 Churchill, Winston, 82 continental holiday idea, 81 civilizational centre, Eurasia as, 6 Continental Phase, Chinese Civil War, 220, 222 history, 8 Clive, Robert, 14, 55n3 continental power system, 118 Cold War, 83, 90–91, 135, 149, cultural imperialism, 175 165, 214 Cultural Revolution, 224 colonialism, age of, 229–32 Columbus, Christopher, 69, D 83–84, 232–33 decolonization, 94, 135, 136 communism, 142, 145 defensive mechanism, 121–22 Communist China, 94 Deng Xiaoping, 156, 158 Communist Party, 100–101, 144, reforms, 141 151, 156–57 Dong Xi Yang, 96, 97 Confederates, 220 Dongyang, 97 Confucian, 5, 142–43, 151, 179 Dutch case, 107 heritage, 142 Dutch, defensive mechanism, order, 27–41 121–22 system, 18 Dutch East India Company, 112 thinking, 142 Confucian Institute, 201 E Confucianism, 28, 34–38, 43, 45, East Asia in modern times, 142, 150–51, 205 94–106

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East Asian cultures, 160 foreign capitalism, 146 Eastern edge of Europe-Asia “forward defence”, 80, 91 landmass, 141 France of Napoleon, 114 East India Company, 15–16, 122 Franco-German War, 220 economic power, 174 Franco-Prussian War, 108 multipolarity in, 230 French colonialism, 64 Elliot, Charles, 87 French Revolution, 107–8 English-Dutch relationship, 111 Fujian province, 96 English East India Company, 232 Fukuyama, Francis, 229 Equestrian power, 233–37 Fuzhou, 97 Equus species, 234 Eurasian continent, 121 G Eurasian continental model, 119 Germanic tribal systems, 25 Eurasian globality, 162 German-Viking tradition, 62 Eurasian peripheries, 229 GIC. See Government Eurasian power structure, 118 Investment Corporation Eurasian power system, 134 (GIC) Europeans, 24–25 global age, China entry into, 1–6 European Union (EU), ASEAN Global-Anglo, 200 vs., 137–38 global economic development, Europe-Asia landmass, eastern 216 edge of, 141 global political power, Europe, local politics in, 25–27 multipolarity in, 230 examination system, 36 Global-Sino, 200 Government Investment F Corporation (GIC), 181 Fa concept, 45 Great Leap Forward, 131, 224 Fa laws, 155 Great Transformation, The fall of Constantinople, 232 (Armstrong), 235 Falun Gong, 55n7 Great Wall, 231 farming in China, 12 Greco-Roman civilization, 217 fascism, 149 Greco-Roman tradition, 5, Fei Xiaotong, 102 59–61, 182 First Opium War, 232 Greek Christian, 61

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Greek–Roman Empire, 216 Indochine, 95 Greeks, urban civilization Indonesian communist party, 91 development, 59–60 industrialization, Soviet Model Guangxi, 103 of, 131 Industrial Revolution, 220, 222, H 225 Hainanese Association, 193 Inner Asian Frontiers (Lattimore), Han Chinese, 53–55, 102, 129 13 Han dynasty, 34, 143 International Law, 154–55 Han Feizi, 31 Internet communication, 196–97 Han Hui, 104 Iran, 215 Han Muslims, 104 Iranian Revolution, 177 Han Wudi, 32 Irish peoples, 81–82 Hastings, Warren, 14 Islam, 22, 24 Hebei province, 147 Islamic continental power, Hindu-Buddhist Malay 216–19 Archipelago, 21 Hindu-Buddhist tradition, J 117–19 Japanese modelling of West, 144 Hobbes, Thomas, 46 Japanese navy, 184 Ho Chi Minh, 189 Japanese territories, 100 horse-borne mobility, 235 Japanese war, 146 Hu Shi, 211n7 Java, 62 Javanese style, 117 I Jews, 4 imperial system, 141 Jia, 45 India Jiafa, 45–46 British entry into, 15–16 Jiang Zemin, 158 Buddhism destroyed in, 176 Judeo-Christian tradition, 5 vs. China, 129–39 Junjichu, 53 Columbus, 83–84 trade with, 72 K Indian Civil Service, 132 Kangxi, 18 Indian Ocean, 58, 73 Kang Youwei, 54–55

