“Operation 53” 5 – 22 March 2015

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

“Operation 53” 5 – 22 March 2015 Page 1 of 36 “Operation 53” 5 – 22 March 2015 “Operation 53” In setting the scene, cognisance is taken of those who were there, by those who were not there, and in particular, in memory of those who never returned. 1 The Angolan Civil War The Angolan Civil War (Portuguese: Guerra Civil Angolana) was a major civil conflict in the African state of Angola, beginning in 1975 and continuing, with some interludes, until 2002. The war began immediately after Angola became independent from Portugal in November 1975. Prior to this, a decolonisation conflict, the Angolan War of Independence (1961–74), had taken place. The following civil war was essentially a power struggle between two former liberation movements, the People's Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA) and the National Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA). At the same time, the war served as a surrogate battleground for the Cold War and large-scale direct and indirect international involvement by opposing powers such as the Soviet Union, Cuba, South Africa and the United States was a major feature of the conflict. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angolan_Civil_War) 2 Operation Moduler Operation Moduler was a military operation by the South African Defence Force (SADF) during the South African Border War. It formed part of what has come to be called the Battle of Cuito Cuanavale. The Angolan objective was to advance south-east to attack the National Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA) at Mavinga. The SADF objective was to protect UNITA by stopping that advance. The advance was halted with heavy Angolan casualties. In August 1987, four brigades of the Soviet-backed People's Armed Forces for the Liberation of Angola (FAPLA) (the 47th, 59th, 16th and 21st brigades), departed from the Angolan town of Cuito Cuanavale with the aim of capturing the UNITA stronghold at Mavinga, which was the gateway to UNITA's capital of Jamba. Filename: Operation 53 - The Planning v1.01.docx Page 2 of 36 “Operation 53” 5 – 22 March 2015 The presence of an armoured formation in the form of FAPLA's 47th Brigade was a threat that the relatively lightly armed UNITA could not counter, so it requested assistance from the SADF. South Africa responded by sending a mechanized force, led by a veteran unit of Operation Askari - 61 Mechanized Battalion. This force left the South-West African town of Rundu, crossed the border and headed north-west to intercept the 47th Brigade. The directive given to the SADF by the South African high command was to “support UNITA to stop an offensive against Mavinga”. The FAPLA forces did not expect the South Africans to attack directly from the south, resulting in the virtual destruction of the 47th Brigade when the two forces encountered each other near the junction of the Lomba and Cuzizi rivers. This left the FAPLA forces without a screening element south of the Lomba River. At the same time, there was also heavy fighting north of the Lomba River when UNITA forces (composed of the 3rd Regular, 5th Regular, 13th Semi-Regular and 275th Special Forces Battalions repulsed an attempt by FAPLA's 16th Brigade to capture Cunjamba. In a series of bitter fights 6 between 9 September and 7 October, SADF and UNITA achieved their primary objective of preventing the FAPLA from crossing the river. The Soviets withdrew their advisors and left the FAPLA without senior leadership, and FAPLA crumbled and ran. FAPLA suffered heavy losses, with all four brigades losing about 60-70% of their strength. Throughout the battle, FAPLA had lost 1059 dead and 2118 wounded, along with 61 tanks, 83 armoured vehicles and 20 rocket launchers. The SADF lost 17 killed and 41 wounded, plus 5 armoured vehicles and a spotter plane. The SADF also captured a highly sophisticated SA-8 anti-aircraft missile system – the first time the weapon had fallen into western hands. On 29 September, South African and UNITA forces, having gained the upper-hand, launched a counter-attack. The objective was to inflict a crushing blow to the FAPLA, so that they would not consider another offensive in the following year. The restrictions previously placed on the SADF by their political masters were lightened, and the SADF committed tanks for the first time. The 4th SA Infantry Battalion was added to the mix, bringing the SADF strength up to about 3000 men – the biggest of the entire campaign. During this phase the SADF units were supported by heavy artillery and air-strikes. The airstrip at Cuito Cuanavale was extensively bombarded, causing the Cubans to withdraw their aircraft to Menongue and to abandon the Cuanavale airstrip. The SADF tactics were based closely on the tactics