Integrated Landscape Management Adriana De Andrade Solé Liana Portilho Mattos
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INTEGRATED LANDSCAPE MANAGEMENT ADRIANA DE ANDRADE SOLÉ LIANA PORTILHO MATTOS ANDRÉ LUIS R. SOARES MARCOS PAULO DE SOUZA MIRANDA ELIEZER BATISTA MAURIZIO QUAGLIUOLO FERNANDO ORTEGA SAN MARTÍN MAURO PASSOS FERRUCCIO FERRIGNI PASCUAL FERNÁNDEZ MARTÍNEZ FILIPE DUARTE SANTOS PIERLUIGI ROSINA JACINTO MOREIRA DE LANA RITA FERREIRA ANASTÁCIO JAMES ALLEN GOMES DE CARVALHO ROSSANO LOPES BASTOS JORGE RODRIGUES JOSÉ ÁLVARO PIMENTA JOSÉ LUIZ DE MORAIS INTEGRATED LANDSCAPE MANAGEMENT ECONOMY, SOCIETY, ENVIRONMENT AND CULTURE INGUELORE SCHEUNEMANN AND LUIZ OOSTERBEEK (EDS.) Copyright © 2012, IBIO. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced without the permission of the publisher. EDITION IBIO ENGLISH AND REVISION TEXT Sybelle M. M. de Jongh PRODUTION AND EDITORIAL COORDINATION Daniella Riet and Michelle Strzoda DESIGN Rafael Nobre Instituto BioAtlântica – IBIO Rua Goethe, 75 – Botafogo 22281-020 Rio de Janeiro – RJ Tel./fax +55 (21) 2535-3940 [email protected] www.ibio.org.br CIP-BRASIL. CATALOGAÇÃO-NA-FONTE SINDICATO NACIONAL DOS EDITORES DE LIVROS, RJ I48 Integrated Landscape Management : economy, society, environment and culture / Inguelore Scheunemann e Luiz Oosterbeek (orgs.) ; [tradução da versão em inglês Sybelle Margery Marie de Jongh Doria Martins]. – Rio de Janeiro : IBIO, 2012. 480p. : il. Inclui bibliograia ISBN 978-85-60840-13-7 1. Territorialidade humana. 2. Geograia humana. 3. Sustentabilidade. 4. Desenvolvimento econômico – Aspectos ambientais. 5. Desenvolvimento sustentável. I. Scheunemann, Inguelore. II. Oosterbeek, Luiz. III. Instituto BioAtlântica. 12-3526. CDD: 304.2 CDU: 316.74:502.2 IBIO TEAM COMMUNICATION Maria Elisa Ferreira DIRECTION Paula Kreimer President director Eduardo Figueiredo ADMINISTRATIVE/FINANCIAL Marcia Silveira Integrated Territory Management Denise Claret Aline Tristão Gabriela Salim Management of Territorial Assets Maria das Dores dos Santos Jeanicolau Simone de Lacerda Silvia Carla de Sousa CONSULTANTS ASSOCIATES WATER AGENCY OF RIO DOCE’S Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento HYDROGRAPHIC BASIN Inguelore Scheunemann Diretor Geral Management, Finances and Business Carlos Brasileiro Luiz Edmundo de Andrade Administrative Financial director Carlos Magno Toledo Gouvêa MANAGEMENT, FINANCES AND BUSINESS Technical Director Thiago Belote Edson Azevedo Marco Antonio Marinho Narliane de Melo Martins Roberta de Almeida Kamila Ferrari Alves Ellen Moraes ASSET MANAGEMENT Dália Pais Rodrigo Lima INITIATIVE SUPPORT Alexander Copello Lucélia Bebert Marcos Lima Pereira Raíssa Côrtes Carla Silva Ilson Boechat Cristiane Corrêa MANAGEMENT Luciana Avelar SPONSORS GEOESPACIAL INTELLIGENCE Sabrina Costa Dennis Rodrigues da Silva Silvio Gazeta Vitor Costa SUMMARY Preface ELIEZER BATISTA 9 Introduction LUIZ OOSTERBEEK E INGUELORE SCHEUNEMANN 13 PART I Fundamentals and the direction of integrated landscape management 1.1 Integrated Landscape Management and Brazil INGUELORE SCHEUNEMANN 19 1.2 Principles of Integrated Landscape Management LUIZ OOSTERBEEK 35 1.3 Construction of Scenarios: A View to Possible Futures for Better Planning FERNANDO ORTEGA SAN MARTÍN 65 1.4 Corporate Governance & Integrated Landscape Management ADRIANA DE ANDRADE SOLÉ 79 1.5 The Logistics on Integrated Landscape Management ELIEZER BATISTA 107 1.6 The Integrated Landscape Management and Climate Change FILIPE DUARTE SANTOS 117 1.7 Risk Management and Territorial Planning FERRUCCIO FERRIGNI 127 PART II Determinants and instruments of landscape management 2.1 Territorial Certification INGUELORE SCHEUNEMANN, JAMES ALLEN GOMES DE CARVALHO E JOSÉ ÁLVARO PIMENTA 177 2.2 Physiography PIERLUIGI ROSINA 191 2.3 The Subsistence Economy as an Example of Sustainable Economy PASCUAL FERNÁNDEZ MARTÍNEZ 203 2.4 Territorial Responsibility: Imperative for Urban Development in Brazil LIANA PORTILHO MATTOS 233 2.5 Instruments for Integrated Landscape Management RITA FERREIRA ANASTÁCIO 243 2.6 Archaeology of the Landscape JOSÉ LUIZ DE MORAIS 255 2.7 Communities, Identities and Economic Sustainability: Valuing Patrimony through an Educational Praxis ANDRÉ LUIS R. SOARES 291 2.8 In the Territory of Life: the Environment, Cultural Diversity and the Human Being – a Path in the Brazilian Reality MAURO PASSOS 311 2.9 The Transformation of Reality: National Monuments JORGE RODRIGUES 329 2.10 Cultural Heritage and the Mortality of Objects: the Unavoidable Choices JORGE RODRIGUES 353 2.11 Managing Cultural Heritage: Planning, Operation, Control and Improving Quality in the View of HERITY MAURIZIO QUAGLIUOLO 383 2.12 Patrimony, Memory and Territory ROSSANO LOPES BASTOS 393 PART III Contexts 3.1 Small Properties, Management, Development anda Sustainability JACINTO MOREIRA DE LANA 417 