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Khan, Kublai, 232 Mandala system, 133 Khmers, 63–64 Mandala Theory, 119 Kissinger, Henry, 225 Mao Zedong, 28–29, 83, 102, Koxinga, 93n14 131–32, 145, 156, 224–25 Kuomintang of China, 100, 141, Marco Polo Bridge Incident, 147 144 maritime, 232–33 nationalism, 145 culture, 119–21 technologies, advancement of, L 231 labour, China, 196 maritime power Labour Party, 115, 116 combining continental Laos, 64–65 and. See continental League of National Empires, 124 and maritime power, Liang dynasty, 39 combining liberalism, 146 overshadowing of continental Li concept, 44–45, 155 forces by, 236–37 Li Keqiang, 158 Marx, Karl, 108 Liu Shaoqi, 91, 224 Mauritius Campaign, 92n5 Locke, John, 116 Mediterranean, 217 long-distance ocean trade, 74 Christianity, 61 loyalties, 115 conquering oceans, 73–86 Luguoqiao incident, 147 small islands, big empire, Luther, Martin, 26 86–92 Southeast Asia, 57–73 M Meiji’s imperialistic view, 144 Macedonians, 59–60 Melayu-Peranakan stage, 199 Mahbubani, Kishore, 199 Mencius, 34, 43, 46 Malacca Strait, 170 military power, 174 Malay Archipelago, 106 Ming dynasty, 48–49, 164, 198, Malay Peninsula, 105 231–32 Malays, 119–21 minzu zhengce, 102 Malay style, 117 Mongol Empire, 232 Manchu dynasty, 232 Mongols, 223 Manchus, 52–54 Mon-Khmers, 63, 65 use of, 236 monotheistic system, 4

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Mountbatten Command, 94 Opium War, 97, 141, 164, 172 Mo Yan, 41 orthodox interpretation, 101 Mughal conquerors, 231 Ottoman Empire, 70–71 Mughal Empire, 67–68 Muslim Moor, 232 P Muslim Rebellion, 211n3 Palestine, 72–73 Muslims, 65–66 pastoral nomads, 235 Christian conflict vs., 82–83 Penang, 15 war in Xinjiang, 172 People’s Liberation Army (PLA), world, line between Christian 99, 164, 185 Europe and, 232 Peranakans, 198–99 Myanmar Peter the Great, 216, 222–23 government, 169 Philippines, trade in, 84–85 Indians in, 168 PLA. See People’s Liberation Army (PLA) political legitimacy, N decentralization of, 237 Nanhai Trade, 96 politics Nanyang, 96–98 in China, 19–25 Napoleon, defeat of, 86–87 in Europe, 25–27 Napoleonic War, 87, 220 Port Arthur, 226 nationalism, Kuomintang, 145 Port of Singapore Authority Natural Law, concept of, 154 (PSA), 171 naval power, 64, 74, 166 port systems, 14–15 Nazism, 149 Portuguese case, 107 Neo-Confucian philosophy, 151 Portuguese engineers, skills of, Nian Rebellion, 211n3 68 non-State Confucians, 35–36 Portuguese, Malacca under, Normandy, 218 78–79 Nye, Joseph, 175, 181 power, global balance of, 233 pragmatic vs. pious laws, O 154–58 Obama, Barack, 166 Protestant movement, 26 Occam’s razor, principle of, 229 PSA. See Port of Singapore one-god scheme, 4 Authority (PSA)