used by the German commander Erwin Rommel in World War 2, when he crushed the British at Gazala. On 9 November the SADF attacked the FAPLA 16th brigade. Air strikes and artillery were used, and tanks went into battle alongside the armoured vehicles. UNITA infantry also participated. The 16th brigade was mauled, and withdrew in disarray back across the river. The battle ended after half a day, when the SADF vehicles ran low on ammunition and broke off the attack. FAPLA had 10 tanks destroyed and 3 captured, various artillery pieces destroyed or captured, and 75 men killed. The SADF had 7 killed and 9 wounded, plus one armoured vehicle destroyed, one damaged and a tank damaged. The second attack, on 11 November, again targeted the 16th brigade. Again 16th brigade escaped annihilation by crossing the river, but this time they lost 14 tanks and 394 men. The SADF had 5 men killed and 19 more wounded, with 2 armoured vehicles destroyed and one tank damaged. The recovery, under fire, of a crippled tank and the subsequent re-entry of a minefield where the tank was extracted from to rescue a wounded soldier, earned Captain Filename: Operation 53 - The Planning v1.01.docx Page 3 of 36 “Operation 53” 5 – 22 March 2015 Petrus van Zyl and Lieutenant de Villiers Vosloo of 32 Battalion both Honoris Crux decorations. The FAPLA 21st brigade withdrew rapidly across the river, and was pursued. On 17 November they were engaged again, and suffered 131 men killed, along with 9 tanks destroyed and about 300 other vehicles. The SADF lost 6 dead and 19 wounded, plus 4 armoured vehicles. A final attack on 25 November bogged down in heavy bush, and was eventually abandoned. Operation Moduler achieved the objective of halting the FAPLA advance against UNITA, and inflicted heavy losses on FAPLA. After the FAPLA offensive had been stopped, the South African/UNITA force went over to the offensive, thus ending Operation Moduler and beginning Operation Hooper. (Adapted from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Moduler) 3 Operation Hooper Operation Hooper formed part of what has come to be called the Battle of Cuito Cuanavale. The Cubans' objective was securing the town of Cuito Cuanavale on the west of the river from capture. The SADF objective was to drive the People's Armed Forces for the Liberation of Angola (FAPLA) west across the river or to destroy them, so as to ensure that FAPLA was no longer a threat to the National Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA) in the south-east. The FAPLA advance was permanently halted. UNITA lived to fight on for another 15 years. The SADF never attempted to capture the town. (Adapted from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Hooper) 4 Operation Packer Operation Packer (Mar – Apr 1988) was a continuation of Operation Hooper, using fresh troops and equipment. The Cuban's objective was still to secure the town of Cuito Cuanavale to the west of the river from capture. The SADF objective was once again to eliminate the remaining Angolan forces on the east side of the river, so as to ensure that the Angolans were no longer a threat to UNITA in the south-east. Although at the conclusion some Angolan units remained in positions east of the river, the Angolan advance against UNITA was permanently halted, and UNITA lived to fight on. The SADF never attempted to cross the river or to capture the town of Cuito. (Adapted from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Packer) 5 The Third Attack on Tumpo This took place on 23 March 1988 starting at 05:00. By 10am the attack was in full swing, and T-55s tanks joined in returning fire on the then stuck South African force. The attack was stalling in the minefields. G-5’s fired on the positions of the enemy tanks and a tank was reportedly knocked out with a direct hit. The T-55’a fire was sustained on the South African force for a number of hours, increasing in intensity every time the force tried to enter the minefields. Eventually, by about 14h00, there was a backwards movement when the tanks started pulling back. At that point in time it was not known that three Olifant tanks (12A, 52, 53) that were damaged in the minefields and were left behind. Commandant Gerhard Louw tried to recover the immobilised tanks, unsuccessfully. (Adapted from http://blogs.warinangola.com/Home/tabid/167/EntryId/2/-Trying-to-destroy-the- Olifants.aspx – Johan Schoeman) 6 “Operation 53” The tank with call sign 53 was taken to the Cuito river by the Angolans, where an attempt was made to get the tank across the river on a GSP55 (a tracked self-propelled amphibious ferry) to be taken back to Moscow. This was however not possible due to the Olifant being Filename: Operation 53 - The Planning v1.01.docx Page 4 of 36 “Operation 53” 5 – 22 March 2015 heavier than that that which the GSP55 could carry.
