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Essentials of Research Design and Methodology Essentials of Research Design and Methodology TEAM LinG - Live, Informative, Non-cost and Genuine ! Essentials of Behavioral Science Series Founding Editors, Alan S. Kaufman and Nadeen L. Kaufman Essentials of Statistics for the Social and Behavioral Sciences by Barry H. Cohen and R. Brooke Lea Essentials of Psychological Testing by Susana Urbina Essentials of Research Design and Methodology by Geoffrey Marczyk, David DeMatteo, and David Festinger Essentials of Child Psychopathology by Linda Wilmshurst TEAM LinG - Live, Informative, Non-cost and Genuine ! Essentials of Research Design and Methodology Geoffrey Marczyk David DeMatteo David Festinger John Wiley & Sons, Inc. TEAM LinG - Live, Informative, Non-cost and Genuine ! Copyright © 2005 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey. Published simultaneously in Canada. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning, or otherwise, except as permitted under Sections 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior written permission of the Publisher, or authorization through payment of the appro- priate per-copy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, (978) 750-8400, fax (978) 646-8600, or on the web at www.copyright.com. Requests to the Publisher for permission should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, (201) 748-6011, fax (201) 748-6008. Limit of Liability/Disclaimer of Warranty: While the publisher and author have used their best efforts in preparing this book, they make no representations or warranties with respect to the accu- racy or completeness of the contents of this book and specifically disclaim any implied warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. No warranty may be created or extended by sales representatives or written sales materials. The advice and strategies contained herein may not be suitable for your situation. You should consult with a professional where appropriate. Neither the publisher nor author shall be liable for any loss of profit or any other commercial damages, includ- ing but not limited to special, incidental, consequential, or other damages. This publication is designed to provide accurate and authoritative information in regard to the sub- ject matter covered. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering professional services. If legal, accounting, medical, psychological or any other expert assistance is required, the services of a competent professional person should be sought. Designations used by companies to distinguish their products are often claimed as trademarks. In all instances where John Wiley & Sons, Inc. is aware of a claim, the product names appear in initial cap- ital or all capital letters. Readers, however, should contact the appropriate companies for more com- plete information regarding trademarks and registration. For general information on our other products and services please contact our Customer Care Department within the United States at (800) 762-2974, outside the United States at (317) 572-3993 or fax (317) 572-4002. Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic books. For more information about Wiley products, visit our web- site at www.wiley.com. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data: Marczyk, Geoffrey R., 1964– Essentials of research design and methodology/Geoffrey Marczyk, David DeMatteo, David Festinger. p. cm.—(Essentials of behavioral science series) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-471-47053-8 (pbk.) 1. Psychology—Research—Methodology. I. DeMatteo, David, 1972– II. Festinger, David. III. Title. IV. Series. BF76.5.M317 2005 150′.72—dc22 2004058384 Printed in the United States of America. 10987654321 TEAM LinG - Live, Informative, Non-cost and Genuine ! To Helene and my family G.M. To Christina and Emma D.D. To Tracy, Ashley, and Elijah D.F. TEAM LinG - Live, Informative, Non-cost and Genuine ! TEAM LinG - Live, Informative, Non-cost and Genuine ! CONTENTS Series Preface ix Acknowledgments xi One Introduction and Overview 1 Tw o Planning and Designing a Research Study 26 Three General Approaches for Controlling Artifact and Bias 65 Four Data Collection, Assessment Methods, and Measurement Strategies 95 Five General Types of Research Designs and Approaches 123 Six Validity 158 Seven Data Preparation, Analyses, and Interpretation 198 Eight Ethical Considerations in Research 233 Nine Disseminating Research Results and Distilling Principles of Research Design and Methodology 261 References 277 Index 283 vii TEAM LinG - Live, Informative, Non-cost and Genuine ! TEAM LinG - Live, Informative, Non-cost and Genuine ! SERIES PREFACE n the Essentials of Behavioral Science series, our goal is to provide readers with books that will deliver key practical information in an efficient, ac- Icessible style. The series features books on a variety of topics, such as statistics, psychological testing, and research design and methodology, to name just a few. For the experienced professional, books in the series offer a concise yet thorough review of a specific area of expertise, including nu- merous tips for best practices. Students can turn to series books for a clear and concise overview of the important topics in which they must become proficient to practice skillfully, efficiently, and ethically in their chosen fields. Wherever feasible, visual cues highlighting key points are utilized alongside systematic, step-by-step guidelines. Chapters are focused and succinct. Topics are organized for an easy understanding of the essential material related to a particular topic. Theory and research are continually woven into the fabric of each book, but always to enhance the practical application of the material, rather than to sidetrack or overwhelm readers. With this series, we aim to challenge and assist readers in the behavioral sciences to aspire to the highest level of competency by arming them with the tools they need for knowledgeable, informed practice. The purposes of Essentials of Research Design and Methodology are to dis- cuss the various types of research designs that are commonly used, the ba- sic process by which research studies are conducted, the research-related considerations of which researchers should be aware, the manner in which the results of research can be interpreted and disseminated, and the typi- ix TEAM LinG - Live, Informative, Non-cost and Genuine ! x SERIES PREFACE cal pitfalls faced by researchers when designing and conducting a research study. This book is ideal for those readers with minimal knowledge of re- search as well as for those readers with intermediate knowledge who need a quick refresher regarding particular aspects of research design and methodology. For those readers with an advanced knowledge of research design and methodology, this book can be used as a concise summary of basic research techniques and principles, or as an adjunct to a more ad- vanced research methodology and design textbook. Finally, even for those readers who do not conduct research, this book will become a valuable addition to your bookcase because it will assist you in becoming a more educated consumer of research. Being able to evaluate the appropriate- ness of a research design or the conclusions drawn from a particular re- search study will become increasingly more important as research be- comes more accessible to nonscientists. In that regard, this book will improve your ability to efficiently and effectively digest and understand the results of a research study. Alan S. Kaufman, PhD, and Nadeen L. Kaufman, EdD, Founding Editors Yale University School of Medicine TEAM LinG - Live, Informative, Non-cost and Genuine ! ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We would like to thank Karen Dugosh and Audrey Cleary for their help- ful comments on earlier drafts of this book. We would also like to thank Susan Matties for her research assistance. Additional thanks go to Dr. Vir- ginia Brabender for introducing us to John Wiley and Sons. Finally we’d like to thank Tracey Belmont, our editor, for her support and sense of humor. xi TEAM LinG - Live, Informative, Non-cost and Genuine ! TEAM LinG - Live, Informative, Non-cost and Genuine ! Essentials of Research Design and Methodology TEAM LinG - Live, Informative, Non-cost and Genuine ! TEAM LinG - Live, Informative, Non-cost and Genuine ! One INTRODUCTION AND OVERVIEW rogress in almost every field of science depends on the contribu- tions made by systematic research; thus research is often viewed as Pthe cornerstone of scientific progress. Broadly defined, the purpose of research is to answer questions and acquire new knowledge. Research is the primary tool used in virtually all areas of science to expand the fron- tiers of knowledge. For example, research is used in such diverse scientific fields as psychology, biology, medicine, physics, and botany, to name just a few of the areas in which research makes valuable contributions to what we know and how we think about things. Among other things, by con- ducting research, researchers attempt to reduce the complexity of prob- lems, discover the relationship between seemingly unrelated events, and ultimately improve the way we live. Although research
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