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Q Shang dynasty, 12, 22–23 Qianlong, 18–19 Shen Buhai tradition, 30–31 Qing dynasty, 18, 104, 164 Singapore, 88–89, 192 Qing emperor, 18, 232 Government Investment Qing Empire, 125 Corporation (GIC), 181 Qing map, 101 Sino-Japanese military conflict, Quanzhou, 96 171 Sino-Japanese War in 1894, 172 Sino-Soviet, 224 R agreement, 101 Reformation, 26 “Socialism with Chinese Renaissance, 26 Characteristics”, 151 Ren concept, 44–45 Socialist Harmonious Society, republicanism, 108 152–53 revolutionary movements, 145 “soft power”, concept of, 173–91 riverine civilization, 58, 59 Solomon Islands, 87–88 Roman Empire, 122 Song dynasty, 37, 48–49, 180 Christianity, 61 Southeast Asia, 57–73, 77–78, Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, 46–47 85, 88, 95 in modern times, 94–106 S Silk Road, 134 Sabah, 99 South East Asia Command, 94 Sarawak, 99 Southeast Asia Treaty Scandinavians, 59, 62 Organization (SEATO), 90 scholars, 54 Soviet Communism, 149 School of Oriental and African Soviet Model, 131 Studies (SOAS), 96 Soviet Russian Communist sea power, 233 model, 149 SEATO. See Southeast Asia Treaty Soviet Union, 147 Organization (SEATO) Spain, enterprises in, 75–76 secularism, 5 Spanish Civil War, 149 secularization, 28 Spanish Lake, The (Spate), 84 Security Council, 120–21 Spanish Netherlands Empire, Shandong province, 147 106

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Sri Lankan civil war, 171 U Standing Committee of the Universal Law, 154 Political Bureau, 158 urban civilization, Greeks state-backed private enterprise, development of, 59–60 74 urbanity, 59 State Confucianism, 35–38, 43, 143 V Sub-Saharan Africa, 72 Venetians, 71–72 Sun Yatsen, 55, 145 Vietnam War, 189 Suu Kyi, Aung San, 168–69 Viking scholars, 218 systematic government- Vladivostok port, 226 sponsored massacres, 93n12

W T Wang Anshi, 48–49 Taiping Rebellion, 172, 211n3 Wang Jingwei, 147 Tang dynasty, 19–20 Washington Naval Treaty, 98 Taoists, 32–33 Weightman, George H., 93n12 Thais, 65 Wen, 33–34 Tian, 4, 23 Western Eurasian edge, 232 Tianxia, 4, 101, 113 Western model in China, 148 Tianzhu, 4–5 Western societies, Confucian role Tian Zi, 29 in, 41 Tibetan independence, idea for, Wild West, 220 125 William the Conqueror, 219, Tigris-Euphrates Fertile Crescent, 221 217 Wolters, Oliver, 133 tortoise shells, 23 World Communism, 224 Treaty of Tordesillas, 76 Wu, 33–34 Treaty of Westphalia, 107, 113 tribal groups in Eurasia, 20 Tsarist legacy, 223 X Tsarist Russia, 223 “xia Nanyang”, 97 Turko-Mongol conversion, 216 “xia Xiyang”, 97 Two-Ocean Mediterranean, 214 Xi Jinping, 158, 163

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Xinjiang, 216 Yunnan province Muslim war in, 172 Muslim rebellion, 211n3 Xun Zi, 206–7 for oil, 169

Z Y Zhang Juzheng, 52 Zheng Chenggong, 88, 93n14 Yamamoto, Isoroku, 184 Zheng He, 65, 66, 231 Yankees, 220–22 zhonghua minzu, 102 Yan Xuetong, 187, 188, 211n5 Zhou dynasty, 12, 22–23 Yin-Yang, 207 Zhou Enlai, 83 Yongle, 51 Zhuang, 103, 104 Yongzheng, 18 Zhu Yuanzhang, 49–51

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