Recommended publications
  • Truth and Reconciliation Commission of South Africa Report: Volume 2
    VOLUME TWO Truth and Reconciliation Commission of South Africa Report The report of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission was presented to President Nelson Mandela on 29 October 1998. Archbishop Desmond Tutu Ms Hlengiwe Mkhize Chairperson Dr Alex Boraine Mr Dumisa Ntsebeza Vice-Chairperson Ms Mary Burton Dr Wendy Orr Revd Bongani Finca Adv Denzil Potgieter Ms Sisi Khampepe Dr Fazel Randera Mr Richard Lyster Ms Yasmin Sooka Mr Wynand Malan* Ms Glenda Wildschut Dr Khoza Mgojo * Subject to minority position. See volume 5. Chief Executive Officer: Dr Biki Minyuku I CONTENTS Chapter 1 Chapter 6 National Overview .......................................... 1 Special Investigation The Death of President Samora Machel ................................................ 488 Chapter 2 The State outside Special Investigation South Africa (1960-1990).......................... 42 Helderberg Crash ........................................... 497 Special Investigation Chemical and Biological Warfare........ 504 Chapter 3 The State inside South Africa (1960-1990).......................... 165 Special Investigation Appendix: State Security Forces: Directory Secret State Funding................................... 518 of Organisations and Structures........................ 313 Special Investigation Exhumations....................................................... 537 Chapter 4 The Liberation Movements from 1960 to 1990 ..................................................... 325 Special Investigation Appendix: Organisational structures and The Mandela United
    [Show full text]
  • SADF Military Operations
    SADF Military Operations 1975 -1989 Contents 1 List of operations of the South African Border War 1 2 Operation Savannah (Angola) 3 2.1 Background .............................................. 3 2.2 Military intervention .......................................... 4 2.2.1 Support for UNITA and FNLA ................................ 5 2.2.2 Ruacana-Calueque occupation ................................ 5 2.2.3 Task Force Zulu ........................................ 5 2.2.4 Cuban intervention ...................................... 6 2.2.5 South African reinforcements ................................. 6 2.2.6 End of South African advance ................................ 6 2.3 Major battles and incidents ...................................... 6 2.3.1 Battle of Quifangondo .................................... 7 2.3.2 Battle of Ebo ......................................... 7 2.3.3 “Bridge 14” .......................................... 7 2.3.4 Battle of Luso ......................................... 7 2.3.5 Battles involving Battlegroup Zulu in the west ........................ 8 2.3.6 Ambrizete incident ...................................... 8 2.4 Aftermath ............................................... 8 2.5 South African order of battle ..................................... 9 2.6 Association .............................................. 9 2.7 Further reading ............................................ 9 2.8 References ............................................... 9 3 Operation Bruilof 13 3.1 Background .............................................
    [Show full text]
  • Rep 1 9 8 5 0 0 0 0 . 0 3 5 . 0 1 7 . D 1
    SECRET SECRET COPY NO .......OF "PLATFORM FOR PEACE" - THE HISTORY OF THE JOINT MONITORING COMMISSION FROM THE SOUTH AFRICAN PERSPECTIVE (Researched and compiled by the Military Information Bureau, SADF) DISTR C SADF DFA (Mr D Steward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pp 10 - 13 pp 17 - 23 - 42 - 48 - 54 pp 55 - 72 pp 72 - 82 pp 88 -103 104-121 122-127 128-132 133-140 141-143 144-146 147-148 SECRET .L-J I j Ll 'F* El E.1 _71 C-I El F-I 2'.
    [Show full text]
  • The Final Phase of South African Transborder Operations Into Angola: Regiment Mooi River and Operations Modular, Hooper, Packer and Displace (Handbag), 1987-1988
    JOERNAAL/JOURNAL OOSTHUIZEN THE FINAL PHASE OF SOUTH AFRICAN TRANSBORDER OPERATIONS INTO ANGOLA: REGIMENT MOOI RIVER AND OPERATIONS MODULAR, HOOPER, PACKER AND DISPLACE (HANDBAG), 1987-1988 GJJ Oosthuizen* 1. BACKGROUND Various national and international factors resulted in South African transborder operations in Angola. The retaining of South West Africa (Namibia), which was entrusted as a C-mandate territory to the mandatary South Africa in 1918, and the "communist danger"1 may be presented as the primary reasons for this. The bush war and the involvement of the South African Defence Force (SADF) may be divided into five phases: the beginning of the conflict (1958 to 1966); support by the South African Police (SAP) and the Portuguese (1966 to 1972); escalation of the conflict (1972 to 1976); South West African as well as Angolan pre-emptive operations (1976 to 1983); and the final phase (1983 to 1990).2 The SADF and SAP were involved for the full duration of the bush war, and since 1 August 1980 they were supported by the South West African Territorial Force (SWATF). The South West African People's Organisation (SWAPO, founded in 1960), with the Ovamboland People's Congress (founded in 1958 in Cape Town by Herman Toivo Ja Toivo as an organisation for dock workers) as its precursor, in contrast, had the liberation of South West Africa as objective. In 1962 SWAPO (who in the meantime had established its headquarters in Lusaka) decided to combine the political liberation struggle with a military offensive against the South African forces. For this purpose a military wing, the People's Liberation Army of Namibia (PLAN), was created.3 * Subject Group History, Potchefstroom University for Christian Higher Education.