3.2 Mining Activities X Cultural Environment in Minas: Historical and Legal Aspects MARCOS PAULO DE SOUZA MIRANDA 443 About the authors 466 PREFACE ELIEZER BATISTA As an actor and participant in the creation of the theory of sustainable develop- ment, I became an observer and a critic of numerous initiatives that have succeeded throughout the planet, aiming to achieve sustainability. Already, back in 1980, as president of Companhia Vale do Rio Doce, named VALE, today, the implementation of the Project Carajás, in Pará State, Brazil, instinctively sought the sustainability of the region by respecting the environment through the preservation of one million hectare of virgin forest, the building of a town for work- ers within the limits of VALE land, in addition to the construction of a city for five thousand inhabitants with all conditions of infrastructure, education and health, predicting population growth in the region surrounding the project. This city, out- side the limits of the Carajás project, called Paraopebas, was voluntarily built by the company, although this is an obligation of the State. These principles were the basis for the Porto de Tubarão (Tubarão Harbor) in Es- pírito Santo, Brazil. Inspired by these models Stephan Schmidheiny theorized on Sustainable Devel- opment at ECO 92, establishing as its pillars the economic, environmental and social aspects. Since then, many programs have been established by international organiza- tions, such as the European Commission, Inter-American Development Bank, UNESCO, UN, and by national bodies in different countries, in order to develop programs aimed at sustainability. And, this includes, studies on the relevance of transforming sustainability itself into a science. ELIEZER BATISTA However, what was possible to monitor and observe, was the failure, to a large extent, in achieving sustainability. Even in the Carajás Project, what was a model city became over the years, the Paraoapebas that we see today, with its more than 100 000 inhabitants, open sewers, slums, high crime rates, and other ills common to most cities, regardless of geographical location. The questions have been "what went wrong?", "Why it did not work?". Respon- sibility for failure has been assigned or to governments, or to enterprises or to the unidentifiable system. Detailed analyses were and are made, particulate, pointing what or who is to blame for the failure, however, without indicating the way out or solutions to overcome this failure. Perhaps, because they face the obvious, it is not an easy task. I refer to confront the obvious, because, as Luiz Oosterbeek and Inguelore Scheunemann stated in their publications, "... reality is always integrated, it is one ... The human interven- tions can be disorganized or disarticulated, and often are”. And so, the three pillars praised for Sustainable Development are traditionally treated in a tight manner with defined boundaries, without interdependence, forgetting the relation of cause and effect. The introduction of the principles and basis of Integrated Landscape Manage- ment-GIT has brought the interconnection of economy, environment, the social, by setting as transverse axis, the culture, which requires that the territory be brought into sustainability, as the cell that brings together all four elements, where every- thing takes place, where reality stands as one. Taking as a starting point ILM programs in European countries, in Brazil, the partnership between Tomar Polytechnic Institute-IPT and BioAtlântica Institute- IBio allowed the introduction of practical principles and processes of Integrated Landscape Management. Its onset is through the development of the Programme for Strengthening the Social Capital and Qualification in Integrated Landscape Management for Sustainable Development at the Rio Doce Basin, which took place with the support of large private and State enterprises. Even before governments and civil society, enterprises understood that the Integrated Landscape Management constitutes the needed response to supplant the fraction treatment of the territory, and the Specialization Course was succeeded by the establishment of a series of con- tracts. 10 PREFACE Until today, environmental permits, a necessary step for the establishment and retention of businesses, has build up processes not always consistent with the knowl- edge of the territory, leading to the establishment of disconnected conditions within itself and with the territory in question, with expenditures by companies, but with- out a real and permanent social / environmental benefit. Among these, no treatment "a priori" of the the influx of people, who often, are not professionally qualified, and are attracted by job opportunities that are generated by a large enterprise, whose surroundings results in poverty-generating tensions which brings