    [Show full text]
  • The History of the Joint Monitoring Commission from the South African Perspective
    Platform for peace: the history of the Joint Monitoring Commission from the South African perspective http://www.aluka.org/action/showMetadata?doi=10.5555/AL.SFF.DOCUMENT.rep19850000.035.017.d1.18 Use of the Aluka digital library is subject to Aluka’s Terms and Conditions, available at http://www.aluka.org/page/about/termsConditions.jsp. By using Aluka, you agree that you have read and will abide by the Terms and Conditions. Among other things, the Terms and Conditions provide that the content in the Aluka digital library is only for personal, non-commercial use by authorized users of Aluka in connection with research, scholarship, and education. The content in the Aluka digital library is subject to copyright, with the exception of certain governmental works and very old materials that may be in the public domain under applicable law. Permission must be sought from Aluka and/or the applicable copyright holder in connection with any duplication or distribution of these materials where required by applicable law. Aluka is a not-for-profit initiative dedicated to creating and preserving a digital archive of materials about and from the developing world. For more information about Aluka, please see http://www.aluka.org Platform for peace: the history of the Joint Monitoring Commission from the South African perspective Author/Creator Military Information Bureau; South African Defence Force Date 1985-00-00 Resource type Reports Language English Subject Coverage (spatial) South Africa, Angola, Namibia, Southern Africa (region), Southern Africa
    [Show full text]
  • Objecting to Apartheid
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by South East Academic Libraries System (SEALS) OBJECTING TO APARTHEID: THE HISTORY OF THE END CONSCRIPTION CAMPAIGN By DAVID JONES Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS In the subject HISTORY At the UNIVERSITY OF FORT HARE SUPERVISOR: PROFESSOR GARY MINKLEY JANUARY 2013 I, David Jones, student number 200603420, hereby declare that I am fully aware of the University of Fort Hare’s policy on plagiarism and I have taken every precaution to comply with the regulations. Signature…………………………………………………………… Abstract This dissertation explores the history of the End Conscription Campaign (ECC) and evaluates its contribution to the struggle against apartheid. The ECC mobilised white opposition to apartheid by focussing on the role of the military in perpetuating white rule. By identifying conscription as the price paid by white South Africans for their continued political dominance, the ECC discovered a point of resistance within apartheid discourse around which white opposition could converge. The ECC challenged the discursive constructs of apartheid on many levels, going beyond mere criticism to the active modeling of alternatives. It played an important role in countering the intense propaganda to which all white South Africans were subject to ensure their loyalty, and in revealing the true nature of the conflict in the country. It articulated the dis-ease experienced by many who were alienated by the dominant culture of conformity, sexism, racism and homophobia. By educating, challenging and empowering white citizens to question the role of the military and, increasingly, to resist conscription it weakened the apartheid state thus adding an important component to the many pressures brought to bear on it which, in their combination, resulted in its demise.
    [Show full text]
  • From Soweto to Cuito Cuanavale: Cuba, the War in Angola and the End of Apartheid
    Saney, Isaac Henry (2014) From Soweto to Cuito Cuanavale: Cuba, the war in Angola and the end of Apartheid. PhD Thesis. SOAS, University of London http://eprints.soas.ac.uk/18258 Copyright © and Moral Rights for this thesis are retained by the author and/or other copyright owners. A copy can be downloaded for personal non‐commercial research or study, without prior permission or charge. This thesis cannot be reproduced or quoted extensively from without first obtaining permission in writing from the copyright holder/s. The content must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. When referring to this thesis, full bibliographic details including the author, title, awarding institution and date of the thesis must be given e.g. AUTHOR (year of submission) "Full thesis title", name of the School or Department, PhD Thesis, pagination. From Soweto To Cuito Cuanavale: Cuba, the War in Angola and the End of Apartheid Isaac Henry Saney Thesis submitted for the degree of PhD in History 2014 Department of History School of Oriental and African Studies University of London Declaration for PhD thesis I have read and understood regulation 17.9 of the Regulations for students of the SOAS, University of London concerning plagiarism. I undertake that all the material presented for examination is my own work and has not been written for me, in whole or in part, by any other person. I also undertake that any quotation or paraphrase from the published or unpublished work of another person has been duly acknowledged in the work which I present for examination.
    [Show full text]
  • Truth and Reconciliation Commission of South Africa Report
    VOLUME THREE Truth and Reconciliation Commission of South Africa Report The report of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission was presented to President Nelson Mandela on 29 October 1998. Archbishop Desmond Tutu Ms Hlengiwe Mkhize Chairperson Dr Alex Boraine Mr Dumisa Ntsebeza Vice-Chairperson Ms Mary Burton Dr Wendy Orr Revd Bongani Finca Adv Denzil Potgieter Ms Sisi Khampepe Dr Fazel Randera Mr Richard Lyster Ms Yasmin Sooka Mr Wynand Malan* Ms Glenda Wildschut Dr Khoza Mgojo * Subject to minority position. See volume 5. Chief Executive Officer: Dr Biki Minyuku I CONTENTS Chapter 1 Introduction to Regional Profiles ........ 1 Appendix: National Chronology......................... 12 Chapter 2 REGIONAL PROFILE: Eastern Cape ..................................................... 34 Appendix: Statistics on Violations in the Eastern Cape........................................................... 150 Chapter 3 REGIONAL PROFILE: Natal and KwaZulu ........................................ 155 Appendix: Statistics on Violations in Natal, KwaZulu and the Orange Free State... 324 Chapter 4 REGIONAL PROFILE: Orange Free State.......................................... 329 Chapter 5 REGIONAL PROFILE: Western Cape.................................................... 390 Appendix: Statistics on Violations in the Western Cape ......................................................... 523 Chapter 6 REGIONAL PROFILE: Transvaal .............................................................. 528 Appendix: Statistics on Violations in the Transvaal ......................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Angola: from War to Peace*
    Book Review Article Angola: from war to peace* Chris Saunders [email protected] Edward George (2005) The Cuban Intervention in Angola, 1965- 1991: from Che Guevara to Cuito Cuanavale. London: Frank Cass. Clive Holt (2005) At Thy Call We Did Not Falter: a frontline account of the 1988 Angolan War, as seen through the eyes of a conscripted soldier. Cape Town, Zebra Press. Justin Pearce (2005) An Outbreak of Peace: Angola’s situation of confusion. Cape Town: David Philip. Michael Comerford (2005) The Peaceful Face of Angola: biography of a peace process (1991-2002). Luanda, n.p. One of the most remarkable transformations in southern Africa in recent years has taken place in Angola. For over forty years, from 1961, when the nationalist insurgency began, to 2002, when Jonas Savimbi was killed, numerous wars were fought, which killed millions of people. Since 2002, Angola has been at peace and many hope the multi-party elections of 2008 will usher in a new era of political stability. Much about the wars that ravaged Angola for decades remains murky. There is no scholarly account that presents an overview of all of them.1 There are some brilliant but very partial accounts by first-hand observers: the Polish journalist Ryszard Kapuscinski’s Another Day of Life (1987) comes immediately to mind, as does Michael Wolfers and Jane Bergerol, Angola in the Front Line (1983) and the impressionistic account by the American journalist Karl Maier, Angola, Promises and Lies (1996). Much about the * I thank Colin Darch for commenting on a draft of this review, which was written in 2008 TRANSFORMATION 69 (2009) ISSN 0258-7696 161 Chris Saunders wars went unreported, however, so that there are scant, if any, written records of what happened.
    [Show full text]
  • A South African Diary: Contested Identity, My Family - Our Story
    How many bones must you bury before you can call yourself an African? Updated February 2012 A South African Diary: Contested Identity, My Family - Our Story Part F: 1975 - 1986 Compiled by: Dr. Anthony Turton [email protected] Caution in the use and interpretation of these data This document consists of events data presented in chronological order. It is designed to give the reader an insight into the complex drivers at work over time, by showing how many events were occurring simultaneously. It is also designed to guide future research by serious scholars, who would verify all data independently as a matter of sound scholarship and never accept this as being valid in its own right. Read together, they indicate a trend, whereas read in isolation, they become sterile facts devoid of much meaning. Given that they are “facts”, their origin is generally not cited, as a fact belongs to nobody. On occasion where an interpretation is made, then the commentator’s name is cited as appropriate. Where similar information is shown for different dates, it is because some confusion exists on the exact detail of that event, so the reader must use caution when interpreting it, because a “fact” is something over which no alternate interpretation can be given. These events data are considered by the author to be relevant, based on his professional experience as a trained researcher. Own judgement must be used at all times . All users are urged to verify these data independently. The individual selection of data also represents the author’s bias, so the dataset must not be regarded as being complete.
    [Show full text]
  • South African Foreign Relations with Angola
    SOUTH AFRICAN FOREIGN RELATIONS WITH ANGOLA, 1975 - 1988: A STRUCTURAL REALIST PERSPECTIVE by L.J.D. Devraun Thesis submittedUniversity in fulfilment of Cape of the requirements Town for the degree of Masters of Arts in International Relations in the Department of Political Studies at the University of Cape Town Cape Town Republic of South Africa September 1996 ~o:·•;:r.~c-.7".""-.x-·-..,··:;r.·,·,....-·-··c-:-;;-:e:r,.-::=-~ t~ Tht·: f?1·: ·r ... ,... ~{,· ri' ri·. · ·r,.-,.•:-, }.,_."~ !\··2-n ni"·nn ~ ~th~:;;;_·;~!_,:~:) .i::i~:i~·:\>.,.:,f:~>'.:;,~~.~---'_:1 _.·?;:~:~ ~ I or lfl r--·"· C,1,.•/ ';-;,h !,, ·---U ,_.,, .-.,.,.,.,r. ~ ·)~..);".:,.::.· :._-.·-~..,.,..- ;;,,";~,-~·;·t.• :,$>1'~·~-·."f·:--· •n.~w.... ·; ,,'•'•: The copyright of this thesis vests in the author. No quotation from it or information derived from it is to be published without full acknowledgement of the source. The thesis is to be used for private study or non- commercial research purposes only. Published by the University of Cape Town (UCT) in terms of the non-exclusive license granted to UCT by the author. University of Cape Town SOUTH AFRICA IN ANGOLA 1975 -1988 Copyright (1996) by L.J.D. Devraun D.D.D. to my Russian forbearers ABSTRACT: There are an enormous number of competing interpretations of South Africa's apartheid era policies both in the region and towards Angola. With South Africa's role in the Angolan civil war as its case study, this paper evaluates the relative utility of certain selected approaches to international relations theory. This paper evaluates the relative utility of system level versus unit level theories to explain the nature of South African involvement in the Angolan conflict.
    [Show full text]
  • 08, with the 20Th Commemoration of the So-Called Battle of Cuito
    115 RESEACH REVIEW ARTICLE THE STANDARD OF RESEARCH ON THE BATTLE OF CUITO CUANAVALE, 1987–1988 Leopold Scholtz1 Department of History, Stellenbosch University Abstract The purpose of this article is to examine the standard of research about the so-called Battle of Cuito Cuanavale. After examining what objectivity for the academic researcher should mean, two categories of researchers are looked at. The first is called the “non-researchers”. They are those who do no or virtually no real research into the events at Cuito Cuanavale, but uncritically copy what politicians and politically correct academics have to say about the subject. The focus also falls on one particular historian, Italian-American Professor Piero Gleijeses. On the basis of several articles (his book about Cuba‟s role in Africa until 1976 is judged to be good), the conclusion is that his evident admiration for Cuba and its dictator, President Fidel Castro, and his revulsion at apartheid South Africa brings about a one-sided and distorted picture of what went on at Cuito Cuanavale and the Border War in general. The last category is the “serious researchers”, whose work is based on good research. Although their work displays certain gaps in the sense that they had no access to Cuban or Angolan sources, they generally are much more reliable in their facts than the “non-researchers” and Professor Gleijeses. Introduction The so-called Battle of Cuito Cuanavale (August 1997–July 1988) was the culmination of the Border War. As such, this battle has become the focal point of the public debate about the question who actually won the war.
    [Show full text]